JPRS ID: 9264 USSR REPORT PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS

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i~~?it t~i~r~c t-~i. i ti~ ~~ti~.~
- JPRS L/9?_6~
21 August 1980
- USSR Re ort
p
PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS
CFOUO 7/80)
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JPRS L/9264
= 21 August 1980
USSR REPORT
PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS
(FOUO 7/so)
CONTENTS
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
A Study of a Long Sliding Spark 1
High-Current Coaxial Discharge in the Air Stabilized by a
Dielectric Wall 7
FLUID DYNAMICS
Abstracts on Inhomogeneous Fluid Dynamics 14
LASERS AND MASERS
Active Media of Exciplex Lasers (Survey) 18
A Closed-Cycle Gasdynamic C02 Laser With Gas Separator............ 79
Prospects for Using an AC Discharge to Pump Fast-Flow Closed-Cycle
Carbon Dioxide Technological Lasers 86
Spatial Coherence of Emission of a Laser With a Resonator That Is
Filled With a Randomly Inhomogeneous Medium 93 .
A Pulse-Periodic Excimer Laser 97
~ NUCLEAR PHYSICS
LIU-10 High-Power Electron Accelerator 101
- a - [ I I I US S R- 21H S&T FOUO ] ~
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- ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
UDC 533.09
A STUDY OF A LONG SLTDTNG SPARK _
, Novosit~irsk ZHURNAL PRTKLADNOY MEKHANTKT T TEKHNICHESKOY FIZIKI in Russian
No 1, Jan-Feb 80 pp 111-115 manuscript received 14 Dec 78
- [Pager by S.I. Andreyev, Ye.A. Tobov, A.N. Sidorov and V.D. Kostousov,
LeningradJ
[Text] The flashover characteristics of sliding sparks up to
2.5 m long are stud3ed for various gases at different pressures.
Studies of sliding sparks in a~r at atmoapher~c pressure are -
described in the literature j1, 2]. Th~: studies in this work
_ were carried out fn argon, neon, heii~um and a~r at pressures
of from lU to 1,600 mm Iig. The sliding d~sct~arge took piace
at the surface of a dielectric film wit~cfl ~ras enveioped by a
metal tube connected to one of ~he electrodes ('tl~e so-called
"~r:~t~ator"). The diameter of the init~ator was 40 mm. The
- film thickness was 0.4 fio 4 mm. The length of the discharge
gap varied from 0.25 to 2.5 m. The discharge was realized in
a dielectric chamber 450 mmi in diam~eter which was evacuated
and then filled with various gases.
A cable transformer served as the voltage source ~1, 2]. The
voltage across the secondary winding had the form of a decaqing
cosinusoiu at a frequency of from 30 to 120 I~z. The logarithmic
decrement of the attenuation was 10-2.
- The experini,~ntaZ resuZts. The breakdown voltage 1eve1, UPr, was studied in
all of the experiments. This quantitp was defined as the lowest amplitude
at which the sliding spark bridges the discfiarge gap.
The influence of the dielectric film thickness, ~~3n mm), can be expressed
in terms of the specific f3.lm capacitance, Cud = 0.88 e/~, of which the
- breakdown voltage is a unique function.
The function Upr (Cud) is shown in Figure 1 for argon, neon, helium and air -
(curves 1- 4 respectively), plotted f~r gap length of Z= 1 m at
1
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rVt( vrr~~..ciL uJ~ U1VLY
X U~F.KB ~
(A) -
f20
U~P , KB~, 3
~ '
x x B0 3�
80 ~
~X\ 2
x\x
40 \ ~x~_x_" 4 40 2'
1 ~x X_'_"~x- 3
`x f
~X`X K X_ ' '
. J
0 4 8 /2 /6 20 24 i
CYA , n4~/cr~? (g~ O '=0 200 L~ eM
Figure 1. ~ Figure 2.
Key: A. Upr [breakdown voltage] , KV; Key: A. Breakdown voltage, KV.
_ B. Cud [specific capacitance],
picofarads/cm2.
atmospheric pressure. It can be seen that with an increase in C~d, U r
falls off rapidly at first. But starting at Cud = 2 to 5 pFd/cm , the
change 3n UPr becomes minar. Tt is physicaily poss~ble to explain this by
the fact that the increase in Cud initially leads to a rise in the capaci-
tive current, and conseqnently, in the overall current through the uncom-
pleted discharge channel. The yrise in the current leads to a reduction in
the channel resistance and the effective ~ransf.er o~ the h~gh voltage elec-
trode potential (fram which the s1~d~ng d~scharge deveiops) to the head of
the uncompleted leader channel. Th~s potent~al prov~des for the occurrence
of ionization processes at the head and fihe deve7,opment of iche leader.
