USSR WORK ON ANTITULAREMIA VACCINATION PROCEDURES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000700240180-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 10
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 11, 2011
• Sequence Number: 180
• Publication Date: December 21, 1955
• Content Type: REPORT

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1ISSR WORK ON A1wTTTfIT pFZrrre v
(Comment: This report presents the complete text of the arti-
cle A Contribution t' the Hi
published by V story of Antitularemfa Vaccination,
V. S. Sil'chen ko if the Voronezh Oblast Antitularemia
Station in Zhurnai rdikrobiologii
, iuidemiolc~tl i
No 10, October 19 03- 9 Immunobiologii,
The outstanding Soviet scientist, N. A. Gayskiy, whose 70th anniversary
has been celebrated recently and to whose memory this
started his activity at ar paper is dedicated,
early age. He participated in antiplague work as
a third-year student. Subseqiently, Gayskiy spent many years in work on
Plague.
A particularly outstanding
of a live tularemia vac achievement of Gayskiy was the development
vaccine epidemic work. preparation which is very effective in anti-
Work on the development of laremia vaccines was initiated in the USSR
in 1931 by Khatenever in collaborati.or, with Levchenko and Sinay. These workers
prepared a glycerine vaccine from killed t ieremia baccilli. Later
Khatene-
ver subjected to investigation. a heated vaccine, a fonnalin vaccine
quinosol vaccine. The er. ,
to Kiusteneve per:meats were carried out on , acc a the the others which ata,bthe quicosoei vi,^ guorea pigs.
a h
an
ing
i Proved to be more effective th
to tes ests.
an
In 1931, Khatenever for the first time in the world carried out a vaccina-
tion of human beings aeiinst, tularemia. Forty-one persons were injected on
that occasion.rith the .,Iycerine va~cire, Unfortunately, the vaccinated per-
sons were kept under observeticn 3 ',seeks only,
In 1934, Miller and Grzheb,na :started an investigation of tularemia vac-
cines. They immunized rabbits, susiiks, and white mice with live
and killed agar and glycerine vaccines However, on suosequent infection
the majority of the vaccinated animals diet o;' tularemia.
In 1935, Sinay investigated ?he protect_ve quality o1' heated glycerine
vaccine on white mice. Flowever, n?aither a single nor a quadruple immuniza-
tion protected the animals i'rot, death.
In 1936, Khatenever and Levchenko prepared a vaccine from live cultures
of low virulence and a polyvalent vaccine from killed cultures of B. tularense.
The vaccine derived from live strains of low virulence did not yield good re-
sults and the majority of the experimental animals treated with this vaccine
died'on subsequent infection- In 1,hatenever's opinion, the polyvalent vaccine
yielded better results.
In 1937, Miller and Grzhebina reportcc on the experimental application
of local immunization against tularemia, I.e., cutaneous inoculation. For
this purpose, they used cultures subjected to partial lysis and also soda and
aqueous antigens. These investi&ators arrived at the conclusion that immuni-
zation of animal: by the cutinaous nethod apparently enhances the resistance
of the organism.
Khatenever, and later Bes'gasev ,ho worked under Kliatenever's direction,
immunized rabbits with an extract prepared at an elevated temperature (thermal
extract). According to Khatenever, the majority of the rabbits immunized by
this method survived.
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Attempts have been made to use the sera of immunized animals but, accord-
ing to the data obtained by Miller and Grzhebina, these sera exerted only a
weak prophylactic effect.
Simultapeously with the investigation of killed tularemia vaccines, a
small number of human beings were inoculated with these vaccines. Although
Grzhebina had vaccinated 46 trappers of water rats [Arvicola terrestris],
with the formalinized vaccine 22 of the trappers succumbed to tularemia soon
afterwards. Khatenever, together with Tsvetkova and Gorbunova, vaccinated
with the polyvalent vaccine nine workers at the tularemia laboratory, but
the result was rather unsatisfactory in this case as well, because four of
them got tularemia soon afterwards. Khatenever obtained relatively good re-
sults with the application of killed tularemia vaccine only in one case. In
1
91;4, 598 persons were treated. with this vaccine in the Tyumen' Oblast and
none
none, of them caught tularemia during the 4-5 months subsequent to the inocula-
Work on the development of tularemia vaccines has also been conducted
abroad. E. Francis in the UJ investigated formol and phenol vaccines. He
also used for immunization sublethal doses of a virulent tularemia culture
and vaccines derived from nonvrrulent. cultures. The experiments carried out
by Francis along these lines did not yield good results. He also did not
get any positive results in connection with the application of filtrates from
virulent cultures.
