TRADE IN PETROLEUM BETWEEN THE SINO-SOVIET BLOC AND THE FREE WORLD 1950-56

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79R01141A000800080002-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 49
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 31, 2013
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: July 22, 1957
• Content Type: REPORT

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50X1
TRADE IN PETROLEUM
BETWEEN THE SINO - SOVIET BLOC
AND THE FREE WORLD
1950-56
CIA/RR 93
22 July 1957
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Sees. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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TRADE IN PETROLEUM BETWEEN THE SINO-SOVIET BLOC
AND THE FREE WORLD
1950-56
CIA/RR 93
(ORR Project 25.1576)
Office of Research and Reports
S-E-C-R-E-T
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The purpose of this report is to examine the trade in petroleum
between the Sino-Soviet Bloc and the Free World. An attempt has
been made to show the degree to which petroleum from the Bloc has
entered the markets of the Free World and the extent to which some
of the countries of the Free World are dependent on petroleum from 50X1
the, Bloc.
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Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
I. Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
A. Total Sino-Soviet Bloc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
B. USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
C. Rumania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
D. East Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
E. Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
F. Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland . . 5
II. Destination of Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
III. Impact on the Free World . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IV. Means of Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
V. Imports from the Free World . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
VI. Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
VII. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1. Weight of Exports of Petroleum from the Soviet Bloc
to the Free World, by Country of Origin, 1950-56 . . 12
2. Value of Exports of Petroleum from the Soviet Bloc
to the Free World, by Country of Origin, 1950-56 . . 13
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3. Weight of Exports of Petroleum from the Soviet Bloc
to the Free World, by Type of Product, 1950-56 . . . 14
4. Percentage Distribution of Exports of Petroleum
from the Soviet Bloc to the Free World, by Type
of Product, 1950-56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5. Weight of Exports of Petroleum from the Soviet Bloc
to the Free World, by Type of Product and by Country
of Origin, 1956 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6. Weight of Exports of Petroleum from the Soviet Bloc
to the Free World, by Type of Product and by Country
of Origin, 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7. Value of Exports of Petroleum from the Soviet Bloc
to the Free World, by Type of Product and by Country
of Origin, 1956 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
8. Value of Exports of Petroleum from the Soviet Bloc
to the Free World, by Type of Product and by Country
of Origin, 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
9. Weight of Exports of Petroleum from the USSR to the
Free World, by Type of Product, 1950-56 . . . . . . . 20
10. Weight of Exports of Petroleum from Rumania to the
Free World, by Type of Product, 1950-56 . . . . . . . 21
11. Weight of Exports of Petroleum from East Germany to
the Free World, by Type of Product, 1950-56 . . . . . 22
12. Weight of Exports of Petroleum from Hungary to the
Free World, by Typ9f Product, 1950-56 . . . . . . . 23
13. Weight of Exports of Petroleum Prom Albania, Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, and Poland to the Free World, by
Type of,-Product, 1950-56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
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14. Weight of Exports of Petroleum from the Soviet
Bloc to the Free World, by Country of Destina-
tion, 1955 and 1956 . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 25
15. Imports of Petroleum by the Free World from the
Soviet Bloc, as a Percentage of Domestic Con-
sumption, 1955 and 1956 . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
16. Weight of Exports of Petroleum from the Soviet
Bloc to the Free World, by Principal Means of
Transport, 1954-56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
17. Weight of Imports of Petroleum by the Soviet
Bloc from Austria, 1955 and 1956 . . . . . . . 28
Figure 1. Weight of Exports of Petroleum from the
Soviet Bloc to the Free World, by
Country of Origin, 1950-56 . . . . . . . 12
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Value of Exports of Petroleum from the
Soviet Bloc to the Free World, by Coun-
try of Origin, 1950-56 . . . . . . . . . 14
Weight of Exports of Petroleum from the
Soviet Bloc to the Free World, by Type
of Product, 1950-56 . . . . . . . . . . 14
Figure 4. Weight of Exports of Petroleum from the
Soviet Bloc to the Free World, by Type
of Product and by Country of Origin,
1955 and 1956 . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Figure 5. Weight of Exports of Petroleum from the
Soviet Bloc to the Free World, by
Principal Means of Transport,
1954-56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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CIA/RR 93 S-E-C-R-E-T
(ORR Project 25.1576)
TRADE IN PETROLEUM BETWEEN THE SINO-SOVIET BLOC AND THE FREE WORLD*
1950-56
Trade in petroleum between the Sino-Soviet Bloc** and the Free
World*** increased steadily from about 240,000 metric tons*'** with
a value of US $7.3 million/ in 1950 to a high of 6.4 million tons
with a value of more than $140 million in 1956. Such trade was in-
significant by Free World standards, however, representing less than
2 percent of total world trade in petroleum.
The bulk of the trade in petroleum between the Sino-Soviet Bloc
and the Free World has consisted of exports of crude oil and petro-
leum products from the Soviet Bloc// to countries of Western Europe
and the Middle East. The only significant imports of petroleum from
the Free World have been those received by the USSR as reparations
from Austria.
Communist China and the Far Eastern Satellites/// have not traded
in petroleum with the Free World and are not expected to do so in the
near future.
As recently as 1953 the European Satellites,//// chiefly Rumania,
provided more than 70 percent of the 1.9 million tons of petroleum
exported by the Soviet Bloc to the Free World. By 1956 the share of
the European Satellites was reduced to less than 35 percent of the
total of 6.4 million tons, and the USSR provided more than 65 percent.
* The estimates and conclusions contained in this report represent
the best judgment of ORR as of 1 June 1957.
*-* The USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hun-
gary, Poland, Rumania, Communist China, the Mongolian Peoples Republic,
North Korea, and North Vietnam.
*-** All countries not included in the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
** Tonnages are given in metric tons throughout this report.
/ Dollar values are given in US dollars throughout this report.
The USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany,
Hungary, Poland, and Rumania.
/f/ The Mongolian Peoples Republic, North Korea, and North Vietnam.
//// Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland,
and Rumania.
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Nearly 75 percent of the exports of petroleum from the Soviet
Bloc to the Free World in 1956 were destined for Western Europe,
and nearly 25 percent were exported to the Middle East. Finland,
Italy, and Sweden constituted more than 50 percent of the European
market. Egypt received more than 70 percent of the exports to the
Middle East. Only three countries -- Afghanistan, Finland, and
Iceland -- received nearly all of their petroleum from the Soviet
Bloc.
More than 75 percent of the exports of petroleum from the Soviet
Bloc to the Free World have been in the form of petroleum products,
although exports of crude oil are becoming increasingly important.
Egypt and Italy are the primary recipients of crude oil, which is
exported almost exclusively by the USSR.
Since 1954, exports of petroleum from the Soviet Bloc to the Free
World have been equivalent to approximately 6.5 percent of the crude
oil produced in the Bloc. If this ratio of 6.5 percent is maintained
and if the Bloc achieves its goal for production of 152 million tons
of crude oil in 1960, exports of petroleum to the Free World in 1960
will be about 10 million tons.
The European Satellites appear to be relegated to ,a secondary
position in exporting petroleum to the Free World, and approximately
75 percent of such exports in 1960 are expected to come from the USSR.
Although the quantity of petroleum exported by the European Satellites
to the Free World may increase slightly during the next few years,
the European Satellites are not expected to supply more than 25 per-
cent of such exports from the Bloc by 1960.
Before 1956, about 89 percent of the exports of petroleum from
the Soviet Bloc to the Free World were carried in Free World tankers,
and less than 3 percent were carried in Soviet tankers. The remain-
ing 8 percent of such exports were carried by rail, river barge, small
tankers on the Baltic Sea, or tank truck. In 1956, Soviet tankers
carried more than 17 percent of such exports, and this percentage is
expected to increase as the USSR increases the size of its tanker
fleet.
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I. Exports.
A. Total Sino-Soviet Bloc.
Exports of petroleum from the Sino-Soviet Bloc to the Free
World rose from less than 240,000 tons in 1950 to 6.4 million tons
in 1956.* In 1954, exports of petroleum from the Bloc were more than
20 times those in 1950, and in 1956 they were almost 27 times those
in 1950. The greatest increase in any one year, 162 percent, occurred
in 1954. The annual increase dropped to 12 percent in 1955 and rose
to 16 percent in 1956.
The value of exports of petroleum from the Sino-Soviet Bloc
to the Free World increased from $7.3 million in 1950 to $141.3
million in 1956.** Except in 1950, when the average value per ton
exceeded $30 as a result of an unusually high percentage of gasoline
in the exports, these exports have had an average value of $21 per ton.
Communist China and the Far Eastern Satellites have not traded
in petroleum with the Free World and are not likely to do so in the
near future.
Residual fuel oil was the principal petroleum product exported
by the Soviet Bloc to the Free World during the period 1951-56,***
although its relative importance decreased from two-thirds of the
total in 1951 to one-third in 1956 as exports of crude oil and gas
oil increased.**X*
Crude oil has become increasingly important in the exports
of petroleum from the Soviet Bloc to the Free World. Whereas all of
such exports had consisted of petroleum products in 1950, crude oil
had become a major item by 1956.**** The USSR supplied almost all
of the crude oil,/ which accounted for almost 14 percent in 1955 and
almost 17 percent in 1956 of the total value of petroleum exported
by the Bloc to the Free World.ff The USSR also supplied about 61 per-
cent by weight of the gasoline, 74 percent of the gas oil, and 58 per-
cent of the residual fuel oil exported in 1956.fff
* See Table 1, Appendix A, p. 12, below.
** See Table 2, Appendix A, p. 13, below.
*** See Table 3, Appendix A, p. 14, below.
** See Table 4, Appendix A, p. 15, below.
f See Tables 5 and 6, Appendix A, pp. 16 and
fff See Tables 7 and 8, Appendix A, pp. 18 and
See Table 5, Appendix A, p. 16, below.
17,
19,
respectively, below.
respectively, below.
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Since 1950 the USSR has become increasingly important as an
exporter of petroleum from the Soviet Bloc to the Free World, and
since 1954 it has been the leading exporter.* The USSR, which had
supplied less than 30 percent of such exports during 1950-53, pro-
vided 54 percent.in 1954 and more than 67 percent in 1956. Soviet
exports increased from 69,000 tons in 1950 to nearly 3.1 million
tons in 1955 and to 4.3 million tons in 1956.** The value of Soviet
exports increased from $2.5 million in 1950 to almost $61 million in
1955 and to almost $93 million in 1956.***
C. Rumania.
Rumania was the leading source.of exports of petroleum from
the Soviet Bloc to the Free World during 1950-53 but slipped to
second place during 1954-56.* In 1956, Rumania supplied about one-
quarter of such exports, or 1.6 million tons. The value of these
exports from Rumania reached a peak of more than $45 million in 1955
but declined to less than $39 million in 1956.***
Quantitatively, residual fuel oil has been the most important
petroleum product exported by Rumania to the Free World since 1951.****
Exports increased from 274,000 tons'in 1951 to more than 1.1 million
tons in 1954, but decreased to 688,000 tons in 1956. The relative
importance of residual fuel oil has declined since 1954 as the share
of the total exports of the lighter products (gasoline, kerosine, and
gas oil) increased. In 1955, nearly one-half of the Rumanian exports
were in the form of residual fuel oil, and nearly one-fifth consisted
of gasoline. In 1956, kerosine replaced gasoline as the second most
important export.
Since 1951, East Germany has supplied less than 10 percent of
the total exports of petroleum from the Soviet Bloc to the Free World.
* See Table 1, Appendix A, p. 12, below.