With a sufficiently high value of Cud, the growfih in the potential at the
head experiences saturation.
It can also�be seen from the data of Figure 1 that the ratio of the break-
~ down voltages for the various gases depends slightly on the quantity Cud at
rather high values of Cud. This can likewise be explained by the decisive
influence of ionization proces ses at the head of the uncompleted leader
channel. The processes are bas ically determined by the area in front of the
head, in which the multiplicat ion of the electron awalanches and streamers
takes place. UPr is shown in F3gure 2 as a funct~on of the length of the
discharge gap Z for argon (1 and 1F), neon (2 and 2F) and helium (3 and 3~)
for values of Cud of 1.6 (curves l- 3) and 3.0 pFd/cm2 (i~ - 3f).
As was noted earlier, an inflec t~on point was observed ~,n the curve for
Upr(Z) for the case of a~r j2]. For values of Z= Z~r, the voltage increas-
es pract~cally linearly as a function of Z(tRe f~e1d intensity in the sec-
tion of the channel from Z~r to Z remains constant). Tt turned out that the
point of inflection (Z~r,'Ucr) is determined ~at least in the range studied
here) only by the quantity Cud and the kih~ of gas (at an initial pressure
2
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of p> 200 mm Hg) and does not d epend
~~6 on p:
3
soj ~A) . ~ U~r = ACua'S, KV; Z~r = BCud' S, m.
~ 2 ~ The constants are A= 80 and B= 1.15
6 J 3~ for helium; A= 54 and B= Oo75 for
' neon; A= 17.2, B= 0.75 for argon.
~0 . The values of the constant field in-
tensities in the region above Z~r are
0 200 4~ao r2a~ ~aoo ~60o as fol2ows: Epr = 14.5 KV/m for heliim
p~, MM p~. c~ 8.3 KV/m for neon and 4. S KV/m for
argon.
Figure 3. When Z> Z~r, the breakdown volt age
can be determ~ned from the formula:
Key. B: P~reak~do g,voltage, KV; ~1~ Up~ _~.1[U~r +.EPr(Z - Z~r)], KV.
The given values for Ucr~ Zcr ar~d Ep.~, make it possible to determine UP r
using (1) with an error of around 10%. Upr ~s shoWn ~n F~gure 3 as a func-
tion of tcte gas pressure. Ih contrast to tlte Paschen curves, the pressure
does not influence UPr ~Ln a w3de range jof pre~~res]. Curves 1 and 1'
were obtained for argon, 2 and 2~' were obta~ned for neon, 3 and 3' for hel-
- ~um; curves 1- 3 apply to the case of a f:tlvi t11~cRness of p= 2 mm (Cud -
= 1.6 pFd/cm2) for a length of 2 m, whi7,e - 3~ are for 4= Q.5 mm
(Cud = 3 pFd/cm2) for a length ot 0.5 m.
The fact that the gas pressure does not influence the development of a
leader in a wide range of pressures is ev~dence that ~ the case considered
here, the quantity E/p (E is the field intens~ty at tt~e head), whi~h deter-
, mines the intensity of the ionization processes at a given point in the
gas, does not exert any substant~21 influence on fihe development of a
leader. At the same time, the influence of Cud is manifest when the press-
ure p changes (see Figure 3). Tt can be concluded as a result that the de-
velopment of a leader is primarily determined by the overall current which
flows i,nto its head, while th3s quantity is in turn determined by the area
over which the�ionization processes take place. The intensitp of these pro-
cesses practically remains constant, since in the electrical field reg ion
at the head, there exists a large o�vervoltage and a change in E/p with a
change ~n p under the conditions considered here does not increase the cur-
rent feeding the leader head, wiz~le the area wz:th tl~e effective ion~zation
does not c~qnge in this case (it ~s determined by tlie geometry of the uni-
que capacitor formed by the conducting rod lying above the conducting
plane). -
In the range of comparatively low pressures, a leader apparently develope,
without substantial overvoltages at the head. For this reason, a change in
p leads to a change in the intensity of the ioniz~tion processes and to a
change in the current collecting surface in front of the head.
3
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~
It is interesting that in such an electronegative gas as air, i.n contrast
to the inert gases, the influence of pressure is marked throughout the en-
tire range investigated from 37 to 80~ mm Hg (Figure G), if Z> Z~r (curves
1 and 2 apply to a discharge gap 1en~th of Z= 1.9 m where Z~r = 1.08 m and
0.79 m respectively). Tn the case of a short discharge gap, Z< Z~r ( cur-
ves 3 and 4 were obtained where Z= 0.35 m and with the same values of Zcr~~
the influence of pressure fa11s off.