Aoki, Kondo, and Tuzawa (Japan, 1927-1928) immunized rabbits and guinea
pigs with a suspension of the brain of animals which had died of Ohara's
disease (tularemia). This suspension had been heated at 60 degrees during
15 minutes prior to application. According to the data published by these
investigators, the results obtained by them were good.
M. Kudo (Japan, 1930 and l;i l used heated phenol and formalin vaccines
for inoculations. He noted that ah_te mice and guinea pigs which had been
inoculated survived, fo;Lo?ing infection with B. tularense. He also pre-
pared a vaccine from a virulent strain. Downs (1932) prepared a vaccine by
adding 0.2 percent of formnlin to a suspension of bacteria in physiological
salt solution. The vaccination was carried out sir or eight times. The ani-
mals that had been inoculated survived, but were sick for periods up to 90
days.
Oz and Talaf Vasfi (Tti key. iw401 immunized animals with antitoxin that
had been rendered harmless. '
E. Gotschlich, Galem, Said Bilal, and Tansin Berkin (Turkey, 1940) used
vaccines prepared from live attenuated tularemia strains. In their experi-
ments more than one third of the iimnun.ized guinea pigs died of the action of
endotoxin and almost half of the mice died of the tularemia (infection) proc-
ess, while the remaining animals survived subsequent infection.
L. Foshay, W. H. Hesselbrock, H. J. Wittenberg, and A. H. Rodenberg (us,
19,12) prepared a vaccine from a'virulent strain of B. tularense which had been
treated with an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and acetic acid. Although
this vaccine is considered to be one of the most effective in the US, it does
not produce in the inoculated subjects a lasting and intensive immunity. Ac-
cording to Foshay's data, the vaccine does not protect the inoculated sub-
jects fully from infection.
T. J. Kadull, H. R. Rcames, L. L. Coriell, and 1. Foshay (US, 1950) used
phenol and acetone extracts from a virulent strain of B. tulareuse. However,
the vaccines of this type also proved to be rather ineffective, because one
third of those inoculated with them acquired tularemia.
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After analyzing the data or. antituiaremia vaccinations published in the
USSR and abroad, we are forced to the conclusion that vaccines prepared from
killed culture of B. tularense have proved to be rather ineffective. Although
their use required multiple vaccinations (up to eight times), it nevertheless
created in those inoculated only a short-lived immunity of insufficient inten-
sity.
When vaccines derived from live cultures had been prepared and 'Used, un-
satisfactory results were also obtained originally.
The reason was that the investigators apparently did not yet have at
their disposal strains with a s'afi'iciently weakened virulence and a high
enough immunogenicity.
The problems inherent in the specific orophyla>:is of tularemia were
brilliantly solved by Gayskly, she, beginning with 1;-35 and working in col-
laboration with B. Ya. El'bert, has conducted work on immunity to tularemia.
He discovered a repository stair: of B. tularense which had a weakened viru-
lence but very high irrunogeaeL_c characteristics (the strain "Mosxva," i.e.,
Moscow). This strain was Los7_;i or, 10 volunteers and proved to be completely
harmless. At the same time. it plsduceu an allergic rebuilding of the organ-
ism and induced development of antibodies in those inoculated. This strain
was lost later and Gayskiy succee rz;'. in i th only after considerable effort
in obtaining new (suitable; :train' of F. tularense according to a special
method he developed. One of the attenuated strains, which was nonvirulent
to guinea pigs and relatively viruient to white mice, was called by Gayskiy
"Bowillon Strain No 1 A second ntra_n of this type was named "Ondatra
['Muskrat] IV Strain."'
Subsequently succesoful work o the modification of the natural proper-
ties of B. tularense and the prcpaaration of vaccine strains was carried out
by Faybich, Mayskiy, felmel'yancva. and others.
Gayskiy used his attcnurr.rc strstrs for the preparation of live tularemia
vaccines. The ork in question woo carried out at the Irkutsk Antiplague In-
stitute. In the, first.i.~_tf o:' ?, the first batch of liquid live antitulare-
mia vaccine for subeu encour. application "called "virus vaccine" by Gayskiy)
was produced.