** See Tables 1 and 9, Appendix A, pp. 12 and 20, respectively, below.
** See Table 2, Appendix A, p. 13, below.
**** See Table 10, Appendix A, p. 21, below.
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Such exports from East Germany, which have shown no consistent trend,
consisted almost entirely of gasoline and gas oil during 1950-56.*
Hungary did not export petroleum to the Free World in appre-
ciable quantities until 1955 and 1956.** In both years, virtually
all of such exports were in the form of residual fuel oil shipped
to Austria, West Germany, and Switzerland.
Exports of petroleum from Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia,
and Poland to the Free World increased from 92,000 tons, valued at
$1.4 million, in 1955 to 155,000 tons, valued at $3 million, in
1956 and consisted almost entirely of residual fuel oil and gasoline.*-**
Poland supplied nearly all of the residual fuel oil in both years, and
Czechoslovakia provided all of the gasoline in 1956, when shipments
increased sharply and accounted for nearly one-half of the petroleum
supplied by these countries.
In 1955, exports of petroleum from the Soviet Bloc to the Free
World amounted to nearly 5.5 million tons, of which 70 percent was
shipped to Western Europe, nearly 17 percent to the Middle East, and
13 percent elsewhere.*-*'** Nearly three-quarters of the 6.4 million
* See Table 11, Appendix A, p. 22, below.
* See Table 12, Appendix A, p. 23, below.
See Tables 2 and 13, Appendix A, pp. 13 and 24, respectively, below.
*** See Table 14, Appendix A, p. 25, below. The figures shown in
this table are estimates of the amount of petroleum that left'the
Soviet Bloc in 1955 and 1956 and were compiled from data on shipping.
Differences may exist between the quantities shown in the table and
the statistics reported by the importing countries because the inter-
val of time between the date of shipping and the date of receipt in
the. importing countries may be as much as 3 weeks and also because the
countries shown in the table are the original destinations reported
at the Bosporus and are not necessarily the ultimate recipients. For
example, it is known that most or all of the petroleum reported as
destined for the Netherlands and Belgium is subsequently transshipped
to France, West Germany, and probably Switzerland, but complete data
on transshipments are not available.
-5-
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tons exported by the Bloc in 1956 went to Western Europe and nearly
one-quarter to the Middle East. In 1956, Finland, Egypt, Sweden,
and Italy received 60 percent of all the petroleum exported by the
Soviet Bloc to the Free World, and more than 55 percent of the crude
oil was shipped to Italy and Egypt.
III. Impact on the Free World.
Most of the exports of petroleum from the Soviet Bloc to the Free
World go to a group of small countries whose requirements for petro-
leum are not large and to whom these imports are important. Afghan-
istan, Egypt, Finland, Greece, Iceland, Israel, and Yugoslavia re-
ceived nearly 50 percent of the petroleum exported by the Bloc to
the Free World in 1955 and more than 55 percent of such exports in
1956.* Of these countries, Afghanistan, Finland, and Iceland re-
ceived enough petroleum from the Bloc to satisfy near]-y all of their
requirements.** The seven countries listed, however, consumed less
than 10 percent of the petroleum consumed by all of the countries of
the Free World which imported petroleum from the Bloc. The entire
group of these countries received from the Bloc enough petroleum to
satisfy only 5 percent of their requirements in 1955 and 6 percent
in 1956.
For most of the countries of the Free World the importance of the
Soviet Bloc as a source of supply for petroleum in 1956 either re-
mained the same as in 1955 or increased.* Soviet motives in sharply
increasing exports of petroleum to several countries, notably Afghan-
istan, Egypt, Greece, Syria, and Yugoslavia, are apparently political
as well as economic because of the strategic importance of these coun-
tries to the Bloc. In Austria, Iceland, Sweden, and Switzerland, de-
creases in imports of petroleum from the Bloc are believed to have
been basically economic rather than political. The decrease in exports
of petroleum from the Bloc to Israel was political in nature and oc-
curred as the result of an embargo imposed by the USSR in November 1956.
Most of the petroleum exported by the Soviet Bloc to the Free World
has been carried by tanker from the Black Sea. During 1954-56, about
92 percent of the petroleum was shipped by sea, primarily in Free World
* See Table 14, Appendix A, p. 25, below.
** See Table 15, Appendix A, p. 27, below.
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tankers.* The amount carried by the Soviet tankers increased from
less than 135,000 tons in 1954 and 1955 to more than 1 million tons
in 1956, or 17 percent of all the petroleum exported to the Free
World in that year. During 1954-56, about 8 percent of all such
exports were shipped by other means such as rail, river barge, small
tankers on the Baltic Sea, and tank truck. The most significant of
these other shipments are those by rail.
V. Imports from the Free World.
Austria is the only country in the Free World which has exported
important quantities of petroleum to the Soviet Bloc.** Before the
conclusion of the peace treaty with Austria, the Austrian oil indus-
try was under the control of the Soviet Mineral Oil Administration
(SMV), and the USSR met the deficits in petroleum of the European
Satellites primarily with imports from Austria. Under the terms
of the armistice agreement the shipments were made against the Soviet
account, although this was actually Austrian petroleum.
A similar situation exists under provisions for reparations con-
tained in the peace treaty. V**-* Under the treaty the oil industry
was returned to Austria, but Austria is obliged to pay reparations
to the USSR in the form of 1 million tons of crude oil a year for
10 years. Moreover, as a part of the payments for the return of the
industries which had been under the Administration of Soviet Enter-
prises in Austria (USIA), Austria is required to supply to the USSR
an additional 200,000 tons of crude oil a year for 6 years.
Imports of petroleum from Austria amounted to about 1.4 million
tons in 1955 and about 1.5 million tons in 1956,** all of which were
delivered to the European Satellites. The important difference be-
tween 1955 and 1956 in the imports from Austria was in the product mix.
Crude oil, which had accounted for about 81 percent of the total im-
ports of petroleum in 1955, accounted for 93 percent of the total in
1956.
West Germany is known to have exported small quantities of petro-
leum products to Poland in 1955, but there is no record of any such
shipments in 1956. Negligible quantities of petroleum from various
countries of the Free World are known to have been smuggled into Com-
munist China.
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VI. Potential.
