NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY 73; HONDURAS; MILITARY GEOGRAPHY

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CONFIDENTIAL
13 /GS /MG
Honda
August 1 &9,'3
NA f IONAL INT
CONFIDENTIAL
NO FOREIGN DISSEM
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stantially completed by May 1973.
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M
CONTENTS
This rF.apter supersedes the geographic cou-
ev,t in the General Surtwy dated August I9R9
A. Location
1
B. Topography
1
C. Climate
4
D. Military geographic regions
11
1. Caribbean Lowland
11
2. Interior Highland
12
3. Pacific Lowland
12
E. Strategic areas
13
1. San Pedro Sula
13
2. Tegu-:igalpa
14
3. Other significant area
15
F. Intem l routes
15
CONFIDENTIAL 110 FOREIGN DISSEM
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Page
G. Approaches 15
1. Land 15
Page
2. Sea 15
3. Air 17
FIGURES
ii
Page
Fig, 1
Location anu comparative area (map)
1
Fig. 2
Vegetation (map)
2
Fig. 3
Western interior highlands (photo).
3
Fig. 4
Dry scrub forest and savanna near
Wet areas in the Pacific coastal
San Lorenzo (photo)
4
Fig. 5
Open forests in the Montanas de
Fig.
13
Comayagua photo)
5
Fig. 6
Tree- and grass covered valley near
cloudiness, relative humidity, and
Tegucigalpa photo)
5
Fig. 7
Scrub covered highlands in the south
Fig.
14
(photo)
5
Fig. 8
Flat plain along the northeastern
Tegucigalpa strategic area map)
14
coast photo)
5
Fig. 9
Broad meandering stream in the
Fig.
17
western Caribbean lowland photo)
6
Fig. 10
Mangrove swamps near Puerto
Boundaries table)
17
Castilla (photo)
7
ii
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Page
Fig.
11
Banana plantation in Rio Ulua
valley (,photo)
7
Fig.
12
Wet areas in the Pacific coastal
lowland photo)
8
Fig.
13
Precipitation, thunderstorm days,
cloudiness, relative humidity, and
temperatures map and graphs)
10
Fig.
14
San Pedro Sula strategic area map)
13
Fig.
15
Tegucigalpa strategic area map)
14
Fig.
16
Tegucigalpa photo)
14
Fig.
17
Internal routes (table)
16
Fig.
18
Boundaries table)
17
Fig.
19
Amphibious landing areas table)
18
Fig.
20
Military geographic factors
(,'nap) follows
18
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Military Geography
A. Location (U /OU)
Honduras .pans the nearly 200- mile -wide' Central
Anrierican isthmus front t!te Pacific Ocean to the
Caribbean Sea and has it east west extent of about
420 miles (Figure 20). N'; ithin 1,000 nautical miles are
Cuba, the gulf coast of the United States, the oilfields
of western Venezuela, and the Panama Canal (Figure
I
The second largest country in Central America,
roughly triangular- shaped Honduras has an area of
43,300 square miles. slightly more than that of the
state of Tennessee, and it population of about
2 ,813,000.
B. Topography (U /OU)
Honduras is an area of predominantly rugged
interior highlands fringed along the coasts by narrow
'Distances are in statute miles unless nautical miles are spec�ific(I
501786 5.73
plains. Nearly four fifths of the country is forest- or
scrub covered (Figure 2) mountainous terrain
traversed by relatively tarn" flat- floored steep -sided
valleys and interspersed with hills and scattered
internontane basins (Figure The� plain along the
Caribbean coast is forested except along streams in the
west where subsistence and c�onuuerc�ial agriculture
prevails and in the east where savannas occur. The
I'acific coastal plain is predominantly scrub covered
(Figure -1) behind the extensive coastal swamps that
stretch along the entire distance front 1 ?1 Salvador to
Nicaragua. 'There are some volcanoes, but they are
dormant. Both coasts and a large area around
"Tegucigalpa are subject to frequent but generally mild
earthquakes.
The highlands are most rugged in the west. where
the highest peaks range front 8,000 to 0.400 feet above
sera level. Other mountain peaks are inainly between
:5,000 and 8.000 feet and are lowest and least rugged in
the cast. Belts of hills, which are most extensive in the
NC1,Ti1
:1isF k!Ca.
74.gucigalpa
1
FIGURE 1. Location and comparative area (U /OU)
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1
501787 573
east, generally border the plains. Slopes of the hills and
lower motntains are mostly between 35 /i and 435:
however, on nxtny higher mountains and some hills,
slopes exceed 1005. Local relief (difference in
elevation between tops and bottoms of adjacent
topographic features) is generally 4,()O to 8.000 feet in
the west and 1,300 to 3,000 feet in the east. The fey"
intermontane basins commonly are :3,000 to 4,3(x) feet
above sea level and have gentle rolling to hilly
surfaces. Numerous streams descend from the
highlands through steep, winding valleys and rocky
canyons as much as :300 feet deep. Water supplies
correspond closely to the rainfall regime and are
subject to great seasonal fluctuations. During the we
season, May or june through October streams increase
greatly in size and many become torrential. During
the remainder of the year, most streams greatly
decrease in size, and many become mere trickles in
their upper reaches. Most of the :mountains and hills
are forested. Open forests (Figure 3) of pine and oak
are predominant except in the east and north where
dense broadleaf evergreen forests cover extensive areas.
On many lower slopes, in valleys, and in the south,
oak, scrub, and grass are common (Figures 6 and 7).
Pasture and cultivated vegetation are common in river
a
0
U
uhcalpa
i
o Cap
.wd,
d. f.,,....,
...t�. .r1..
FIGURE 2. Vegetation (U OU)
valleys, intermontane� basins, and on some of the lower
Slopes of mountains. Most of the population lives in
the basins and valleys, chiefly in small to%%its. villages,
and a few large cities in the and central parts
of the highlands. Settlements are small. and man" arc
isolated. The principal transportation facility is the
North Road, which connects the important centers of
population in the highlands. H:Iscwhem, there is it
sparse transportation network, consisting of tracks,
trails, and a few poorly maintained roads.
