MILITARY THOUGHT (USSR): WORK OF A COMPUTATION AND ANALYSIS STATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP10-00105R000302600001-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: T
• Document Page Count: 15
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 5, 2012
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: November 16, 1976
• Content Type: MEMO

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20505
16 November 1976
MEMORANDUM FOR: The Director of Central Intelligence
FROM William W. Wells
Deputy Director for Operations
SUBJECT MILITARY THOUGHT (USSR): Work of
a Computation and Analysis Station
1. The enclosed Intelligence Information Special Report is part of a
series now in preparation based on the SECRET USSR Ministry of Defense
publication Collection of Articles of the Journal "MilitaTy Thought". This
article deals with the mechanism for assessing and reporting on the
radiation and chemical situation in a nuclear war which was derived from
the experience of exercises conducted by several military districts in the
early 1960's. The tasks of a computation and analysis station in
forecasting the situation, performing calculations, and processing and
plotting incoming data for reports are outlined and further described as
they apply to the computation and information sections within a station.
The article highlights the use of an analog computer for calculating
radiation doses, forms devised for computing doses and recording incoming
data, mapping and reporting procedures, and a proposal to subordinate the
computation and analysis station to the chief of chemical troops. This
article appeared in Issue No. 5 (66) for 1962.
2. Because the source of this report is extremely sensitive, this
document should be handled on a strict need-to-know basis within recipient
agencies. For ease of reference, reports from this publication have been
assigned
wiiiiam w. wells
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Distribution:
The Director of Central Intelligence
The Joint Chiefs of Staff
The Director, Defense Intelligence Agency
The Assistant to the Chief of Staff for Intelligence
Department of the Army
The Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence
U. S. Air Force
Director, National Security Agency
Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
Deputy Director for Intelligence
Deputy Director for Science and Technology
Deputy to the Director of Central Intelligence
for National Intelligence Officers
Director of Strategic Research
Director of Scientific Intelligence
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COUNTRY USSR
DATE OF
INFO. Late 1962
SOURCE
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Intelligence Information Special Report
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SUBJECT
DATE
16 November 1976
MILITARY THOUGHT (USSR): Work of a Computation and Analysis
Station
Documentary
Summary:
The following report is a translation from Russian of an article which
appeared in Issue No. 5 (66) for 1962 of the SECRET USSR Ministry of
Defense publication Collection of Articles of the Journal "Military
Thought". The authors of this articfe are eneral-Mayor of TecEnical
Troops N. Rumyantsev, Lieutenant Colonel K. Dudko, and Major Yu. Vaulin.
This article deals with the mechanism for assessing and reporting on the
radiation and chemical situation in a nuclear war which was derived from
the experience of exercises conducted by several military districts in the
early 1960's. The tasks of a computation and analysis station in
forecasting the situation, performing calculations, and processing and
plotting incoming data for reports are outlined and further described as
they apply to the computation and information sections within a station.
The article highlights the use of an analog computer for calculating
radiation doses, forms devised for computing doses and recording incoming
data, mapping and reporting procedures, and a proposal to subordinate toxl-Hum
computation and analysis station to the chief of chemical troops.
End of Summary
Comment:
Lieutenant Colonel Yu. Vaulin describes more recent experience wWoxl-Hum
this subject in the article, "Improving the Work of Computation and
Analysis Stations", in Issue No. 2 (84) for 1968
After 1962 the SECRET version of Military Thought was published three times
annually and was distributed down to ihe level of division commander. It
re ortedl ceased ublic ti at e -nd '
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Work of a Computation and Analysis Station
by
General-Mayor of Technical Troops N. Rumyantsev
Lieutenant Colonel K. Dudko
Major Yu. Vaulin
Guaranteeing the safety of troop actions and prompt protective
measures during massed employment of nuclear and chemical weapons requires
that commanders and staffs be provided early with complete and reliable
data on the nature of the radioactive and chemical contamination.
A rapid assessment of the radiation and chemical situation allows an
earlier warning of troops against the danger of contamination by
radioactive and chemical agents. This involves the execution of a large
number of special calculations and requires a continuous collation of data
on the radiation and chemical situation.
As the experience of the operational training of staffs and the combat
training of troops has shown, all of these tasks can be handled more
rapidly by a computation and analysis station incorporated within the
tables of organization of the headquarters of a combined-arms (tank) army
and front in time of war.
