JPRS ID: 9833 USSR REPORT LIFE SCIENCES BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

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- JPRS L/9833
. 8 Jt~ly 19~ 1
USSR Re ~rt
p
- LIFE SCIE~ICES
BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
CFOUO 8/81)
~
~BIS FOREIGRI BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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JPRS L/9833
8 July 1981
USSR REPORT
LIFE SCIENCES
BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
( FOUO 8/ 81)
CONTENTS
~ BIOCHEMISTRY
Entomopathogenic Viruses 1
BIOTECFIlJOLOGY
Tissue Cultur~ng Methods in Plant Phy.siologq and Bio~hemistry..... 10
Sa1t-Water Fish Signa3.ing and Behavior 13
Methods of Mathematical Biology. Book 1: General Methods for
Analysis of Biological Systems 17~
Activity of a Photosynthesizing Culture of Microalgae 23
MEDICINE
Aviation Medicine 30
.
Physi.ology of Blood--Physiology of Erythropoiesis, in 'TEXTBOOK
OF PHYSIOI.OGX' Ser~.es 35
Peripheral ~Heaxts' in Man 3~
Medical and Physiological Cybernetics 42
Man and Biologically Active Substances 47
Mediator Mechanisms of Regulation flf Reapirat~on and Correction
Thereof in the Presence of FSttreme States 50
Clinical Research Linka Emotional Streas, Cardiovascular Disease.. 54
- a- [TII - USSR - 21a S&T FO�10]
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RAI7IATION BIOLOGY
Elimination of the Consequences of Radioactive Contamination...... 58
Metabolic Products in the Presence of Radiation Lesions........... 63
Mutagenesis Induced bq Physical Factors 65
~
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- BIOCHEMISTRY
- UDC: 632.937.1.16a-632.953
ENTOMOPATHOGENIC VIRUSES
Novosibirsk ENTOMOPATOGENNYYE VIRUSY in Russian 1976 (signed to press 20 Jan 76)
pp 2-14, 285-286
[Annotation, introduction and table of contents from book "Entomopathogenic Viruses",
by Neonila Nikolayevna Vorob'yeva, Biological Institute, Siberian Department of
the USSR Academy of Sciences, Izdatel~stvo "Nauka", 1650 copies, 288 pages]
[Text] This monograph submits data gathered and studied over the last two
decades, which deal with morphology, str~cture of virions of insect viruses, bio-
chemical compoaition, classification, distribution and f�ole in natur~. Special
atter~tion is given to questions of viral infection, its manifestatian at different
stages of insect development, routes of viral transmission in sites ~f reproduc-
tion of the hoat insect, conditions of onset of epontaneous and artificial epizootic
outbreaks, and the role of viruses in biological control of insect population.
(The results of production experiments on the use of virt~ses in a biological
method of control of the fox-colored sawfly [Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.)], cabbage
moth [Mamestra brassicae (L.)] and cabbage white butterflies [Pieridae family]
merit attention.)
This book is intended for virologists, entomologists, atudents on biological facul-
ties and institutes, workers in agriculture and forestry.
Introduction
~ In the last two decades, appli~:ations have been found for entomopathogenic viruses
in the control of harmful insects in man}~ countries. The very f irst attempts at
using viruses in a biological metihod of controling agricultural and forestry
_ pests showed them to be promising and superior to chemical agents. The action of
viruses is apecific, and it is directed toward specific apecies of host insecte
and closely rs~lated speciea, inducing epizootic diseases among them that result in
mass scale death. They are harmless to the surrounding flora and fauna~ r~nd thus
do not disrupt the biocenotic associations formed in nature. Entomopathogenic
viruses are not pathogenic for man and farm animals or fowl. Inherited resistance
does not develop in insects sensitive to a virus.
There are many reports on devastating epizoptic outbreaks among populations of
insects referable to the ordera Lepidop~tera and Hymenoptera, to which belong most
- species of harmful insects (Morozova, 1966; Shekhurina, 1966; Guliy, 1967; Sirko,
1968; Zarin', 1968; Dikasova, 1969; Shvedchikova et al., 1969; Shamonin,
_ Ponomarenko, 1971; Nurlybayeva, 1973; Vorob'yeva, Baranovskiy et al., 1974; Stein-
haus,1950, 1952; Lotmar, 1941; Bird, 1954, i955; Franz, 1955; Tanada, 1961; ~Ia1~,
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1~57; Elmore, 1961; Adama et al., 1966; Akutsu, 1967; Doane, 1967; Smith, 1967; .
Weiser, 1966).
In the literature, it is indicated that epizootics of viral nature with high
mortality, which occur among harmful insects, arrest mass reproduction thereof
and lead to prolonged depression of the species (Orlovskaya, 1962, 1963, 1968; .
Guliy, 1966, 1967; Dikasova, 1969; Vorob'yeva, 1974; Steinhaus, 1949, 1963;
_ Bergold, 1953, 1958; Bird, 1964). There are known instances of introduction of
pathogenic viruses into insect populatione, and these viruseR became members of
the biocenosis, retarding reproduction of the inse~ts for a long time (Orlovskaya,
1963; Vorob'yeva, Zhimerikin, 1974; Bird, 1y55). ,
Insect viruses are widespread, and ~iral diseases that occur among populations of
different harmful insects when there is a burst of mass rQproduction were found
to be one of the important factors regulating the number of harmful insects in
nature (Poapelov, 1940; Orlovskaya, 1960, 196ii; Poltev, 1963; Balch, Bird, 1944;
Bird, 1954; Steinhaus, 1954; Bergold, 1958). Consequently, taking into considera-
tion the forecast for reproduction of harmful insects, one can introduce at a
specific time large doses of virus into a population and induce an epizootic
- resulting in mass scale insect death.
Viruses began to be used for the control of harmful insects in the Soviet Un~on,
Canada, the United States, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and other countries by
means of inducing artificial epizootics. However, production tests with viruses
for the control of agricultural and forestry insect pests were not always
successful. In some cases, introduction of the virus results in epizootics with
high mortality and in othere, the same virus intrcduced into a population of the
same insect species turned out to be minimally effective or ineffective. This
is attributable, first of all, to inadequate knowledge of the biological proper-
ties of entomopathogenic viruses, which is so needed for comparative studies of
viruses isolated from different insect apecies, or even the same species but
different populations. The type of nucleic acid and morphological structure of
the virion have been identified for only a few insect viruses.
In essence, entomopathogenic viruses resemble known viruses that strike at ver-
tebrate animals; but many of them are capable of forming unique crystalline
elements, which are called inclusion bodies, and which differ in shape and
size in different viruses, thati are found in the ce11s and tissues of insects
infected with virus. The inclusion bodies may be in the form of polyhedrons and
~ granules, and for this reason the insect diseases are called polyhedrosis and
granulosis, respectively. However, there are also viruses that are pathogenic
for insects that do not form inclusion bodies in cells. For, this reason, all insect
viruses are usually divided into two main groups: viruses that form inclusion
bodies--polyhedrons or granuYeg--in the cells of infected animals (inclusion ~
viruses) and viruses that do not form such inclusiona (nonincluaion viruaes).
~ There are more than 250 known viruaes isolated from 175 arthropod species. They
include 170 species of viruses of nuclear polyhedrosis, 30 of cytoplasmic poly-
hedrosis, 35 of granulosis and the reat are viruses that do not form inclusion
bodies (Hughes, 1957; Martignani, Langstrom, 1960; Weiser, 1966). The largest
number o~ viruses has been isolated from insects of the ordezs Lepidoptera,
Hymenoptera an@ Coleoptera. Viruaea have alsc~ been found in Hemiptera and
Z
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Orthoptera. The uneven distribution of viruses, as determined from isolation thereof,
does not reflect the real situation. There are many more viruses in ex~istence
than have been described, and they can strike any species, but Lepidoptera and
, Hymenoptera are of greater interest to r~searchers, since the pests of treea and
farm crops are largely represented by these orders. There is regular ap~earance
of reports in the literature about detection of new viral diseases among the
pests of differen~ crops and useful wild plants; however, there is still too little
- or no information about ieolation of vfruses from harmful insect species that are
important ta farming.
The prevalence of viruses of polyhedroais and granulosis among those isolated is
apparently attributable to the ease of identifying them because ;,i the presence of
inclusion bodiea. It is considerably more difficult to detect virur~es that do not
form inclusion bodies and to isolate them from insect tissues; numerous successive
passages through healthy insects are required, and this is limited by the short
larval atage, which is the moat sensitive to viruses (Grace, 1968; Havashi, Bird,
- 1968; Miva~ima et al., 1967, 1968).
' Detection and isolatian of entomopathogenic viruses are also difficult because
viral infections occur in insects chiefly in a latent form, wi.thout marked symptoma
of disease. Research has established that viruses present in insects in a latent
form are capable of advancing from one stage of development to another, higher
stage, as well as transovarially from one generation to another, thereby persist-
ing in a population for many generations without causing acute infection (Pokhil
et al,, 1936; Yermakova, Tarase~vich, 1968; Vorob'y~eva, Nurlybayeva, 1974; Bird,
1961a; Bullock et al., 1969).
_ The virus could be activated under the influence of endogenous or exogenous factors,
change from a latent state to infective virus resu3ting in outbreaks of acute
infection among insects with marked symptoms (David, 1966, 1969a; Ignoffo, 1965;
Jaques, 1962, 1964).
The numerous routes of viral tranamisaion, which have been demonstrated in sites
of insect reproduction, cause the spread of acute infection in a population,
atriking a large number of insects and causing a spontaneous epizootic. While it
is relatively easy to detect and isolate the virus from insect tissues in the case
- of acute infections, this is very difficult with lat~nt infec:tion, especially
since the form of existence of the virus in a latent state is not yet known.
Up to now, differentiation of entomopathogenic viruses is made on the basis of
presence or absence of inclusion bodies, their morphelogy and localization in
- insect cells, without consideration of the morphological structurE and physico-
chemical features of virions. The absence of descriptions of virions prevents
detection and selection of strains for use in biological control of harmful in-
sects, studies of viruses in nature, their role in patholo~y of man and animals,
and systematization thereof. Insufficient knowledge about the biological proper-
ties of insect viruses prevents solving problems that are important to substantia--
tion of the desirability of using viruses in the biologi~al method of controlling
harmful insects.
Some researchers consider virulence of the pathogen to be the main cause of v.'ral
epizootics and high insect mortality, whereas others relate it to the physio3o-
~cal condition of the pest, its sensitivity to the virus and population density
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(Kelsey, 1957, 1958; Rivers, 1958; Gershenson, 1958, 1960; Ossowski, 1960; Ito et
- al., 1960; David, 1964, 1965; Gilmore, Munger, 1965; Ignoffo, 1966; Chauthani et
al., 1968, 1971; Cunningha.m, 1970; Martignoni, Schmidt, 1961).
There is also disagreement as ta virulence of the viruses. Some researchers belleve
that the virulence of a virus isolated from one species of insects is manifested
to the same degree when it infects insects in different population~ of this species.
Others, on the contrary, maintain that there is variability of virulence, depending
on the population. Thus, Bird and Burke (1961) report that different populations
of sawflies in the field differ in resistance to nuctear polyhedrosis virus. David
et al. (1965) isolated a strain of nuclear polyhedrosis virus from a resistant
population of Pieris brassicae L.; Aruga et al. (1963) isolated such a strain
from a resistant populatior~ of silkworms [Bombyx mori L.]. In 1958, Ossowski
(1958) isoLated a strain of nuclear polyhedrosis virus from the Kotochalia ~unodi
(Heye) bagworm in remote populations, which was more virulent than a local strain;
Thompson (1968) isolated one from the Cadra cautella almond moth.
Smirnoff (1961, 1962) reported isolating virus from the Neodiprion swainei sawfly,
which was virulent for many populations after passages through sawflies gathered
from many regions of Canada.
The lack of systems that permit studies outside the host is hampering studies of
biology of insect viruses. For a long time, persistent efforts to obtain cell
cultures of insect tissues were in vain. In recent years, some researct~ers have
made some advances (Grace, 1969; Wyatt, 1956; Vago, 1967). V. D. Miloserdova
(1966) did much work on the use of cell cultures to study Nucleopolyhedrosis virus
of Bombyx mori. She observed ir. vitro reproduction of nucleai polyhedrosis virus
of the silkworm and formation of polyhedrons in cells in cell cultures taken
from the ovaries of Bombyx mori (Miloserdova, 1966; Miloserdova et al., '1971)~
Mitsuhashi (1967) obtained reproducti~n of Iridovirus Chilo in cell cultures from
leafhopper tissues; Bellett and Mercer (1954, 1965) obtained Iridovirus sericesthis
reproduction in a cell culture from tissues of Antheraea eucalypti Scott, and
nuclear~polyhedrosis virus was reproduced in sawfly hemocytes (Mosolov et al.,
1967; ~ohi, Cunningham, 1972).
The Japanese researchers, Himeno et al. (1967) obtained polyhedron formation in
cell cultures from tissues of the silkworm by introducing DNA of nliclear poly-
hedrosis virus of Bombyx mori.
Many published works deal with the correlations that occur between different viral
speci~s when they are found together. In practice, infestation of plants by
several insect species has been repeatedly encountered. If these insects are
infected with viruses, there could be an exchange of viruses if there is cl~se
enough contact, use of the same feed contaminated with insect excrements. Some
researchers have reported synergism of viruses in insects in such cases (Tanada,
1959-1961; Dikasova, 1969; Paillot, 1936); others, on the contrary, refer to
- interference between viruses (Bird, 1959). It is important to settle this question
for use of complex viral preparations containing 2-3 viruses in the biological
method.
It is impossible to propose with certainty the use of a virus isolated in one
region against the same host insect in anorher region because of the lack of
sufficient data about the sensitivity to the same virus of pest populations
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in different ecological conditions, and about the ~egree of virulence of different
viral strains for the same insect population.
Bsrgold {1963) believes that entomopathogenic viruses can be used in any ecologi-
cal situations: with or without an identical virus in the insect population. But,
in the former instance, efficacy is achieved only if a large enough amount of
the virus ia introduced into the population, in the form of overall treatment.
In the latter case, introduction can he limited to local treatment.
The experier.ce of Soviet and foreign researchers indicates tYiat insect viYUSes can
be used in the control of insects that are farm and forest pests, but one must
take into consideration and adhere to many virological, entomological and ecological
factars that affect the outbreak an~ course of ar~ificial zp~zootics, and the
efficacy of viral agents.
