INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAPHY OF PETROSANI RAYON

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81-00280R001300180003-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 35
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 6, 2011
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: October 29, 1956
• Content Type: REPORT

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INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAPHY OF PEfl)S.LYI RA ON
Problems de Geografie
Problem of Geography/,
Sal II, 1955, Bucharest,
Pares 109-129
The Jiu Valley is one of the zost important coal sources
of .he &vrs ian Peoplets Republic. Coal from the Jiu Valley
has n particular significance in the economy of Rvz.ania and in
the development of ft;)F.nian socialist industry. Coal has a
heavy use in the metallurgical process, for obtaining ferrous
metals, in electrification, industry, and transport, where
constantly increasing quantities of coal are necessary. The
upper valley of the Jiu, ttth its rich coal beds, occupies a
sipndficant place in the econov of Rumania.
Juided by the Lenini:.t-Stalinist teachings that the
process of building socialism requires a continuous and powerful
developaent of the forces l ' production, the Rurnpnian 'dorkerta
Party and the .;ovemmsnt o .:unania accord particular concern
to the Jiu Valley coal has-.Y . The constantly increasing
quantities of coal whica -miners of this basin rive .r
Ru:.anian industry show tha, .hey are conscious of the respon-
sibility put on them, fur .,al is the staple of industry.
HISTORICAL AND GEDGRAPHIC:AL DATA CPI THE JIU VALLEY CO..L
BASIN (PETH ANI RAYON)
The Jiu Valley basin has been known to have coal but
for a relatively short time, about one century. Under the
conditions of feudal production, the actual rezion, that is,
Petrosani :iayon, formed part of the property of the HunRariz::
counts and dukes (a. andrassy, Tspatskny, Hadespack, Kendeffy,
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coal, which was the new richness of the re4on brought it about
that the :iu Valley was used such less as :a forest-pastoral
?rea for hunters and as an area for leisure and recreation by
t:a doc:3nant classes. In a very short time it became, through
the labor of both the native inhabitants and those who came
tro^. elsewhere, a source of wealth for the nobility and for the
Austro-;fimaarian and iburanian bourgeoisie which was developing.
Docuzents show that in this region the first coal
deposits were discovered long before 1840. Systematic ex-
ploitation of the coal was started between 1850 and 1870 by
the "Brasov Company for i?1nes and Furnaces," particularly in
the Vilcnn and Petrosani localities. This period coincides
exnctIy with the stage in which western capital began to pene-
trate more and more into eastern Europe. The exploitation of
coal was begun under these conditions also in the eastern part
of the basin. at Petrila and Lanea.
The first exploitation was completely rudimentary,
touching only the surface, and consisted of strip mining the
coal strata and then transportin it in asall carts.
The new nethod of production in development, that is, the
capitalist production method, brings thereby this on and -cre
ievoloped and perfected -Tema of production into all branches
of the econony. Under these new conditions in the exploitation
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of the Jiu Valley they changed from the first fora of exploit-
ation of the coal by strip mining to the system of opening the
sines by means of horizontal galleries and shafts which extended
downward and in the direction of the strata. Between 1867 and
1670 the Simeria-Petrosani railroad line was also constructed.
The increased interest of the capitalists in this
precious wealth led to the spreading of exploitation from the
east of the depression, where the first openings had takon
place, to the west of the depression, where in 1890 the Aninoasa
mine group was opened, and in 1692 the mines of Lupeni were
opened.
In the evolution of the miners' property in this region
we know the following: The Petrile mines were exploited by
Austro-Hungary between 1870-1894, when they becana the prop-
erty of the 0Salgo-Torjani" company which exploited them
until 1922.
After World War I, the :,Ines of the Jiu Valley passed
from Austro-Hungary to Rumania, under the "Petrosani" co::pany,
a company of landowners and Rumanian, Hungarian, and foreign
capitalists.
In 1931 the Petrosani and Vilcan mines were closed because
the stockholders of the Jiu Valley figured that the effects of
the economic crisis of 1929-1933 should be borne by the working
class and not by themselves.