The purpose of a computation and analysis station is to compile and
process data on the radiation and chemical situation, make calculations
that are used during the organization and execution of measures for the
protection of troops against weapons of mass destruction, as well as to
report to the staffs of the units, large units and formations on the
radiation and chemical situation.
On the basis of experience gained in exercises conducted in the Group
of Soviet Forces, Germany, in the Kiev, Carpathian, Baltic and Turkestan
military districts, and in command-staff exercises and war games held in
the military academies, a computation and analysis station can perform the
following tasks:
-- forecast the radiation and Chemical situation in the zone of troop
operations of an army (front);
-- collect and process data from the air and ground radiation and
chemical reconnaissance conducted by army or front means, and by units and
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subunits of all the branch arms, as well as the reports received from
adjacent units;
-- make the calculations required by the staff of the army (front )
for determining the possible effect of the radiation and chemical situation
which has developed on the combat effectiveness of the troops and the
operation of the rear services;
-- prepare the initial data for organizing safety measures for
personnel during the delivery of nuclear and chemical strikes by their own
troops and during the actions of the troops of the army (front) on
contaminated terrain;
-- report to the departments of field headquarters and the staffs of
the large units (formations) and adjacent units on the forecast and actual
development of the radiation and chemical situation;
-- make calculations for the determination of the effectiveness of our
employment of chemical weapons and of the radiation contamination as a
result of our ground nuclear bursts.
Since the computation and analysis stations of a front and army are
identical in make-up and perform analogous tasks, we shall generally
confine our considerations to the operation of the army station.
A computation and analysis station consists of computation and
information sections, a communications platoon, and a motor transport
section. The available radio equipment allows it to maintain
communications with the staffs of divisions (R-103), subunits of the army
air radiation reconnaissance (R-824), and the front computation and
analysis station (R-118) from only one position ofcommand post, although
a station, depending on the number of its personnel, could operate
simultaneously at two command posts in the army.
Initially, the assessment of the radiation and chemical situation is
obtained by the forecasting method and is then refined in accordance with
the factual data coming in from the units, large units and special
radiation and chemical reconnaissance subunits. The forecast data are, of
course, only approximately accurate. Nevertheless, reports on the
magnitude and nature of the contamination, received shortly after the
delivery of the nuclear or chemical strike, are necessary for preliminary
assessment of the radiation and chemical situation.
The value of the forecasting method lies in the fact that it makes it
possible to provide a timely warning to the troops of the possible
radioactive contamination of the areas in which they are operating, to make
a preliminary decision on the most desirable methods for conducting troop
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actions and protective measures, as well as to purposefully and correctly
assign tasks to ground and air radiation reconnaissance.
The initial data for forecasting the radiation situation are the
reports on the coordinates and parameters of the nuclear bursts and the
direction and velocity of the average wind at different altitudes.
At the present time a computation and analysis station can receive
reports on the coordinates and parameters of the nuclear bursts only from
the units and large units that have the optical means that can be used to
determine these data. In this connection, the problem of developing an
automated system for plotting the nuclear bursts on the basis of improved
technical equipment has not yet been solved.
The information on the direction and velocity of the average wind is
obtained from the front meteorological service or from army rocket troops
and artillery that ETW their own means for high-altitude sounding of the
atmosphere. The chemical service can provide information on the
meteorological situation in the air at ground level.
The work of the computation and analysis station is structured as
follows when data are received on the coordinates and parameters of nuclear
bursts.
The computation and information sections plot these data on their
working maps and prepare the material for the chief of the chemical troops
for subsequent reporting to the commander and chief of staff, as well as
for informing the departments of the army field headquarters, the staffs of
divisions and of army units.
The information section first reports to the army field headquarters
departments and to the staffs of the branch arms on the coordinates and
parameters of the nuclear bursts and the general direction of propagation
of the radioactive cloud, and secondly reports more precise information on
the boundaries of the zones of radioactive contamination, radiation levels,
and possible doses sustained by the personnel. Within the army field
headquarters, loudspeaker communications can be used, with mandatory backup
of the broadcast information with graphic representation of the radiation
situation on a paper or transparent overlay. Then, as more complete data
come in and are processed in final form, the radiation and chemical
situation which has developed in the army zone as of a particular time is
plotted on a paper overlay, reported to the commander, and reported to the
primary departments of the staff (triplicate reporting).
