JPRS ID: 8735 USSR REPORT TRADE AND SERVICES

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• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 4
• Content Type: REPORTS

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29 OCTOBER i9~9 CFOUO i3l79) ~ i OF i
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= JPRS L/8735 -
29 October 1979 -
~ IJSSR Re ort
p _
TRADE AND SER~?ICES -
: CFOUO ~ 3/79)
.
~8~~ FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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JPR5 L/8735 -
.
29 October 1979
USSR REPORT
,
' TRADE AND S~RVICES -
~ (FOUO 13/79)
CONTENTS PAGE
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RLi,ATIONS
USSR Decla;:es Acceptance of Technicians; on Development -
� of South Yakut �
- (YOMIURI SHIMBUN, 14 Sep 79) 1
MANPOWER: LABOR, EDUCATION, DEMOGRAPHY ,
r~
Improving Efficiency of Labor Resources Use
(EKONOMIKA I ORGANIZATSIYA PROMYSHLENNOGO
PROIZVODSTVA, Aug 79).........o 2
Labor Deficit Minimal in Omskaya Obl~ist, by Xu. M.
Chernikov
Impact of Bonuses on Labor Discipline, by N. ~1. Kozlov
Financing Efforts of Invea~tors, by Yu. N. Lachinov
Using Pensioners in Industry, by E, S. Yarin -
Substantiating Administrative Staff Size, by
- G. F. Geller -
TRANSPORTATION
Soviet Rail System, 1970-1980
(Center for S*udies of International Prospects and Data,
May 79) Z4
Grain Rail Transpnrt, Flow of Grain Traced
~ (S. K. Danilov; EKONOMICHESKAYA GEOGRAFIYA TRANSPORTA
SSSR, 1977) 25
_ -a- [III -U5SR- 38FOU0]
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INTER~TATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS
USSR DECLARES ACCEPTANCE OF TECHNICIANS; ON DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH YAKUT
Tokyo YOMIURI SHIMBITTi in Japanese 14 Sep 79 ~ 3
[Text] According to what was disclosed by iron and steel circles on the
13th, at the.4th periodic consultations, which were held in Tokyo from
the lOth to the 12th as to the development of South Yakiit coal, the Soviet -
side showed that the developnent p'~an is progressing smoothly, and also
. replied that they are ready to receive the dispatch of expert technicians
' from the Japanese side to the said district in the JSSR this December. ~
Also, the Soviet side requested a supplementary loan amounting to $40,000,000
in order to construct coal-dressing plants, etc. In connection with the
financing, it will be worked on among banks from now on, but the iron and
steel business world hopes that the shipping of raw material coal to Japan
will start from 1983 as scheduled.
This development plan is a large-scale enterprise whereby a total of
84,400,000 tons (3,200,000 tons in 1983, 4,200,000 tons in 1984, and
5,500,000 tons each from and after 1985) of raw material coal for iron and
steel will be shipped to Japan from 1983, for 16 years. -
" At the talks held this time, they confirmed that supply of 97 percent of
the facilities and machinery and 100 percent of the consumer goods among
. the contracts as to supply to the USSR has been finished so far. The
Soviet side (1) has completed the construction of a railroad reaching a
i length of 229 kilometers in total for loading and shipping of coal, and
I will start full operation within this year, and (2) in the coalfields, they
switched to full-scale construction of strip mines from this year, etc.
Thus, the Soviet side emphasized that these projects have progressed ac-
cording to plan with few changes, as to the development of the coalfields.
~ Also, the Soviet side expressed its intention of receiving the dispatch of
' Japanese technicians, toward which they initially showed disapproval.
' COPYRIGHT: Yomiuri Shimbunsha 1979
- CSO: 4105 ~
~
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MANPOWER: LABOR, EDUCATION, DII~IOGRAPHY
IMPROVING EFFICIENCY OF LABOR RESOURCES USE
- Labor Deficit Minimal in Omskaya Oblast -
Novosibirsk EKONOMIKA I ORGANIZATSIYA PROMYSHI~ENNOGO PROIZVODSTVA in
Russian No 8, Aug 79 pp 153-154
[Article by Candidate of Econosic Sciences Yu. M. Chernikov, docent at Oiask
State University: "Is ttee Deficit Great?"] _
[Text] ...Re~e~ovskaya Oblast ia short ].2,000 to 15,000 workera each yeur.i.
...This five-year plan, iCrg~noyarskiy Rray has 76,000 fewer ~rorkers th~n it
needs.2 -
These figures apparently teatify to the extent of the maapower deficit. But
a detailed analysis enables us to view tt?e proble~ in a different light. I.et
us turn to relative values. Thus, according to t}ae testimony of various in- _
dustrial dnistries and depart~ents, the shortage of labor resources in the
- RSFSR is about 10 percent.3 In Om~kaya Oblast, the declared unders~affing
is seven percent of all industrial-production pereonnel and 2.5 pexcent of .
all workers.
These indicators are refined (and r~duc~d') even further if statistics are
brought in. Thus, according to data from the Oa~skaya Oblast Statistical Ad-
ministratton, understaffiug as against the planned nu~ber of workers (which
- was probably overstated, rather than understated) as of early 1977 was noted -
in only four branches and in onlq insignificant amounts: 0.1 percent of the
; Worlcers in machine buiiding (e~ploying 56.5 percent of oblast personnel in
_ 1. See: RO~+itJpIST, I~o 1, 1976, p 22� .
2. "Vosproizvodstvo trudovykh resursov i ikh ispol'zovaniye" [Labor Re-
sources Use and Reproduction], Moscow, Izd-vo l~ysl', 1975, p 122.