Although the vaccine :roved to he ir.nCCUOUS in animal experiments, it
had to be checked on human beings before being released for general use. Work-
ers at the Irkutsk Antiplague ;n;t:tut.e expressed willingness to have the vac-
cine tested on them. Furthermore, some of these workers age?eed that a control
infection with a virulent tularemia culture be carried out on them subsequent
to the test vaccination. On c June 1,42, ;0 persons were inoculated for the
first time with a live antitularemia vaccine. At the end of 1912, six of
these persons were subjected to an experimental infection with a virulent
tularemia culture. Gayskiy, in his work "The Tularemia Virus-Vaccine," stated
"The workers at out institute without hesitation volunteered for a control in-
fection with a virulent culture to be carried out on thamselves," and further
stated that the persons who volunteered for this test were N. D. Altareva,
A. V. Korotkova, Ye P. Makarovx, A. G, Lopotukhins, V. U. Rychkova, V. Ya.
Mikhaleva, T. G. Linnik, Glad'ko, A. M. Toichkina, and Z. Kravchenko.
The test described fully confirmed the experimental data obtained' earlier
on animals and proved the harmlessness of the vaccine as well as its high pro-
tective effectiveness. At the end of 1;42, 1,300 persons had already been in-
oculated in the Kirov Oblast under Gayskiy's direction. In 1943, 2,214 persons
were inoculated in the Voronezh Oblast and 2,000 persons in Kazakhstan. This
was the first attempt at the mass vaccination of human beings against tularemia
with a live antitularemia vaccine.
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Gayskiy's vaccine, although effective as an antiapidemic prophylactic
agent, had a substantial drawback: it rapidly lost its irmzunogenic proper-
ties (within 7 days at room temperature)' This made the transportation of
rather the vaccine diffiandcultits use in remote regions, particularly during the summer,
difficult.
In 1944, Gayskiy, in collaboration with Golinevich, developed a dry
a.ntitularemia vaccine. Gayskiy found that when kept at zero to 2
this vaccine preserves its issnunogenic properties during 5 months. In Gay-
skiy's opinion, degrees this is not the ras
;
c
nm time during which the vaccine may
retain its effectiveness. '10,,. ever, the Work on the dry vaccine was not com-
pleted. by Gayskiy. In 1543i GaY3k4v received the degree of doctor of medical
sciences for his Work, "The Preparation of the Tularemia Virus-Vaccine and
the Checking of Its Ir,mnogenie Prepert.ies " In 15'1: Gayyskiy jointly with
1, 'bert as given a Stalin Prize for work ca development of the live
antitul.arenia vaccine.
Faybich continued ,,n the deveio
vaccine. Fe a pmeat a, the live tularemia
PPiied. rt,e ni *' d.r, I in a his
h vacuwu (with the use of a
special mediwn) of r: 1Y0. of tularemia bacilli constituting the
live vaccin his ;or,c wL3 ar,_c`-1?'?tede rout escorting to the method proposed by
qul u by following workers at the [Scientific Re-
search] I;lstitute of Epidemiology and Hygiene of the Red Army (NIIEG); Karne-
yev, Del'nik, Grudenkov, and .?:hP7:13 Faybich and Ianurir_2 prepared a !.tve dry tularemia vaccine for subcutane-
ous vaccination and, fir eudaneous vaccination.
cine could he kept at up to 2 This vac-
vac-
genic properties. In the years :nesat a loss of a-
- of the dry a vaccine,, a precise dosa gge ofe of
the quantity of bacterse. I. in the preparation could he carried out, which
is something that could nee be accon;,Lshed in the preparation of the liquid
vaccine. These valuabl:, urou,.r -,a, a:' the dry vaccine contributed to the fact
that it is considered a ; present the best
availaUie 7ivc? r.uiarenia vaccine.
In l;45, El'bert pious r, C'% .cianeous mctfud of antitularemia vaccina-
tion. He, together with Tinkor. Pu::likcva, and. r_thurs, prepared a live liquid
tularemia vaccine, nsine, Drotx Yolk medium. T e cutaneous method of
vaccination makes it pessibi:? f/:,ir:u:anr e .le-6c numbsr of persons within a
short time.