Since 1954 the Soviet Bloc has maintained its exports of petroleum
to the Free World at about 6.5 percent of production by the Bloc. The
same ratio of exports to production probably can be continued for
several years, and in 1960 exports of petroleum will probably still
equal 6.5 percent of production by the Bloc. The current Five Year
Plans of the various countries of the Bloc establish goals for produc-
tion totaling 152 million tons in 1960, and, therefore, exports of
petroleum from the Bloc to the Free World in 1960 may amount to 10
million tons.
The USSR plans to increase the production of crude oil from 83.8
million tons in 1956 to 135 million tons in 1960, an increase of
approximately 50 million tons. If 6.5 percent of this increase of
50 million tons is exported, Soviet exports of petroleum to the Free
World will increase by 3.3 million tons in 1960 over the 4.3 million
tons exported in 1956. Consequently, Soviet exports of petroleum to
the Free World may be about 7.6 million tons, or approximately 75 per-
cent of the estimated 10 million tons to be exported by the Bloc in
1960. The remaining 2.4 million.tons, or approximately 25 percent of
the estimated exports from the Bloc in 1960, probably will be supplied
by the European Satellites.
VII. Conclusions.
One of the outstanding recent developments in trade in petroleum
between the Soviet Bloc and the Free World has been the decrease in
the share of the trade handled by the European Satellites. As recently
as 1953, the European Satellites provided more than 70 percent of the
exports of petroleum from the Bloc to the Free World. In 1954 and 1955
the share of the Satellites in this market was about 45 percent of the
total, and by 1956 their share was further reduced to less than 33 per-
cent of the total of 6.4 million tons.
In 1956, exports of petroleum from the European Satellites to the
Free World declined 320,000 tons below the level of 1955, principally
because of the, failure to increase production of domestic crude oil
as planned. Production of crude oil in the Satellites in 1956 amounted
to 12.9 million tons, the same as in 1955. In Hungary there was
actually a decrease in production which amounted to about 400,000 tons.
Another factor which reduced the amount of petroleum available for ex-
port to the Free World was the increased domestic demand for 300,000 tons
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over and above the additional quantity imported in 1956, which is
estimated at 180,000 tons.
The European Satellites appear to be relegated to a secondary
position in the trade in petroleum between the Soviet Bloc and the
Free World. Although the quantity of petroleum exported by the
Satellites may increase slightly during the next few years, the
Satellites are not expected to supply more than 25 percent of the
exports of petroleum from the Bloc to the Free World by 1960.
A considerable readjustment of shipments of petroleum within the
Soviet Bloc, and possibly of exports from the Bloc, will be necessary
when the payments of reparations by Austria are terminated. Austria
will be able to reduce exports to the Bloc by 200,000 tons in 1961
and. by an additional 1 million tons in 1965, when payments of repara-
tions will be completed. It is expected that Austria will direct all
of its exports of petroleum to the Free World at the earliest oppor-
tunity.
Free World tankers carried more than 90 percent of the petroleum
exported by the Soviet Bloc to the Free World before 1956.E Additional
Soviet tankers, put into service during 1956, made it possible for the
USSR to increase the percentage of exports hauled by Soviet tankers to
17 percent. Further additions to the Soviet tanker fleet should enable
the USSR to increase the percentage of exports hauled in Soviet tankers.
The recent disruption of supplies from the Middle East resulting
from the closure of the Suez Canal has increased the interest of Western
Europe in importing from the Soviet Bloc petroleum which can be shipped
from the Black Sea. Because petroleum represents a readily acceptable
commodity in trade between the Bloc and the Free World, it is probable
that the Bloc will continue to export petroleum as an item of foreign
trade as well as an instrument of penetration.
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S-E-C-R-E-T
APPENDIX A
STATISPICAL DATA
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 Weight of Exports of Petroleum from the Soviet Bloc to the Free World
by Country of Origin a/
1950-56
Thousand Metric Tons
Origin 1950 J 1951 122LI)i 12 1954 .J 12aJ 122L L
USSR
69
128
269
518
2,647
3,074
4,295
Rumania
81
386
614
1,229
1,951
2,013
1,630
East Germany
75
8
38
119
265
151
184
Hungary
11
Negligible
0
0
14
137
105
Other E/
1
Negligible
0
0
9
92
155
Total J
238
522
221
1,866
4,886
5,468
6,369
a. For a graphic presentation of the data in this table, see Figure 1, following p. 12.
b.
C.
d. Data are taken from Table 6, p. 17, below.
e. Data are. taken from Table 5, p. 16, below.
f. Aggregate of data contained in source ~/.
g. Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland.
h. Totals are derived from unrounded figures and do not always agree with the sums of the
rounded components.
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WEIGHT OF EXPORTS OF PETROLEUM
FROM THE SOVIET BLOC TO THE FREE WORLD
By Country of Origin, 1950-56
Other'
Hungary
East Germany
Rumania
U.S.S.R.
Includes Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia,
and Poland.
Bl -`
69 .
1950
386
1951
1866
a~7a~
7
V29
;5\8
\I \.
1953 1954
5468
i3
F21--
Totals are derived from unrounded figures and do not always
agree with the sum of rounded components shown.
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 Value of Exports of Petroleum from the Soviet Bloc to the Free World
by Country of Origin
1950-56
Origin 1950 J 1951 J 1952 J 1953 J 1224.1 1955 J 122L J
USSR
2.5
2.3
5.2
12.0
55.8
60.7
92.6
Rumania
2.6
7.5
13.1
22.4
41.8
45.3
38.6
East Germany
2.0
0.3
1.3
3.7
8.2
4.4
5.6
Hungary
0.3
Negligible
0
0
0.2
1.9
1.5
Other d
Negligible
Negligible
0
0
0.3
1.4
3.0
Total e/
7-3
Average (us $ per ton) J
30.67
19.16
21.28
20.42
21.76
20.79
22.18
a. . For a graphic presentation of the data in this table, see Figure 2, following p. 14.
b. Data are taken from Table 8, p. 19, below.
c. Data are taken from Table 7, p. 18, below.
d. Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland.
e. Totals and averages are derived from unrounded figures and do not always agree with the
sums and averages of the rounded components.