The best use of entomopathogenic viruses in the control of farm and forestry
insect pests can be achieved through the ~oint collaboratior. of researchers in
_ many countries of the world.
The virological method of controll.ing harmful insects will tnake it necessary to
solve many problema, which are the concern of many countries, rather than only one.
The mair. question that wil~. have to be answered in the next few years is whether
insect viruses are safe to man, farm animals and surrounding fauna. Introduction
of large amounts of a viral agent over the circumscribed site of reproduction of
a harmful insect, accumulation of enormeus amounts of the virus in soil during an
epizootic, absence of a host insect or drastic decline of population there~f cannot
fail to have an effect on the virus and local fauna, A virus, as a live agent and
strict intracellular parasite, must enter into specific biocenotic relations with
_ loca? fauna to remain viable under conditions that are new to it. While circulat-
ing among members of a~,iocenosis and in the course of adaptation to new hosts,
~ a virus may acquire new properties, auch as pathogenicity for n~w species of in-
sects and mammals, including man.
It is imperative to trace the fate of a virus, its bi.ological properties, nature
of relatians with other members of the biocenosis--vertebrates and invertebrates--
at the site of reproduction of the host insect ove~ a period of several years
following an artif icial epizootic. and only if these problems are resolved can .
viruses be used extensively in biological co:?trol of harmful insects.
~ Work was done for several years at the Biological Inatitute, Siberian Department
of the USSR Academy of Sciences, to work out the theoretical bases for practical
use of entomopathogenic viruses for biological control of the most dangerous
pests of trees and agricultural crops in Siberia.
This work was pursued in several directions: study of viral infection~ 3.n ~.nsects,
detection of epiz~otic outbreaks, patterns of course the~eof, effect on population
size, study of biological properti2s of isolated v~-ruses, selection of the most
virulent strains for experimental studies of viral infec~ions and reproduction of
- artificial epizootics at the sites of insect ~eproduction.
' Demonstration of viral infections, patterns of onset and course of epizooti,c out~
breaks among i.nsect species was necessary because of the econamic importance and
mass reproduction of a pest insect species during the peri~a these stud~es were
conducted.
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Prior to our work in Siberia, insects had not been submitted to virological
examination. V. I. Poltev and V. P. Luk'yanchikov (1961) were the first to
isolate granulosis virus--Granulosis virus Dendrolimus sibiricus--from cater-~-
pillars of the Siberian silkworm, Dendrolimus sibiricus (Tschtw.), during an
epizootic outbreak of granulosis in a population of this pest in Tuva.
In Tomskaya Oblast, at the sites of mass reproduction of sawflies--Neod.ipr..ion
sertifer Geoffr. fox-colored sawfly, Diprion similis Hart (ie~thredinidae family)
black-yellow pine sawfly and Cladius viminalis Fall. (Tenthredinidae) poplar
- sawfly--V. V. Gu~.iy (1967) isolated nuclear polyhedrosis virus during epizootics W~,z~
mass insect mortality, from caterpillar-like larvae of all 3 of these sawflies.
_ ~n Amurskaya Oblast, in sites of mass reproduction of the Acneria dispar L. gipsy
m~th, when an epizootic was on the decline, the virus of nuclear polyhedrosis,
~ Nucleopolyhedrosis virus Ocneria dispar was isolated and, in addition, the Altayskiy
strain from healthy caterpillars collected at a State forestry station in Altay, in
the absence of cases of polyhydrosis, and the Sama'rkand strain was isolated
from gipsy moth caterpillars, gathered in Samarkandskaya Oblast, which had become
sick spontaneously in the laboratory (Larionov, 1971).
Nuclear polyhydrosis virus of the cbniferous vaporer moth, N. virus Dasychiria
abietis, was isolated from caterpillars that died during an epizootic that broke
out at the site of mass reproduction in pine stands in Buryatia. At the time of
the inspection, the population of coniferous vaporer moths had been entirely
destroyed. Piortality rate of caterpillars constitutzd up to 95% (Zhimerikin, 1969).
Spontaneous epizootics of nuclear polyhedrosis are extremely rare among Ma~uaest~a
brassicae L. cabbage motha, and there i~ no information about it for either
European USSR or Siberia. In 1966, an epizootic was discovered among cater-
pillars of this pest at a time of a large population thereof in State farms of
Novosibirskaya Oblast (25 caterpillars per head of cabbage). Nucleopolyhedrosis
virL~s of Mamestra brassicae was isolated from dead and sick caterpillars. The
insect death rate on the f ields constituted up to 75% (Sirko, 1966).
R. N. :lurlybayeva (1973) isolated nuclear polyhedrosis virus from cabbage moth
ca~erpillars on vegetable f ields of State farms in Kazakhstan. Concurrently,
granulosis virus of P. brassicae, G. v. P. rapae were isolated from Pieris
brassicae and P. rapae white butterfly caterpillars on the same fields.
V. I. Baranovskiy (1971) isolated Granulasis virus Apamea anceps from Apamea
~nc~ps Sch~ff. rust~:c moth caterpillaxs collected from fields in Novosibirskaya
Oblast.
A11 of the isolated strains of insect viruses were found to be highly virulent~
In view of the differences in ecological conditions, under which the gipsy moths,
sawflies, cabbags moths, white butterflies live, it was logical to assume that
there were distinctions and differencea in ecological properties of viruses that
induced disease in pests of one apecies inhabiting different geographic zones.
To test this hypothesis, comparative atudies were made of properties of viruses
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isolated from populations in Siberia and other geographic zones. For these studies,
- viruses were received from other laboratories or isolated by the researchers at Che
sites of reproduction of the studied inaect species in different parts of the
Soviet Union.
_ The relationship between viruses isolated from different insect populations was
determined by serological reactions and the method of fluorescent antibodies.
Much work was 3one for the study of resistance of polyhedrons and granules to
physic.al. and chemical environmental factors, and to stays in soil. Studies were
conducted for determination of the conditions required to induce artificial
epizootics, obtain maximum incidence of disease among insects and mass scale
deaths within a short period of tim2 (selection of the most virulent strains,
doses of agents and age of larvae), under laboratory condition~~ and at sites of
reproduction of the fox-colored sawfly and cabbage mo*_h.
Studies were made o~ coutes of horizontal and vertical spread of the virus du~ring
epizootics that occurred spontaneously or were artificially induced. Transphase and
- transovarian transmission of nuclear polyhedrosis and granulosis viruses by infected
insects was demonstrated in the field and experiments (Vorob'yeva, Zhimerikin,
1974; Vorob'yeva, Nurlybayeva, 1974).
Several field test~ were conducted on ground and aerial treatment of sites of
mass reproduction of the fox-colored sawfly with a viral agent prepared in the
laboratory. These tests turned out to be very effective: the epizo~tics that
occurred on tree stands treated with viral agent caused death of 92-100% of
the sawfly caterpillar-13ke larvae. Epizootiological observations conducted for
the next 4 years after an artificial Qpizootic at the site revealed that the
sawfly ~opulation had been reduced to a minimum, and the:few caterpillar-like
~ larvae that developed in the second, third and fourth generations were infected,
which delayed an increase in population size (Guliy, Zhimerikin, 1971; Vorob'yeva
et al., 1974).
Field experiments at the Aksay State Farm in Kaskelenskiy Rayon of Kazakhstan
, (experimental base of the Kazakh Institute for the Protection of Plar.ts) re-
vealed that it is possible to induce an artificial epizootic among cabbage moth
and white butterfly caterpillars, provided a large dose of virulent virus is
introduced into the insect population and that there are caterpillars of a
younger aga. The production jfield] experiment demonstrated that it is possi~le
to produce an artificial epizootic outbreak simultaneously among cabbage moths,
_ cabbage and rape white butterflies using an agent that contains two viruses,
polyhedrosis and granulosis (Vorob'yeva, Nurlybayeva, 1974).
In many laboratories of the world, studies are in progress of acute and latent
viral tnfections among insects, pathomorphology and correlation between virus and
host, properties of isolated viruses, resistance to physicochemical environmental
factors, preservation of virus in nature, the role of soil containing virus in
occurrence of epizooti~s at sites of reproduction of the host insect. The results
- of these studies have been published in various ~ournals. A vast literature has
been accumulated dealing with the role of viruaes in bialogical control of insects
in the field and poseibility of controlling the size of insect populations with
- the use of viruses.
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There are very few sumn~aries of the existing literature in the form of monographs
or textbooks, and none at all in the Soviet literature.
The monographs by Steinhaus ("Pathology of Insects" (1950, 1952, 1963), Weister~s
"Diseases of Insects" (1966) and Smith's "Insect Viruses" (1967) do not include
the bibliography of recent years, which sheds light on many aspects of pathogenesis
and pathomorphology of viral infections, epizootiological observations made at the
sites of reproduction of insects following spontaneous and artificial epizootics.
It is not deemed possible to submit in a single monograph a summary of the Soviet
and foreign literature ~iealing with entomopathogenic viruses, use thereof in
biological control of pest insects, and our own research conducted with colleagues.
We are giving here only the sources that shed light on issues that are needed for
theoretical validation of the use of insect viruses to control harmful insects.
Entomopathogenic viruses constitute a large group. Most of them are distinctive
and kr!own only to occur in insects--polyhedrosis, granuloeis and iridosis viruses.
Viruses are also ercountered that resemble smallpox virus of man and aniamis
and the virus of vesicular stomatitis (Sigma virus). If only for this reason, it
is not deemed feasible to place entomopathogenic viruses into a group that is
separate from animal and plant viruses. In this monograph, we offer the current
version of classification of insect viruaes and principZes used to integrate
them in a general system of classification of viruaes.
- Contents Page
Introduction 3
Classif icatior. of insect viruses 14
Chapter 1. Morphology of Entomopathogenic Viruses 25
Rod-shaped viruses 26
Nuclear polydrosis viruses 26
Granulosis virusea 40
Spherical viruses 55
Complex viruses 66
Chapter 2. Chemistry of Insect Viruses 71
Protein composition of viruses 71
Nucleic acids of inse~t viru~es 7,3
Chapter 3. Physiological Characteristica of Entomopathogenic Viruses 86
Early stage of virus-cell interaction 88
Adsorption of virus on cell surface 89
Penetration of virus into cell 92
Intracellular viral reproduction 94
Formation of mature virions snd inclusion bodies 95
Spec:ies-specificity of entomopathogenic viruses 103
Relationships between virusea established by serological reactions 107
Reactions of entomopathogenic viruses to physical and chemical
environmental factors 114
Effects of temperature 115
Effecta of storage conditions 116
Effects of sun and ultraviolet rays 118
Effects of chemical factora 120
8
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Chapter 4. Viral Infactions in Tnsects ],25
Yuclear polyhedrosis ~.27
Insect granulosis ].45
Cytoplasmic polyhedroais 154
- Viral diseases occurring without formation of inclusion bodi~s 156
Sensitivity to viruses of ir;secta of the same species in different
populations . 15$
Latent viral infections in insects 163
Insect tumors 176
Chapter 5. Spontaneous and Artificial Epizootics Caused by
Entomopathogenic Viruses 180
Spontaneous ~iral epizootics . 180
- Routes of viral. transmission 185
Intestinal and contact rou~es of dissemination of insect viruses 186
Role of parasites, predators and schizophages in viral
transmissic:n ~ 189
Role of warm-blooded animals in viral transmission 191
Chapter 6. Use of Entomopathogenic Viruses to Control Pests in
Agriculture and Forestry 196
Virological method of controlling insect pests 196 ~
Use of Nucleopolyhedrosis virus NeodigYion sertifer Geoffr.
virus for control of fox-colored sawfly 202
Use of polyhedrosis and granulosis viruses to control cabbage
and rape white butterflies 224
Conclusion 235
Bibliography 247
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel~stvo "Nauka", 1976
10,657 .
CSO: 1840/169
9
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BIOTEC~IOLOGY
UDC: 581.1:576.3
TISSUE CULTURING METHODS IN PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
Kiev METODY KUL'TURY TKANEY V FIZIOLOGII I BIOKHI~iII RASTENIY in Russian 1980
(signed to press 2 Jun 80) pp 2, 486-488
[Annotation and table of contents from book"Tissue Culturing Methods in Plant
- Physiology and Biochemi.stry", by Fedor Leont~yevich Kalinin, Veresa Vasil'yevna
Sarnatskaya and Valentina Yevgen~yevna Polishehuk � Institute of Plant Physiology,
Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Izdatel~stvo "Naukova dumka", 1000 copies,
488 pages]
[Text] This monograph deals with questions of using methods for culturing cells,
tissues and organs in studies of physiology and biochem3stry of normal and
pathological growth, differentfation and dedifferentiation of plants under ordi-
nary and extreme cond~.tions. The latest methodologfcal recommendations on in
vitro cultivation are summarized.
There is a discussion of requirements concerning physical factors and laboratoxy
facilities for culturing ce11s, tissues and organs, methods of isolating, treating,
transplanting them and other aspects of the techniques for in vitro cultivation.
It is intended for physiologists, Uiochemists, geneticists, cytologists and all
- those who are concerned with current problems of biology.
There are 67 illustratiions and 11 tables; bibliography furnished on pp 407-485.
Contents pa8e
Introduction 3
Chapter 1. History of Cultivation of Plant Cells, Tiseues, Organs.