The fact that lu year.: nave .on;;;ed ,i e rho initiation of mass vaccina-
tion of human brines era ins; ,
a ;u,d she: c--z r.,v,,:; Lance that a teat num-
ber of persons he been then have enabled Soviet scientists
to make valuable observations '.:ith the purpo,;e of determininG the effective-
ness of the vaccination prnred're. he been reached at which the t have are ri Jscopinion that a point has
:,?cu cursalatcd must be summarized.
A summary of the results ir, fc,r the reason that occasionally
contradictory information as pubis;hed as far as the duration of immunity
after vaccination, the. tine ddi ;sir:eb irsSeiolodical reactions are preserved
in those inoculated, nri the pcrird err on which revaccination is necessary
arc concerned. Vacs ra=i_r: .;:th ::he lr:iuid yolk vaccine proposed by Elbert
took well in 1C0 percent of the case., to;der c_:perimontal conditions. When
this vaccine was used under poser:cs.i _;,;;,ttscr.r, the percents e
which the vaccination. .poor ;r.1i v, G of cases in
~riec betwcrn g0_y:._,crcQnt (Tsareva
Sil'chenko) and 13; -:;4 (Osier'ynnov), and
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The low percentage mentioned mutt be regarded as due to violation of
rules in regard to the storage of the vaccine and use of an improper tech-
nique of vaccination. The lowest percentage was observed when the vaccine
was used close to the limiting time at which the maximum period of its ef-
fectiveness expired. When stored for the same period of time, the dry tula-
remia vaccine gives a higher percentage of successful vaccination than the
liquid vaccine.
According to a figure arrived_ at by Olsuf'yev, who used a great number
of observations, the percentage o:' cases in which vaccination with a dry vac-
cine takes well reaches 97 percent or, the average. The change to the produc-
tion of dry antitularemia vaccine a.*, the institutes must be regarded as justi-
fied.
The application of the cutaneo-s method of vaccination simplified deter-
mination of the percentage of cases in which the vaccination takes because a
skin reaction develops in thoi;e v.rc;_rnated when this method is used. Origi-
nally a check as to chaliner ore vaeciraaon took well was carried out on the
fourth or fifth day after Lhe vaccination. Observations carried out subse-
quently by Myasniko,;, Sil' de=.ri:o ^;;;ii eva, and others have shown the visible
reactions in a part of the ;verso::, vaccinated may appear even after the 10th
day, so that a check must be node d,.111 tng the Lt-15th day period. Carrying
out the check at this time elimir~atee errors in conclusions as to whether
the vaccination has taken xc): c', Shto;u-cr states that he has observed
reactions on the ?Utib day anti suu;,:quen. to the 20th day. However, appear-
ance of the reaction at a date as late as this occurs very rarely and for
that reason should not be take:: into aon.sideration from the practical stand-
point.
In connection with the -:r.;riat application of the live vaccine, Kosma-
chevskiy observed in a considerable number of cases pronounced reactions,
i.e., a temperature rice in 70 p~rcert of the case::, enlargement of lympha-
tic nodes in 30 percent of th^, cases, etc. Gayskiy and Khizhinskaya ob-
served reactions in 2G- of !.;'ose vaccinated.. Further observations
carried out by Gayskiy, ll,:1o?:s, .>,_atkovskiy, Sil'cher-ko, and others demon-
strated that in the major:*.; vaccinated the vaccination does not
produce any side effects. Whenever . reaction to the vaccination takes
place, it is roost often expressed r:. ;,+bject.ive complaints including head-
aches, weakness, and a renercil i ei og of illness. These reactions appear
on the second to third day aft,-r the vaccination, They continue from several
hours to one day and then disanper.r completely. As far as more prohounced re-
actions are concerned, one may note occurrence of a raised temperature and of
a swelling of the under-aria (regional) lymphatic nodes. These pronounced re-
actions are found in persons who have heightened reactivity. They also ap-
pear in cases when an unusu_l.ly large quantity of vaccine has been admin-
istered. Tests carried out on a oca e have confirmed the complete harm-
lessness of live tularei.de and ;heir low tendency to produce reac-
tions.