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Weight of Exports of Petroleum from the Soviet Bloc to the Free World
by Type of Product a/
1950-56
Product l o b 1951 b 12a .J 1953 Y 1954 1 1 d 1956 e
Crude oil -0 29
Gasoline 134 114
Kerosine 14 15
Gas oil 71 9
Residual fuel oil 6 348
Lubricants 13 7
184 152 418 923 1,383
238 262 . 705 721 706
12 76 350 437 694
73 430 1,146 917 1,404
411 943 2,239 2,436 2,170
2 3 27 33 13
a. For a graphic presentation of the data in this table, see Figure 3, fol-
lowing p. 14.
b. 6J . Data on exports from the Soviet Zone of Austria are excluded.,
c. :7/. Data on exports from the Soviet Zone of Austria are excluded.
d. Data are taken from Table 6, p. 17, below.
e. Data are taken from Table 5, p. 16, below.
f. Totals are derived from unrounded figures and do not always agree with the
sums of the rounded components.
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SECRET
VALUE OF EXPORTS OF PETROLEUM
FROM THE SOVIET BLOC TO THE FREE WORLD
By Country of Origin, 1950-56
' Includes Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia,
and Poland.
Totals are derived from unrounded figures and do not always agree
with the sum of rounded components shown.
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WEIGHT OF EXPORTS OF PETROLEUM
FROM THE SOVIET BLOC TO THE FREE WORLD
By Type of Product, 1950-56
1955
Totals are derived from unrounded figures and do not always
agree with the sum of rounded components shown.
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 4
Percentage Distribution of Exports of Petroleum from the Soviet Bloc
to the Free World, by Type of Product ra
1950-56
Product
1950)
1951 J
1952 12/
1953 V
1954 , 12a
1956
Crude oil
0
6
20
8
8 17
22
Gasoline
56
22
26
14
14 13
11
Kerosine
6
3
1
4
7 8
u
Gas oil
30
2
8
23
23 17
22
Residual fuel oil
3
67
45
51
46 45
34
Lubricants
5
1
Negligible
Negligible
1 1
Negligible
a. Data are derived from Table 3, p. 14, above.
b. Data on exports from the Soviet Zone of Austria are excluded.
c. Totals are derived from unrounded figures and do not always agree with the sums
of the rounded components.
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Table 5 -
Weight of Exports of Petroleum from the Soviet Bloc to the Free World
by Type of Product and by Country of Origin a/
1956
East
Product
USSR J
Rumania 1
Germany V
Hungary
/
Other J
Total
Crude oil
1,345
28
0
0
10
1,383
Gasoline
428
162
79
0
37
706
Kerosine
211
483
0
0
0
694
Gas oil
1,036
269
99
0
0
1,404
Residual fuel oil
1,262
688
6
105
108
2,170
Lubricants
13
0
0
0
0
13
Total /
4,295
1,630
184
L~
155
6,369
_
a. For a graphic presentation of the data in this table, see Figure , follow-
ing p. 18. For methodology1 see Appendix B.
b. Except for 49,000 tons (see Appendix B), the figures are aggregates of data
contained in source
c. Except for 10,000 tons see appendix , the figures are aggregates of
shipping data. J
d. The figures for gasoline and gas oil are taken from source l0 . For the
remaining exports, see Appendix B.
e. Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland.
f. Totals are derived from unrounded figures and do not always agree with the
sums of the rounded components.
 Weight of Exports of Petroleum from the Soviet Bloc to the Free World
by Type of Product and by Country of Origin a/
1955 -
East
Product
USSR J
"
Rumania J/
Germany
Hungary
Other J
Total J
Crude oil
915
8
0
0
0
923
Gasoline
255
390
71
Negligible
5
721
Kerosine
103
334
0
0
0
437
Gas oil
562
291
64
0
Negligible
917
Residual fuel oi].
1,208
989
16
137
86
2,436
Lubricants
31
0
0
1
1
33
Total j
074
3
2,013
i5
1
137
Q?
4Lb8
,
-
-
a. For a graphic presentation of the data in this table, see Figure 4, following
p. 18. For methodology , see Appendix B.
Appendix B), the figures are aggregates of
b. Except for 12,300 tons 11 p(see '~
shipping data contained in source l
c. The figures '~' ~are aggregates of reported shipping data, u except for
50,300 tons. J
d. The figures are aggregates of data contained in source L5J.
e. Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. The figures are aggregates
of data contained in source L6/-
f. Totals are derived from unrounded figures and do not always agree with the
sums of the rounded components.
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Table 7
Value of Exports of Petroleum from the Soviet Bloc to the Free World
by Type of Product and by Country of Origin a/
1956
Product
USSR
Rumania
East
Germany
Hungary
Other J
Total 2/
Crude oil
23.1
0.5
0
0
0.2
23.8
Gasoline
14.6
5.5
2.7
0
1.3
24.1
Kerosine
6.6
15.0
0
0
0
21.6
Gas oil
29.8
7.7
2.8
0
0
40.3
Residual fuel oil
18.0
9.8
0.1
1.5
1.5
30.9
Lubricants
0.6
0
0
0
0
o.6
a. For methodology, see Appendix B.
b. Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland.
c. Totals are derived from unrounded figures and do not always agree
with the sums of the rounded components.
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WEIGHT OF EXPORTS OF PETROLEUM
FROM THE SOVIET BLOC TO THE FREE WORLD
By Type of Product, and by Country of Origin, 1955 and 1956
USSR
Total-4295
1956 EXPORTS
(Thousands of Metric Tons)
RUMANIA
Total -1630
C Crude Oil 0 Gas Oil
C Gasoline E Residual Fuel Oil
O Kerosine O Lubricants
USSR
Total-3074
1955 EXPORTS
(Thousands of Metric Tons)
RUMANIA
Total-2013
Totals are de,hed From unrounded hgmes and do noe o(..an agree
..Bh A. sam o1 rounded componana sho..n.