Problems and Prospects in This Field 15
- Part l. Principles and Methods of Cultivating Isolated Cells, T3ssues
and Organs of Plants 53
Chapter 2. Material and Methodological Bases of Organizing Work in a
Laboratory for Cultivating Cells, Tissues and Organs 55
Laboratory room and equtpment 55
Dishes, instruments and materi,als 58
Maintaining sterile conditions 6~
- Principles and theoretical bases for preparing nutrient media 77
Constituents of the most widely used nutrient media 95
Part 2. Use of Methc~:~ for Cultivating Cells, Tissues and Organs to
Solve Thearetical and Applied Problems 131
_ 10
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- Chapter 3. Cell and Tissue Cultures 133
Cultures o� explants of roots and tubers, and stem pith 133
Cultures of tree shoot ~issues 136
- Cultures of callus tissues 140
Cultures of cell suspensions 149
Unicellular cloning and appl3.cations thereo~ 177
Breeding unicellular clones 189
Cultures of protoplasts, somatic hybridization and gene engineering 191
Chapter 4. Cultures of Isolated Organs and Embryos 2p7
Roots Zp~
Leaves 21g
Flowers 226
Gynaecium [or ovaryJ and fruit 227
~ Pollen and anthers 237
Embryos 243
Meristems 246
Chapter 5. Cytological and Cytogenetic Studies of Cell and Tissue Cultures 251
Chapter 6. In Vitro Cell Differentiation 265
Histogenegis 265
Morphogenesis 2~1
Chapter 7. Use of Tissue Culture Method in the Study of Neoplastic
Transformation 277
Chapter 8. Metabolism of Cells and Tiss~es With Normal and Neoplastic
Type of Growth in Vitro 291
Metabolism of nucleic acids 291
Metabolism of proteins 29g
Cell energy 310
Growth regulators 316
Lipids g22
Chapter 9. Study of Secondary Metabolic Substances by the Method of
Cell and Tissue Culture 327
Alkaloids 32~
Tannins 336
Flavones, flavonols, phenolic acids 338
Coumarins 343
Anthocyans 345
Lignin 349
Fssential oils 349
Resins 353
Rubber 353
- Carotenoids 354
Steroids 355
Glycosides 359
Anthraquinones 362
Antibacterial and antiviral compounds 362
Chapter 10. Effects of Extreme Conditions on Isolated Cells and Tissues 366
Extreme temperatures 366
Elevated salt concentration 379
Ionizing radiation 383
Chapterll. Use of Tissue Culture Method in Phytopathology 387
Viral reproduction in cell and tissue cultures 388
Interaction between mycoplasma and plant tissue 392
Joint cultures of fungi and plant tissues 393
~ Joint cultures of mycorhyzal fungi and isolated roots 397
11
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Tissue cultures in the study of nematod biology 397
Conclusion 400
_ Bibliography 407
ti
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka~', 1980
10,657 .
CSO: 1840/999
12
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UAC: 54~,.57,; 597 (26)
SALT-WATER FISH SIGNALING AND BEHAVIOR
Leningrad SIGNALIZATSTYA I POVEDENIYE MORSKIKH RYB in Ruasian 1980 (signed to press
27 Jun 80) pp 2, 154-156
jAnnotation and abstracts from book "Salt~-Water Fish Signaling and Behavior~', edited
by A. I. Karamyan, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Murmansk
Institute of Marine Biology, Order of Lenin Kola Affiliate imeni S. M. Kirov of
the USSR Academy of Sciences, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 900 copies, 156 pagea]
[Text] This book contains the results of experimental research on reception and
behavior of salt-water fish. There are descriptions of reactions of Salmonidae
(salmon, humpback salmon) to weak electric fields, and relationship of these re-
actions to ambient conditions (temperature, density and others). Electrophysiolo-
gical methods were used to study mechanisms of the ray's electroreceptor system.
Data are submitted on biology and feeding behavior of a little known ray species
of the Barents Sea, the Ra~a radiata. A link was demonstrated between feeding
behavior of salt-water fish and functional act~vity of the digestive tract; dis-
tinctions were found in gastric and intestinal peristalsis. There is discussion
of chemical signaling in fish behavior. Methods and results of electrophysiologi-
cal studies of the cod's gustatory analyzer are described.
This book is of interest to marine biologists, ichthyologists, physiologists and
specialists in evolstionary biology.
UDC: 061.62:591.1
TWENTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE LABORATORY OF PHYSIOLOGY, MURMANSK INSTITUTE OF
MARINE BIOLOGY, USSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (IN LIEU OF A FOREWORD)
[Abstract of article by A. D. Chinarina]
[Text] Main stages of development of the Laboratory of Physiology and scientific
- directions of work over a 20-year period (1958-1978) are outlined. Establish-
- ment of the Laboratory of Physiology in Dal'niye Zelentsy coincided with the
conversion of the Murmansk Biological Station into the present institute. The
comparative evolutionary approach is emphasized in solving problems of marine
physiology.
13
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UDC: 597.553.2:537.212
ELECTRICAL SENSITIVITY OF SALMONIDAE
[Abstract of articZe bv J. M. Muraveyko]
[Text] Studies were made of electrosens~.tivity of Salmon~.dae by the eXectrophys3.ologir
cal and conditioried reflex methods. The threshold electrosensitivity (about
1�10'8 A/mm2)is not indicative of functinnal electroreception in these fish. Gal-
vanic reaction tests demonatrated a corr~lation between threshold of primary
reaction and fish size, position in relation to lines of flow, specif ic resistance
and temperature of water. The obtained data indicate that the forned movement of
fish toward the anode is based on the Verigo phenomenon of cathodic depression.
There are 6 illustrations; bibliography lists 25 items.
- UBC: 597.35/57
BIOLOGY OF THE RAJA RADIATA (DONOVAN) RAY
[Abstract of article by A. D. Chinarina and N. V. Troshicheva]
[Text] Biolo~ical analysis was made of the Ra~a radiata rays of the Barents
Sea. There was demonstration of proportion of sexes, size and weight composition,
state of gonads, index of the liver and index of the brain. Data are submitted
on nutrition of rays. There are 2 illustrations, 10 tables; bibliography lists
26 items.
UDC: 612.8~2
PERCEPTION OF MAGNETIC FIELDS BY THE RAY'S LORENZINI AMPULLA
[Abstract of article by G. R. Broun and V. M. Muraveyko)
[Text] Studies were made of reactions of the ray's Lore.n2ini ampullar electroreceptors
to el.~ctx~c f;te7,ds ~nduced by moyement of water ~in a magneti.c fiel.d, fish movement
relation to stat~c water in a magnet~.c f ield and variations of intensity of
the geomagnetic field. Direct neurophysiological experiments showed that perception
of the geomagnetic field and ita variations by the ray's electroreceptors is
possible. The question of perception of magnetic stimuli by the electroreceptor
system of Chondrostei is discussed on the basis of extensive experimental material.
- There are 17 illustrations, 1 table; bibliography lists 18 items.
UDC: 597.35:591.53:578.083
- FOOD AND FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF THE RAJA RADIATA (DONOVAN) RAY UNDER EXPERIMENTAL
CONDITIONS
[Abstract of article by A. D. Chinarina and N. V. TroshichevaJ
jText] Data are subm~tted from observations and experimente on nutrition and
feeding behavior of the Ra~a radista~starry ray of the Barents Sea in a tank~.
_ This is the first attempt at keeping R. radiata in captivity for a long time.
Feed selectivity was observed in the ray. I~a favorite food ie live fish, and
14 ~
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it refuses to eat scallops. The amoun~ of feed consumed by the ray depends on many
factors--size of the animal, quality of feed, temperature of water, individual dis-
tinctions, etc. Elimination of visual reception does not affect the feeding be-
_ navior of these animals. The hypothesis is expounded that triggering of food-
searching reactions is a function of olfaction. There are 2 tables; bibliography
lists 23 items.
UDC: 612.327
J MOTOR AND BIOELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF THE GADUS MORHUA (L.) COD STOMACH
_ [Abstract of article by I. A. Shparkovskiy)
[TextJ Chronic experiments were conducted to study motor and bioelectrical act~v3.ty
of the cod stomach. The background distinctions of peristalsis and electric acti-
vity of smooth gastric muscles were established. Elements of periodic functian
of the empty stomach were demonstrated, which are manifested differently in the
cardiac and pyloric parts of the atomach. In satiated fish, there was a reduction
of amplitude of oscillation of gastric muscle potentials, without appreciable
change in frequency. Stimulation of external chemical receptors witt~ food ex-
tracts inhibited neristalsis. Bilateral vagotomy elicited brief (3-6 days) im-
pairment of motor and bioelectrical activity of the stomach. It is assumed that,
- along with autonomic peripheral neuromuscular mechanisms, there are central
mect..~nisms involved in regulating functional activity of the stomach. There are
5 illustrations; bibliography lists 46 items.
UDC: 591.185.3+591.58
CHII~iICAL SIGNALING AND BEHAVIOR OF FISH
- [Abstract of article by I. A. Shparkovskiy]
[Text] This survey deals with the role of chemorecept~on in the behavior of
fresh-water, migratory and salt-water fish. There is a description of morphology
of olfactory, gustatory and general chemical analyzers in fish referable to
different ecological conditions. Data are submitted from electrophysiological and
other studies related to testing of the effecta of natural and synthetic chemical
reagents on functional activity of chemical analyzer systems (salt, acid, carbo-
hydrate, alcohol, fragrant substances, peptides, amino acids and others). Ques-
tions related to the significance of chemoreception in different forms of fish
behavior are discuased (during migration, homing, apawning, feeding, group and
defense behavior, and interspecies relationa). Bibliography lists 226 items.
iTDC: 597.56+578.083
METHODS OF STUDYING NONOLFACTORY CHEMORECEPTION IN SALT-WATER FiSH
- [Abstract of article by I. D. Pavlov]
[Text] A bench is proposed, which i,s made of materia~.s (plexigl,as, po],yv~nyl,
_ chloride p~.astic), which are chemical7.y res:Lstant to salt water and are designed
for electrophysiological studies of salt- and ~resh-water fish. I1lustrations
_ and a descript~.on of operation of the device are furnished. A method was developed
for 1oca1 stimu7.at~.on of chemoreceptors of the intact abdominal fin of the cod
15
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in an experimental tank with water. A device is described for controlling the
temperature and dosage of chemical stimuli. There are 4 illustrations; bibliography
lists 68 items.
~ UDC: 597.56:591.1$.3
EVOKED ACTIVITY OF THE COD'S MEDULLA flBLONGATA NEURONS BY STIMUI~ATION OF
CHEMORECEPTORS
[Abstract of article by I. D. Pavlov]
[Text] The electrophysiological method was used to demonstrate that stimulation
of thz cod's chemoreceptors with very salty water, diatilled water, mild solutions
of citric and hydrochloric acids intensifies impulse activity of neurons in the
lateral segment of the vagal part of the medulla. Groups of neurons were demon-
strated that react selectively to the stimulf used. It was shown that there is
- prevalence of "salt" neurons over "acid" ones. There are 2 illustrations; biblio-
graphy lists 35 items.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1980
10,657
CSO: 1840/174
16
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UDC: 588.4+577.1+001.5(07)
METHODS OF MATHEMATICAL BTOLOGY. BOOK 1:~GENERAL METHODS FOR ANALYSIS OF
BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Kiev METODY MATEMATICHESKOY BIOLOGII. KNIGA 1: OBSHCHIYE METODY ANALIZA
BIOLOGICHESKIKH SISTEM in Russian, 1980 pp 4-12
[Annotation, foreword by editor-in-chief, introduction and table of contents
from book "Methods of Mathematical Biology. Book 1: General Methods for Analysis
of Biological Systems" edited by Academician V. M. Glushkov, Tzdatel~styo
, "Vishcha shkola", 240 pages] '
- [TextJ This is a systematization of analysis of bialogical systems, methods of ex-
perimental and theoretical studies thereof. The pr3nciples of function of biological
systems expounded by mathematicians and cyberneticists are discussed. In presenting
the methods for experimental studies of biological systems, attention was focused
mainly on the methods used to synthesize mathematical models; in the discussion of
methods of theoretical research on biological systems it was focused on the method
of mathematical modeling and applied significance of mathematical models of
biological systems.
This book is an educational aid for the courses on "Biological Cybernetics,"
"Bionics," "Medical Cybernetics," "Mathematical Modeling of Biological Systems"
and "Biophysics" for students at universities, medical and pedagogic institutes and
institutes of physical culture; it may be useful to scientists concerned with
problems of mathematical biology.
~
- There are 89 illustrations and 4 tables;�bibliography lists 116 items.
Foreword by Editor-in-Chief jV. M. Glushkov]
Biological systems have such a wide assortment of properties, distinctive combina-
tions thereof, while the function of biological systems is governed by so many
different principles that virtually all mathematical methods are used to study
them, and the present stage of development of biological and medical sciences is
characterized by increasing use of mathematics. In the last 20 years, much
material has been accumulated on mathematical models of different biological systems;
we have become awar~ of the need to compare the mathematical methods used to the
complexity of the biosystems studied and to the applied problems that are being
solved on the basis of mathematical models of biosystems. ~
Thus, it can be considered that, at the present time, a new scientific direction,
a new scientific discipline is being formed-~-mathematical biology~ This is also
indicated by the fact that the Academic Press (New York, London) published the
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"Fundamentals of Mathematical Bicilogy " in three volumes, in 1972. The editor of
~ this publication and one of its main authors, R. Rosen, states in his foreword
that "mathematical biology is a sub~ect which is in the process of active develop-
ment" and that the "relevant [meaningful] tex~ of mathematical biology must cor.tain
a sense of overt incompleteness of this branch of research, in addition to tlte
specif~!c results." Aside from the obvious postulation of the infinite nature of
the scientific sear.,;h for "absolute truth," this statement also reflects the ob-
jective situation that has developed at the present time with the use of mathema-
tical methods for analysis of biological systems. For example, there are numerous
mathematical models of the heart or neuron. However, by far not every author dis-
cusses the range of application of his model,which propert3es this model reflects
and which ones it does not, which applied problems the model makes it possible to
resolve. Such a situation is typical of any branch of biology and medicine. For
this reason, it is difficult to state at the present time that a specific model
best reflects the circumscribed aggregate of properties of a biosystem under
_ study or that it makes it possible to adequately solve a certain appl~.ed problem.
This is why the "Fundamentals of Mathematical Biology" represent nothing more than
- collections of articles brilliantly written by a group of well-known specialists in �
mathematical investigation of various biosystems. Each of the authors, develops
in his field, be it kinetics of enzymes or quantum genetics, his own mathematical
- models.
The situation that has developed today in mathetnatical biology determined the
route that would be best to follow--the route of systematization of various mathe-
matical methods that have found applications in studies of various biological sys-
tems and solving various applied problems. This was also aided by the following
two circumstances. In 1974, the "Encyclopedia of Cybernetics" in two volumes was
published, with the active involvement of the Institute of Cybernetics, Ukrainian
Academy of Sciences, and it contains articles on biological and medical cybernetics.
In spite of the fact that many of them are comprehensive, they are essentially
_ informative. But for such a developing branch as mathematical biology, there has
long been a need for a gutde of mathematical methods. The few monographs published
in the Soviet Union and abroad do not meet this need. Thus, the need to publish
the "Methods of Mathematical Biology" series is obvious; in our opinion, it should
combine the best qualities of a scientific reference book and make use, as much
as possible, of information given in it for theoretical research and solving
applied problems, an encyclopedia in breadth of coverage, and an educational
aid in intelligibility of preaentation.