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Parallel with the first report sent to the army staff, information is
sent to the staffs of the divisions and staffs of the army units on the
coordinates and parameters of only those nuclear bursts the radioactive
cloud of which is spreading in the direction of the disposition or
operating area of these large units and units.
The computation section, until the precise boundaries of the
radioactive contamination zone are determined, computes the probable
radiation doses for the units of army subordination and divisions that are
threatened with radioactive contamination, and prepares the data for
deciding what actions the troops in this zone should take.
The speed at which the radioactive situation is forecast depends on
proper organization of the work of the information and computation
sections. At one of the command-staff exercises at the Military Chemical
Defense Academy (in February 1962) the first report on the forecast
radiation situation as a result of 18 ground nuclear bursts was issued 15
minutes after the data on the bursts were received. The paper or
cellophane overlay with the recorded radiation situation was reported to
the army commander and then was transmitted to the operations department,
the chief of the rocket troops and artillery, and the chief of the army
rear. The second report -- containing the limits of the zones of
radioactive contamination -- was sent out 20-25 minutes after the first
report.
In order to reduce the time required for plotting the radiation
situation, we suggest that the computation and analysis station have
previously prepared, 1:200,000-scale templates which differ somewhat from
those recommended by the official guide,* based on the TNT equivalents of
the nuclear warheads and the most typical wind velocities. Exercises in
the Kiev Military District (in June 1962) showed that the use of this type
of template can reduce the time for plotting the radiation situation to
approximately one third. In this case, also, the use of special tables**
is unnecessary since the templates proposed by us are made up with these
data already taken into account.
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* Method of Assessing the Radiation Situation During Massed Employment of
Nuclear Weapons and Certain Questions of Troops Operating on
Contaminated Terrain, Moscow, Military Publishing House, 1960.
** Tables for Assessing the Radioactive Contamination of Terrain During
Atomic Explosions, Moscow, Military Publishing House, 1960.
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The reproduction of the paper (transparent) overlay with the plotted
radiation situation can be done by the draftsmen of the information section
and by using reproducing equipment (staff printer or ERA-1 electrographic
reproduction equipment). We should consider the experience of the Group of
Soviet Forces, Germany with the reproduction under field conditions of maps
(diagrams) with a plotted situation, by the personnel of the mobile
cartographic unit, a method that could be used also for reproducing maps
(paper overlays) with the radiation situation.
Signal-code devices will be used extensively for reporting on nuclear
bursts.
In addition to the various types of tables and the DD-1 dosimetric
rule, the electronic computer will play an important role in the work of
the computation section for calculating the radiation dose. A type of
electronic computer developed by the staff of the Baltic Military District
-- an analog computer with fixed program -- can be used to determine the
following elements: the radiation level at any point in the fallout
pattern of the radioactive cloud; the radiation dose sustained by personnel
both at the time the fallout pattern is being negotiated and during the
time the troops are on contaminated terrain, with the radiation attenuation
coefficient taken into account; the time for the radiation to drop to a
safe level at a particular point in the fallout pattern; the distance to
which at a given moment the fallout pattern of the radioactive cloud can be
negotiated so that the radiation dose will be tolerable.
The operator used fixed switches to input the initial data into the
computer manually. The time required to output the results is determined
by the time required to set the initial data, and amounts to a few seconds
for a well-trained operator.
The testing of this computer in exercises in the Baltic and Kiev
military districts produced positive results.
The availability of previously prepared forms on which the initial
data and the results of the calculations are recorded is important for
speeding up the work of the computation section in computing radiation
doses, both with the use of the electronic computer and, especially, with
the use of tables. On the basis of a number of exercises we have devised,
and submit, the following form.
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9-1-00009ZOCOOn1901-00-01-c1C1I-V10 soioizo eseeiej -104 panaiddv Ado paz!l!ueS u! PeWsseloaCI
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Number of Burst
TNT Equivalent, kilotons
Distance to Burst Sites, km
Distance to Intersection of
Route of March with Axis of
Fallout Pattern, km
Time Motorized Rifle
Regiment Crosses Fallout
Pattern, hours after burst
in tanks
Radiation Dose,
roentgens
in armored
personnel carriers
in motor vehicles
13213rd0.1.