The flat to gentle rolling plains along the C: -ibbean
coast (Figure 8) extend unbroken in a generally
east �west alignment along the entire northern coast of
1I�mduras, in places they are nearly >�eparatcd by
coastal ranges. Except for the %alleys of the Rio l'lua
and Rio Aguan, the only major inland extension of
the plains is in the east, where lowlands extend into
the interior its much as 70 mules. Elcvativns range from
sea level to nearly 1,000 feet at the base of the
highlands. Lor�:il relief ranges from 50 to 150 feet and
slopes generally are less than 2i7i. In the slightly higher
parts of the eastern plains, some slopes range between
'For diacritics on place names, See the list of manor. on the apron
of ill(- Militar% Geographic Factors map. the map itself. and map
in the test.
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10

SAW
2 -ind 5 and there are scattered ells (I hillocks.
mostly less than 300 feet high, that have slopes
ranging between 10% and 20r/('. N umcrous broad,
meandering streams cross the plains (Figure 9). Most
major streams are more than 3.5 feet deep all year, and
many are over 250 feet wide. During the yet season,
June through January, streams increase greatly in sire
and frequently inundate large areas. Most of the
plains are covered by dense broadleaf evergreen forest.
In the east, however, the plains are covered by pine
savanna dotted with palmettos and low clusters of
scrub hardwood. Large marshes fringe much of the
coast (Figure 10) and, in places, extend it considerable
distance inland along the major streams. Cultivated
areas consist mainly of banana p1wtations (Figure 1 I
that ;re concentrated in the valleys of the Rio Ulua,
Rio Chamelecon, and Rio Aguan. Most of the
population lives in scattered settlements located
mainly in the west, particularly in the hanana-
growing areas. '1'ransporhtion facilities consist of a
section of the North Road and a sparse network of
roads serving the agricultural areas. A 3'6 and it
3'0" gage railroad connect the banana growing areas
with the ports.
Along the Pacific: coast there is a narrow, nearly flat
to rolling coastal nlain containing isolated hills and
%olcanic peaks. Most of the plain is barely above sea
level and contains marshes and mangrove swamps
that extend several miles inland. Tidal inundations
cover much of this area. Inland, the plain is gentle
rolling and nerges with the foothills of the highlands.
Slopes are generally less than 3 and in most places
local relief is 50 to 150 feet; however, local relief in
some of the scattered hills and volcanic peaks ranges
between about 500 and 2,500 feet and slopes are
mainly over -IW,c, with some exceeding 10WL The
strearns crossing the plains are relatively small, and
some of the smallest are dry for short periods during
the year. Iloweyer, during the wet season, Ma
through October, all streams increase in width and
depth and inundate large areas in many places.
During this period, all the major streams are over 6
feet deep and range fron 250 to over 500 feet wide.
Most of the plain is covered by extensive marshes, aril
dense stands of mangrove border the streams along the
coast (Figure 122). The interior is covered nainly by
serb; there are grassy openings, and some deciduous
broadleaf forest along the inland streams. Most of the
population is located on %%idely dispersed subsistence
farms and in small market towns; coastal areas are
generally uninhabited. 1'ransportation facilities
consist of it section of the Inter American Highway
and a few poorly maintained roads.
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FIGURE 4. Dry scrub forest and savanna are extensive in the southern lowlands near the
Pacific coast. Here, near San Lorenzo, the low broadleaf deciduous trees are interspersed
with areas of shrubs and bunchgrass and grassy clearings. The nearly flat to rolling
surfaces of the coastal plain are interrupted by scattered hills along the margin where it
merges with the foothills of the interior highlands. (C)

FIGURE 5. Open forests of pine or oak or both are
predominant in the central highlands. In this part of the
Montanas de Comayagua, pine is dominant, and the
trees have straight trunks 50 to 100 feet high and 1 to
4 feet in diameter. Undergrowth is sparse and consists
of grass and herbaceous vegetation 1 to 3 feet high.
Fire hazard is great, especially from March to May. (C)
FIGURE b. Many valleys in the interior highlands are
covered by broadleaf deciduous forests, scrub, and
grass. In this area near Tegucigalpa, trees are mostly 'x s
deciduous, have open and discontinuous canopies, are c
25 to 80 feet high, and have trunks mostly 1 to 3 feet
in diameter. The open low scrub consists of shrubs 2 to T,
10 feet high and bunchgrass. The trees and shrubs r
lose their leaves in the dry season, November through;.
April. (C)
FIGURE 7. Vegetation in the hills and low mountains in
the southern part of the country is predominantly scrub,
savanna, and open deciduous forests. In these areas,
large timber is scarce or lacking, and forest and grass
fires are common in the dry period. (U OU)
FIGURE 8. A low coastal plain sweeps for about .400 f miles across across the entire northern part of Honduras. The
flat to gently rolling surfaces have slopes mostly 2-1 or
less and are less than 500 feet in elevation. Here, in
the northeast, surfaces barely ?xceed sea level. Broad-
leaf evergreen forest is prevalent. (C)
-r �r
5
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xr
aye�
r J
y
FIGURE 9. Broad streams snake their way across the almost flat surfaces of the
Caribbean lowland. Banks are low and interstream areas barely exceed sea level and
consequently parts of the lowland are often inundated, especially during the wet
season, June through January. Marshes and swamps, such as shown here, border the
lower reaches of many of the streams. In this area near the border with Guatemala, the
Rio Motagua, right background, is 250 to 500 feet wide, more than 6 feet deep year
round, relatively placid, and silt laden. (C)
I
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LVV.7IVV/ IV. %.01^ 1 VV1 VI FXVVVLVVVI VV I V
ro- 01
n
FIGURE 11. Banana plantations cover large
areas of the Caribbean lowland, particularly
the valleys, where the soil is rich. These plan-
tations are in the Rio Ulua valley southeast of
San Pedro Sula. The plants are 10 to 15 feet
high and are generally planted in rows 10 to
15 feet apart. Harvest is continuous. An
extensive network of drainage ditches forms
a grid across the plantation. There is no
fire hazard. (C)
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FIGURE 10. Mangrove swamps are common along much of the relatively flat Caribbean
lowland. The dense growth consists of shrubs and trees 10 to 20 feet high that have
slender arching prop roots 4 to 8 feet high. This area near Puerto Castilla is almost
impenetrable for man and machines. (C)

ti
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FIG! 12. Thr` Pacific coa,tal lowland has `xh`nsivo Nrrt arras bordering thr Inrv
of most stream,. H along thr� sinuous Ric, rJjegro, at r` dens` tnangr vo ,hamPr,
and jolt flog; th flat are� f by tid(`s xa"r`ding 9 frt, lC!