OTHER"
Total-444
OTHER*
Total-379
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Table 8
Value of Exports of Petroleum from the Soviet Bloc to the Free World
by Type of Product and by Country of Origin a/
1955
Product
USSR
Rumania
East
Germany
Hungary
Other
Total J
Crude oil.
15.4
0.1
0
0
0
15.5
Gasoline
8.7
13.4
2.4
Negligible
0.2
24.7
-Kerosine
3.1
10.2
0
0
0
13.3
Gas oil
15.8
.8.2
1.8
0
Negligible
25.7
Residual fuel oil
16.4
13.4
0.2
1.8
1.2
33.1
Lubricants
1.3
0
0
Negligible
Negligible
1.4
Total J
60-7
45-3
a. For methodology, see Appendix B.
b. Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland.
c. Totals are derived from unrounded figures and do not always agree with
the sums of the rounded components.
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Weight of Exports of Petroleum from the USSR to the Free World
by Type of Product
1950-56
Product
1950 ,
1951 a
1952 a.
!M
9
/
1954 of 122L b
1956 c
Crude oil
0
29
184
-
-
142
418 915
1,345
Gasoline
53
13
8
65
197 255
428
Kerosine
7
7
9
3
169 103
211
'Gas oil
4
0
35
212
744 562
1,036
Residual fuel oil
0
74
31
92
1,094 1,208
1,262
Lubricants
5
5
2
3
25 31
13
Total J
62.
128
262
518
2,647 3,074
4,295
a.
b. Data are taken from Table 6, p. 17, above.
c. Data are taken from Table 5, p. 16, above.
d. Totals are derived from unrounded figures and do not always agree with the
sums of the rounded components.
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Table 10
Weight of Exports of Petroleum from Rumania to the Free World
by Type of Product
1950-56
Product
1950 a
122L1
!22L9-/
1953 J
1954 J
1955 J
1 6 0
Crude oil
0
0
0
10
0
8
28
Gasoline
42
95
207
151
395
390
162
Kerosine
7
8
4
73
.180
334
483
Gas oil
32
6
23
143
241
291
269
Residual fuel oil
Negligible
274
380
851
1,133 .
989
688
Lubricants
Negligible
2
0
0
0
0
0
Total /.
81
386
614
1,229
1,951
2,013
1,630
a. 1_T-
b. Data are taken from Table 6, p. 17, above.
c. Data are taken from Table 5, p. 16, above.
d. Totals are derived from unrounded figures and do not always agree with the sums
of the rounded components.
 Weight of Exports of Petroleum from East Germany to the Free World
by Type of Product
1950-56
Product
1950 J l 221 J
122L J
J
!M -J J 1954 1 122L
1956 J
.
Crude oil
0 0
0
0 0
0
0
Gasoline
34 6
23
45 113
71
79
Kerosine
0 0
0
0 0
0
0
Gas oil
34 2
15
74
152
64
99
Residual fuel oil
0 0
0
0
0
16
6
Lubricants
8 0
0
0
0
0
0
Total e/
75
38
119
265
184
a. L91.
b. 20
c. Data are taken from Table 6, p. 17, above.
d. Data are taken from Table 5, p. 16, above.
e. Totals are derived from unrounded figures and do not always agree with the
sums of the rounded components.
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Table 12
Weight of Exports of Petroleum from Hungary to the Free World
by Type of Product
1950-56
Product 1950 _l 1951 J 12,r2 J 1953 J 1954 J 1955 J 122LJ
Crude oil
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Gasoline
4
Negligible
0
0
0
Negligible
0
Kerosine
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Gas oil
Negligible
0
0
0
0
0
0
Residual fuel oil
6
0
0
0
12
137
105
Lubricants
Negligible
Negligible
0
0
2
1
0
Total 2
i
Negligible
0
0
14
1La
a. 21
b.
c. Data are taken from Table 6, p. 17, above.
d. Data are taken from Table 5, p. 16, above.
e. Totals are derived from unrounded figures and do not always agree with the sums of
the rounded components.
- 23 -.
S -E-C -R-E-T
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Weight of Exports of Petroleum from Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland
to the Free World, by Type of Product
1950-56
Product
1950 J
1951 J
1952 J
1
3
91
1954 J
1955 J
1956 J
Crude oil
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
Gasoline
1
Negligible
0
0
0
5
37
Kerosine
Negligible
0
0
0
0
0
0
Gas oil
0
0
0
0
9
Negligible
0
Residual fuel oil
0
0
0
0
0
86
108
Lubricants
Negligible
0
0
0
0
1
0
a. 2
b
c. Data are taken from Table 6, p. 17, above.
d. Data are taken from Table 5, p. 16, above.
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Weight of Exports of Petroleum from the Soviet Bloc to the Free World
by Country of Destination a/*
1955 and 1956
Austria
149
65
Belgium-Luxembourg J
209
252
Finland
991
1,212
France
147
178
Greece
200
238
Iceland
274
257
Italy
347
655
Netherlands J
172
269
Norway
35
90
Sweden
836
774
Switzerland
33
21
UK
19
18
West Germany
164
323
Yugoslavia
258
347
Afghanistan
12
20
Egypt
464
1,181
Israel
451
338
Syria
0
22
Total J
Other
Algeria
45
110
Argentina
658
0
India
3
0
Total J
306
110
Grand total J
5,168
6,369
* Footnotes for Table 14
follow on p. 26.