9-1-00009ZOCOOn1901-00-01-c1C1I-V10 ;O/O/O eseeiej -104 panaiddv Ado paz!l!ueS u! PeWsseloaCI
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Such a form to be filled in allows several people to make use of the
initial data and perform calculations at once, which considerably shortens
the time for computing the radiation doses.
Experience gained in exercises shows that in an army, as well as in a
front, there should be a single center for assembling and processing all
the formation on the radiation and chemical situation that is required by
the army commander in making the decision on the combat actions of his
troops on the basis of the analysis of the radiation situation which has
actually developed. This center should be the computation and analysis
station of the army (front).
It is extremely important that, at the moment of detection of
radioactive contamination in the disposition and operating areas of units
and large units, the information characterizing the actually developing
radiation situation be sent to the computation and analysis station first.
Thus all information on the radiation situation should have its own
indicator (code), on the basis of which it would be routed immediately to
the computation and analysis station.
The information section keeps a log for recording the incoming data
and marks on the map only the number of the point where the radiation level
has been measured. An example of the log could be as follows.
a)
,4
Measurement
site
(coordinates)
Unit, large unit,
installation
Radiation Levels and Time
of Measurement
1st
Measurement
2nd
Measurement
-4
r:
standard
3rd
Measurement
r/
hr
hr,
min
r/
hr
hr,
min
r/ hr,
hr min
r/
hr
hr,
min
Example of Entries
1
Bridge
10th Motorized
18
12.10
21 785
Rifle Regiment
2
47 245
Command Post,
5th Motorized
13
12.15
Rifle Regiment
35
12.30
23
12.43
30
12.40
27
12.45
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In order to ensure normal operation of the computation and analysis
station and not overload the radio nets with unnecessary information, there
should be set up a strictly specified order of submitting information
reports: the first report is on the detection of radioactive contamination
in the disposition or operating area of the subunit, unit or large unit;
the second report is sent after radiation levels have begun to drop in the
given area and indicates the radiation levels and the place and time they
were measured. Later information on the radiation levels can be sent only
when there is an abrupt change in the radiation situation or at the request
of the computation and analysis station.
Upon receiving the first report the computation and analysis station
determines the approximate direction of propagation of the radioactive
cloud and the degree to which it corresponds to the forecast, and on the
basis of the second report -- determines the actually developing radiation
situation. In processing the data all radiation levels are reduced to a
standard for the same time after the burst. In so doing the data received
from sectors of the terrain which are not of interest for defining the
overall radiation situation are excluded from further processing.
The computation and analysis station of the army informs the
computation and analysis station of the front of the coordinates and
parameters of ground and low-altitude air nuclear bursts occurring in the
zone of the army troops, of the areas in which chemical weapons have been
employed and of the radiation levels and times they were measured in the
disposition or operating areas of the large units and units of the army in
areas of command posts and on the main march routes on the army road
network. These data, and the data on the actual radiation situation in the
army zone are best sent by photofacsimile. In one of the exercises the
LADOGA facsimile device was used; it can transmit images in 680 x 490-mm
format, which would take in the entire army zone on a 1:200,000 scale map.
If the propagation of the radioactive contamination from ground bursts
that have been delivered in the army zone threatens the troops of an
adjacent army, the appropriate information is transmitted to its staff via
the cooperation net.
The information section prepares the map of the radiation and chemical
situation, on which are displayed the forecast and actually established
radiation and chemical situation and its changes within the army zone at a
particular time. On the map are plotted the boundaries between the large
units and the point of contact of the troops of the two sides at the time
the radiation and chemical situation is depicted; the ground zeros of the
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low-altitude air bursts and the centers of the ground nuclear bursts for
radiation levels of 0.5, 5.30, and 100 roentgens per hour; the actual
radiation situation in the areas of the units, large units and on the
routes of march on the road network of the army according to data of the
ground and air reconnaissance (concrete value of the radiation levels and
time of measurement are shown on a table on the map); areas of massed
employment of chemical weapons by both sides, limits of propagation of the
toxic vapors, and the meteorological situation in the 1 to 30-kilometer
layer and the surface layer of the atmosphere.