C. Climate (U /OU)
The climate, primarily tropical. is marked by
distinct regional differences, notably in temperature
and rainfall (Figure 13). "t'hc low latitude of the
country and the nearby warn ocean waters bring
about the tropical nature of the climate, and
differences ill terrain and differences in exposum to the
trade winds of both hemispheres cause most of the
regional variations. It is invariably hot all year
throughout the coastal lowlands. In contrast, it more
temperate climate prevails in the highlands, where
afternoons are comfortably warn and nights are
comparatively cool. We�t .end dry seasons are
pronounced in much of the country but in some
sections they are ill defined and vary in length.
The Caribbean lowlands have :u ![]healthy climate
all year. Temperatures and relative humidities in this
section are persistently high, causing sultry conditions
that are extremely enervating. Average afternoon
maximum temperatures are in the SO's �F.) and low
90's and afternoon Immidities are mostly in the 70",
(I( During the early morning. mininun tempera-
tures dip to the 65�1� to 75 �F. range but humidities
climb to the upper 50 (o7 or 90's. Annual rainfall is
abundant, averaging over 100 inches at exposed
locations and occurs mainly as convective showers.
The showers, often heavy, are most frequent in June
through January, falling on 10 to 25 days per month.
.\verage monthly amounts vary throughout this period
and from place to place; the wettest months usually
accumulate 10 to 20 inches or more. Thunderstorm
activity is mainly confined to `-lay through October,
when thunderstorms occur on 10 to 20 clays per month
in []lost months. Minineni rainfall generally occurs in
March and April throughout this region. Cloudiness is
typical of the trade kind zone, and cunndiform clouds
are the predominant type. The periods of greatest and
Ivast cloudiness mirror those of rainfall; afternoons are
the cloudiest time of clay all year. Visibility is generally
good in ail months, the greatest restrictions to visibility
occurring during shower activity. The northeast trades
are predominant in this region throughout the year,
they often enhance the afternoon sea breezes to
produce moderate speeds of 10 to 15 knots. 'I'll(
strongest winds are associated with tropical storms and
hurricanes that enter the coast an average of once
every 3 or 4 years during June through November;
Nyinds and flooding from torrential rains cause great
damage.
The interior highlands have it healthier climate than
the lowlands. Afternoon temperatures here are
pleasantly warmed to the 70 �F. to 85 �F. range and
nighttime temperatures are cooled to the -15 �F. to
(i5 �1'. range. Infrequently, tenperatures may drop to
near freezing in the high valleys and plateaus in
December through February during outbreaks of cold
polar air from the north. Lower relative humidity is
most responsible for the more comfortable highlands
climate. This is especially apparent in the afternoon
when average values are mostly in the -10's (S(') and
50 thereby suppressing the srItry conditions that
wouid result from higher humidity. Annual rainfall
varies f:orn about .35 inches in the more sheltered
sections to near 70 inches in the exposed locations. The
highlands have a long .yet period. Xlay through
October, and un eetually long dry period, November
through April. The wet season is distinguished by it
Jule August lull (called the verunillo) in most sections,
resulting in a large range of average monthly rainfall
for thr region, roughly 5 to 0 inches. Showers and
thundershowers are frequent; the latter are most
prevalent, oc�c�rrrring during thunderstorms on 10 to 0
days in most months of the wet season. Monthly
rainfall during the dry season is more regular, \yith
amounts gener.Ily less than 3 inc lies. Large lo\ycring
cumrrlus and cumulonimbus cloud masses ar.
abundant during the wet season. In contrast, clear to
partly cloudy skids and fair weather c�umulrs prevail
during the dry season. Visibilities are generally good
all year except during early morning fog in the valleys.
cluing afternoon showers, and hen clouds shroud the
mountain slopes. Surface winds are sight and cpile
variable: because of the rugged terrain. rno,n,tain-
yalley breezes are common.
"I'he Pacific loMands are oppressively hot and
humid during part of the year and hot but less hurnid
during the remainder of the year. Mean daily
rmaxinum temperatures are in the 90's �F.) and logy
100's all year and the nean daily mininuns, in the
middle 70's, offer marginal relief. TI,e heat is
seemingly intolerable in May through October when
high humidities, gencr, ted by moist onshore \rinds,
combine with the high temperatures and c� re. tc
extremely enervating conditions. Drier air overlays this
region in the remaining months, resulting in lower
humidities: this makes the afternoon heat more
tolerable. Annual rainfall approaches 80 inches at
most places and is distributed in pronounced .yet and
dry seasons. Monthly rainfall during the wet season.
May through October, averages 7 to 20 inches
compared to monthly rainfall of less than inches
during tFu� dry season. November through April.
Showers and thundershowers arc frequent, often
heavy, and sometimes torrential during the .yet
months but are infrequent and moderate in intensity
during the dry months. Cloudiness has if similar
seasonal distribution. Throughout the wet season skies
9
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O TE LA
V =.GUA AIUt
luncAtva
LA E5PERAN2A
J 1FL.UCIr:AI`A
J 90
s0
AM A
I
MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION IINCHESI
I EGUCIGAIPA
30
201
10 1
0
1FMAM1IASON
MEAN NUMBER OF DAYS WITH PRECIPITATION X0.004 INCH
TEIA
30 1800
10
20
0,.
1FM4M11ASONDI
A..
100
180
so
60
40
20
1 FMAMI IASONDI
20 20 20
I
15 1$ 15
I 1 i
10 10 Jo
s i s I s
I
0 1FMAMJIASON 0- JFMAMJJASON 0 1FMAMJIASON
MEAN MONTHLY PRECIPITATION INCHES
30
20
10
0
;FMAMJJASOND
I
10
1 FMAtA J J ASON UI
MEAN THUNDERSTORM DAYS
.1
MEAN CLOUDINESS (/.j AT SPECIFIED HOURS AST) MEAN RELATIVE HUMIDITY 'i AT SPECIFIED HOURS AST,
TELA
I
100i
80
60.
40.
30�
j
1FMAMJ JASON
ELEV I ?T
PUERTO LEMPIRA
120-
I
100 J
1JO
60
40
20
0...
1FMAMJJASON
EtEv 41 FT
TEMPERATURES! F.)
'E'.:_. I..At PA
100
60
I.OG
40
20
0....
JFMAMIJASOND!
TE,',UCI -AtPA
120.
100
80�
60
40 r
20
0...
JFMAMJIASON
EIEV 3 304 FT
100
B0
60
40
20
JFMAMJIPSONDJ
A %AAPAIA
120.