 The tzines of the Au Valley were recklessly exploited
until the revolutionary decree of 11 June 1968. to sn they
became the complete property of the Rnzt anion working people.
Evolution of production. The production of coal in the
Au Valley began in 1868 with 852 t. In 1870, as a result of
the construction of the 3.imeria-Petrosani railroad line, pro-
duction grew constantly, reaching 254,109 t annually. Fro-.
1870 to 1892 production fluctuated between 109,106 and 233,519
t annually. From 1892, in the period proceeding World War I,
coal from the Jiu Valley was sought more and :.:ore due to the
development of the railroad network. For this reason the
production of coal grew progressive, reaching 2,230,135 t
in 1913. During World War I, because of the insecurity of the
capitalists, the lack of a labor fo:ce, the war outlook, etc,
production dropped, reaching 1,578,026 t in 1916. Between
1919 and 1930 production rose again, reaching 2,670,551 t
annually in 1928.
It is remarkable that in the time of the 1929-1933
crisis. the price of coal from Rumania wns .such lower than
that of coal i.Tported from Belgium, France, or Poland. This
situation, as well as the fact that the locomotive depot ;raw
nt a ranch greater rate, caused the extraction of coal to re:::nin
well in step with the consumption requirements.
In 1931 coal production dropped from 2,670,551 t. which
it had reached in 1928, to 1,261,034 t. The production drop
nround 1931 is explained by the above causes and by the fact
that un_ier the conditions of the crisia of 1929, the -ixrnnian
m d 'hnr-rlan hour-soisie resorted to d.isehar4in,- the n+orkera,
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to eliminating invvstmenta for equipruent, and to closing the
mines. In 1929-1933, the working u.iners were tired on masse.
At this stage the Petrosani, Vilcan, and Ci:-pe (Lease) mines
were closed.
The heroic struggles of the miners of the Jiu Valley in
1929-1933 against the exploiting classes form c significant
chapter in the history of Ru..rania.
In order to prepare for World War II and to increase the
(national) income, the German and autochthonous bourgeoisie
took every kind of measure in order to raise the production of
coal. Thus, as the work in the mines became !7J.1itarised, the
working conditions of the sinews became harsher. In 1940 coal
production mounted to 2,3319833 to then increasing steadily up
to 1941 due to the much greater requiresents of war industry and
transportation imposed by the German war :machine., After this
date production dropped to 2 _11lion t, although Ru:nnis led
by the Antonescu clique was still in the :jdst of war (Figure 1).
The production drop of the year 1943 and the following (years)
in spite of all the militaristic-fascistic seasures i:rposed by
the government is explained by the fact that the rimers, led by
the PCR fPartidul Co twist Rc 4na -- Romanian Co-=mist Party7,
carried on intense sabotage in the unjust war against the USSR
into which they were led by the Antonescu clique allied with
the German fascists.
At about the and of 1948, production of coal in the Jiu
Valley reached 2,201,480 t. From this data on, which coincides
with thn year of the nationalization of the Weans of production,
 coal production in the Jiu Valley grow ccastantly. The re-
organisation of the units for the urtraotion of coal, that is,
models of the socialist organisation of the work of extracting
coal, the use of advanced Soviet techrwlo:;y, the continued improve-
rent of the :aterial living ccnditior.s of the lnen, increased
sniaries, ccneern for culturalising the males, concern for the
health of the people, and, in psrtieular, concern for the pro-
tection of the Thera in the ^inea and the creation of confortable
living quRrtsrs for the riners, explain fully this increase of
coal extraction in the Jiu Valley.
A. goal, the Coal Industry
In 1945 at the Na`,it::l Corference of the PC3 ca-4rade
Ch. Gheorghiu-Dej stated that the development of heavy industry
is closely linked with the develop.-ant of the coal industry,
which assures the necessary coke for :,etallurgy. For this
reascn the most complete utilization possible of the Jiu
Valley coal beds is necessary. Concerning this comrade Gheorghiu-
Dej said: "In this first stage there is also included the
necessity for the Lzost complete utilisation possible of the coal
bed3 in the Jiu Valley, which for-m an organic industrial entity
with the iron ore beds of f#medoaran (1) (page 65).