(t~l ,
u~P,ne _
~zo .
~P U~r f ~ -
~ gp
80 � ~
3
60
~ "
~p , -
i~
30
~B) - .
-r -----r ----T-r--T-T---- m l~t
0 ?c,"J dC~ EDOpo~�Mpr.cr. ,0 OS f0 1S
~ ~ ,
Figure 4. Figure 5.
Key: A. Breakdown voltage, KV;
B. Po~ ~ Hg.
_ We will note that in the case of air where Z> Z~r, the rise in the break-
down voltage with a rise i~~ the pressure takes place linearly with a cons- ~
tant of 0.014 KV/mm Hg where p~ 200 mm Hg. The dynamics of the pracess of -
slip dis~harge development [1] should also be brought into P1ay to explain
the data of Figure 4, which sfiow the differ3ng influence of p for short,
Z< L~r, and 1ong, Z>~.~r, gaps. -
~ Studies have shown that the breakdown in argon differs from the br~akdown -
in other gases with a fast rate of leader channel development in the ~
d~scharge gap; the breakdown ~i a11. of tfle cases studied here occurred
over the time of the voltage rise.
Tn the case of helium, ne6n ~nd air, the average rate of leader channel
development is slower than ~.n argon, and when 2> Z~r, the development
of the flahsnver encompasses a region of voltage which changes sharpiy
with time. IY? this case, the developmenfi taltes place 3n a nonuniform -
fashi.on j1]. Characteristic stoppages and even "~ext3mction10 0� ~he channel
~~:.ur during the develo~men~, where these are determined both by the
a~so7.ute 7.eve1 of the instar~taneous voltage and its t~ne derivative. This
exp7.ains t.I~e multiplicity of glashover characterist~'`es of a sliding spark
Frh~ch are found in the literature j3 ~ 8]~
4
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~ The conclusion can be drawn from an.analysis of the timew~se structure of
the development of a sliding spark that the character~stic of the break-
- down which depends on the gap length (on tfie breakdown t~me) is character-
ized by a range of flashover voltages falling between t~ao maximum cases
(Figure 5, air, 1 atm). Curve 1 applies to the case of breakdown with a -
single ("nonextinguishing") l.eader, which moves from one electrode to -
the other without stopping. Curve 2, which occurs w~th lower values of
the breakdown voltages, corresponds to leader development with stoppages.
- The number of such stuppages exceded under our cond3tions. In this case,
the flashover occurs at a minimum value of the voltage.
In the first case, the average rate of leader travel is not too much
different from the instantaneous value a~d amounts to 5- 8� 108 cm/sec, _
and in the second case, it is one to two orders of magnitude lower (from
1 5� 106 to 7� 10~ cm/sec). Thus, formula (1) determines the lower flash-
over characteristic for the case of helium, neon and air, and the upper
one in the case of argon.
We will r.ote that to obtain a dense system of para11e1 discharges, the
upper breakdown characteristic should be used.
The hypothesis can be put forward,� in returning to the data of Figure 4,
that a reduct3on in the influence of the pressure w~.th a decrease in the
length of the discharge gap is rela~ed to the transition fxom multistage
, breakdown to a single-pass flashover. I`n~the case of a single-pass flash-
over in air, the excess volfiage of the.field at the head is rather high
and the change in E/p w3th a change ~n p does nor influence the flash- _
- over development process. Tn hel~.um and neon, this influence is also not
observed 3n the case of multipa~h breakdown.
The analysis o� the set of data cited here from the point of view of the
elementary processes makes it poss~.ble to explain the spec:Lfic features
of flashover in argon by the presence of more powerful ion3zing rad3ation
than in helium and neon. The specific features of breakdown in air are
relaCed to its electronegativity and large thermal capac~ty, which leads
� to a lower temperature and conductance (as compared to the ~,nert gases).
~ The authors would like to express their gratitude to V.P. Sidorova for
~ssisting in the work.
~
BBILIOGRAPHY
1. Andreyev, S.I., Zobov, Ye.A., Sidorov, A.N., "A Method of Controlling
the Development and Generation of a System of Para11e1 Sliding Spark
Channels in Air at Atmospheric Pressure", PMTF [JOURNAL OF APPLIED
_ MECHANTCS AND ENGTNEERTNG PHYSTCS], 1976, No 3.