Observations carried out by Gayshciy. El'bert, Kh:atenever, Faybich,
Mayskiy, and others have shown Lhar both in persons who have been vaccinated
and in persons who have recovered froc; tularemia an inearnobiological recon-
structiot. of the organise, takes place, us a result of which a state of allergy
develops and formation of antibodies occurs. Gayskiy and El'bert are of the
opinion that allergy in tularemia is one of the significant indices of im-
munity. For this reason they reconmend that the retention of the allergic
reaction by persons who have been vaccinated should be regarded as a sign that
immunity still exists. The allergic reaction in the persons who have been
vaccinated appears 5-15 days after vaccination and subsequently is preserved
for a long tire measured in years. Tsareva and Myasnikov determined that
there is a positive allergic reaction in 100 percent of the persons vaccinated
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period of 6 - 6 1 2 - ..-_' vuservea into reaction after a
/ years and. Miroshnichenkc, after 7 years. Our latest
observations have shown that this reaction is preserved in a considerable
proportion of those vaccinated even after the expiration of 8 years.
Some investigators noted that there is rapid disappearance of the
allergic reaction in vaccinated persons. Chernina stated that the reaction
disappears after 15 months and Bondar', Anina-padchenko, and Tatko even
stated that the reaction disappears 10 months after the vaccination. These
data, which are not in agreement with those obtained by the majority of in-
vestigators, can be explain.-., only by the fact that the vaccinations were
carried out with a vaccine that had ont its capacity to produce immunity.
Some investigators do not take ins:- ccnsiderat:on the fact that in persons
who had been vaccinated the allergi- reactior, to tularin develops much later
than in persons who have recovered frou, the disease (i e., at the expiration
of 48 hours) By checking the allergic reaction at an earlier time, they
get erroneous results.
The agglutinin: in t' t'.oc., of vaccinated persons are determined by es-
tablishing the dia,Lncst:c t_.t'i 2-1. weeks after vaccination. The disappear-
ance of agglutinins in
the disa p'"sons takes place at an earlier time than
disappearance cf the all_rg;:c reaction. According to Yudenich's data,
agglutinins are absent in 7C percent of vaccinated persons after one year
and in 39 percent after 3 y:oa:= Ac--ordt't t.: our data, agglutinins were
not found in 49 percent of `? r .ntlted
reaction was absent only y in 11.1 t,:,,r.er.: nt o after 5 years, while the allergic
_ r of these persons.
The opsono-phagocy:_- renrt'on -r, vaccinated persons was determined by
Gayskiy, Zuv'yalova, Altare?.?e, aol Kharn. ;r
investi-
gations were carried out on only _ ss'.1. number oftvaccinatedhpee ons.
Nevertheless, Guyskly and `;is c-olia'norators established that therreaction in
question appears in vaccinated persons atresdy at the expiration of 3 days
and persists for 2-3 years, 'while ALtarevn round that the reaction was still
present in vaccinated parse'; at the expiration of o years.
The persistence of incresnoLogi^ai reactions in a;;cinated persons, above
all the allergic reactions, t. k' it possible to use these reactions exten-
sively for the determination of t!;. pt- cove of humanity to those vaccinated.
Ei'bert and his collaborators noted that, subsequent to vaccination, there
were no cases of tularenia a?cond tine per,o's vaccinated, while 4.3 percent
of those who had not been vac-_-,,1;?-,t caught tularemia. Similar data were ob-
tained by Mayskiy, Olsuf'ye??, S?_lazneva, Boaodin, and others.
Beginning with 1946, live antizularemia vaccine has been used extensively
in practical antiepide,nic work as soon as initial infections with tularemia
appeared. The result obtained wan invariably good. The occurrence of human
infections stopped 10-1; days after the vaccinations had been carried out.
The success of the prophylactic measures taken is certain when the vaccinations
are carried out rapidly wlt.hin {-5 days) and the whole population is vaccin-
ated in the region where the disease appears.
The live tularemia vaccine in the dry or liquid state proved to be an
excellent prophylactic pre piration whicn protects with certainty from the
disease whenever the vaccination is carried out at the very moment when the
outbreak of tularemia flare;; up.