At the conference with the :Avers trout Petrosant in June
192 comrade Gheorghiu-DeJ showed the special iportance of
these industrial branches to the develop.-ant of Ru.-ania?3
national econo-.y in general and of lhLanian heavy industry in
particular. Co-:rade Gheorghiu-Dej said: ".he electrification
plan and the application of the principle cf district heetin,,
 of coke made in Rw;,nnia, the coal requimnents of rail trans-
portation and of industry determine the development of coal
production in the course of the First Five-Year Plan and also
indicate the development outlook for the Second Five-Year
Plan (1) (page 61.14).
The Jiu Valley coal basin is situated in the upper course
of the 2 Jiu rivers, the East Jiu and the West Jiu, from whence
we also .;et the na.e of the coal basin "the Jiu Valley."
The :sines are on the northern and southern sides of this
basin. Starting out from east to most we find the following
developed dines: on the north side of the basin, Petrila,
Aninoasa, and Vilcan, and on the southern side, Lana I (Cizpa),
Lonea II, Lonea III (Jiet), Lupeni, and Uricani.
The coal beds of the Petrosani bas's, today for---. One Of
the ;lost i:pportant coal reserves available to Ru^.,ania. The
?reat quantity and superior quality of this coal has contributed
to the development of the coal industry of Rwr.ania. The Jiu
Valley is the pri;sry coal source of Ruffinia.
The Petrosani basin is a sedimentary co.tplex composed of
3 supsri:.posed levels which have a length of about 1,000 -.
From the econotic point of view, the lower level,, that is,
the base level, is unproductive. In (geological) age it is
Cli ;ocene.
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The riddle level, that is, the productive one, is about
350 in length and is composed of 18 strata of coal. The
quality of the coal as well as its size differs from nine to
urine. Some stratah?ve been mined intensely, some less and
3ose not at all. in general the strata are complex. strata
8, 9, 13, 15, 17, are 18 are more compact and cleaner. In
,eneral the composition of the coal varies. from strata to strata.
In the composition of the Jiu Valley coal strata we can
observe ._ lack of homogeneity not only in the coal fror.. the
mines, but ilsc in the blocks of coal brcught out to the sur-
face. This lack of homogeneity consists of the differences in
the luster which sonie'st:ips. have on the perpendicular faces of
the stratification.
.Seen .. th the naked eye, coal from the Jiu Valley has the
:ollowing characteristics: strips of lenticular-shaped coal,
long or short, wide or narrow, and lustrous or dull. These
strips have a different external appearance. They present
dif fe ent c'- + racterist ias not only under microscopic sxa7;:inn-
tic' `-ut also under he.mnical examination.
co.:p'.aition or this co; ..
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for the most part the original material of the glance coal was
wood.` In Anpearance, glance coal is black, shiny, "casant,^
having the richest content of carbon and the lowest acntent in
ash. 7..-pc;rtant from the economic point of view is the fact
thAt glance coal can be made into coke. Due to this quality,
coal from the Jiu Valley will assure in the appropriate future
the necessary coke for our :retallurgical industry in Hunedoara.
Jimilarly, glance coal has a groat tendency to change itself
into coal. dust. This dust is found suspended in the subterranean
atmosphere of-the workings. and subterranean galleries. Analysis
of the coal dust explosions and the self-ignition of the coal
shows that p-lance coal is the component to be most feared. For
this reason, from the economic viewpoint-as well rs from the
health viewpoint,, special measures.t:ust be taken.
In the coal.strata, bands of glance coal alternate with
In apF trance, durain is black in color, compact, dull,
much harder tian glance coal, has a lower carbon content and a
greater ask -ontent, and is rich in volatile substances. Fror.
the point or iew of its origin, durain represents an aggregr.te
farmed by ai 'nfinity of plants. From the economic viewpoint,
durain has a great importance in the operations for obtaining
gazes, coal tars, etc, insomuch as the coal strata which contain
durain have a much greater content of coal tars and gases.