The second circumstance that compelled us to undertake the writing and publ3cation
of the "methods" is as follows. We are still far from a real, well-establish.ed
textbook theory of biological systems, whereas it is imperative to resolve even
now the applied problems related to medicine. This is why the Institute of
Cybernetic3, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, is already taking vigorous steps to
� create a bank of biological and medical data. A bank with such data is the
first and necessary prerequisite for creating a medical information system. At
the same time, a data bank is a mandatory prerequisite for creating automated con-
trol systems in public health. We belizve that the next mandatory condition for
synthesis of such automated control systems is to create a bank of mathematical
methods. It is expressly here that we view the applied value of the "Methods of
Mathematical Biology." Let us also note that the complexity of problems of
mathematical biology is no lower than most technological ones, and for this
reason this work also furnishes a systematic presentation of mathematical
methods and examples of their use for engineering [technologica].] applications.
18 ~
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This work, which was performed at the initiative of the Institute of Cybernetics,
- Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, is the collective labor of prom3nent specialists
of the Soviet Union in the area of biological and medical cybernetics.
Introduction
Biological investigations cor.stitute one-third of current scientific research.
Accordingly, more than ane-t~ird of the scientists of the world are engaged in
analysis of biological systems and solving applted problems of biology and medicine.
Such distribution of scienCific research is attributable to the complexity of bio-
logical systems, biological and med~.cal problems, as well as the vital need to
solve these problems for mankind. In recent times, the results of biological studies
are becoming more and more often the basis for solving problems in traditionally
technical scientific directions: automation, development of computer technology,
design of intelligent robots.
Solving these problems impliss integration of experimental and theoretical studies
of biological and medical systems, as well as increasingly broader use in such
- st.udies of mathematical methods. Mathematics is a universal language for describ-
ing any process or phenomenon. Becaur~e of their abstract nature, the same mathemati-
cal methods are found to be suitab3a for studying processes differing in physico-
chemistry.
It would be wrong to believe that mathematics began to be used only in the last 15-
20 years for description of the function of biological systems; it had been used
already at the early stages of studies of living organisms (suffice it to mention
the mathematical study of the circulatory system, which L. Euler conducted as
far back as the 18th century).
- The use of some mathematical method or other for analysis of biological systems
depends on the experimental data that the researcher has and the goals he sets for
himself. This, in turn, is related to the level of knowledge gained from studies
of biological systems, possibilities and resources for experimental studies of
- biosystems, knowledge of mathematics and software for problem solving. The mathe-
matical description of biological systems and processes is being refined as the
level of biological knowledge increases. This is not a simple process; mathemati-
cal description may become more complicated at certain stages of a study, then
become simpler.
At the early stages of using mathematical methods for describing biological systems,
any mathematical formula acquired the importance of a biological law by;virtue
of its terseness. At the present time, the situation has changed in the area of
application of mathematical methods for analysis of biosystems. When constructing
a mathematical description of some specific biosystem, researchers are beginning to
- realize that they are not covering the entire set of properties of the biosystem
and exogenous conditions. For this reason, one no longer refers to mathematical
laws, but to mathematical models of biosystems. Each time, the researcher men-
tions the properties of a biosystem that he is reproducing in the mathematical model,
and he delineates the range of problems, for the solution of which the model is
- intended. This circumstance is related to the fact that we have deeper knowledge
about the function of biosystems, greater opportunities for experimental studies
thereof and more detailed problems that are formulated in experimental studies.
19
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Until recently, progress in biology was linked mainly with the use of the methods
of chemistry and physics to analyze biosystems, but the main idea permeaL�ing
all of the volumes is related to s~sbstantiation of the applicability to biology
of the principles and laws inherent in physical systems.
In the last 15-20 years, it was determined by development flf cybernetics. The
very appearance of cybernetics is to be credited to deeper studies of engineering
and biolagical systems from the standpoint of general control processes [34, 49],
processes of transformation of information [55], studies of complexity and organiza-
tion. The inception of cybernetics as a science is linked with the names of many
Soviet scientists, among whom A. N. Kolmogorov occupies a special place [73]. We
owe the development of cybernetics in the USSR with delineation of different
applied directrons, to the efforts of A. I. Berg, V. M. Glushkov, N. M. Amosov,
A. A. Lyapunov, P. K. Anokhin and V. V. Parin.
Modern biology integrates the information of many scientific disciplines, mainly
biophysics, biochemistry and bincybernetics. They make wide use of mathematics,
whereas in biocybernetics mathematical modeling is the principal method. Bio-
cybernetics makes it possible to come closer to demonetration of biosystem func-
tion on all hierarchic levels: macromolecular, ce]1 organelle, cell, organ, physio-
logical and analyzer systems, internal system and the brain, the integral organism
and interaction between the organism and the environment. On the one hand, this is
related to its rather general approach directed toward investigation of the
patterns of transformation of information, control, complexity and organization of
biosystems; on the other hand, it is related to the depth of studies, which is
attributable to the feasibility of using the same approach to study different
hierarchic levels and interactions between them.
It is opportune to mention here a basically new approach to mathematical biology,
which was determined by biocybernetics. It is known that virtually a11 of the
- known laws of chemistry and physics are valid for biosystems. The uniqueness of
organization and complexity of biosystems lies in the fact that one can find in
each biosystem, qualitatively different from ofhers, only its own inherent com-
bination of chemical and physical laws and principles. Unlike biochemistry and
biophysics, it is biocybernetics that permits demonstration, to some degree, of
the unique mos~ic of patterns of the biosystems studied.
The fundamentals of theoretical cybernetics occupy a large place in the "Methods
of Mathematical Biology," by virtu~ of their importance to the study of biological
and medical systezns. This makes it poasible not to place biological material
on the procrustean bed of purely physfcal lawe and principles, but to disclose
the patterns of biosystem function on the basis of mathematical models of th�ls
function.
At the present time, the geographic range of application of mathematical methods
of studying biological and medical systems in our country is rather representative.
It can be stated that there are a number of schools differing in object of
investigation and specifics of application of mathematical methods. Aside from
Moscow, Leningrad and Kiev, which play the leading role, schols are developing
~ in Tbilisi, Rostov-na-Donu, Tashkent, Novosibirsk, Kishinev, Vilnius, Riga, Gor'kiy,
Kaliningrad and Kaunas. S'tudies are conducted there in a complex way: biologists
and physicians, engineers and mathematicians work together on the same problem.
20
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This explains the numerous meaningful achievements of r2search on biological and
" medical systems, which have been made in recent times. .
Vi~tually all branches of classical and modern mathematics are used to synthesize
mathematical mode~s of biological and medical systemso Let us mention that the
mathematical methods are virtually always altered because of the ~pecifics of the
ob~ects studied. Expressly this characterizes the first stage of formation of
biomathematics.
Concurrently with development of biomathematics, mathematical biology is also being
formed. At the present stage of development of research, the I.arge number of
mathematical models of biological and medical systems and experience gained in using
them to solve applied problems make it possible to systematize and classify the
mathematical methods that have found broad use in biology_and medicine.____
- Contents _ - ~a8e _
Foreword by Editor-in-Chief ~
- Introduction 9
Chapter 1. A biolog~Lcal System as the Ob~ect of Investigation 13
1.1. Concept of biological system. General description 13
Biological systems 13
Open nature of living systems 20
The norm and pathology 25~
1.2. Properties of biological systems 26
Complexity and organization 27
Protective properties 31
_ 1.3. Pri~ciples involved in function of biological systems 41
Structural ~unctional principles 41
Principles of dynamic function of biosystems 44
The principle of a functional system 49
Principles of self-organization and adequacy 55
Principle of multichannel organization of analyzers 65
Prir.ciples of brain function 69
- 1.4. Classification of biological systems 84
Classification chart 84 ~
Determination of complexity and organization of biosystems 85
Estimation of complexity and organization according to combinations
of statea 86
Classification of biosystems and adequat~ mathematical descriptioa
of biosystems 89
Chapter 2. Methodology of Experimental Studies of Biological ~ystems 93
2.1. Specifics of an experimental study 93
Scientific approaches 93
Interaction schemes 95
� 2.2. Ob~ectives of experimental research 97
Main goal 97
Structural and functional study 98
2.3. Experimental methods of research 102
Neuronal l~ve1 102
Level of ne;ironal ea~embles 103
Level of neuronal associations 106
Organ level 114
Brain level. Mental activity 117
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Studies of function of the brain and integral human body under
different technical and ergodic systems 119
2.4. Biological modeling. Biological model 12~
The integral organism 129
Chapter 3. Methodology of Theoretical Studies of Biological Systems
3.1. C;Vbernetics and mathematical biology. Cybernetics 132
Biological cybernetics 134
Physiological cybernetics 137
- Medical cybernetics 140
Neurocybernetics 143
Psychological cybernetics 146
Applied biocybernetics 147
3.2. Specifics of a theoretical study. Biomathematics 157
~ Mathematical~biology 159
3.3. Fundamentals of mathematical modeling. Modeling method 160
Stages of modeling 162
Means of modeling 170
3.4. Hierarchy of mathematical models. Breakdown of models accoridng
to internal nature 1~2
Hierarchy of models 173
Modeling with consideratton of hierarchy nf models 178
Advantages and disadvantages of modeltng 179
� 3.5. Methodology of modeling determined biologtcal systems. .
Mathematical models of static modes 181
Dynamic models witR consideration of correlatfion between internal
structures of systems 192
3.6. Methodology of modeling probabillstic biological systems.
Modeling of stattc modes 194
Modeling of dynamic modes 196
3.7. Methodology of analysis of propertie~ of biological systems.
- Use of control tY~eory methods 199
Complex use of mathematical analytical methods 209
Complex modeling of man-�machfne systems 212
3.8. Methodology of using methods of mathemat3cal biology to solve
applied problems. The problems. Correlations 214
Diagnostics 216
Progn~stics jforecasting] 222
Control 224
Bibliography 233
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel~skoye ob"yedineniye "Vyshcha shkola", 1980
10,657
CSO: 1840/999
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UDCs 581.132.035:582.26 ~
ACTIVITY OF A PHOTOSYNTHESIZING CULTURE OF MICROALGAE
Novosibirsk ENERGETIKA FOTOSINTEZIRUYUSHCHEY KUL~TURY MIKROVODOROSLEY in Russian
1980 (signed to press 22 Jan 80) pp 2-9, 136 ~
[Annotation, introduction and table of contents from book "Activity of a Photo-
synthesizing Culture of Mtcroalgae~~, by Vladimir Nikolayevich Belyanin, Fedor
Yakovlevich Sid'ko and Anton Pavlovich Trenkenshu, Institute of Physics imeni
L. V. Kirenskiy, Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Izdatel~stvo
~~Nauka", 1000 copies, 136 pages]
- [Text] The authors submit the results of studies of optic, growth and photo-
- energetic properties of microalgae under conditions of continuous and intermittent
illumination of cell suspensions. The studies involved the use of experimental
- and mathematical modeling of processes of growth and photosynthesis of microalgae
under different conditions, with regard to exposure of cultures to light, with
consideration o~ spectral characteristics of the suspensions and radiant flux.
Thermophil and mesophil green, blue-green and red algae of different species
- were used as the objects of the studies. Data are submitted un dependence on
= light of growth of species that have been little-studied in culture, including
marine planktonic algae.
There is discussion of activity ["energy"] of an algal culture serving as the
regenerating link in a closed ecological system, whtch includes man (biological
life support system~.
This book is intende~:i for biophysicists and physiologists concerned with plants,
_ ecologists and specialists in the field of cultivation of lower phototrophs.
There are 10 tables and 52 illustrations. Bibliography lists 141 ~items.
Introduction
Algae are predominantly aquatic plants that live in salt and fresh water. It is
known that about 71% of the surface of our planet is taken up by different bodies
of water, in which the photosynthetic process takes place on an enormous scale
thanks to algae, and in some cases this process is highly effective. This is aided
by the relative stability of temperature conditions in an aquatic environment and
the fact that algae do not expend energy on evaporation of water, they expend
relatively little energy on respiration and are widely supplied with nutrients, for
example, in the eutrophic regions of oc~sans, seas and reservoirs, adequacy of
rad3,ant energy and raptd renewal o~ the photosynthes~zing system of ce11s, as
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well as the flexibility of adaptation inherent in algae. According to the esti-
mates of different researchers, algae (mainly planktonic) form from one-quarter
to one-half of all primary organic matter and oxygen in the earth's biosphere.
Algae are a rich source of protein, vitamins, medicinal and other valuable orgeniC
and mineral substances used in microbiology and medicine, the paper, perfume,
feed and food industries. However, there are no more than several dozen algal
species that are being cultivated at the present time, whereas the number of
cultiwated higher plants is about 6000. This is largely attributable to the
significant differences in form (and availability) of products synthesized by
= higher plants and algae, as well as the distinctions of c,ul~i~lat3,ng a1~ae on a
mass scale.
Thus, there are only a few algae, mainly mulCicellular and colonial, that can be
directly extracted from water and used as food or animal feed without any compli-
cated technological processing and transformation of the original biomass. Most
algae (87%) are represented by the phytoplankton of the oceans, which is distri-
buted there in a rather "rarefied" state.
A certain level of achivement in the field of physiology and biophysics of these
organisms, as well as methods and techniques for photobiological synth~sis on the
basis of aquatic plants, are needed to produce productive cultures of algae on a
large scale. At the present time, the research analogue of such a pxocess is
an optically dense continuous culture of microalgae, conducted in bioengineering
units under controlled conditions. With its help, methods and equipment are .
being ref ined that are related to biosynthesis of phototrophic cells. Development
of inethods of controlled cultivation of useful species of algae and of effective
technological processes to recover from them the most important products constitute
a task, the performance of.wnich will provide us with new and large biological
sources of organic and mineral substances.
We can single out some sectors of the national economy concerned with the production
of green fodder for livestock farming, live feed for marine farming and inland
fisheries, where a concrete solution of such a problem will be needed in the
very near future. In our country and abroad, there are plans, as well as
extensive measures canducted to create large marine farms and organize intensive
mariculture. This is related to the gradual general transition from free hunting
of marine organisms to regulated catching and harvesting thereof in the oceans
- and then on to controlled marine farming. The existing marine farms specialize
mainly in the production of macrophyte algae (laminaria, undaria, gracilaria and
others), but in the future others (unicellular, filamented) for use as adequate
feed by some groups of marine organisms, as well as to obtain new foodstuffs and
valuable substances.
_ The use of algae as test ob~ects and experimental biological models in plant phy-
siology, biophysics, biochemistry, genetics, ecology and other branches of
science is also increasing and becoming more effective. Algae are a very conveni-
ent and sometimes irreplaceable ob~ect for the study of evolutionary links in
- the organic world and mechanisms of energy and mass exchange processes in a
freely living cell.