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Weight of Exports of Petroleum from the Soviet Bloc to the Free World
by Country of Destination a/
1955 and 1956
(Continued)
a. The figures shown are estimates of the amount of petroleum that
left the Soviet Bloc in 1955 and 1956 and were compiled from the same
data on shipping used as sources for Tables 5 and 6, pp. 16 and 17,
respectively, above. Differences may exist between the quantities
shown in this table and the statistics reported by the importing coun-
tries because the interval of time between the date of shipping and
the date of receipt in the importing countries may be as much as 3
weeks and also because the countries shown in this table are the
original destinations reported at the Bosporus and are not necessarily
the ultimate recipients. For example, it is known that most or all of
the petroleum reported as destined for the Netherlands and Belgium is
subsequently transshipped to France, West Germany, and Probably Switzer-
land; but complete data on transshipment are not available.
b. Most or all of these cargoes were transshipped to France, West
Germany, and Switzerland.
c. Totals are derived from unrounded figures and do not always agree
with the sums of the rounded components.
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Imports of Petroleum by the Free World from the Soviet Bloc
as a Percentage of Domestic Consumption a
1955 and 1956
Afghanistan
70
95
Egypt
9
24
Finland
84
93
Greece
13
15
Iceland
98
84
Israel
30
21
Yugoslavia
27
33
Western European countries J
2
3
Other J `
4
6
All Free World
5
6
a. For methodology, see Appendix B.
b. Austria, Belgium-Luxembourg, France, Italy, the Nether-
lands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, and West Germany.
c. Algeria, Argentina (1955 only), India (1955 only), and
Syria (1956 only).
Weight of Exports of Petroleum from the Soviet Bloc
to the Free World, by Principal Means of Transport a/
1954-56
Thousand Metric Tons
Means of Transport
1954 J
122L J
122L 2t
Free World tanker
4,369
4,878
4,788
Soviet tanker
130
134
1,097
Rail
299
198
300
Danube River
28
172
100
Other
60
86
84
Total
4,886
5,468
6,369
a. For a graphic presentation of the data in this table,
see Figure 5, following p. 28.
b. ?51
c. For methodology, see Appendix B.
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Weight of Imports of Petroleum by the Soviet Bloc from Austria a/
1955 and 1956
1955 J
1956 c/
Crude oil
1,123
1,375
Gasoline
124
10
Kerosine
31
0
Gas oil
110
90
Residual fuel oil
0
0
Lubricants
2
0
a. The only other known imports from the Free World in either
year consisted of 3,000 tons of gas oil and 32,000 tons of resid-
ual fuel oil received from West Germany in 1955. (For methodology,
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 WEIGHT OF EXPORTS OF PETROLEUM
FROM THE SOVIET BLOC TO THE FREE WORLD
By Principal Means of Transport, 1954-56
Soviet Tanker-2.7%
130
1954
Total-4886
Soviet Tanker- 2.5%
134
1955
Total-5468
Free World Tanker
74.9% 4788
1956
Total - 6402
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/05/31 :
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S-E-C-R-E-T
APPENDIX B
METHODOLOGY
a. Estimates of the exports of petroleum from the USSR and Rumania
to the Free World in 1956 were developed from the following:
(2) Estimates of shipments not hauled by tanker, which were
derived as follows:
Afghanistan contracted for the following imports from
the USSR for the Afghan year 1335 (21 March 1956-20 March 1957)':
vehicle gasoline, 14,000 tons; aviation gasoline, 150,000 gallons;
diesel oil, 274,000 gallons; mazut, 822,000 gallons; lubricants,
139,200 gallons. ?J/ It was assumed that these amounts were equivalent
to the Soviet exports for the calendar, year 1956.
Aviation gasoline
150000 gallons =
401 tons
374 gallons per ton
Diesel oil
274,000 gallons =
875 tons
313 gallons per ton
Mazut
822,000 gallons =
936 tons
2
2 0 gallons per ton
,
Lubricants
139,200 gallons _
473 tons
29 gallons per ton
Total (rounded)
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The calculated tonnage, rounded to the nearest hundred, was added to
the 14,000 tons of vehicle gasoline, resulting in a total of 18,700
tons. The exports were carried by rail to the Soviet-Afghan border.
(c) Rumanian Exports to Austria.
No fuel oil was exported to Austria by Rumania before
October 1956. 30After the resumption of Danube River traffic fol-
lowing the revolution in Hungary, about 10,000 tons of fuel oil was
exported by Rumania to Austria. 31
b. Exports from the other European Satellites in 1956 were esti-
mated as follows:
(1) East German Exports to Switzerland.
In January and February 1956, shipments of residual fuel
oil by rail to Switzerland totaled 6,224 tons. 32 There are no reports
* The figure for 7 months divided by 7.
The monthly average multiplied by 12.
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of additional exports during the remainder of 1956, and this quantity
is considered to represent the total for the year.
(2) Hungarian Exports.
(a) To Austria.
Hungarian exports to Austria are the aggregate of
shipments up the Danube River through August 1956. 33/. Austria was
advised that no deliveries of fuel oil from Hungary could be expected
after 1 September 1956. It is assumed, therefore, that the
aggregate of 55,000 tons exported in the first 8 months constituted
the total for 1956.
(b) To West Germany.
Hungarian shipments of residual fuel oil up the Danube
River to West Germany in 82 days of 1956 totaled 11,810 tons, / an
average of 144 tons per day. Because no further exports were to be
made to Austria after 1 September 1956, it is assumed that none were
made to West Germany after that date. It is therefore estimated that
exports to West Germany in 1956 amounted to 144 tons of residual fuel
oil per day for 244 days, a total of 35,136 tons.
Hungarian exports of residual fuel oil to Switzerland
Switzerland
during the first 11 months of 1956 totaled 15,000 tons, / which
were carried by rail. It was assumed that no additional shipments
were made in December.
(3) Bulgarian Exports to West Germany, Italy, and Greece.
During the first 10 months of 1956, Bulgaria exported
8,000 tons of crude oil to West Germany, 5,000 tons of residual fuel
oil to Italy, and 3,000 tons of residual fuel oil to Greece, all by
tanker out of the Black Sea. These quantities were expanded to
give the following estimates for 1956: 10,000 tons of crude oil to
West Germany, 6,000 tons of residual fuel oil to Italy, and 4,000 tons
of residual fuel oil to Greece.
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(4) Czechoslovak Exports to West Germany.