100v
80
60
40-
20
1FMAM1 lAON
EIEV I6'T
FIGURE 13. Precipitation, thunderstorm days, cloudiness, relative humidity, and
temperatures. (U /OU)
AHtiUIUTE MAl�1- .11j.+
r.1f AN DAII 'I A�I%!I1!,r
S11A i IAII �':1 :'Il1'
AH'-11Iif :11rllr.'l(I'.'I
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La EcPERAN: A
120
100
UAIA NO:
aV AIIaPLE
80
60
40
InIA N'0
AV A'IAW
20
0
JFMAMJIASON
EIEV
5 351 FT
AHtiUIUTE MAl�1- .11j.+
r.1f AN DAII 'I A�I%!I1!,r
S11A i IAII �':1 :'Il1'
AH'-11Iif :11rllr.'l(I'.'I
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arc� profuse %%ith lniltming cuunulus cic.uds. %%Inich
oft(-rr buil(i to the� cumnulonimnims stage and resift it-+ itl
to 25 thunderstorms per month. 0%crcast skies :,rc
almost d:ifx occurrences. During the otn sensor.
particularly December througfn \larc�h, si mm skits
abound and cloud conditions seldm n progress bcNmid
the partly clowk state. Visibilities arc exudle:il during
the do season and are geuerall\ %crN good ill the \yet
season. e. %cept during shm%er actin itx :.end light earl\
morning fogs. Weak trade "iuds front- the South
Pacific invade this region in tit(- %%vt period months
and often reinforce the afternoon sere breezes. the
predominant %%irnds all %ear. Tmpic�al ,�\clones onl\
rarely affect this coast.
D. Military geographic regions (C)
Differences in terrain afford a basis fur dicidimg the
cmintrx into three rmilitar geographic rcgioms �the
Caribbean L'mlamd, Interior Ilic;hland, and Pacific
Lmvland (Figure 1 The combination of ens iro mwen-
tal conditions within each region seurtld have a
reIatixelc uniform effect un military operations. but
there x\ould be marked differences betm-en region
L Caribbean Loveland
This region consists of ..at to gentlx rolling plains
covered nuntlx by dense broadleaf evergreen forests.
Only along the \\estern portion of the coast and along
son.:� large streams are tber, e.t(-nskv agricultural
clearings. In tit(- cast the�c are some large giva nna
arias. 'I'll( road neNork k sparse.
TIt(-se plains arc poorl\ suited for large scale
c(mvenFonal ground operations. The ro,,d netw(A is
sparse and generalk inadequate for hoax mnilitarx
traffic. its, potholes, mnud, and \%ashouts (luring the
wet season wmdd grcatl\ hinder or preclude most
oirroad movement. Offroad dispersal and cross
countrx mmvi u�nt mild b(- so xereI hindered or
1) red IIded in most of the region b\ dense lor�st.
nom Brous streams too deep to ford, -1 ground much
of the \tear, and In marsh along the coast. Conditions
for cross- c�ountrx movement are hest in the areas r,f
pin(- sit xunna in the cast (leering the dr season.
Comiderable effort x%orild be required to construct
roads. In mangy places. exh�nsfve clearing would be
necessan, and neon\ culverts, bridges, and stretches of
raised roadbcd wooled h(- required. \tanfn(-s and
seasonally flooded areas \could require large amounts
of fill. 'I'll(- dense forests c�or (-ring most of the region
afford good cover from small arms fire, limited cover
from flat trajectory fire, and concealment from air and
grciumd obscmition. Some additional cover and
c�onc�(Ialment would be provided Iry nattiral levees
dung the courses of stn�.tms and bx drainagc
Glitches in the culti%ated area Sites suitahiv for tilt-
cmistruc�tionr :)f buuf.er type imstadlaliums are ;t \.Jlablc
uulx ill the higfu�r, better drained plains in the cast.
"there are fc%% sites suitable for th.- c�oustrictimi of
tuturel t%pc iiistarllidiuns bec�auu� of inadl�quatc relief.
it high eater tablc. and poor dr.cin:igc.
Airmobile and airborne operations mmild be
precluded in most of the region bx dense forests:
exceptions are cultixated areas along strains.
scic:u,in :es in the east, and along the shore. here there
are a fey% areas suitable fur he�liculiter landings. Ili
addition. lk img c�unditious are purr (rani \lax thrum li
laminas because of rain. c1midiness, aucl fregnc�nt
thunderstorm,. Sit� sicitahle for airdrops and I:oulint,s
of ass ;mIt -tx Ill- airuraft acre restricted to the lei\ existim,
Oirfiefds. some sacanuar plains ill the east. allot the
cultic algid ri%er ;illes. Sites suitable fi,r the
comtrrc�tion of airfields are lucatcd onl\ in the lamer
stream salless arc; ore the interior margins of the
eastern plains. In mangy places, ho\%c\er. rmma
lengths and orientations \%mild 1 restricted b\
marshes, seasmiall\ Ilooded :,rears. and b.\ adjacent
highlands. \alural fuundartioms are fair. atmd
little granting ur clearing \%mild be required. Raised
"Ill gr.ides. ho\\exer. \\r,uld be regsnir(-d in areas
subject to flooding. ard t-xtemskc drainage facilities
N\ould be necessarn.
The Caribbcaun coast is onl.\ fairl\ \ell suited for
large -scale amphibious operrtimv, The central part is
poorly suited and the eastern part is almost holl
unsuited largel\ because of 1m,hibitke exit conditions
clue to s\%amp\ and mnarsh\ coastal terrain and it lack
(of' transportation routes. Ilmvexer. the %\cstcrn part of
the e-oast is fairly \%gill suited, Sea approaches to t!u�
coast of the region are enc�undwred I numerous
scattered islands. islets, reefs, rucks. shoals. and bars.
\lost of the coast is fringed b\ sand\ shores. and there
are 2I beaches imitable for large -scale landings. nu,stl\
Along the \\estern part. F\ils from the !reaches are
primarily b\ c�ross- cmmtr nrmemviit short dirt :maces
to roads. Fr,rn aout one third of the beaches tracks.
streets, or rc,ucls h
lead (lir(-cllx inland.