Because of this property the coal from the Jiu Valley offers
great opportunities for chemicalisation.
 Beside those 3 components of the coal from Jiu Valley, we
tins scattered in the coal -ass in the form of granules and
:lnsral components: pyrites, ohalcopyrites, :marcasite, calciu-n
carbonate, ferrous carbonate, etc, which can be of primary
nature, that is, formed at the sane time as the coal, or of
secondary nature, when we find it usually in the font: of thin
sheets which fill the crevices and holes found in coal.
From the economic point of view it is i^portant to know
if a ::.ineral found in coal is of primary nature or of secondary
nature since in the operations of the mechanical preparation
of the coal, the elimination of the mineral components of x
secondary nature can be achieved zcre easily than those of a
pri::aiy nature which require a core difficult operation for
elirdnation.
In general the study of the structure of coal has a treat
ir.:portance in the process of its industrialisation, thrt i5,
regarding operations of coidng it, briquetting, :,echnnical
preparation, underground fires, coal dust explosions, etc. This
study- is closely connected with our study of the coal industry.
In regard to the quality of the coal in the Jiu Valley,
starting from the east of the basin and proceeding to the west
its quality improves, the coal frog the west being of superior
quality.
Due to the fact that in the west of the breln there are four-s,:
si.ns:ifieant reserves of superior coal, the plans of the state
provi le for the sstabliah ant of it series of coal 1 prawn nr,t.
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 stations in this region, as well as a semicoking plant. This
ssmicoking plant will produce the se.Acoke necessary for the
1Jn odoara metallurgical plants. The development of the ex-
traction and processing of coal in this part of the basin is
explained not only by the quantity but more especially by the
quality (glance coal). The caloric energy of the flu Valley
cc,--l varies between 6,200 and 7,200 calories.
The characteristics of the coal fro::. the Jiu Valley
(Lupeni, Uricani, and Cimpul lui Nea;,) are the are as for
:dneral coal.
Figuring according to the % of low humidity, according
to the carbon content, according to the caloric energy, and
according to the low ash content, the coal from the Jiu Valley
is situated at the borderline between brown coal and mineral.
Brown coal is generally an appreciated fuel. Same vari-
eties can be r.,ade into coke, giving metallurgical and industrial
products. It is also distilled to obtain gases and coal tars.
In general coal from the Jiu Valley is lustrous, black in color,
and leaves a brown mark on a porcelain plate. When it is in
lw3p form- it generally has a black color, and when in powder
form.. it has a brown coloration. Scratch tracings are completely
brown.
The other natural conditions, novas y the hydrography of
the region, its vegetation, and its soil and subsoil, similarly
have a strong influence in the development of the econo.:y of
this rayon.
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the effluences of the 2 Jiu rivers, which offer i-portant
water resources for drinking purpcses, industry, and trans-
portation (for transportation of w:od). The 2 Jiu rivers
particularly offer the necessary industrial venter for the 2
improvement stations (Petrila and Lupeni).
Although there are numerous resources of drinkable water,
all hwnan settlements (cities and co,:manes) do not hrve
sufficient water. This is due to the insufficient (znr ber of)
installations left to the region by the bourgeoisie for the
procurement of water, and it is due to the rdsinr consu-:ption
of local industry in (its) continued development. Therefore,
in addition to the other preoccupations, the supply of drinking
water for the upper valleys of the Jiu is a problem which
demands immediate solution.
The wood from the forests of Petrosani Rayon besides its
other uses is also used in -i ning. Sands, gravels, limestones,
and waste heaps are also greatly used not only in the supple-
itentary industries to the coal extraction industry, but also
in the construction which is being donne today in Petrosani
Rayon.
The coal processing industry is represented in the Jiu
Valley by coal improvement stations (washers for coal) in
Petrila and Lupeni. In the process of the industrialisation
of coal, in the framework of the 2 i nprovt::ent stations in the
Jiu Valley, and in the operations of mechanical preparation,
the greatest possible lowering of the ash content is sought,
in order to obtain cork of a superior quality which is necessary
for industry and for rrilrond consumption.