Among the marine unicellular algae--Peridinium--there are fluorescent species,
use of which in biophyaics offers additional oppar.tunities for the atudy of
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the phenomenon of bioluminescence. The distinction of these organisms is that
there can be intensive occurrence in them of two opposite processes, photosynthesis
(assimilation of light) and luminescence (emission of light).
Relatively recently, ~viruses were discovered that induce lysis in algae, so that
- algal cutlures become promising for the study of correlations between a virus and
free-living plant cell.
The Chlorella is studied extensively and often used in biological exper~ments; it
is one of the best ob~ects for development of inethods and technology of interisive
cultivation of microalgae for industrial photosynthesis and artificial ecosystems.
It can be raised relatively easily; it has highly flexible metabblism and can grow
at the maximum possible speed for algae. Controlled chlorella cultures have been
used repeatedly in closed ecosystems that include ma~n, and in all cases they demon-
strated the required stability and efficiency of biological circulation of matter
in such systems. This direction of work with algae is continuing to be developed,
and it is on the borderline of the problem of recovering foodstuffs from autotrophic
~ microorganisms.
Studies related to the regenerative functions of algae in artificial ecosystems are
also promising with regard to various natural systems, including the biosphere in
its phototrophic element and corresponding connections. At the present time, the
anthropogenic effect on some parts of the oceans, inland waters and other compo-
nents of the biosphere is acquiring the significance of a substantial ecological
factor. The related chemical, radiation and thermal changes in the atmosphere and
hydrosphere p.tay an increased role. The most probable reactions of plants of our
planet to such environmental changes are known to a suff icient ext~ent. For example,
if carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere is inereased and with the possible
elevation of temperature ("hothouse effect"), many groups of plants are capable
of increasing photosynthesis. But for higher plants that grow on land, there must
be concurrent increase in supply of water by virtue of occurrence of a drier
climate. Moreover, higher plants generally have lower levels of saturation of
photosynthesis with carbon dioxide than algae (other conditions being equal). Con-
sequently, if no additional restrictions appear, phytoplankton would have more
intensive photosynthetic activity and development in this case. Also, if we
assume that there are in the biosphere some "ecological units" that are the most
sensitive to impairment of equilibrium, the phytoplankton of the oceans must be
included among them. It is the first to react to substantial thermal and chemical
water pollution, increased dumping of industrial gases (carbon dioxide and others)
into the atmosphere, since it has a high growth potential and is capable of making
efficient use for its development of colossal amounts of energy (about 3.6�1020 kcal/
- year) in the form photosynthetically active solar radiation.
Thus, if we were to remove the presently existing limits for biogenous elements,
including carbon, phytoplankton could grow at almost an 8 times faster rate,
as compared to the average rate inherent in modern conditions. For this reason,
phytoplankton could potentially provide to a significant degree for the regene-
rative function of plants on earth, but then its species-related structure would
undergo some substantial changes, which harbors some danger related to dominance
_ of only a few species, and those with low trophic value.
Under the conditions existing at the present time, we know of the so-called
"phytoplankton paradox," which consists of the fact that marine phytoplankton
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has retained an enormous diversity of apecies and forms in an e~ty~:rpnment where
the small number of ~ain growth factors should, it would appear, have led to pre-
servation of only a few species. The answer to this question is imp~rtant both
to predicting the consequences of intensified growth of phytoplankton in nature
and to find means of controlling its photosynthetic activity and species structure.
Blue-green algae (Cyanophyta), which consist of about 2500 species, hold a special
place among phototrophs. This algae are distributed everywhere. They are en-
countered on the surface of snow and ice, in stagnant waters and swift rivers, on
damp cliffs, on the surface of the ground, in hot springs and in the cold Arctic
_ lakes. They can also be found in the most diverse places in symbioais with other
organisms. Some epecies are well-adapted for growth in the presence of high
1evels of radiation and high concentrations of different salts, including sulfur-
containing mineral compounds. There are known cases of growth of these algae in
an atmosphere of carbon dioxide alone and at high pressure. These and other pro-
perties of blue--green algae are of considerable scientific interest. By using
them in research, one can determine the ecological boundaries, within which the
organic world is preserved and develops within the region of its phototrophic
mode of existence. And, although such boundaries are being determined on the
basis of the properties of terrestrial microorganisms, this also gives us greater
certainty of discovering extraterrestrial life on planets where the gas, tempera-
ture, water, radiant and other conditinns do not preclude the growth and photo-
synthesis of unicellular organisms similar to blue-green algae. It is known that
blue-green algae are among the most ancient and relatively simply organized of
all existing chlorophyll-containing organiams. They do not have an distinctly
formed organoids. The chlorophyll is not concentrated in chloroplasts, as in
other plants; rather, it is distributed (relatively uniformly) over the cytoplasm
in the form of fine grains. In addition to chlorophyll and carotenoids, blue-
green algae have additional pigments--phycocyanin and phycoerythrin (biliproteins)--
from the mixture of which with chlorophyll results the typical blue-green color of
the algae. However, it could change from bright blue-green, yellowish to red,
depending on conditions of growth and development. The cells are usually covered
with a sticky, gel-like external membrane. On the whole, blue-green algae occur
in a wide diversity of external appearance within the unicellular and filamented
forms, but the structure of their cells changes to a lesser extent than in other
types of algae.
As shown by the experience of some ethnic groups on earth, some species of blue-green
algae (from the genera Nostoc and Spirulina) can be used as food. However, it is
not clear about the amounts of such algae that can be included in man's steady
_ diet. Most likely, they can be used as vitamin, therapeutic and other food supple-
ments, rather than as the basis of the diet. It is knoam, for example, that Spirulina
is r:tch in vitamins A, Bl, B2, B12 and C. Therapeutic properties have also been
_ demonstrated in some species of blue-green algae, including thouse develop3ng in
hot springs. Blue-green algae play a large part also in forming therapeutic mud.
Some species of blue-green algae, which are capable of fixing molecular nitrogen,
are actively involved in increasing the fertility of soil in flooded lann, as well
as nitrogen enrichment of reservoirs, which enhances their overall biological
- productivity.
At the same time, some species of blue-green algae have toxic properties, thereby
lowering the quality of available sources of clean water. During the period of
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their mass acale development, blue-green algae create cot~~~dexable difficulties in
water purification. Knowledge of the causes and conditiona of mass scale develop-
_ ment of blue-green algae in certain reservoirs ("~oloration" of water) is gaining
ever :increasing practical importance. The fact that there is some correlation
_ between this phenomenon and eutrophication of water prompted some researchers to
use saprogenic ["saprobnyye"?] species of algae as a sensitive biological indi-
cator of polluted bodies of water.
Blue-green algae are the only organisme capable of photosynthesis and discharge of
oxygen at high temperatures. The cells of all other photosynthesizing organisms do
not ~aually grow at temperatures above 46�C. Field and laboratory studies have
= shown that the maximum temperature for growth of blue-green algae is 73�C, although
we only know of one apecies thus far that grows at this temperature. In neutral
and alkaline hot springs, blue-green algae prevail at temperatures of up to 40�C.
Thermophil and high-temperature algae grow profusely in the hot springs of the
Caucasus, Kamchatka, Iceland, New Zealand and North America.
It was found that the maximum temperature for growth of thermophil bacteria is
close to 95.5�C, although they may remain viable at 105�C. If we also consider
the fact that structural and certain functional features of blue-green alo?e are
similar to those of bacteria, we can assume that there are natural hot springs, in
which algae develop at temperatures above 73�C. Perhaps these will be exclusively
relict forms. In the last decades, hydrobionts of thermal springs have been studied
- intensively and extensively. Among them, a significant diversity of species of
bacteria and blue-green algae have been found; however, the maximum temperature
for photosynthesis has not been determined. Nor is there a developed theory to
explain the growth and development of primitive organisms at very high tempera--
tures, on the basis of which one could make a quantitative estimate of the maxfmum
temperature for photosynthesis.
Blue-green algae have drawn our attention in connection with work on problems of
stability and energy efficiency of algal cultures as an ob~ect of controlled bio-
synthesis. We have already nated that there are inherently greater restrictions
for other types of algae than for representatives of blue-green algae with res-
_ pect to resistance to different factors and range of optimum effects thereof. On
the whole, the amplitude of ecological adaptation is much wider for them than
other groups of lower phototrophs. Moreover, under conditions of intens3ve and
prolonged cultivation thereof in biotechnological complexes, in which ce11s could
be exposed to extreme physicochemical factors, their genetic resistance and wide
- biochemical diversity are very important. By using blue-green algae in controlled
biosynthesis, one can widen significantly the range of funct3onal activity and
stability of cultures.
Studies were conducted mainly with thermophilic, high-temperature forms of blue-
green algae, which made it possible to raise the temperature drastically while
cultivating cells, up to the maximum levels that have been found for photosynthe-
_ sizing organisms in nature. For one of the high-temperature strains of blue-
green algae which we cultivated, the optimum temperature for growth was 54:58�C
and the maximum was abou~ 65�C.
Special cultivator units were designed and assembled to study the patterns of
growth, photosynthesis and production propertiea of microalgae as related to
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- cultivation parameters. By using these units one can regulate and stabilize at
a specified level the main exogenous factors and main parameters of the algal
culture: irradiation of the cell suspension, with regard to both intensity and
spectral composition, temperature of the suspension, concentration of C02 in the
gas flux, composition and concentration of elements in the nutrient medium, optical
density of the suspension, pH and others.
A most isnportant aspect of research on algal photobiosynthesis is to study its
kinetics in stationary and transient states as related to intensity, spectral
' composition and frequency of interruption of light. Some of the patterns of growth
and photosynthesis of cell, demonstrated in the experiments, ensue from the shape
of the light curves obtained for a specific growth rate, productivity (biomass),
- assimilation characteristics of chlorophyll and efficiency of assimilation of
absorbed radiant energy. On this route, one can find the conditions for reaching
- maximum energetic efficiency of biosynthesis of algae in culture and high func-
tional stability of the process of photosynthesis, which provides for synthesis by
means of ~ight, the organic products needed by the cell for energy and regulatory
purposea. The solution of these problema will ultimately result in the high
energy efficiency of algal production in all of the practical and research applica~
tions where intensive cultivation of algae is required.
Successful work on the theoretical bases and most important applications (regenera-
Cion of environment and.production of valuable substances) of controlled cultiva-
tion of various species of algae and communities thereof will enable us, in the
future, to acquire a strong resource for organic and mineral products, to augment
drastically the biological productivity of bodies of water and obtain a signifi-
cant national economic effect, and it will concurrently give researchers an
effective experimental model of photobiosynthesis with inexhaustible possibil3ties.
Contents Page
Introduction 3
Chapter 1. Cultivation of Microalgae Under Continuous Illumination.
_ Experimental Results 10
1.1. Methods, experimental equipment 10
1.2. Lighting conditions and absorption of photosynthetically active
radiation in suspensions of unicellular algae 18
1.3. Photosynthetic growth of thermophil green and blue-green algae in
~ suspensions with low optical density. Dependence on light 27
1.4. Growth and productivity of inesophil green and red algae under
different illumination conditions 32
1.5. Productivity and energy efficiency of optically dense culture
of microalgae with constant levels of illumination 38
Chapter 2. Parametric Equation of Light-Dependent Growth. Estimates
2.1. Models, equations of photosynthesis and growth 48
2.2. Construction of parametric equation, determination of coeff icients 49
2.3. Quantitative description of dynamics of algal growth in the
accumulative process 56
2.4. Estimation of photoenergetic parameters of optically dense
cultures in flowing medium 62
Chapter 3. Cultivation of Microalgae Under Intermittent Light.
Experimental Results 64
3.1. Light curves for growth of green and blue-green algae as related
to frequency of interruption of full flux 64
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3.2. Growth patterns as related to ehanges in duration of dark inter-
vals in intermittent flow 74
3.3. Experimental verification of lighting conditions for algae in
optically dense culture 84
Chapter 4. Culture of Microalgae as the Regenerating Element in a Bio-
logical Life Support System for Man 93
4.1. Preliminary remarks 93
4.2. Base data on energy and mass metabolism of the human body 96
4.3. Corr~sponding mass metabolism characteristics of culture of
mi~roalgae 110
4.4. Photoenergetic parameters of algal culture in the system 118
Conclusion . 124
Bibliography 126
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1980. ~
10,657
CSO: 1840/999
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MEDICINE
AVIATION MEDICINE
Moscow AVIATSIONNAYA MEDITSINA in Russian 1980 (signed to press 5 Nov 79)
PP 2-4, 247 .
[Annotation, foreword and table of contents from book "Aviation Medicine", edited
by Prof A. N. Babiychuk, doctor of inedical sciences, Izdatel'stvo DOSAAF SSSR,
17,000 copies, 247 pages, illustrated]
[Text] This booic deals with problems of aviation medicine as they relate to the
- distinctions of inedical support of flights aboard flying vehicles of the civil
aviation and DOSAAF [All-Union Volunary Society for Assistance to the Army, Air
Force and Navy of the USSR]. There is discussion of ineasures for providing optimum
working conditions for flight crews, and a set of ineasures is presented that
provides for a high level of health of flight personnel, psychopi~ysiological capa-
cities, as well as discussion of some other priority problems of inedical support
of flight safety.
Foreword
As a result of scientific and technological progress in the field of aviation
engineering, the civil aviation fleet of aircraft is being constantly enlarged with
Tu-134, Tu-154, I1-62, I1-76, Tu-144, I1-86 and other liners, which transport
passengers and cargo on a mass scale, as well as the Mi-6, Mi-8, Mi-10 and Ka-26
helicopters, which are used extensively in different sectors of the national economy.
Aviation techniques are being refined in flying schools of the civil aviation and
DOSAAF air clubs.
Modern aircraft and fielicopters are complex flying vehicles, which are equipped
with the latest automatic and semiautomatic equipment, but, as before, man plays
the leading role in the "man-raachine" system.
Control of a modern aircraft is viewed as a complex system, which includes a human
operator, on the one hand, and control equipment, on the other, which are inter-
connected.
A high degree of reliability and efficiency in operation of this system can be
achieved only if the specifications of machine elements that directly interact
with the operator conform with his physical and psychological capacities, and if the
flight factors will not have an adverse effect on him that would lower his fitness
for work.
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i~r this reason, medical support of flight safety in the civil aviation and DOSAAF
is organized in two directions.
The first direction refers to providing optimum working conditions for flight
crews in the broad sense.