Mane parts of the Caribbean L(mland are \\ell
suited for irregidar forces. Fxtenske multilaNer
hma(lleaf evergreen forests prm icle read\ axeoues fur
c�lanotestine nimernent as xxell as areas for concealed
camps ;md storage caches The track and trail system
around settlenicnts in the more denselx populated
areas \\mold facilitate movement. 11m%ever. soft and
slippery soils, inundated areas, and flooded str(-amns
xvo111(1 hinder p:cssage (miring the \vet season. scattered
farms and shifting agriculture as \yell as consideral ;le
amounts of natural foods cmild pro\icle sti.,tenance for
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irregulars. The extensive forests reach to the shore in
m:uv places where nuttiorous small beaches provide
opportunities to land small numbers of men and
equipmertt. The isolated nature of much of the coastal
plain facilitates escape and sanctuary in Ilonduras
and across the borders into Nicaragua and Guatemala.
2. Interior Highland
Covering four- fifths of the country, this region is
characterized by rugged, mostly forested hills and
nonntains. Some lower slopes and mnrny valleys are
under grass or cultivation and, in the dryer regions of
the South, scrub and grass are predtu,linant. The road
network is sparse though it fair frail net connects most
populated places.
This region is the most difficult in which to conduct
large -scale conventional ground operations. The road
network, with the exception of the bituntinous-
surfac�ed sr. tions of the North Road, is inadequate for
large scale mo've'ment. Onroad movement would be
severely lw.mpered by sharp curves, steep grades,
numerous Single -lane low capacity bridges. fords, and
narrow stre tches of road. In addition, heavy rains
duri `g the wet sea.,or make many sections of roads
imtussahle because of mud, landslides and washo(tts.
and flood swollen fords. Offroad dispersal and cross
comitry movement would be slowed or precluded by
the Steep Slopes of the hills and mountains and by
dense Vegetation ()It the forested slopes. Locally,
movement would he possible in a few valleys andl
basins during the dry season. Large areas are unsa!tcc!
for the construction of roads, extensive grading.
blasting, c�tttting, and filling would be required, and
alignments would he severely restricted. In mr.ty
places, considerable clearing would be necessary an(
tunnels and tnat)y bridges required. The numerous
surface irregularities provide abundant cover from
flat trajectory fire, and the (case forests afford
excellent concealment from ground and air
observation. There are nuuty sites suitable for the
construction of tunnel -type installations, but sites for
the construction of bunker -type installations arc
available only locally, mautly in valleys and basins.
The Interior Highland is poorly suited for airmobile
and airborne operations because of rugged terrain and
dense forests. I Ielicopter landings would be limited to
some ridgetops, valleys, and basins where grass or
cultivated vegetation predominates and to existi:tg
airfields. Sites for airdrops and landings of assault -type
aircraft are even more restricted. Only some valleys,
basins, and it few airfields are suitable. %irfields could
be constructe(I in it few of the larger river valleys and
on some of the upland plains and basins, bolt many
12
would have restricted appr:),c�Ies and runway
orientations.
The rugged nature of the Interior I lighlan(1 and the
eaten. ;iye forests snake a. large portion of t1w region
well suited for irregular warfare. Conditions for
clandestine movement are good except on lower Slopes
of the muuutains in the Sont4 and in Some valleys
where grass and light scrub are predominant.
Although the road network is sparse, it fair trail and
track system connects ',lost uopttlalecl places. Sleep
slopes and slippery soils and flooded streams during
the wet season would hinder ,lutvenenl. Natural funds
are available though not abun(.ut. In the southeast
a nd western portions of the region numerous farms
and villages in the valleys could provide food and
shelter. In some areas, particularly in the so "th.
surface water sources arc scarce to nonexistent during
the dry season. Escape routes and say-'uary areas in
forested, rugged terrain are plentiful, exten(lirg across
the borders \yith Guatemala and Nicaragua.
:3. Pacific Lowland
This region is it nearly flat to rolling plain haying
extensive m arshes and swamps along the coast; inland,
the vegetation is mostly Scrub and grass. Except for the
Inter- American Ilighwuy that extends across the
region, there are fey roads.
The plaits along the Pacific coast are poorly suited
fog large -scale conventional ground operations. Tile
extensive permanently art areas along tic coast and
the large areas subject to stream flooding restrict
movement in mane places to the f: \y roads. Vvbicular
notVetjlent would be facilitated I,y the Inter- American
I lighwa however, tic fcw secondary roads could not
support st-tained mil;tary traffic. Offroad dispersal
Mid cross country movcmeW would be severely
hindered or precluded by the widespread nwrshes and
mangrove swamps and by soft soils and ifuocicd
streams during the wet season. On the inland margins
of the plains, offroad dispersal and cross country
n:oveno�nt would be feasible (tiring the dry season,
but direction of noven�ent would be restricted b
streams too deep to ford. Roads having generally
unrestricted alignments and reclniring !ittle construc-
tion effort could be cons,ruc�ted on the inland margins
of the region. Ito �sever, in most of region Jignno�nts
would be restricted heeadse of the large areas of
swamps, marshes, and seasonally flooded land. \l any
culverts, bridges, raised roadbeds, and large am:outts
of fill would be required. Some c�ovcr from flat
trajectory fire and concealment from ground and air
observation wortld he available in patches of forest
along the streams and in the swampy areas hilt would
be limited elsewhere. Only i t few Sites are available for
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the construction of bunker- tyi installations in the
interior margins of the region, and oust excavations
wo Ill (I req iii re� support. Sites suitable for the
construction of tunnel h pe installations are few.
The Pacific Lowland is generally' unfavorable fur
airnuibile and airborne eperations, although fair
opportunities exist for helicopter landings in pastures,
fields, and areas of light vegetation. Soft soils, flooded
streams, and large inundated areas would restrict
operations seasonally. 'There are some sites, away front
the coast, suitable for airdrops, landings of issarlt-
t pe aircraft, and airfield construction. IIoweyer,
many sites are subject to seasonal flooding. The con-
struction of airfields would require large anurunts of' fill.
raised subgrades. a extensive drainage facilities. In
addition, runway orientations and lengths be
restricted in numv places b, swamps, marshes. season-
ally flooded areas, and by the adjacent Itighl:utds.
111 coast is wholly unsuited for large -scale
amphibious opereflons because of severely chan-
nelired and obstrateted sea approaches and prohibitive
exit cot ditions due to mangrove and fresh -water
swamp. marsh, and it lack of transportation routes. Sea
approaches are restricted to the relatively shallow
Ccalfo de IFOnsec�a that contain; numerous islands,
is
islow and mostly fringetd a by 1idel f ljlts.
co
backed by swamp and marsh. "There are no beaches
suitable for large -scale landings.