5
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- 2. Andreyev, S.I., Zobov, Ye.A., Sidorov, A.N., F'A Study of a:.liding
Spark in Air at Atmospheric Pressure", PM'~F, 1978, No 3. -
3. Toepler, E., "Stossspannung, Ueberschlag und Duzchs chlag bei Isolatoren"
["Shock Potential, Flashoyer ~nd Breakdown in the Case of Tnsulators"],
E.T.Z., 1924, Vol 45, p 1024.
4. Strigel, R., in "Electrische Stossfestigkeit" ["E1e ctrical Breakdown
- Resistance"], Springer Verlag Publishers, 1955.
5. "Tekhnika bol~shikh impul'snyich tokov i magnitnykh poley" ["Large Pui.~e
_ Current and Magnetic Field Engineering"], Collection edited by
Komel'kov, V.S., Moscow, Atowizdat Publi~hers, 1970.
~
_ 6. Roth, A., in "Hochspannungstechnik" [}'High Voltage Engineering"],
Springer Verlag Publishers, 1959.
7. Sirotinskiy, L.I., Lomonosov, ~.I., Sergeyev, A.S., Panov, A.V.,
"Tekhnika vysokikh napryazheniy" j"Hi.gh Voltage Engineering"], Vol 1,
GET PuDlishers, 1940.
- 8.. Skhanavi, G.T. "Fizika d3elektrikov, Oblast} siltnykh poley" -
["The Physics of Dielect'rics. The Region of Strong Fields"], Moscow,
Fizmatgiz Publishers, 1958.
COPYR~GI~T : Tzdatel ~ stvo "NaukaF', F'ZIrurna1 prikl.adnoy mekhaniki i
tekhnicheskoy fiz3ki", 1980. �
[3144/1380-8225]
8225
CSO: 8144/1380
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UDC 537.523
HIGH--CURRENT COAXIAL DISC~iARGE IN THE AIR STABILIZED BY
A DIELECTRIC WALL
Moscow RADTOTEKHNIKA I ELEKTRONIKA in Russian Vol 25, No 6,
1980 pp 1218-1221
[Article by A. F. Aleksandrov, A. T. Savichev, O. I. Surov,
I. B. Timofeyev, and A. R. Emil'] _
[Text] A continous emitting coaxial plasma sheath is produced
by the electrical explosion of a vaporized metal coating ~epos-
ited on a dielectric cylinder. Under certain experimental
condi~ions the radiation of this discharge is close to equilib-
_ rium with the temperature of the emitting surface ti2 eV.
In recent years, high-current emitting discharges in atmospher-
- ic elements and in air produced by electrical explosions of
- thin metal wires have been investigated intensively [1] in re-
- 5ard to their use as high-intensity radiation sources in the
visible and ultraviolet regions. At the present time, emitting
disc}iarges~. in the classical z pinch geometry [1) have been
studie~ most thoroughly. However, linear discharges in spite of
certain advantages, mostly in regard to the simple construction
of such sources, have a small emitting surface and a relatively
_ low resistanc~ to the deve lopment of superheating (transparent
discharges) and power (opaque discharges) instabilities. _
Discharges with a return curr~nt [2] are more ~romising in this
respect, especa,ally since the emitta.ng surface of such dischar-
ges can theoretically be as large as needed, and the durati.on
of the steady state can be i.ncreased b;~ a factor of R/r (R
is the equili.brium radius o~ a discharge with a returnPcur-.
rent, and r is the radius of a linear z pinch). Ho~rever, the
- gPneration b~f a, .dense emitting plasma wii:h such a confa.guration
presents some well-kno~tn difficulties. Thus, the formation of .
such discharges by a simultaneous expl.osion of many wi.res [2] ,
- ~,n air for example, generally does not produce a single plasma
sheath, but a discharge in the form of individual plasma chan-
nels.
7
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I~OK U[~ 1~ I t:1 A1, US~ ON1.Y
A continuous emitting ~lasma sheath wa.th a~ai.rl,y large surface
can prcbably be produced bx an el.ectrical ~xplosion of thin me-
ta], foi~ or vaporized metal de~osited on a dielectri,c of arbi-
trary sha~e (see [3] i.n thi.s xegard~ . Wox'king w~.th foil is
difficult ~or purely techni.cal xeasons (it is d~ ffi,cult to con-
struct a cylinder from tha.n foi.l with the correct shape) . The
use of a metal deposited on a dielectx'ic cxlinder to induce a
reverse pi.nch is technological].X advanced and ~resents certain
advantages for a stationary inverse ~inch, since the pressure
of the inner plasma boundazy is balanced by the dielectric
wa11. The so-called H-pinch di.scharge is formed, and the ra-
dius of the plasma sheath in it can be strictly controlled. In
the present paper we investigate this type of discharge.