3 y~. G. Antos~nkov and Z. V. Rupriyanova, "Tendentsii v tekuchesti rm-
bochikh ~cadrov" [Trends in Worker Personnel Turnover], povosibirsk, Izd-
vo pauka, 1977, pp 244-245.
2
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= manufacturing), and Q.4 percent oi workers in fuel industry. The maximum
- deficit of two percent was noted in light and food industry, employing 15.3 ~
percent of all workers.
Several indirect indicators also cast doubts on the deficit. A~cording to ~
annual statistical a~ministration suaomaries on annusl plan fulf~llment, the
� number of enterprises aot meeting the plan in terms of labmr productivity
growth is several ti~es higher than the number not meeting the plan in terms
of output sales vol~me. Thus, in 1977, eighteen enterprises of O~eskaya Ob-
last failed to IDeet the sales plan and 62 the labor productivity ~rowth plan.
This ~eans failure to meet assignments in ter~s af the latter indicator was
- covered by increasing the mumber of personnel.
The deficit beccaees eve~ less if personnel turnaver is reduced and labor
. discipl3ne is strengChened. The indnstrial worker turnover level in O~sk-
aya Oblast Was several-fold less than the union average. But gtill, an ap- `
preciable portion of the workplaces, and consequeatly of the production pro-
_ gra~n in induatrq as Well., Was susceptible to the influence of turnover. To-
tal labor losses due to turnover 3n the ablast were 1.0 to 1.5 percent. The
status of labox discipline is not satisfactory either. One in every nine
Warkers was absent ~aitho+ut permission in Oaskaya Oblast industry in 1976, and
one i.n every five in construction. The labor reserve here is about 1.5 per-
~ cent.
1'hus, direct losses of labor potential due to turnover and absenteeiam, not
to mention intrashift idle time, are 2.5 to 3.0 percent, that ia, close to
the above-indicated shortage oi worker personnel declared by ent~rprises at
the labor department of the Obskaya Oblast ispolko~.
It can be stated with confidence that Omakaya Oblast is no exception.
One practical step to eliminate losses is to improve labor department ac-
tivity. T1~ese depaxtments are having an increasingly appreciable impact on
interplant worker movement and are comprehensively analyzing interbra~tch and _
' territorial-occupational manpower problems. The activity of the Omskaya obl-
_ ispolkom labor department can b~ evsluated from these brief data. In 1976,
. 20.7 percent of all those hired at industrial e~,t~rprises~and conatruction
~ projects vere placed through its bureaus. The average job placement time
was rsduced from 25-30 days to ~nine days. The proportion of those placed
through the bureaus in 1971-1976 who were skilled workers increaaed from ~
50 4 to 63.3 percent. These results Were achieved through the efforts of
bureaus employing about k0 persons. -
One other practical step has been the transfer of personnel work to the new-
est scientific-technical '~asis. Thus, the "Omsknefteorgsin~tez" association
has created, us,ing an `'~eS-1020" computer, a bank of detailed sociological
information on all workers, vith daily additions and up-dating. This makes
moving on to the next qualitative stage, developing the "FCadry" [personnel~
- autamated control system, feasible.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Eknnomika i organizatsiya promyshlennogo
proizvodstva", 1979 3
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Impact of Bonuses on Labor Discipline
Novosibirsk EKONOMIKA I ORGANIZATSIYA PROMYSHLENNOGO PROIZVODSTVA in
Russian No 8, Aug 79 pp 155-158
[Article by N. V. Kozlov, Scientific Research Inatituta of Labor, Ko4co~r:
"Dlot Stumbling Over the 'Threshold of Perception' of Incantivea"] .
[Text] How vill a vorker respond to a particular amount of reward or the
way it is offered? Ry ansvering these ques~ions, w~ can properly determine
the size of a bonus and the time for paying it And We are being hel,ped
moxe and more in this by sociologists studying the so-called "thresholds of
perception" of incentives.
_ It must be said that insufficient attention is beia?g paid, in our viev, to
= studyiag "thresholds of perception." Certain asa~rtious are th~refore in
� the nature of expert appraisals. Let's say it is thought a person vill re-
spond to a bonus of 10 rubles or more, but will remain indifferent to a bo-
nus of 9 rubles 50 kopecks or less. Th~re is little data on the effect of
moral incentives, of the "climate" in the collective, on "thresholds of per-
ception." But socialogiat~ have already accumulat~~ quite a fea intere~ting
observations.
If only material incentives are examined, it can be asserted that a worker's
labor effarts (intensciveness of labor) are determined bq the amount of re-
Ward and the length of time it is anCicipated. When payments are increased,
labor efforts gro~; as the tine of anticipation increases, they decrease.
More muat be paid for Waiting, or it will be inpossible to retain effort at _
the previous level.
This concept has been confirmed in research on the influenc~ of the system
of withdrawing bonusea for reducing violatiotts of labor discipline, which
- ~ss conduc~ed in 1975-1977 at the Moscow flydraulic Tractor Parts Plant.
Violatfons of discipline at the plant w~re accospanied by qui.Ce a s~bstan-
tial material punishnent: the m~teriAl loss to the Worker for one absen-
~ ~ teeism, for example, might reach 60-70 percent of the monthly piec~-rate
wage (sometimes the violator was deprived of all monthlq bonuses and half
the award hased on the results for the year). Still, discipline violations
remained "high. This fact undermines our faith in the effectiveness of aa- _
= terial incentives, but in fact it can easily be explained in terms of "thresh-
olds of perception."
The effect of punishment like (full or partial) deprivation of rewards basad
- on results for the year reveals itself in a reduction of the proportion of
first violations of labor discipline toaards tha end of tlu year. This is
to be explained by the fact that the closer payment is more tan~ibla than
th