The Pacific Lowland is not well suited for irregular
force operations except for the extensive swamps and
marshes along the coast. Nlost of the region provides
little concealment froth ground and air observation.
Food and other supplies are available from scattered
farms and c ommerc ial agriculture but natural foods
are scarce Small numbers of nen and cquipticnt
could be landed at isolated points along the coast;
movement would be slowed in the extensive swamps
and marshes. Long -range escape routes and sanctuary
areas are virtually nonexistent due to the limited
possibilities fer concealment and lack of inhabited
areas.
E. Strategic areas (C)
"There are two strategic areas, Pedro Sula and
'I egaacigalpa Figure 20). I'hc y ,.are the leading
administrative, military, commercial, land and air
transport, _and tcleco ill ill unicaIion hubs in the
country, have 905; of all industrial plants, and,
according to the 1970 census, over 40f" of the nations
urban residents and 13ii of the total population. "I'he
strategic areas contain the only two cities of more
than 100,01111 inhabitants in the country. Of lesser
signific�aoc�e is Puertcu :orlcs, the large�.t hurt ill the
counts.
1. San Pedro Sula
This strategic area, coul>risint; the city aucl its sub-
urbs Figure 1.1 is I londttras' iuclustrial capital. most
important distribution point for imports and e\ports
silippecl In land between the interior and Puerto
(:cartes, and principal military airc raft dispersal site.
San Pedro Sula also is it departmental capital, has it
population eslintatec in 1972 at 116,000, and is ca
regional commercial, to lecornnauniealion, and
transport center. 'I'll(- strategic area is connected by rail
as well as by a good highsV;r\ to the nations stain port
and the countrn,'s best airport, La Mesa International
l
I
U
��I r r
,"!I4rr4' k
v
Ji
t 1 ft f i
G
Road
Radroad
Bridge
o I
i
Statute mile
FIGURE 14. San Pedro Sula Strategic Area (S)
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r
S� \Tegucgalpa
v l..
co'layagueia`
Tocontrn
International
Airfield i.
L
FIGURE 15. Tegucigalpa Strategic Area (S)
lirfic�I(I, is mile, cluth(� IsI. 'I�IIi, i the ortl\ :ii rIil�I(I in
the cmmtrc %ijmble of acconunodatint! III( I :Irte.t
conttn(rei :d jeth: it i :II >o tiwd It\ thc� Ilonduran fir
Force I. a (fincnal biow for lhcir contlr,lt aircraft.
\pother ntsjor niilitar\ iwtallalion. al the northvin
outskirts oll S:ul Pedro Sala. contain" hilletin, fac�ilitie.,
and all underknnnnl ammunition .torai;e depot for
the hcad(luartcr emit of the 11 Arm\ Zone and the r
Infantr\ liatudion.. \t least :i, 1(111 barrcl of pclrolcilni
pro(luck are ,t,)r( lhrnui;houl tfle Ntrate14ic arc:(. �I'hc
di\ersifi(-d tnanufaclurini; c0ahli in the area
ac�c�ount for T.:` of all plants :n the coontr\. elan\ of
\11111'11 111.1\ 111'
indu.tr\ Si,iiificanl industrial plant include one of
the pla rll:olulacturer, in Latin Anic�rica
anuI III I po1\ellt\ Icne cap :u Il\ i.)Illi tune. a tvcl-
ndlin, :tntl \\ire dr.I(\im, twill. :ul :intinion\ rrrc-
e\tr.r('tion plant. the \\orld' tar eat maiiiifacturer of
Iron�n kitiana purcc. alit the Liri;e.t prildli ,�r- in
:c�ntral Aiiicric.i of diirt and undvr\\c:tr. Other plmit
pre.uc: natural :Ind lit lictic� lc\tile. (-(-tools and
otILet con ulaterictk, I)Iiartnaeerttieak r,IIdto r.
Ilcer :Ind foul�.. :Ind other con t;4)mk
egilicig
'I lik �tr itc�t;iu arc .i, e tmipri itt,F 'Fclt lluivalp:I and the
adjacent pit\ (!f (:otua\'t, :Ind their it rroundiII,
Ithltrh ;Fi II re 15 find l6i. k ii!niliciolt ehiefl\
hl�callm. it colltaill" the natiuu:ll cal'ital. It i' the
principal political, nlilit.ir\.
;old teleconuuunicatiotl cciitc�r in the cctnntr\ 'I'll(
Ic t ueialpa- (:on1;I\aluela orlon area i the lari;c
l'c'pulatiun center it: Ilondura and had an e"tinlated
256.000 inhahitank in 1972. It aLo k a rvi0onal ro ;id
Auld :lit trawl) (0 �tltlr and indu trial center. road in
mood c)ncliti(m cunnc�(�t it to tit( IIIIcr- .1n it ric�aII
Ilikh\\:I\ tit( mouthenl part of !It(- countr\
near Lw 1 coat. Intl aimthc�r road in i:ood
errnd',tiol, II :ICk norllr\\ :I rd to litwrlo torte.: le.er
roach (�otl\t rt;c� on it Iront the c wt. foe mtill
International AirfivId pr t\i(I(� dome, tic Ind
inlenlalional (-r\iee. Manu(acturink etuhlihnn nt
in tlic :area. repre almut 15', rtf the� national
total, are primaril\ in the lii;ht inclu >tr\ catei;or\. their
production k chiefl\ for hwal conuniption. �I'he snore
itnport.int include :i di,tillerr. and a hre\\er\. %\caring
apimr��1 ni :olnfactun�r a\\milk. eenicut prodtick
l!lanl and food proee. 1'etroleiiin product"
torat;e laeilitie in the ,tr :itcvic area total almilt 7, .6110
FIGURE 16. The twin -city complex of
Tegucigalpa Comayaguela is in the valley
of the Rio Choluteca in the south central
interior highlands. The continued growth
of the cities has pushed the built -up areas
up the sides of the mountains enclosing
the valley. (C)
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barrels. The most significant militar imlallations arc:
the Ministry of Defense, %%ith facilities for the Chiefs
of Staff. and the GiTicers Advanced School (1a1�14(�111 de
Aplicacione�s Militures), %client jumior arm% officers up
to the rant: of captain are trained, at the nortimest
and northeast cciges of 'I'cgucigalpa, r�specti%v1%. the
General Francisco Morazan Mililar Acadvm%, N%here
elementarn school graduates are trained to become
army and air force officer, in central Coma\aguclu;
Ist lnfa.tr Brigade installations. south of Conra\a-
guela: and, adjacent to the airfield, all the Ilonduran
:fir Force principal installations, including their
Militarc Aviation School. The foremost 1- gislativc and
educational institutions in the country also are in the
strategic area: the Presidential I'al :rc�c and the
National -autonomous Vnivrrsity of llonduras, the
latter has an en rollment of c,bout 3,000.