(k V) K e - - ,
..r.:.;~:~�'~~ '''~y"~,,4 - `'~Aw~�~:
ZS ~~F~~~u, - ~Y ` � ~ � ~
iy . 7 . . ~ '.~lY~~ ~
~ . ~ Y~ .
� 1 ~Y
.,f~'~ Y~ll~ s+ -
: #?Ek;
0 p / I _6.. J 1
~~.'.F"~:~ -
~
i
3
i ~ i
p~ .re �t ' S, '
~ a
0 ~ :?y. .t
~ !
62S 2, based on the
~ sequential rotation of plar.e quasiconformal mappings, is considered. The
method is used to derive the linear coefficients of quasiconformality of
certain pairs of n-dimensional, n? 3, annular regions, as well as to obtain
n-dimensional analogues of the corresponding theorems of distortion in the
presence of q-quasiconfoxmal mappings of a 3-dimensional sphere onto itse].f.
UDC 51.7.946 ~
THE DARBOUX PROBLEM AND A NONLINEAR HYPERBOLIC-PARABOLIC SYSTEM OF
EQUATIONS IN A PLANE
ORAZOV, L.
[Text] The existence of a general solution of the Darboux problem for a
system of nonlinear hyperbolic-parabolic equations is demonstrated.
UDC 532.031
A CASE OF CONVERGENCE OF THE ITERATIVE METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE
THEORY OF JETS
PYKHTEYEV, G. N.
[Text] A case in which the nonlinear operator A(u) of the equation u=
~ A(u) is a constant parameter), determined in Bana~h space, satisfies
the Lipschitz condition in the sphere 0 X 10-1e
Kr, ~ 146 ~ 2,5� 108 ~~u _ ~
I 3�10~ t~u) I43, 44]'>
Ars, ~~Eu, 3~u~-?,YIEg l2Fi 108~~~4~: 10~ 1,5�10-ie~~>
. ~ (~~u~ .
Hez.. ~ I d3~4 i 63n~ I ~ I~ 10~ [46j -
Hg, I Iu -.XOg I 335 I 4'5 10~ [47J . I ~.97� 10-1e [4T]
XeF B(1/2}-.X(1/2) 353 (5,1[48,49]- (2[52]-5[53])X
/B2E ~ X'zE ~ 351 -5,5 [50, 51 j) ~]0?; X 10-1e
i ~/2 i/2 349 8�107[17.25]
XeF ~ C(3/2} /t (3/2) I 470-480 I 6� 10� - lOT [25] I 5� 10-18 [ 132] _
KrF B(1/2)-.X(1/2) 249,5 .1.5~10" [23.54]; 6�10-'~ [57j:
� 248,5 1�10a [55, 56j 2,7�10-1e [58J:
2~5, lp-ia (17]
~ ArF I. ~ s I 193 ( lOa [59]: 2�108 [24] I 2.9�10-1a [17j
- XeCI I s ~ I307-308 9�10~ [25] I 4,5.1p-ls [17]
KrCI I > > I ~ I - I -
ArCI I s a I 175 I ' - ' I -
XeBr I s I 282 I 5,7� l0~ [60] I 1,5. lp-t" (61 j
KrBr I > > , I 206 ( ~ - I -
Xe0 I ElE+-?B1E+ I538-544~ 10+" (62] I 10-19 [63] -
Kr0 > > I 558 - I -
I I ~ -
Ar0 I > > I 558 I 2,6� 10� [62] I 2. lp-la [64]
HgCI ( B~E~ ~2 X~E~ ( 558 I 4,5� lU~ ~[65] I 4.5� 10-16 (65~
23
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Table 1 (continuedj _
Moiecuy e I Tranp itA on I, nm) I
MoneK na fTe eao xr A, c-~ a+, cw~
HgBr BzE~~2-.XzE~~2 502--504, 4.3�10' [66] 2,4�10-'~ [67]
498
HgJ I s ~ I443-~445I 3,7� 10' [66] I -
t
The effective values of A were found at rather high pressures .
Typical times of r3diative decay of the lower states of R~ show con-
siderable dependence on the density of the gas (see for example Ref, 39,
68-70). This is due mainly to strong collisional mixing of populations
- of Ou and Iu [Ref . 71] . Many researchers feel that the upper laser s tate
of R~ is Ou( lEu) alone.
The following values were used in the estimation: A= 3�10~ s-1,
~wpasn - 0.5 eV jRef . 12] . -
Under the same conditions, less intense lasing has been achieved -
[Ref. 72] on other bound-bound transitions of He~: ap = 400, 403, 454
- and St3 nm.
For excimers R~, the corrections Qb/o+ in (1) are due to photoionization.