The computation section prepares the working map, on which are plotted
the operational-tactical situation with an accuracy sufficient for making
specific calculations (according to reports from the operations department
of the army staff), the centers of the ground bursts and ground zeros of
the row-altitude air nuclear bursts, the directions of the fallout pattern
of the radioactive cloud produced by these bursts, and the areas in which
chemical weapons are employed.
At the exercises in the Kiev Military District (in June 1962) maps
with film overlays were used as the working maps; one such map could show
the change of the radiation situation during the entire operation. The use
of such maps would be advisable for the future.
The computation and analysis station also forecast chemical
contamination. On the basis of the specific meteorological conditions in
the area where chemical weapons were employed, the station determines the
depth to which the cloud of contaminated air has spread, the persistence of
the toxic agent and the approximate period of time that gas masks will have
to be worn by the personnel of the units and large units that are within
the zone of propagation of the toxic vapors, and reports this to the army
staff. A group of two or three persons in the computation section is
specially trained to assess the chemical situation.
In many ways the successful work of the computation and analysis
station largely depends on the timeliness with which it is assigned the
tasks of performing calculations. When data on enemy nuclear strikes come
in, the station prepares only the preliminary calculations. When a
decision is being worked out, however, an army commander can assign
specific tasks with respect to the determination of the effect of the
radioactive or chemical contamination on the operations of the large units
and units of the army. For example, at one of the command-staff exercises
the army commander, deciding to remove certain units from the areas
threatened with strong radioactive contamination, assigned the station the
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task of determining the areas of terrain in the zone of radioactive
contamination where the personnel present would receive the lowest
radiation dose in a certain period of time. The computation and analysis
station was able to handle this task.
At the same exercise the computation and analysis station performed
calculations on the advisability of employing ground and air variations of
our own nuclear strikes for the purpose of inflicting maximum damage on the
enemy, of making it difficult for him to maneuver and of guaranteeing the
safety of our own troops at the moment they were to arrive at the zone of
radioactive contamination.
Generalization of the operating experience of the computation and
analysis station in a series of exercises has shown that the speed of
calculations and the reliability of the prepared data in many ways depend
on the correct distribution of the functional responsibilities, a high
degree of special training, and the possibilities of complete
interchangeability of the personnel of the computation and information
sections.
The complexity and great number of special calculations require of
station personnel specific skills in handling calculations and the ability
to understand the operational-tactical situation. In the exercise in the
Kiev Military District that we mentioned, a computation and analysis
station was operating in which officers served who were performing
calculations connected with an assessment of the radiation and chemical
situation for the first time.
It is obvious that a computation and analysis station must not just be
manned during the period of conversion to wartime T/0, but must have part
of its personnel previously prepared in peacetime, who would form the
nucleus for bringing the station up to full T/O.
For the purpose of researching the matter of the subordination of the
computation and analysis station, in the exercises of both the Turkestan
and Kiev military districts (in May and June 1962), within the operations
and chemical departments of the army were established separate computation
and analysis groups (stations at reduced strength). The parallel work of
these groups led to the point where part of the information on the
coordinates and parameters of the nuclear bursts was sent to one group, and
part to the other group. The results of the calculations of the groups did
not coincide and succeeded only in misleading the staff. The commander of
the tank army (Kiev Military District), seeing that parallel forecasting
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was undesirable, in the very course of the exercise combined these groups
into a computation and analysis station and put it under the chief of
chemical troops of the army.
Being a specialist in the subject at hand and using the calculations
of the computation and analysis station under him, the chief of chemical
troops of an army, as the experience of many exercises has shown, is the
one best qualified to assess the developing radiation and chemical
situation, draw the appropriate conclusions and report his proposals to the
army commander. For this reason it would be best to consider the variant
whereby the computation and analysis station is subordinate to the chief of
the chemical troops of an army, who effectively uses the results of the
station's calculations and provides competent supervision of its work.
An analysis of the first experience leads to the conclusion that the
computation and analysis station, under the conditions of a modern
operation, is an important component of the field headquarters of an army
and is able to collect and collate data on the radiation and chemical
situation in a comparatively short time.
A carefully thought out organization of the work of a computation and
analysis station will afford the possibility of providing a commander and
staff on a timely basis with all the necessary data for reaching a decision
regarding the organization and protection of troops during massed
employment of nuclear and chemical weapons.
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