These measures are implemented directly in the design and equipment of cabins,~in
accordance with special medical and engineering requirements, and they include
optimum lay-out and equipment of work places for the crew, units that provide the
necessary microclimate, protection against pollution of the cabin air environment
by toxic chemicals, protection against noise and vibration, adherence to standards
for cabin illumination, etc.
The second direction of inedical support of flight safety refers to a set of ineasures,
= whose main ob~ect is the operator, to provide for a high level of health of flight
personne~, psychophyaiological and psychological capacities, guaranteeing a high
degree of reliability of the human element in the system of aircraft or helicopter
. control.
The medical measures in this direction include screening of candidates for civil
aviation flying schools and DOSAAF air clubs, with respect to health status, obser-
vation of their health status during training and flying; evaluation of the
candidates' personality traits is given a certain role.
An important place is assigned to questions of developing work, rest and eating
schedules, as well as observation of physical conditioning of flight and
engineering-technical personnel and other special aviation medicine problems.
Medical analysis of the causes and conditions related to flight incidents and
erroneous action by flight personnel constitutes a special branch of support of
flight safety, for the purpose of preparing medical recommendations to prevent
them.
The most pressing problems of inedical support of flight safety in the civil
and DOSAAF aviation are discussed in relevant chapters.
This book is intended for aviation physicians and other aviation specialists; its
purpose was to try to systematize problems of aviation medicine as they relate to
the distinctions of inedical support of flight safety in flying vehicles of the
civil aviation and DOSAAF.
Contents Page
Foreword 3
Chapter 1. Development of Aviation Medicine in the USSR 5
- (Prof A. N. Babiychuk, doctor of r~edical sciences)
Chapter 2. Medical Aspects of Work and Rest Schedules for Flight Personnel
(V. F. Onishchenko, F. V. Babchinskiy, candidates of inedical
science) 21
Chapter 3. Physiological and Hygienic Characteristics of Cabins and
Passenger Sections ["Lounges"] (G. A. Demidov, candidate of
medical sciences) 41
The pilot's work place 42
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Cabin mi.crocJ.~mate 3.n commerc~:a1 jpassengerJ aircraft 45
Barometric pressure 45
Air temperature in pressurized cabins 49
Relative air humidity in preasurized cabins 50
Atmospher3c ozone 52
Chapter 4. Ro1e of Vtsion in Flight Work (I. D. Semikopnyy, candidate
of inedical sciences) 54
Visual acuity and correction fn flight work 55
- Correctton of vision 57
Night flying v~si:on of flight personnel 58
~ Spatial orientation in flight 61
Importance of color vision in flight 64
Study of pilot~s visual functions in the spacecraft cabin 65
Study of visual perception of instruments 66
Chapter 5. Effects of Altitude Factors on the Body and Physiological-
Hygienic Distinctions of Exposure to Rarefied Atmosphere

~ (Prof Ye. M. Peshka~v, doctor of inedical sciences) 68
Main altitude factors characterizing high-al~itude flights, and
their biological significance 68
Change in barometric pressure and its effect on the body 69
Causes and conditions for onset of changes in barometric pressure 69
Effect on the body of expansion of gases in airways ~1
Changes in the body during emission of gases dissolved in blood
and tissues 73
Vapor production in liquid and semiliquid media of the body 74
Role of partial pressure in supplying tissues with oxygen at
high altitudes 76
Distinctions of breathing with atmospheric air at high altitude 76
Distinctions of breathing with a mixture of air and oxygen 82
Distinctions of breathing with pure oxygen (with the exception
of pumping air under mask) 83
Distinctions of breathing w~th hyberliax~.c axy~g~n 8~
Distinctions of breathing with hyperbarfc oxygex~ and u~a a~
compensation (.caunterpressure~ ~3
Chapter 6. Accelerations in Flight and Their Effects on Man
(I. A. Tsvetkov, doctor of inedical sc~ences~ 96
Physical characteristic~ of accelerations and cor~dit~ons under ~6
which they appear 103
Accelerations during take-off and landing of an aircraft 114
Accelerations in flight
Chapter 7. Aviation Noise and Its Effect on the Body 122
(V. M. Kozin, candidate of inedical sciences) 123
_ Sources of noise and their characteristics 126
Effect of noise on the body
~ Methods for lowering noise and protection against sonic factors 133
Chapter 8. Vibration (Yu. N. Kamenskiy, candidate of inedical sciences~ 133
Sources. Physical characteristics 134
Effect of vibrations on man 137
_ Symptoms of vibration sickness 142
Preventton of vibration sickness
Chapter 9. Chief Principles of Expert Medical Certification of Fltght ~
Personnel in the Civil Aviation (B. L. Gelfman, 146
candidate of inedical sciences)
- 32
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Medical supervision in the per3od between certifications 147
Annual certification of flight personnel by medical flight commission 148
Preflight medical supervtsion 150
Medical monitoring during flights 151
Chapter 10. Medical Support of Flights in Aviation Schools (Prof A. N.
Babiychuk, doctor of inedfcal sciences, A. G. Gridchin,
M. A. Palamarchuk) 153
- Distinction between visual flights and instrument flights 154
Introductory, trainzng, test and solo flights 156
Instrument flight 156
Chapter 11. Medical Support of Parachute Jumps (.I. A~ Tsvetkov,
doctor of inedical sciences) 164.
The parachute as a system for descending from a high altitude,
and classification of parachute ~umps 164
Effect on man of parachute ~umps 170
Medical support of parachute ~umps, and prevention of traumatism 172
Emergency abandonment of aircraft with high performance characteristics 175
G forces occurring with forced abandonment of an aircraft, and their
effect on the body 177
Prevention of traumatism related to e~ection 180
Chapter 12. Medical Support of Aviation Sportamen in the USSR DOSAAF
(Prof A. N. Babiychuk, doctor of inedical sciences,
M. A. Palamarchuk) 184
Chapter 13. Search and Rescue of Flight Crews and Passengers
(Prnf A. N. Babiychuk, doctor of inedical sciences) 188
Chapter 14. Problems of Aviation Toxicology (T. A. Drobyshevskaya,
candidate of inedical sciences) 196
Severity and nature of ef�ects of toxic chemicals 197
Deleterious chemicals in the air of crew's cabin and passenger
- sections, and monitoring of con~ition of air environment 200 .
Atmospheric ozone 203
Cosmic radiation background 204
Aviation fuel, lubricants and products o~ oxida~t~ye b~e,~I~do~In,
Preventive measurea re~a~ed to se~v~cing and crye~t~2~u~. o~ ay~at~tRi4
equipment 20fi
Aviation fuel. Kerosene. Gasolfne 2Q6
Chronic poisoning; effect on the skin; ~irst z~id 2~7
Prevention of poisoning 2Q8
Lubricants 2Q8
A. Mineral oil 2Q4
B. Synthetic lubricants 209
Preventive measures 2~~
Polymers used in aircraft cabins 2~.~
Toxic chemicals in atmospheric air of airports, and monitoring of
the state thereof 21$
Chapter 15. Medical Support of Airborne Chemica7. Work [crop dusting]
(L. D. Derevyanko, candidate of inedical sciences) 222
Chapter 16. Physiological-Hygienic Principles Por ~rotect~on o~ Crews
(and Passengers) Against Shortage of Oxygen in the Air
- (Prof Ye. M. Peshkov, doctor of inedical sciences) 229
Chief principles of group protection again~t low barometric pressure
and oxygen shortage in air 229
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Chief principles ~or individu~t~ protect;Lon agatt~st 1ow paxCi~~
oxygen pressure 230 '
Chief principles and distinctions of physiological-hygienic
specifications for oxygen gear and amount of oxygen for flight crew 231
Chief principles and distinctions in setting physiological-hygienic
requirements for oxygen gear and amount of oxygen for passengers ;
and stewards 241 ;
Bibliography 245 ~
i
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo DOSAAF SSSR, 1980 ~ ~
10,657 '
CSO: 1840/999
i
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. j
~
~
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UDC : 6 ~.2 .119�F612 . 41
PHYSIOT.OGY pF BT~OOD-~PHYSIOLOGY OF ERYTHROPOTESIS, tN FTFXTBOOK OF PIiYSTOLOGY~
SERI~ES
T.eningrad FIZIOLOGIYA SISTEMY KROVI--FIZIOT.OGIYA ERITROPOEZA. SERIYA N0 5:"~
"RUKOVODSTVO PO FIZIOLOGII" in Ruseian 1979 (eigned'to-press 9'Oct 79?'~pp 2-4~ 359-360
jAnnotation, foreword (by V. N. Chernigovskiy) and table of contents from book
"Physioiogy of Blood-~Physiology of Erythropoiesis, in ~Textbook of Physiology~
Seriea", edited by I. Ya. Asttkinazi et al., Department of Physfology, USSR Academy
of Sciences, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 3200 copies, 360 pages)
[Text] This book deals with current aspects of phys3.ology of erythropo~,es;~s. Aa~a
are submitted on innervation and blood supply of bone marrow, or~g~nal st~td:~es of
hemopoietic stem cells and their microenvironment, morphology of erythroid cells
. of bone marrow. There is a detailed analysis of the role of erythropoietin in
regulation of erythropoiesis in normal and pathological conditions, mechanisms of
its action and significance of inhibitors of erythropoiesis. Methods for purify-
ing erythropoiet~n are described. Data are given on biochemistry of erythrocytes,
ontogenetic changes in properties of hemoglobin and erythrocytes, physiological
mechanisms of hemolysis. Sufficient attention is given to the role of iron and
deficiency thereof in production of hemoglobin and erythrocytes, and effect of
the spleen on erythropoiesis. Questions of mathematical modeling of erythron are
discussed. There are 7 tables, 45 illustrations; bibliography lists 1353 items.
Foreword
This volume is a supplement to the volume of "Physiology of Blood" published in
1968.
In the 10 years that have passed since the first manual was published there has
been significant revision of theaes, the fundamental role of which in regulation
of erythropoiesie had b~en generally recognized up to that time. This applies,
- first of all, to the teaching on cellular bases of hemopoiesis. We can state
with certainty that new cloning methods of experimental analysis have triumphed;
they altered fundamentally the methodological approach to studies of cytological
bases of erythropoiesis and radically alt~red the conception about the hemo-
poietic stem cell.
The present stage of research on mechanisms of regulation of erythropoiesis is
characterized by the use of Lhe latest methods of morphological and functional
investigations. Along with classical cy~omorphological analysis of blo~~ and
35
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hemopoietic organs, tt~ey include cytochemical methods of studying metabolism, elec-
tron microscopy, radioisotope methods of studying cytokinetics and metabolism, as
well as biochemical methods. Use of the new methods deepened significantly our
knowledge about molecular and subcellular mechanisms of regulation of erythropoiesis..
However, a complex r.esearch program should be considered the most promising; it
permits development of a conception of the principles of correlation between .
processes that are formed on different levels--molecular, subcellular, cellular,
tissular, systemic--and thus form a judgment about the distinctions of processes
involved in regulating ery*hropoiesis in the body.
Having defined this as the most promising task in the study of physiology of erythro-
poiesis, we tried to lay the foundation for performing it, submitting chapters
in this volume that deal wiLh the role of erythropoietin in regulation of erythro-
poiesis and that shed light, in particular, on molecular and genetic aspects of
the action of erythropoietin, as well as submicroscopic organizati,on of erythroid
cells and changes therein under the influence of the hormone.
Significant attention is given to analysis of the mechanisms of renal and extra-
renal synthesis of erythropoietin, its chemistry and methods of purification.
There is a separate chapter dealing with current conceptions of properties of
the hemopoietic stem cell, regulation of its proliferation and differentiation,
and formation of erythroid precursor cplls.
For the first time, data are concentrated in this manual on blood supply and
innervation of the hemopoietic organ, i.e., bone marrow. Comprehensive data are
submitted on the role of iron as a factor that limits erythropoiesis, the role
of the spleen in physiological destruction of erythrocytes, biochemistry of mature
erythrocytes and their role in oxygen transport. There is comprehensive dis-
cussion of different aspects of the,problem of erythrocyte destruction under
physiological conditions. The cor~'elations between processes of breakdown and
- forma*ion of erythrocyte5 a~'e ana~~yzed from new vantage points. Presentation of
current conceptions of the bases.~for mathematical modeling of erythron is the
logical conclusion of the data published in ttiis volume.
This manual on "Physiology of Erytl~ropoiesis" offered to the reader is based not
only on analysis of the extensivc literature of recen~ years, but the results of
many years of research by the authors, which renders this work particularly
valuable.
Contents Page ~
Foreword (V. N. Cherni~;uvskiy) 3
Chapter 1. Bl.ood Su~~ply and Innervation of Bone Marrow (A. V. Petrov,
V. G. Sveshnikov) 5
Blood supply to bone marrow 5
Innervation of bone marrow 18
Bibliography 34
Chapter 2. Ultrastructure of Erythron (E. N. Barkova, A. V. Petrov) 41
Ge?~eral description of ultrastructural organization of erythroid cells 41
Submicroscopic organization of hypothetical hemopoietic stem cells 49
Submicroscopir organization of erythroid cells 51
Migration of erytt~roid cells into the blood stream 5~
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Iron metabolism in erythroid cells 58
Effect of erythropofetin on ultrastructure of erythroid ce11s 61
Phagocytosis of erythrocytes 62
Ultrast~ucture of erythroid cells in the presence of hypoxia and
hyperoxia 63
Bibliography 6~
Chapter 3. The Hemopoietic Stem Cell, Tts Differentiation in the Erythro~d
Direction, Hemopoietic Microenvironment (I. L. Chertkov,
A. Ya. Fridenshteyn) 72
Properties of hemopoietic stem cell 74
Hemopoietic microenvironment 75
Erythroid precursor cells 79
Regulation of proliferation and differentiation of hemopoietic stem
cells 86
Bibliography Q4
Chapter 4. Role of Erythropoietin in Regulation of Erythropoiesis
(E. P. Barkova) 9~
Molecular and genetic aspects of action of erythropoietin 97
Effect of erythropoietin on activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid
synthetase ~ ~.00
Erythropoietin and cyclic adenosine-3,5-monophosphate 102
Effect of erythropoietin on erythron kinetics 103
Role of erythropoietin in regulation of energy metabolism o~ erythro3d
cells and bone marrow 106
Bibliography 112
Chapter 5. Erythropoietin-Forming Function o# tRe Kidneys (0. i. Moiseyeva) 118
The kidneys and erythropoietin ~118
Erythropoietin and renal erythropoietic factor--erythrogenin 124
Involvement of different segments of the nephron in erythropoietin
production 132
Renal inhibitor of erythropoietin 136
Extrarenal erythroppi~ti;n production � 138
Regulation of erythropoietin production l43
Bibliography
- Chapter 6. Effect of Inhibitor of Erythropoiesis on Erythron
_ (0. I. Moiseyeva) . 159
Erythropoiesis and inhibitor of erythropoiesis . 160
Site of production and chemistry of inhibitor of erythropoiesis 162
Mechanism of action of inhibitor of erythropoiesis 165
Bibliography 169
Chapter 7. Iron and Erythropoiesis (V. N. Petrov) 172
- Shortage of iron as an erythropoiesis-limiting factor 173
Delayed release of iron from the reticuloendothelial system, and
erythropoiesis 193
- Bibliography 2~2
Chapter 8. Biochemistry of Erythrocytes (Kh. M. Rubina) 211
Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic pathway of glucose met~bo~~,sm 2~,3 ~
Control of Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic chain 22~,
Pentose-phosphate cycle in erythrocytes 224
- Role of the glutathione reductase system in ery~hrocytes 225
Bibliography 2g2
37
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Chapter 9. Gas-Transport Function of Erythrocytes in Ontogenesis .