Usually photoionization can be disregarded as a consequence of the greater
width of the photoionization band as compared with the photodissociation
band. ThF~ problem of the ratio between the photoionization and photo-
dissociation cross sections was qualitatively discussed in Ref. 73,
According to calculations of Ref . 74, the cross section for photoioniza-
tion of Ar~Eu at a= 126 nm is about 4�10'19 cm2, i. e. it is considerably
less than the estimated [Table 1] photoionization cross section. Tran-
sitions to repulsion or bound states lying above b are more likely than
photoionization transitions. The effect that they have on the shape of
_ the lasing spectra and gain is considerable for exciplexes that emit in
the relatively lor~g-wave region. In Ref. 58, 7~, a continuous band was
observed, and also a set of narrow absorption lines between the peaks
(248.5 and 249.5 nm) of stimulated emis~ion of KrF*, belonging to tran-
sitions from the working term to the covalent term, correlating with
Kr*(3P) +F. In Ref. 28 the authors observed formation of highly excited
atoms of Hg(73S1) accompanying laser photolysis o� HgX2 vapor. This was
attributed to dissociative excitation of HgX*(B?E~) due to absorption of
_ self-radiation. The authors of Ref. 76 used a similar argument to explain
failure to achieve lasing on the proposed transition Ou -~0+ of the mercu-
ry dimer (a = 485 nm) 1. g
lIt can be concluded from Ref. 27 that there is no state Ou in the
group of lower states of Hg~, and emission of the 485 nm band corresponds
to phot4dissociative decay of trimers Hg~ rather than the dimers.
24
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I~Oh OI~FTCIAT, lIS}: ON1.Y
Losses of amplified radiation determined by K~P will be briefly discussed
ir~ Section 4.
2. Experimental Conciitions for Achieving Lasing
Tables 2 and 3 give some data on experiments in w:iich amplification has
been achieved on diatomic excimers and exciplexes. Since problems of
organizing optical feedback are nonspecific for exciplex lasers, we have
given information mainly that determines the properties of the active
media. Brief explanations are given below.
2.1. Pumping method. The use of high-current relativistic (subrela- ~
tivistic) electron beams as the energy source is the most universall and
groductive method of producing exciplex active media. Lasing (depending
on the nature of the exciplex and a number of other factors) is realized
- with the following typical beam parameters: electron energy "'0.1-2 Mev,
current density ~6-103 A/cm2 (total current up to 150 kA), current pulse
duration ^'2-1400 ns. Let us note that the capabilities of present-day
electron beams are not restricted to these limits (see for example
Ref . 182) , -
Electric discharge methods are used to ex~.i~~ laser transitions corre-
- sponding to large values of a~+ (RF*, HgX*): a ~�~lf-maintained trans-
verse discharge (TE-lasers) and its modifications utilizing preionization
(electric, light beam, electron beam, x-rays jRef. 151], radioisotope
emission jRef. 183]); a discharge in the traveling wave mode (this tech-
nique has been used to achieve amplification on ArCl* and KrBr* jTable 3J
for which the Q.~ are relatively sma11); capacitive discharge jRef. 126].
Series electric-discharge lasers have been developed jRef. 184] that
operate on XeF*, KrF* and ArF*. 1'he characteristics of exciplex electric
discharge lasers can be widely varied by modifying the design, but their
capabilities are limited by the development of instabilities with break-
- down of dense gases (discharge pinching, arc ignition and so on).
Arrangements for optical pumping of exciplexes [Ref. 185-189] were being
discussed even be~ore the development of th~ first exciplex lasers. For
a long time, this method was used to achieve lasing only on bound-bound
transitions of R0, XeF, HgBr and HgCI. Recently amplification has been
realized on the photodissociative transition C(3/2)-~A(3/2) of the
molecule ~eF [Ref. 133, 134].
The possibility in principle of nuclear pumping of excimers and exci-
plexes has been demonstrated in experiments [Ref. 85, 190]. When a
nuclear charge is exploded, irtense superluminexcence of Xe~ is observed
in nearby tubes containing dense xenon [Ref. 85]. Amplification in XeF*
1There is no basis for assuming that beam pumping is ineffective tn
the case of KrBr*, Ar0* and HgI* since no serious attempts have been made
to trigger lasers as yet by an electron beam in these exciplexes.
- 25
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FOI: OFFL"CIAI~ iJS~ ONLY
~~F ~ ~ o~ g y ~ ~ ~ ~ .