 Coal from the Lonea I and III and Petrila tines is 1-proved
in special improving installations at Petrila where at the sat
ti-* they use the coal dust which is briquetted.
Supplying the Coal Enterprises with Semitanufactured Raw
Materials and Awciliary Materials. The minerst constructlca
trusts (at Petrosani and Lupeni) also enter into the Jiu Valley
combine. These trusts procure the necessary ::aterials for
construction and :fining. Thus, for example, so-,-e of these
,:tine workings have one frame saw each which produces the wood
necessary for the-,fines at the local level. Thus at Lonea III
the frame saw produces the wood necessary for Lana I, II, and
III, at Petrils the wood necessary for the Petrila :coup of
::fines and at Aninoasa and Lupeni for the western group. In
,sneral the fra:7e saws use wood which is locally obtained by
the lumber exploitations of the IFIL
from the respective region. In addition to the trans saws,
the coal industry still has a series of supplementary indus-
tries, for example, the eonatrnation material industry (.asonry,
cementing, bricks, tiles, and cement blocks (Petrila has a
cement mill)), enterprises which are almost next to each trine.
The coal industry of the Jiu Valley has a .timing equip-
-ant factory which produces Mining conveyances and endless
bands and tinerts trolleys and which :takes repairs on :.fining
equip-rant.
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There is an oxygen factory at Lupeni (necessary for
local industry) (Figure 2).
Production Means and Work Yathods. In the past, although
the Jiu Valley supplied about 3/4 of the total coal extracted,
nevertheless the mechanisation of -fining work was reduced,
while in the mechanised :..fines the equip: ent was of inferior
quality and of the !:.oat vrried type. Our coal industry has
been able to reach its great achieve: rents of today because of
the permanent and multilateral aid given b- the USSR which has
sent us the :-cost advanced .~:issing equipment (mining haters,
In reference to rdning equip-peat, it is a noteworthy
fact that. the first :mining hammers, phew-atic drills, endless
bands, mine locomotives and cars, etc began to be -.:anufactured
by us in our own country as early as 1950. In addition to the
mining equipment factories of Petrosani, the "Stearul Posu"
factories of Orasul Stalin, "Union of Satu Mare, and "$lect-o--
putere" of Craiova produce equipment for the coal industry.
For the first time new coal mining methods have been
introduced which replace the old, unproductive -:methods so
wasteful of the labor force. Thus, for example, in the Jiu
Valley there was introduced for the first tl-.e new methods
such as the nathod of frontal winrking. In this way the
:,indin method -.as introduced. This is a :.ethod which widens
the intermediary preparatory drift. achieving with this a
reduction in the cost price, an increase of work products+;ity,
nn9 increased production.
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The Petrila wines use the nest modern tine timber:.ng
method in the country, with Soviet-made ..etnl fracas. Through
this method the use of pit props is reduced by about 50% and
the consumption of a plosive3 b Are thrn 5%, thus brin:,ng
an increase in productivity.
Transport of coal in the rayon is :-cede on narrow gauge
industrial rail lines, by aerial cableways, standard railroads,
and highways. Thus, for exa^ple, there is an industrial rail-
road from Petrosani to Lora III, Loney I, and Loney II. CFI
ships the coal to Petrila station which is also connected with
the Petrosani center by -vans of P. standard rail line used
only for the transport of coal.
Consumption centers. The coal from the Jiu Valley,
being available in great quantity, of superior quality, and
localised in a single basin, is used a great deal b.' the rail?-
roads. In the very near future, moreover, this coal will
serve in the se::ieoking plant which will produce the se.:icoke
necessary for heavy industry. For electrification it will be
used only by local thermoelectric pacer plants.
In general the Jiu Valley coal is coaswted by the railroads
by non than 50%, the metallurgical industry in Hasita by about
10%, while the remainder is used by other industrial enterprises
and in local consumption (Figure 3).