(L. I. Irzhak) 233
Oxygen capacity 234
- Oxygenation 235
Affinity for oxygen 236
Carbon dioxide transport by erythrocy~es 248
Critical periods 249
Bibliography ' 251
Chapter 10. The Spleen and Erythrocytes (S. V. Kanayev, M. M. Tushinskaya) 256
Bibliography 271
Chpater 11. Destruction of Erythrocytes (I. Ya. Ashkinazi) 274
General description of the process of destruction of erythrocytes 275
- Aging of erythrocytes 283
Utilization of hemoglobin (heme) of old erythrocytes 296
Correlations between the process of erythrocyte destruction and
_ ery~throcyte production under physiological conditions and in
extreme states 308 ,
Bibliography 319
Chapter 12. Analysis of Regulation in the Red Blood System (Modeling
Erythron) (I. I. Gttel'zon, K. K. Dzhanseitov) 335
Bibliography 352
Subject Index ' 355
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1979 �
10,657
CSO: 1840/999
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~ UDC: 612.13.17.213.74.766
PERIpHERAL ~HEARTS' IN MAN
Minsk PERIFERICHESKIYE "SERDTSA" CHELOVEKA in Ruseian 1980 pp 2-6, 79
[Annotation, foreword by Prof I. K. Shkhvatsabaya, corresponding member of the
USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, introdtiction and table of contents from book
- "Peripheral 'Hearts' of Man", by N. I. Arinchin, Institute of Physiology,
Beloruss3an Academy of Sc iences, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka i tekhnika.", 80 pages]
[Text] Scientists have long since been concexned with the question of why there
- is no duplication for such an extremely important organ as the heart. Why is
there only one heart in an organism?
This pamphlet describes helpers of the central heart, which were discovexed in
man and animals and which are not contained in the cardiovascular system, but
within skeletal muscles, and which were named intramuscular peripheral "hearts.~'
The readers will learn about their function, how peripheral "hearts" can be used
as the most efficient helpers of the central heart to alleviate its function,
enhance its reliability, s trengthen health,.prolong life and creative f itness
for work in man.
This pamphlet is intended for a wide circle of physicians, instructors and ViTZ
students.
There are 17 illustration s; bibliography lists 24 items.
Foreword
; The heart, circulation and cardiovascular diseases constitute the range of
issues that are the most frequent sub~ect of numerous popular science publications,
which differ in depth and significance, that have appeared in the last decades in
the medical literature. The interest in these matters is understandable, in view
of the wide incidence of cardiovascular diseases, which have the sad prerogative
of being number one among medical and public health problems, becauae of their
consequences to human heal th and extent of social and economic det~riment to the
state.
Therpfore, it is understandable that the appearance of publications on this sub3ect
could be of interest only if they shed light on new aspects of the problem and
advance ideas that can or could be subsequently u~ed to solve practical health
care problems.
39
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In this respect, the pamphlet by N. I. Arinchin, who is known in our country through
. his work in the field of phyaiology and pathophysiology of circulation, should
attract much interest on the part of readers, including physic:Lana and specialist-
cardiologists.
It is interesting, first of all, because the pamphlet is based on ideas that are ~
harmonious with the conception of "peripheral heart" advanced by the Ruasian
_ scientist, Academician M. V. Yanovskiy, at the start of this century. Up to a
certain time, the term, "peripheral heart," was virtually unused in the medical
literatu re or modern physiology, and it was merely mentioned in a historical sense.
This occurred because of the extremely contradictory views on this problem, which
resulted because of the lack of sufficient scientific facts and use of imperfect
methods for studying the circulatory system.
This gap, which was regrettable in our opinion, was filled by a series of numerous
scientific studies conducted by N. I. Arinchin and his colleagues. Thanks to
them, the question of "peripheral heart" not only inspired interest again, but
acquired a new meaning, with emphasis on its practical implications for problems
of treatment, rehabilitation and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
In this relatively small brochure, the author succeeded in submitting, in an
attractive and, at the same time, meaningful form, scientific facts with diverse
significance and ensuing basic theses referable to different aspects of the prob- ,
lem of "peripheral heart." All of these aspects are essentially listed in the
table of contents, which lends clarity to description of the pro~lem, which is
sometimes debatable, complex and insufficiently investigated.
In view of the fact that this publicarion deals with a new problem, there is
also inevitable appearance of new terms, for example, '"peripheral hearts,"
"totally isolated intramuscular peripheral heart," "self-sufficient organ"
(to which the author refers skeletal muscles), etc., which could prompt dis-
cussions among specialists, as well as some doubt as to the validity of using them.
Apart from terminological questions, let us mention the great interest and valida-
tion of the author~s attempts to use the conception of "peripheral heart" to gain
understanding and for future work on purely practical clinical problems. They
- include, specifically, the effect of an ancillary conditioning regimen on cardiac
- function and the question of correlation between motor activity and cardiac func-
tion in general, the effect of gravity factors on the heart, signif icance of
ancillary [helping] circulatory factors to rehabilitation of patients with cardio-
vascular diseases, etc. ~
I am convinced that thi,s pamphlet wi11 be found interesting to readers, and this
- not because it has a title that is intriguing at first glance, but because it con-
tains new material and theses that broaden our conceptions about the functional
patterns of the circulatory syetem, knowledge about which is important to our
understanding of practical problems of preaerving health and treating cardiovascular
diseases.
Introduction
Reliability of the human body is created by extremely diverse means, including
t+ack-up [duplication], i.e., the presence of pairs of organs (vision, hearing,
,40
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olfaction, secretion [or excretion], etc.) and the~r interc~ai~geability. k'or this
- reason there was no explanatfon for the fact that our heart had no back-up or
helpers, since the search for a"peripheral heart" was unsuccessful.
However, it was found that the heart, which had been considered heretofore to be
solitary, has numerous helpe=s in the form of intramuscular peripheral "hearts."
They are still little-known and none of us makes sufficient use of them in our
everyday life to relieve the work of our heart. Probably herein lies one of the
many reasons why the heart, this sensitive organ that responds to all experiences,
the "motor of life," which performs colossal work, becomes diseased, even in youn~g
people, leading to premature disability and a high death rate, generating one of
the most important problems in the life of modern society.
In this popular pamphlet, an attempt was made to report on the discovery of
intramuscular peripheral "hearts," the characteristics of their function, as well
as their role in enhancing the reliability of the entire cardiovascular system,
prolonging longevity and active creative fitness for work of man.
This pamphlet also deals with potential possibilities of using knowledge about the
function of intramuscular peripheral "hearts10 in medicine, physical culture and
sports, in space biology and in man's everyday life.
Contents Page
Foreword 3
Introduction 6
Circulation According to W. Harvey 7
Ancillary Circulatory Factors 13
Skeletal Muscle--an Independent Pump 23
Mysteries of skeletal muscles 23
Discovery of pumping capacity of skeletal muscles 26
Discovery of suction capacity of skeletal muscles 31
Same direction of discharge [pumping] and suction function of
skeletal muscles 32
Entirely isolated intramuscular peripheral ~heart' 33
Micropump Mechanism of Intramuscular Peripheral ~Heart' 35
- How Does the Intramuscular Peripheral 'Heart' Function? 40
Intramuscular pumps during man's rhythmic movement 41
Intramuscular pumps during static tension 42
Pumping property during extension of skeletal muscles 43
Intramuscular pumps in massage of muscles 45
Intramuscular pumps with skeletal muscles at rest 45
Classification of Muscular P.umps 48
Integral System of Circulation 51
_ Ancillary Training Regimen for Man~s Cardiac Funct3on 53
Why is Exercise Beneficial for the Hea.rt? 55
Movement Is Life 58
It Is Not the Legs, but the Heart That Reaches the Finish Line 61
Movement and Space 64
Man's Peripheral 'Hearts' and Medicine 67
Man's Future 72
Conclusion 75
Recommended Reading 78 ~
CQPXRIGH'~; Zzdatel!stvo ~'Nauka i tekhnika", 1980.
10,657
CSO: 1840/999 41
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UAC : 51, ~ 62
MEDICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS
Kiev MEDITSINSKAYA I FIZIOLOGICHESKAYA KIBERNETIKA in Russian 1980 (signed to
press 8 Jul 80) pp 2, 93, 95-98
[Annotation, abstracts and table of contents from book "Medical and Physiological
Cybernetics", edited by N. M. Amosov, academician of the Ukrainian Academy of
Sciences, Scientific Council for the Problem of "Cybernetics," Order of Lenin
Institute of Cybernetics, published by the Institute of Cybernetics, 450 copies,
98 pages]
[Text] This book deals with problems of automation of inedical examinations,
creation of formalized case histories, software for proceasing of results of
- instrumental studies. Articles are submitt~d on physiological cybernetics, which
are related to studies of circulatory, heat regulating and tissular respiratory
systems. This collection contains several works dealing with experimental
studies of control processes in the circulatory system during conditioning fvr
physical and emotional loada.
This collection is intended for acientists, engineers, mathematicians, physicians,
as well as undergraduate and graduate studenta concerned with problems of inedical
and phyaiological cybernetics.
UDv: 6~,5.847/088.5/
SOME OF THE MEANS OF CONTROLLING PANCREATIC SECRETION
[Abstract of article by L. S. Aleyev, M. I. Vovk, N. P. Tsaplina]
[Te:~t] A description is given of approaches to control of exocrine function of the
pancreas on the basis of electrostimclation. An algorithm is given for activation
- and depression of pancreatic secretion with normal function thereof. There is
substantiation of the possibility of control of exocrine function of this gland
by the stomach and duodenum by means of complex electrostimulation of these organs.
There is 1 illustration; bibliagraphy lists 7 items.
, .
42
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UDC: 6~5.847~'088*8/
SIGNIFICANCE OF AUTOMATIC DETERMINATION OF EXCITATION THRESHOLD TO THE DESIGN OF
BIOELECTROSTIMULATORS WITH SELF-ADJUSTMENT ELEMENTS
[Abstract of article by V. N. Gorbanev]
- [Text] The importance of determining the threshold of muscular excitation is demon-
strated, with reference to equipment for bioelectric control. A method is described
for automatic determination of o::citation threshold of a stimulated muscle and
executation thereof is demonstrated. There are 2 illustrations; bibliography lists
5 items.
UDC: 612.8
SOME CHANGES IN MULTICELLULAR ACTIVITY AS A RESULT OF FORMING AN ARTIFICIAL
STABLE FUNCTIONAL CONNECTION
~ [Abstract of article by P. V. Bundzen and Ye. S. Perkova]
_ [Text] This article deals with the study of some patterns of change in neuronal
activity of different regions of the brain during electrical atimulation of several
structures of the human brain. Analysis of multicellular activity is made by
forming matrices of an artificial, stable, functional connection. There are 3
illustrations; bibliography lists 4 items.
~ UDC: 612.13
EFFECT OF EPINEPHRINE, EXERCISE AND EMOTIONAL EXCITEMENT ON THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
[Abstract of article by L. D. Palets and T. Ye. Kochetenko]
[Text] It is demonstrated that systemic circulatory reactions maintain the
initial arterial pressure level after infusion of epinephrine. With exercise and
emotional loads, there is moderate elevation of arterial pressure and increase in
heart rate, more significant in the latter case, in spite ot the baroreflex in-
fluences. There is 1 table; bibliography lists 9 items.
UDC: 612.13
- EFFECT OF CHANGE IN TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME AND ORTHOSTATIC TESTS ON HEMODYNAMICS
[Abstract of article by 0. I. Lissova]
[Text] A comparative analysis is made of orthostatic and antiorthostatic factors
with moderate changes in total blond volume. It was demonstrated that there are
similarities and differences in both effects on hemodynamic parameters and
regulatory reactions. There are 2 tables; bibliography lists 9 items.
43
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~ UDC: 57:53+612.13
MODELS OF HEMODYNAMIC REACTIONS TO FACTORS CAUSING REDISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD
[Abstract of article by R. D. Grigoryan and B. L. Palets]
- [Text) This work deals with mathematical modeling of circulatory regulation with
change in spatial position of the body and creation of subatmospheric pressure in
the lower half of the body [LBNP]. A comparieon of these factors demonstrates
similarities and differences, and their possible diagnostic value. There are
3 illustrations; bibliography lists 13 items.
UDC: 57:53+612.13
ANALYSIS OF REGULATORY PROCESSES IN THE SYSTEM OF THEI2MAL HOMEOSTASIS
[Abstract of article by I. I. Yermakova]
[Text] The author submits the results of modeling two hypotheses concerning
regulation of the system of thermal homeostasis. The role of central and peri-
pheral circuits is demonstrated in the process of regulating "nuclear" tempera-
ture. There are 3 illustrations;bibliography ~.ists ~.2 items.
UDC: 681.3.01:621.372.5
FORECASTING ACCELERATION PROCESSES
[Abstract of article by P. V. Vasilik]
[Text] Analysis was made of the changes in body length of draftees over the last
100 years. Typical changes were distinguished for periods of about 20 years each,
which are close to a logistic curve. These changes are attributable to the 22-year
_ cycle of solar activity (mediated by changes in geomagnetic activity) and growth
(by the logistic law) of force of artificial electromagnetic f~elds in the last
50 years. Typical elements were isolated in the 100-year changes in length of
the human body, and they were used as the basis for forecasting future changes in
height. There is 1 illustration; bibliography lists 8 items.