:3. Othe significant area
Puerto Corles, the fourth largest toy\ if in l londuras.
had if population estimated at 2�I.5-19 in rd" and is
the countr's largest port, handling N i "i of the
national maritime traffic in 19 0. It also is the site of
llonduras only petrole n refiner', which has it daily
crude throughput capacit\ of 1 1.000 barrels.
Petroleune stowage facilities ire the area total 911.0(10
barrels, including tankage for :360.000 barrels of crude
oil and 323,000 b arre ls of products at the refiner\.
Puerto Cortes also is an important land transport
center: it is the northern terminal of the Honduras
National llailvvay line. with associated railroad repair
facilities and classification yard, as \vrll as the
terminal of the main highwa\ south card to the
national capital.
F. Internal routes (C)
The internal routes prop ide the easiest uivcmws of
movement bet\ceen land and sea approaches and tlu-
strategic� areas and bet eeu the strategic areas (Figure
20). Information on these routes is gi%cn in Figurc I
G. Approaches
The perimeter of llonduras, 1,460 Wailes, consists of
950 miles of land boundaries and 310 miles of
coastline. I londnres c�luirms territorial raters extending
12 nautical Wailes offshore. Data on boundaries is
presented in Figure 18. l' Ol'
1. Land (C)
')'here arc f v \v snitaf,lc land approacfcs to
Honduras. Most of the land boundaries arc across
nuggcd, fon� mountains ar,cl hills or \\�t or forested
plains. :cruel cross- countrx nec,xcna III t \%ould hr
(lit ficidt. F.wepl for a Ic\c trails, the oul\
tnonsportation lines leading to tfec Ilonduncs borders
are those of the Inter American Iligimak from E
Salvador and Nicaragua. 'I'll(- best approach is from FI
Salvador.
I'he :e {,grouch (nmu Sara Miguel, F Salvml�r,
cxtends southcast\\:erd mainly_ across rolling to
dissected and cultkated plains :end rugged, brush
co�.-crcd hills. It contains a kw -lzme road that bars it
bituneinons- treated scarlacc in fair to good condiiion
and- for part of the appn,ach. if 3'0" gage single truck
railroad. The railroad clots root rcac�h the bonier,
terminating at the port of I.a l'niou but the ro id
bends northcast\\ard to enter Ilouduras..\rr allcraatc,
m direct road vxlcnds northeast from San Miguel
through rnostl\ brush covered hills and joins the Inter
merican I liglma\ -1 miles from the border. This road
is t\\o lanes \\ids and bitrenainous surfaced. In the
approach� offroacl clispersal \\mild be leasiblc. but
cross- c�ountr moscment %could be limited b\ steel;
slopes. rugged
terra in� a nd. from \lay through
Oc�tobcr, b cl soils.
lilac approach from San Sit Iva tor. FI Salvador.
crosses mgtl brush- cmured morurtains and hills. It
contains a road that is 20 to 2 :3 feel N\idc and bus it
bitcanainous surrfacc and 1400t shoulders. In the north.
there are it fc\\ short sections hero� the road has a
gra\el surface. Offroad clispersal and cross- c�ounutr
nu,xrnu�nl of \ehides \\ocald be precluded b the
elisse�cted terrain.
The approach from Estch. Nicaragua. is mainly
wross sleep hills and mountairus and sc\ crek dissected
plains: there arc small areas of culti\ :atcd ficiclr:
intermingled \\itla patches of forest and grassland.
This approach contains a road that is t\\o lanes \\ide.
has a bitrrnainous- trcatccl surface, and is in fair
c�ouclition; the road is a sect ior. c,f Ilse Inter- AIIIcricaII
IIigh\\:I\ I c,r the urc,st part. offroacl clispersal and
cross- cvmuatr movement \could be difficult because of
the rugged terrain.
2. Sea C)
Offshore approaches to the Caribbean coast are
nc�unubered b a chain of reef- fringed islands, which
rourghl\ parallels the central part of the coast. and b
nunu�rous reefs. shoals. and several islets and islands.
'I'll( ncurshore approaches are partly obstructed by
scattered reefs. rocks, and shoals. In addition, shifting
bars c�losel\ front mangy stretches of coast. Average
13
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16
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FIGURE 18. Boundaries (U /OU)
BOUNDARY 1. EN(rrll
:I1 ilrs
Nicaragua......... 570
STATUS
DC nlil I tell and undisputed.........
EI Salvador.... 220 In dispute, undefined except for it
section in the east along the Rio
Goascoran.
Guatemala........ 160 Demarcated and undisputed.........
nearshore bottom slopes range from I on 36 to I on
262. Surf 4 feet or higher ranges from infrequent in all
seasons on several beaches to it tnaxinaum of
approximately 40c of the tit-.- on exposed hcaches
during October through March. 'fides are diurnal with
a rnar,imum range of about 1 l feet.
Offshore approaches to the Pacific coast arc clear
but are restricted to the Golfo de Fonseca and severely
channelized within the gulf by islets, islands, shoals,
rocks, and reefs. The nearshore approaches arc partly
obstructed by islands, shoals, reefs, and mudflats.
Tider, in the gulf are sernidiurnal, and the spring range
is from S t 10 feet. Surf 4 feet or higher seldom occurs.
The coast is low, swampy, muddy, and largely fringed
by mangrove.
The 24 beaches (,it the Caribbean coast arc mostly
located in groups scattered along the western two
thirds. About two thirds of the [)caches are over I mile
long and the longest is 1 miles. Beach materials arc
predominantly sand and average widths range from 10
to 90 yards at low water and from 5 to 55 yards at high
water. Average low -water to high -water gradients
f ange from 1 on 19 to I on 132, and it, the high -water
zone gradients are estimated to range from I on 10 to I
oil 20. The beaches are backed by partly cultivated
plains and areas of swamp and forest. Mostly forested
hills and mountains back the plains. Exits from the
beaches are generally cross country for short distances
to roads, tracks, and trails.