The labor force. In general the --ins workers are local
residents or come from other parts of the cotartry. The lack
of housing has to a great tent been liquidated in the -rears
of the people's sovereignty through the construction of
 thousan'l of apnrt;:bnts, n*rarotu :w uses, barrack-, spas,
party ani th ;uva_Anent have particular concern for
the ::Jners of the flu Valley. Thus, of the 9,000 -ainerts
apartments built in the frasework of Fbraniab First Five Year
Plan, 5,000 of these apartments are destined for then miners-
These living quarters are built near the'coal tines,
(thus) creating new worker's centers., In these new cities,
dispensaries, polyclinics, hospitals, nurseries, s::afll gardens,
schools, clubs, theaters, etc are built near the hones.
These achievements, together with others, contribute in
the greatest measure towrds raising the level of living for
the ::dners of the Jiu Valley.
In order to train the necessary personnel for the coal
indust:; of the Jiu Valley, qualified, professional schools which
prepare -aster ?dners have been created. These schools are in
operation near each nine. Beside these schools, Petrosani still
has the "?ueorge Gheorghiu-DeJ" Coal Institute which trains
en4ineers recruited from the ranks of the workers.
3. ,lectrie Power Power Plante Electrification of the Rayon
Today in Petrosani Rayon there are 3 thermoelectric power
plants. The Paroseni thermoelectric power plant is under con-
struott.xs. Thes then ee;ictric power stations supply electric
power ne 0 i indw tries of the Jiu Valley as well as to
other 1. ustri^ In t...ei way they also serve the needs of
the oi' ___ popL'. ion.
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 THE OTHER IM)USTRIE$ '. F PETMOSAIfC RAIDS
In Petrosani iayon, besideo the principal branch, the
coal industry, ir. the territorial complex of production we
find a series of ether industrial branches which utilise bcal
resources. Thus the "6 August Petrosani" co,7pnny has a aeries
of industrial branches, n8-rely (a) extractive, (b) wood, (o)
forestry, (d) construction material, (e) :?aetallurgioal work-
shops, (f) supply industry, and (g) various branches.
The wood products are utilised to a small extent by
the IFIL for forest areas, by the "6 August Petrosanin
#,onpnny, and by the supple entary industries of rdning. A
series of other industries (textile, atallurgical, crafts:rat+s
cooperati.-es, ate) are also found in the rayon.
The Metallurgical Industry
The ::s allurgi.cal industry is represented in Fetrosani
Rayon by the ,inin.c, equiprsnt factory in Petrostni, the CFR
/Saile Ferate Romitie - Far..nian State P.nilroadA7 workshops
and depot, and th different 7:echanical repair workshops devoted
to the needs of t':c rayon.
The railroe_ aorkshope and the railroad depot are
situated in the 1-rality of Petrosani. They make the repairs
and assemble the I its necessary at the depot for the loco-
motives and railroad cars -vtdch enter the coal basin of the Au
Valley.
The reohanical workshop, belonging to the Petrosani
cozrunal enterprises, makes the necessary repairs for turners
workshops, fitters workshops, and wheel workshops.
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The Lipeni blacksmAth's workabop ssr? tAe fet r as . rs.
repair workshop belong to this ftl~ august Pr.rassr.i' s ray.
The Chemical Industry
The ohs -1cal industry in Petrosan . ya is rwpl seas ed
by the oxygen factory at Lupeni. It supplies ooxy4en to the
mstallur4cal industry of the region. The :.upeni carbcr 11-
sulfide factory, belonging to the "Visoosa" co pany, prculuces
the carbon disulfide necessary for the textile industry- asset
a,Triculture.
The limestone 9ctractive Industry
Of the auxiliary industries which enter into the production
co:tplex of Petrosani Rayon, special attention is srited by the
limestone :sines of the sanity and Pesters Bolii localities.
mz..r.
These ?:inss are a: tong the largest li estate ire, in its
The limestone fro:.: these localities is distinguishsl by it-
superior quality and is used to a heavy degree in various
branches of industry especially as a flux nterial in fern t&.
etalluro, in the Anufacture of lime, the anufacture (?f
construction ?-wterials, eta.
Frog: the place when the limestone is taken ou'.,