- x ~ H
- - ~ a ~
~ zcSi~ u a ^ m.. O v
G. ~ F a ~ t0 ~ ~ ~ J.J
x w~~,��v ~ x
s ct . ei a+ o ~ u a.~ 00
_ � ~ ~ a K d ~ A
N P u~ sO1=ca c co ~-I
H i ~ ~ o.~ a u ax,~ y I s v s 3
a ~ m~ s n.m d R ~ ai~ O
a6 W N C t0 p, ~ x 71t u rl
~y d d' ~pp F( ` F ~ OC O 0
~ ~ ~b e(o v K Go ~ ~ d~ W
~,V Ua~~+~ Cr, -~i ?~2u= 0~0
_ - ~
~X ~ j ~ ~ Z ~ ~ ~ y
~ - ~
_
I I I I ~ ~ o ~ N
u
U1 %
~-1 - - fA
GJ
(n ~ N ~ ~q I T ~ ~ M ~
~
~ a
- ~ wq ~ ~ ~ ~ o o ~ ~ al
N rl "C
U y ~ ~
rpq1 ~ Q m ~ ~ ~ ~ O
Qi W Y R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
H O e ~ O
x
a
~
~ n~Y~ o iw p ~ c o 0 0 0 ~ .
al 1fHN,~~
N
~ ~ - ~ c ,n ao G
~ r o g I i I t ~
~ ~
a M ~ ~ ~ Z ~
a
~ ' N
~ O e'! d C ~
� O'~ 1 /~t ` ~ I t I fd
~ ~ v
x
: ~n ' $
~ ~ N g N ~
r ~ ~
- - r-I
e ~
q ~ U
O �a '
q ~ O o 4-i
I ,L~ ;Z , a O
~ O O 0 ~ O
aD . . ~ O e ~i
Z I i0 tD h ~ ~D O
ao I ( ~ e'o � ~
~ ~ ~ Vi ~ A
~
~ G
a~
o ~ t ~
y~.~ a ~ k
y~ ~ ~ d
' ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ~e ~ x ~ ~e oe ~i w
0
U
26
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i~c~ii ~~rH~icrni, usi~: ~~Ni,S~
I fy I ~ ~ CO OD Of ~ Of Q) yf
S ~
.r
' ^ ~
l--- '=~s~ e s id =~'o ~ s~ ~ I
I c~ u ~c Q~
~ z c o` ^ ~ ~ T x~ o�
: .~S~6b HF S~~ ~ ~Kyv ~X Qf
J A o~05pp �Zl;~$~C S~ p CS ~
, ~~N= I x~ x~0 I ; I I
n~ : ~ o�~~ a �J ~ s a ~I a ~ Q^p ~ ~O � ~
E: _ ~~d m~G ~ 4~,u " a eo
e ~ QQU'' I
O[.dCR.uG .OTFc~~~' M~yNy y~~j vS~
i~>.~p=O ~~OcC ai G p~ II~e', a4iOt~0 ~Oti =
$~Cm~,~', UazR~' Cuv F+>, C:m�.. Cm-
I I' i I I o I I I`,_�-
,
~ , ~ -
. I ~ ~ N I I I 1~ I
_ o 00o RS
X
0
~ o - - g
e~ cv t o cv ,d,' ~ N c4
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T~ - -
p ~q I I I g o�- ~ o
o 0 0
~ - - -
O o~,. � ~ o o o c
p Y . ~ ~ ^Z ~ I!] ~ ( If ~ )
g ~ ~ (
N
~ n ~Y~ o ~ ~ ~ . ~
~ ~H~YO I o; o I I o o , O o
0.1
H ~ - ~ -
� I ~ ~ ~ d. m I ap O
r
u
M ~ ~t. I ' Vl ~ I I I~,~
a
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N
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~ � .
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N~
oq 'I ~
V
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.ag d ~o, vv aid~ v v ~ v d a
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U
2~
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
~ a a ~n C io cD t~
a ~ �6 u ~
K
~ a o u s O
~ c x s �
o ~ s o ~ F ~
a ~ ~t ~ Y = ~
- .SL ~ N a ~ ~ m U
0
i~+ = rl ~ ~ ~ ~ I N
t~ ~ v ~ 'a = = ia
GJ C x ~ t- =67 ~x=
LY. ~~K~ ~v ~ o a+ ~ E" N
s~a sp oum g
Oxm Cma e c~
v
_ ~ N I I. I I
.c
~ ~
~ I1.1 ' C ll)
~ o . ~ ( o g O
_ x ~
= p tf~ ~r~i
I J If~ ~ ~ I C~`I ~d
~-i
~ y~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
w a a w ~
Y .r Q~ ' Tl .