Experience has shown that persons who have been vaccinated are protected
for a long time against infection with tularemia even when they work with
material which is known to he infected, c g., s-atertal handled in laborator-
ies. This induced us to propose tha' prophylactic vaccinations be administered
to persons who are exposed to the dange, .,i iniection (persons who live in .;he
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stitutions, hunters of waterirats andamuskratsoetc.) 1Observationsmcarried
out during 5-6 years have shown that no member of the group that had been
vaccinated caught the disease during this time, while persons who had not
been vaccinated and did the same type of work in the same locality, were in-
fected with tularemia. These results confirmed that it is advisable to carry
out prophylactic vaccination of human beings. At present, according to a
statement made by Olsuf'yev, the tdthod of prophylactic vaccination is uni-
versally applied.
El'bert, Tinker, Puchkova, and others noted that infection with tularemia
among persons vaccinated with live vaccines occurs only between the second
and tenth day after vaccination. According tc Borodin's cbservations, only
three persons caught the disease ere i,onth after vaccination.
lie established that the incidence of infection among persons vaccinated
generally drops during the first week in 77.3 percent of the cases. After
the 16th day following the vaccination, cases of the disease among the vac-
cinated are not observed. IL follows that the vaccinated persons catch the
disease only during the period when they have not yet developed a sufficiently
intensive immunity. Thus, the live antitularemia vaccine has successfully
passed the basic test of its quality, because incidences of the disease among
the vaccinated at remote periods cuter the vaccination (after 6 years) have
not been found t.; occur. It :s necessary to note in this connection that in
foreign countries not a sir,;;l,. vaccine that is being applied protects the
persons vaccinated against tularemia even for a short time after vaccination.
In determining whether postvaccination immunity has been established it is
necessary to consider epidemiological data in their interrelationship with
the preservation of the allergic reaction by the persons vaccinated. Gayskiy,
G1'bert, Faybich, tdayskiy, and 0_;uf'yev were of the opinion that immunity
after vaccination with live tularemia vaccines is preserved for approximately
4 years, i. e. the period during which the persons vaccinated had been sub-
jected to observation. Observations carried out during recent years testify
to the fact that the period Suring which intensive immunity is retained by
the persons vaccinated (taking i.nt.o consideration that the allergic reaction
persists for 5-6 years and that there are no cases of infection during this
period) equals 5-6 years and cagy to longer in some cases.
One cannot agree with Chei?ni.na,who speaks of an immunity that continues
for 6 months, or Kazberyuk's opinion to the effect that the duration of immun-
ity is 2-3 years, or the view expressed by Bondar', Anina-Radchenko, and Tatko,
who stated that lowering of the immtmity takes place already 10 months after
the vaccination.
Introduction of antitularemia vaccination into the general public health
practice necessitated a solution of the problem: as to when revnccinations
must be carried out. Faybich goat, that revaccinations be carried out
e
2 very year accordin, to fpiden:iolo'ical indications
years, and Yudenici over' r y ~ n r r, In our opinion, , the p Karoblem inzberyuk rep Q
ery
to the time when revaccination mast be carried out depends on the time during
which an intensive immunity Is retained by the persons vaccinated. In view
of the fact that all oata-(absence -)1 incide.aces of infection, preservation
of immunological reactions, absence of response to the vaccine after revac-
cination, and persisi..:c(.,e of the effect during 5-0 years in the majority of
those vaccinated) indicate that an _ntensive immunity is retained by the
majority of those vaccinated up to 6 Years, so that there is no reason for
revaccinating them within a period shorter than 6 years.
Prolonged observations carried out on vaccinated persons and a study of
the immunogenic and antiepidemic properties of live antitularemis vaccines have
shown that, thanks to the work done by N. A. Gayskiy, Elbert, an( Faybich,
Soviet medicine has at its disposal a remarkable preparation which is highly
effective and which is not equaled by anything that is available at present
in foreign countries.
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N. D. Altareva, Izvestiya Irkutskogo Protivochumnogo Institute Sibiri i Dal'-
nego East), Vostoka (News of the Irkutsk Anti-Plague Institute for Siberia and the
Far East), Vol 7, 1949, pp 43-50, 51-53
R. Ye. Bonder' N., D. PP +5Ani-4na9 -RadcFenko
Inunun., No 6, 1952 Ts. S. Tatko, Zhur. Mikro. Epid. i
V. P. Borodin, Zhur. Mikro. Epid. 1 Immun., No 6, 1950, PP 59-60
R Ye. Chernina, Z},ur. Mikro. Epid. i Ic:mun., no 6, 1950, pp 60-61
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