West Germany imported 2,331 tons of gasoline from Czecho-
slovakia and 920 tons from Rumania in the first quarter of 1956 38
and 22,548 tons from both countries in the second quarter of that
year. 39 On the assumption that in the second quarter, as in the
first, 71.7 percent of the gasoline originated in Czechoslovakia, it
was estimated that West Germany imported 18,498 tons of gasoline
from Czechoslovakia in the first half of 1956, or 37,000 tons dur-
ing the entire year. Czechoslovak exports of gasoline to West Germany
were carried by rail, and those from Rumania were shipped by tanker.
(5) Polish Exports.
(a) To West Germany.
In 1955, West Germany received 5,877 tons of residual
fuel oil and 346 tons of bitumen from Poland. ~JO Residual fuel oil
thus constituted 94.4 percent of the petroleum products exported by
Poland to West Germany. In the first 8 months of 1956, Poland ex-
ported 10,390 tons of petroleum products to West Germany. 41 By
assuming the same product mix in 1956 as in 1955 and by expanding the
figure to an annual basis, exports of residual fuel oil to West
Germany in 1956 were estimated at 14,700 tons, presumably carried by
rail.
(b) To Sweden.
In 1955, Poland exported to Sweden nearly 80,000 tons
of residual fuel oil, valued at 7.6 million Swedish crowns.* 42
ShipmentsI1 'during the first 8 months of 1956 were valued at 5.3 million
crowns. J At the unit value prevailing in 1955, 95 crowns per ton,
Swedish imports of Polish residual fuel oil in the first 8 months of
1956 amounted to 55,689 tons. This figure was expanded to 12 months,
resulting in an estimate of 83,684 tons for 1956. Polish exports to
Sweden were shipped by small tanker across the Baltic.
* The official rate of exchange in 1955, 5.18 Swedish crowns to US $1,
is not necessarily an accurate reflection of the dollar value.
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2. Table 6.*
a. Soviet Exports to Afghanistan.
In the Afghan year 1334 (21 March 1955-20 March 1956), the
USSR exported to Afghanistan 11,752 tons of gasoline, 100 tons of
mazut, and 436 tons of lubricants. 44 It was assumed that these
amounts, totaling 12,288 tons, were equivalent to the exports to
Afghanistan for the calendar year 1955.
b. East German Exports.
(1) To West Germany.
East German exports to West Germany in 1955 amounted to
54,612 tons of gasoline, 59,321 tons of diesel fuel, and 10,156 tons
of residual fuel oil. /
(2) To Sweden.
The diesel fuel exported by East Germany to Sweden was
valued at 158.6 Swedish crowns per ton. 46 Total East German ex-
ports ports of diesel fuel to Sweden in 1955 were valued at $142,000. ~
At the official rate of exchange, East German exports to Sweden in
1955 had a value of 735,751 crowns. By dividing 735,751 crowns by
the value of 158.6 crowns per ton, an estimate of 4,639 tons of
diesel fuel was derived.
(3) To Switzerland.
In 1955, East Germany exported 6,581 tons of gasoline
and 6,049 tons of fuel oil to Switzerland. 48
1
3. Tables 7 and 8.-(-
Some scattered information is available on actual prices paid
by the Free World for petroleum from the Soviet Bloc; but for pur-
poses of comparison and uniformity, it was believed better to use
average world prices. Prices for 1955 and 1956 were calculated on
the basis of prices per US barrel and US gallon. / The prices
per barrel and gallon were converted to prices per ton by means of
the following conversion factors LJ :
* P. 17, above.
** Pp. 18 and 19, above.
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Item
Barrels per
Metric Ton
Gallons per
Metric Ton
Crude oil
7.3
307
Motor gasoline
8.5
357
Kerosine
7.75
325
Gas oil
7.46
313
Residual fuel oil
6.66
280
Lubricants
7.0
294
On the basis of these figures the prices, in US dollars per ton, were
as follows:
Item
1955
1956
Crude oil
16.785
17.166
Motor gasoline
34.303
34.169
Kerosine
30.452
31.157
Gas oil
28.070
28.718
Residual fuel oil
13.576
14.239
Lubricants
41.542
48.321
4. Table 15.*
The figures in this table were calculated by determining the per-
centage of total consumption represented by imports from the Soviet
Bloc. Before this comparison could be made, the tonnage of crude oil
exported to the Free World from the Bloc was reduced to the equivalent
tonnage of products on the basis of a yield of 91 percent from the
crude oil. Figures for consumption in 1955 were taken from source 51/
except for the figure for Austria. S2/
The consumption of petroleum in Western Europe i`n~~ 1956 was esti-
mated to have been 9 percent greater than in 1955, 24/ and a similar
increase may have taken place in the non-European countries receiving
petroleum from the Soviet Bloc. Therefore, with two exceptions, the
estimate of consumption in 1956 was obtained by increasing the esti-
mates of consumption in 1955 by 9 percent.
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The two exceptions to.this procedure were Syria, which is esti-
mated to have consumed 700,000 tons in 1956, 22/ and Egypt. Total
domestic sales in Egypt were estimated in terms of barrels of 42
US gallons for the first half of 1956. 56 These estimates were
converted to tons by using the factors shown in 3, above, and mul-
tiplied by 2 to derive the estimate of total consumption in 1956.
In October and November 1955, West Germany issued export licenses
for the shipment of 6,700 tons of diesel `fuel oil and 212,230 tons
of residual fuel oil to Poland in 1955. 1-U Export licenses covering
4,000 tons of diesel fuel and 180,000 tons of residual fuel were re-
turned and cancelled. / It was assumed, therefore, that the re-
maining export licenses were used and that 2,700 tons of diesel fuel
and 32,230 tons of residual fuel were exported by West Germany to
Poland in 1955.
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CIA-R DP79RO1141A000800080002-2
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CIA-R DP79RO1141A000800080002-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/05/31 :
CIA-R DP79RO1141A000800080002-2
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/05/31 :
CIA-R DP79RO1141A000800080002-2