~'i ti Y O Ol G I O ~ I ~ I~ ~
r..~
V ~ ~ V Y V~ ~ UT n ~
~ ~ a ~ a daxi axi ~
~ a~ o o ~ ~o ~ I ~ ~
y Yv ~ o o , i ~
~
~ ~ ~ g .~G
F ~ i
t
~ ~ i' ~
a" I I g' ~j �u
, w
: ~ ~ g g o -
.am I I t ~ t o
~ ~
~
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M
~
~ a
. ~
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w O
O i
1 ~ ~
~ ~ O
o el � w
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r ~
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O U ~C .~1L ~ ~ Tr ~
2V ~
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Explanation of column headings for Table 2:
N--density of particles of the medium, cm 3
ip, Q--pumping duration and specific power, ns and M~~7/cm3
~T, r--amplification delay and duration, ns
~~`cna ~~`HHA--bandwidths of spontaneous and induced emission respectively
WnHH--Peak power, kW
en- energy of laser radiation, J -
L--length of the active region, cm
K--gain, cm 1
p~p--efficiency of energy conversion in the medium, %
T--gas temperature
Numbers in parentheses show authors' estimates of K. An electron beam
was used as the pumping source everywhere except Ref. 85.
Key to translation of remarks in Table 2:
' 1--Angular divergence less than 5 mrad
2--Laser radiation energy is increased with the addition of argon;
maximum gain is realized at higher pressures
3--The resonator mirror was burned through
4--Ribbon beam
S--Optimum particle density for Xe is N= 4.7�1020 cm 3; maximum peak
power is not attained in mixtures
6--The pumping source was gamma radiation of a nuclear explosion; ampli-
fication was not observed at N< 2.8�1020 cm 3
7--Lasing intensity falls off with increasing gas temperature; mixtures
are more efficient than pure Xe
8--At Tp = 2.5 ns the lasing intensity is lower for mixtures, and at
Tp = 50 ns it is greater for the mixtures than for Xe
9--Tuning of wavelength over a range of 169.5-174.5 nm
10--Tuning of wavelength over a range of 169-175 nm
11--Gas purity 99.99%
12--Purification of gas after each pulse increases laser output
_ 13--Linear increase in peak power with increasing particle density
14--The position of the maximum in the spectrum depends on pressure
was achieved in Ref. 190. A tube containing a mixture of NF3-Xe-Ar
covered inside with a thin layer of boron (isotope 10B) was exposed to a .
neutron flux from a pulsed reactor. The direct source of pumping energy
was the nuclear reaction 10B(n,a)~Li.
In Ref. 191 a proton beam was first used to stimulate an exciplex laser -
transition. Here are some of the characteristics of this laser: proton
energy ~^450 keV, current density ~^10 A/cm2, -rp S~) ns, mixture NFg:Xe:Ar =
1:5:194, p~^ 1 atm, Q> 1.5 MW/cm3, T~^ 10-20 ns, en up to ~^0.05 J, L~' 7.5
cm, K< 0.052 cm 1, n~P up to 2.7%.
29
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
~~y Cz1$xo~F XGUUU ~~a ~~M=xS~ p~~
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- �
q I o c~ : ~n o, ~ o o m ~n
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0 o cr o 0 0 - ~ _
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ti
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I~t)It c)~~1~?c:inl, Usl~, c~NI,Y
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39
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40
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~
I~Ofl ~~FTCIAL (1St~ ~NLY
w
~ ~ v ~ ao ~n n ai ~
a Ba~, ~ _ ~ ~ ti y y m
�@dilNjf r I ~ ~ ~ y ~
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N: 4���� Q m eri k2a is the coef-
ficient of attenuation of the wave due to scattering in the Born approxi-
mation. Thus the size of the inhomogeneities must be much smaller than _
- a wavelength, and the attenuation of the wave due to scattering at the
distance equal to the size of the inhomo~eneities must be small.
Let us write the integral equation for the MCF of the emission as
~ T(R. P) = A f dZR' f dzP~r (R~~ P~) P lR~ -i- 2 P~ I P I R' - 2 p'1 X
/ \ 1
_ X exp 2F R'p' Iexp f~Z (R - R') (P - p')J X
\ / L
X exp - 4n=kaL ~ dt ~ dKK~U (K) (1 i- !o (I P~ -f-~P - P~) t ~ K)~1, ~2~ -
0
~ where p is thP reflectivity of the mirrors over the field, F is the radius
of curvatiire of the mirrors, and L is the distance between them. We -
disregard effecte associated with the fact that the radiation after
- ref~ection frotn the mirror passes through the same inhomogeneities, -
which is permissible when L/k�a2. The index of the next to last expo-
nential function of the kernel of integral equation (2) can be repre-
sented as (p=-!-pp'+p'=), where q=