There are no beaches suitable for large -scale
amphibious operations on the Pacific coast; however,
there is one extremely poor landing place at Cedeno
on the eastern shore of the Golfo de Fonseca and one
landing place on Isla del Tigre within the gulf.
The two amphibious landing areas shown on Figure
20 provide the best access to internal routes leading to
the strategic area. Data on the landing areas are
presented in Figure 19.
TERRAIN
Mostly across forested or scrub- covered coastal plains,
hills, and rugged mountains. In west, mainly along
river courses and ridge crests. In cast, mainly along;
Rio C OCO,
Mostly across forested mountains. However, near
Pacific coast along Rio Goascoran across pre-
dominantly scrub- covered coastal plain.
Mostly across rugged forested mountains. A short
portion near Caribbean coast aligned alon;! Rio
Nlotagua.
3. Air (U /OU)
Air approaches" to Honduras from the northwest are
over Mexico, Gnatenala, El Salvador, and British
Honduras; from the north and east over the Caribbean
Sea; frow !be southeast over Nicaragua and Costa
Mew and front the southwest over the Pacific Ocean.
a Opographic hazards in the air approaches consist of
high mountains in Guatemala, El Salvador, and
Nicaragua. 1 ?Ievalions range up to 1:3,800 feet in
Guatemala, 9,200 feet in El Salvador, and 6,900 feet
in Nicaragua. Weather conditions in all approaches
arc generally favorable for flying throughout the year.
I owever, conditions arc generally hest in December
through March, when cloudiness (20'li to 555 is at a
mininium, thunde rstorms are infrequent, in(] the risk
of severe turbulence or aircraft icing is remote.
Weather is generally least favorable in May through
October, when cloudiness (50% to 90ii is at a
maximum, thunderstorms are most numerous, and the
risk of turbulence or aircraft icing is greatest. During
the latter period, thunderstorms are most freque (5
to 15 per 'north) over land areas, especially along
exposed ridges and slopes. "I'hcy are most likely to
occur during the afternoon over land and at night over
water.
Tropical cyclones may affect the approaches over
the two water bodies. [lowever, they are rare in the
Pacific approach and average only one or two per ycar
in the Caribbean approach, usually in June through
October. 'These storms generally are accompanied by
widespread cloudiness, heavy showers, turbulence,
and strong winds.
In all approaches upper winds below about 20,000
feet arc predominantly easterly; above this level to at
(cast :55,000 feet, winds are mostly westerly in
December through May, easterly in ]tine through
August, and variable in September through
November. Mean speeds are less than 50 knots at all
levels throughout the year.
"l'he discussion zone for air approaches extends approximately
300 nautical miles hcvon(1 the borders of Ilonduras.
IN
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CON F[ DENTIAL
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA-RDP0l-00707R000200070016-1

B r i t i s
Poplun Ho n u r
P,wa Go,da
udes!u
/r T
L/)
Places ar, I features referred to in
this chapter
(u,ou)
001MINATES
IN
H
Bara� oa
15 1:3
S7 5 2
Cedeflo
1:3 Its
87 25
Comity.1glia I
1-1 25
Si :37
Comayaguela
I I
S7 1:3
El .1aral
1.1 54
SS 03
El Progreso
15 21
S'7 49
Esteli, Nicaragua
13
86 2:3
Golfo (it Fonseca (yld r;
1:3 Itt
s7 j(I
Isla &.i Tigre (isl)
1:3 Ifi
87 Ts
La Fragua
1.5 38
S7 19
La Uni6n, El Salvador
1:3 20
87 51
Montafias de ComaYagua t m1s)
1.1 23
S7 26
Nacaome
1:3 :31
S7 30
Potreriflos
15 11
S7 5S
Puerto Castilla
16 (11
M; 01
Puerto Corti
15 -1 S
s7 5 t
Ilio Aguim
15 7
tin 11
Rio Chanielevi'm (strm)
l: 1
S7 .19
Rio Choluteca (strm)
1:3 (17
S7 19
R io Coco (ntrm)
15 00
S3 11)
R io GoascorAn (sine)
1:3 25
87 Is
Rio Motagua, Guatemala (slrm)
15 .1.1
SIS I I
R io Negro (strm)
1:3 02
S7 17
Rio Ulfia (stryn)
I 5:3
S'7 .1-1
Sa Lorenzo
13 2-
S7 27
San Miguel, E'I Salvador
1:3 29
SS I I
San Pedro Sula
15 27
02
San Salvador, El Salvador
13 -12
S! 1 12
sula
15 15
SS 33
Tegucigalpa
1.1 06
S7 1:1
Tela
15 .1-1
S7 27
Villa de San Antonio
1.1 16
S7 36
Rio Hondo
Santa Ana
Sonsnnatc
Gjalan
pa
uimula Santa Rosa de Cop;kfl
v4 �ttoo
060
San Sa
El Salvz
San
Vicente;
)Zacat6coluca
Confidential 71337
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Pur ;rto Barrios
r,1o;
a utt.s,, 8050
San Pedro Sula y B RE
y r
L 1 r 7200 of-
NO -7309
.11 r i\+ p t V.
99x P L D A G u1'
0 A-L.
i
.5700 7
I 6300
?..�...t J t L' �77001. 7100
7100.
7100
.5500 .7800
A
Zacapa
l Fll:n.,r
9300
6300
.6900 .6500
�Chigwmula Q S S,,,p,- ,r,Le.u.r�9
.840U .7300
U/ 1, 3 01,
.6100
9.400 7300. 8000 8100. O
7100 m ..1
8200 JE C> `o O
A O
VP r o
t 8400 GE O vG, 7 400
u
r OPI> 1,iul.'LVceie. n 59
7578
7600 Tegucigalpa
.7300
L c D
Santa Ana V .5900
I �.6 1
6500 I p
1
San Salvador
.4200
J
San''
Vicente
Zacatecoluca J
p
San Miguel
Usulutan
�4000
N:usrtn:�
t
I
Confidential 71337
Chinandega
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T, r i
10
La Ceiba
3700.
up't
8050 Onclqu, t
-M,KfU
Olaoch,lo
360
1
Q P
5900
J.
'o El Rva,bo
San Marcos
de Colnn
5706
T
T-A
r it
0 cJ
I -G i n 11
C El
ME
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA-RDP01-00707R000200070016-1
I, LS
wt I
ME
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA-RDP01-00707R000200070016-1

^o/
F!,IqK-S
Confidential
w.`"`.
Military geographic factors Figure 20
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