UDC: 612.014
SOFTWARE AND ALGORITHMS FOR AUTOMATED PROCESSING OF ORTHOGONAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAMS
[Abstract of article by T. A. Volkonakaya and E. M. Maslova]
[Text] This article deals with problems related to automated processing of
electric signals of the heart. The structure of the software is described. A
block diagram of software [programs] and algorithms is submitted. Bibliography
lists 4 items.
44
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UDC: 612.8
DEVELOPMENT OF IMPLANTED METAL-CONTAINING POLYMER ELECTRODES FOR ELECTROSTIMULATION
OF LIVING TISSUES
[Abstract of article by L. S. Aleyev, L. I. Bakhteyeva and Sh. Yu. Yakupov]
[Text] This article deals with problems of development and choice of implanted
electrodes for electric stimulation of living tissues. The authors desnribe a
biomedical electrode they developed, which is based on metal-containing polymer,
_ and furnish its main physical and technical specifications. Bibliography lists
1 item.
AUTOREGRESSION MODELS OF DYNAMICS OF HEART RATE
[Abstract of article by A. A. Popov and S. M. Makeyev]
[Text] This work deals with the physiological aspects of using autoregression
models to describe time series of the cardiac cycle, for the purpose of analyzing
processes of regulation of cardiac rhythm. Formulas are offered for determina-
tion of parameters of first and second order autoregression models, which makes
this work particularly useful to medical specialists who do not have a good
mathematical background. There is 1~llustration; bibliography lists 6 items.
- UDC: 61.62-50.61
ALGORITHMS FOR DIAGNOSING PERIODONTOSIS
[Abstract of article by B. V. An~onishin]
[Text] A description is given of the.process of diagnosing periodontosis in a
patient, and the main elements of the diagnosis are characterized. A system is
offered for diagnosing periodontosis with the use of mathematical logic. There
are 2 illustrations; bibliography lists 4 items.
Contents Page
Some of the Means of Controlling Pancreatic Secretion (L. S. Aleyev,
M. I. Vovk, N. P. Tsaplina) 3
Significance of Automatic Determination of Excitation Threshold in.the
" Design of Bioelectrostimulators With Self-Ad~ustment Elements
~ (V. N. Gorbanev) 10
Some Changes in Multicellular Activity as a Result of Forming an
Artificial Stable Functional Connection (P. V. Bundzen, Ye. S. Perkova) 16
Effect of Epinephrine, Exercise and Emotional Excitement on the
Circulatory System (L. D. Palets, T. Ye. Kochetenko) 25
Effect of Change in Total Blood Volume and Orthostatic Tests on
Hemodynamics (0. I. Lissova) 30
Models of Hemodynamic Reactions to Factors Causing Redistribution of
Blood (R. D. Grigoryan, B. L. Palets) 37
45
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Arlalysis of Regu~.atory Processes in the System of Thermal Homeostasis
(I. I. Yermakova) 48 ~
Forecasting Acceleration Processes (P. V. Vasilik) 60
Software and Algorithms for Automated Processing of Ortixogonal
Electrocardiograms (T. A. Volkonskaya, E. M. Maslova) b9
Development of Implanted Metal-Containing Polymer Electrodes for
Electrostimulation of Living Tiseues (L. S. Aleyev, L. I. Bakhteyeva,
Sh. Yu. Yakupov) 76
Autoregression Models of Dyna~nics of Heart Rate (A. A. Popov, S. M. Makeyev) 80
Algorithms for Diagnosing Periodontosis (B. V. Antonishin) 87
COPYRIGHT: Institut kibernetiki, 1980. �
10,657
CSO: 1840/999
46
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MAN AND BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBST.ANCES
Moscow CHELOVEK I BIOLOGICHESKI AKTIVNYYE VESHCHESTVA in Russian 1980 (signed to
press 4 Aug 80) pp 2-5,
- [Annotation, foreword and table of contents from book "Man and Biologically Active
Substances", by Izrail' Itskovich Brekhman, second edition, revised, ~~t~tl~e
- series "Man and the Environment"~ USSR Academy of Sciences, Izdatel'stva "Nauka",
200,000 copies, 119 pages]
[Text] This book discusses biologically active substances of natural origin,
_ which enhance man's resistance to diseases and adaptability to different 1lving
conditions. The effects of tonic (fortifying) substances from plants--eleutero-
coccus, lemon tree, aralia, ginseng and many others-- are described. Analysis is
made of the effects of such biologically active substances as vitamin C, pantocrin
[hormone derived from reindeer horns], tea, coffee, etc. In the author~s opinion,
use of these substances is one of the ways of strengthening health.
Foreword
Biologically active substances are often equated with drugs. But drugs are merely
, a special instance of biologically active substances. Considerably larger amounts
- of such substances are contained in foods. They include chemical stimulants (tea,
_ coffee), toxic (fungi), narcotic (poppy) substances, as well as those with a
therapeutic and preventive action (carrots, cabbage, rhubarb, prunes and others).
The average amount of drugs taken by one man over his entj.re lifetime would fit
in his two palms. Immeasurably large amounts of biologically active substances
- are ingested with foods consumed over a lifetime--meat, fish, vegetables, fruit,
as well as tea, wine, beer and other beverages. While a man consumes an average
of 1 kg solids (without water) with foodstuffs per day, in.70 years the amount
ingested would constitute more than 25 tons. This includes many thousands of
biologically active substances, which is immeasurably more than the dozens or
hundreds of chemicals ingested in the form of inedication.
_ In spite of the abundant intake of biologically active substances with food, which
have enormous signif icance to human health, they have been studied relatively
- little. Science has concentrated mainly on the therapeutic effects of drugs and
some of the harmful ingredients in food. ~
Primitive man, in his search for food, tried all of the plants, all of the animals,
birds, fish and many other sources of food that he could reach. He discovered
that, in addition to satiety, many of the items he consumed had some sort of
47
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~additional effect on htm~ Same p7.ants ~nduce persp~.ratton and others, itching over
the entire body. Some make one happier, while others cause discomfort. Many
plants and animals are poisonous, even lethal. Thus, mankind accumulated experi-
ence, which then was transformed into ti~e science of drugs, i:e., pharmacology.
At first, people did not know very much about diseases, of which there are now .
known to be thousands, but they were well aware of the fact that one "potion"
made a person feel good, another--poorly, one was benef icial and another harmful.
Pharmacology has grown to be mainly pharmacotherapy, i.e., the science deali~g with
treatment of diseases. But, when man is not sick, when he is in good health, he
does not restrict himself in the choice of food, he smokes, drinks alcoholic bever-
ages, uses sauces, spices, vegetables, fruit, etc. A flow of substances is ingested.
As stated by the great dialectician of ancient Greece, Heraclitus, our bodies are
like streams and matter is renewed in them like water in a current. These
substances determine the condition, health and life of an organism.
Is there a science that deals with this problem as a whole? The science of nutri-
tion deals in essence with hygiene of nutrition and alimentary sanitation. The
range of biologically active substances that it studiea is limited to vitamins,
trace elements and a very small assortment of substances. Intake of all sorts of
alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, to which increasingly diversified complexes
= of biologically active substances are added, did not become the subject of research.
Smoking tobacco and chewing betel are left beyond the field of vision of science.
Spices, sauces, berries, fruit, honey, various beverages made at home and many
other products have not yet become the subjects of serious pharmacological studies.
Any new synthetic drug is studied for a long time and comprehensively. Yet
honey, for example, which people have been consuming for several thousand years,
has not been studied seriously.
It should be noted that drugs too vary. Some have distinct and potent action, and
= they are used to treat the sick and save the dying. But there are also drugs
whose action develops gradually, over weeks and months. They are beneficial,
- since they strengthen health, make the body more resistant to all sorts of difficul-
ties and diseases. Such drugs are closer to beneficial food than medicinal sub-
stances. They include ginseng, eleuterococcus and plants with similar action,
horns of the young axis and other deer species, the horns of the Saiga tatarica L.
and certain aquatic invertebrates, which had been the objects of pharmacological
studies of this author for 30 years.
Thus, the life of a healthy man involves the conatant effects of many biologically
active substances, which determine his condition, resistance to diseases, work
capacity and creativity. This area has been studied very inadequately. This
book does not presume to fill the gap in any significant way. It has a more
modest purpose, that of pointing to a very important f ield, in which research has
yet to be conducted.
Contents Page
3
- Foreword 6
Chapter 1. Life and Health . 6
What is life? 9
Health 20
Third state 24
Biologically active substances 31
Structural information 48
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Pharmacology of healtA (pharmacohygiene) 39
Chapter 2. Biologically Active Substances in Man's Life 47
_ Prophylaxis 47
Professional activities 58
Birth rate 63
Healthy old age 66
Preservation of health under difficult and extreme conditions 73
- Control of excesses 80
Chapter 3. Biologically Active Substances--Pharmacohygienic Agents 86
Healthy food 86
Drugs for those in good health 98
Chapter 4. A Look Into the Future 102
Pharmacology 102
Scientific Prognosis 108
Conclusion 113
Bibliography 117
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel~stvo "Nauka", 1980
10,657
CSO: 1840/999 ~
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UDC: 616.014.4-063
- MEDIATOR MECHANISMS OF REGULATION OF RESPIRATION AND CORRECTION THEREOF IN THE
PRESENCE OF EXTRII~IE STATES
Leningrad MEDIATORNYYE MEKHANIZMY REGULYATSII L~YI~iANIYA I IKH KORREKTSIYA PRI
EKSTREMAL'NYKH SOSTOYANIYAI~i in Russian 1979(signed to press 7 Sep 79) pp 2-5, 200
[Annotation, introduction and table of contents from book "Mediatory Mechanisms of
Regulation of Rzspiration and Correction Thereof in the Presence of Extreme States",
by German Yakovlevich Bazarevich, Uzbek Yakubovich Bogdanovich and Irina
Nikolayevna Volkova, Izdatel'stvo "Meditaina", 5000 copies, 200 pages, illustrated]
[Text] This book describes comprehensively the mediator mechanisms of regulation
of respiration under normal conditions, in the presence of tra~nnatic shock, acute
and massive loss of blood, brain trauma, cambined trauma to the skull and skeleto-
musrular system, acute pancreatitis and peritonitis. It was proven that activa-
tion of the adrenergic system induces faster breathing and inhibition induces
slower breatihing. There is a description of phasic changes in mediator activity
at different stages of formation of pathological sets of symptoms in the presence
of extreme states and with artificially induced surplus or shortage of adrenergic,
cholinergic and serotoninergic complexes. The pathogenesis of "lung shock" is
identified in the light of pathophysiological and pathomorphological parallels.
A method was developed for experimental therapq of respiratory disturbances in
the presence of the extreme states studied, as related to the stage of the process,
by means of using pharmacological agents that affect mediator metabolism. It was
learned that normalization of respiration in extreme ~ituationa increases drasti-
_ cally the survival of experimental animals. On the basis of their studies, the
authors propose and have made clinical use o� methods of normalizing respiration
in the presence of traumatic shock, massive hemorrhage, cerebral trauma, combined
trauma to the skull and skeletomuscular system, acute pancreatitis and peritonitis,
which are based on the use of tried and true neurotropic agents--cholinesterase,
serotonin, cholinomimetics combined with hydrocortisone.
This book is intended for pathophqsiologists, resuscitation specialists, traumato-
logists and surgeons.
This publication contains 39 �igures and 21 tables; bibliography lists 368 items.
Introduction
At the present time, there is a distinct conception of marphology and physiology of
- respiratory organs, starting with the nasal passage and ending with the cells of the
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alveolar epithelium. The conception of airways as passive air ducts has bee~ en-
tirely re~ected; the role of bronchopulmonary muscles has been proven in formation
and correction of physiological and pathological atelectases; the teaching oiz lung
surfactant as the most important factor in the function of pulmonary alveoli and
a11 of the parenchyma o� the organ as a whole is undergoing a"rebirth."
In essence, the current conception of regulation of respiration has also been formed.
The conception of the respiratory center, formulated by N. A. Mislavskiy (1885) was
developed in the studies of numerous author$, in particular by the schaol of M. V.
Sergiyevskiy (1950-1975). It was proven that the respiratory center has automatism,
which is related to its dietinctive metabolism and is maintained by afferent im-
pulsation and influences from the higher branches of the brain.
Co~unication between the respiratory center and effector organs--the lungs--is pro-
vided through th~ system of the trigeminal, phrenic and vagus nerves and ad~acent
sympathetic trunk. Receptors of the alveolar parenchyma, which "function to
expand and collapse," are of special importance.
The system of th? vagus plays the leading role in neuroreflex regulation of respi-
ration. At the same time, diencephalic and cortical structures, which refine and
~ complicate regulation of respiration under the continuously changing environmental
- conditions, are rather i~portant in man.
Studies were aiso made of the second route of regulating respiration, the humoral
one. It was demonstrated that blood COZ tensio~ affects both the chemoreceptors
of vascular reflexogenic zones and chemoreceptive corpuscles right near the res-
piratory center. The significance of changes in blood pH to regulation of respira-
tion is discussed.
The significance of neuromediators to maintenance of adequate respiratory function
has been atudied considerably less. The most comprehensive studies of the effects
of the adrenergic mediator on respiration, which were conducted in the laboratory
of M. V. Sergiyevskiy (1975), demonstrated that, dependi~g on the mode and site
_ of administration, catecholamines act as stimulators or inhibitors of pulmonary
ventilation.
Numerous experiments dealing with the effects of a mediator such as acetylcholine
revealed that when it acts on central nervous structures there is most often a
- two-phase effect on the respiratory system: first depression of respiratory func-
tion and then stimulation. With peripheral action of acetylcholine, there is.
usually intensification of respiration.
In the last few years, serotonin has inspired the close scrutiny of clinicians and
theoreticians; not infrequently it is called a"neurohormone" because of its
affinity with elements of the nervous system. Studies of its effects on respira-
- tion led authors to contradictory results. Data were obtained indicative of both
activation and depression of external and tissuZar respiration under the influence
of this mediator. Thus, T. P. Il'ichenko (1970) discovered a two-phase reaction
to serotonin--depression of respiration followed by intensification.
Thus, it may be considered that the most important problem--definition of the
place and significance of inediator systems in regulation of respiration--has only
been solved thus far in the first approximation, and that it is waiting for fur-
ther development.
S1
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Until recently, not enough attention had been given to respiratory function under
extreme conditions, i.e., in expressly the situation where the main systems of
life support of the bod,y and, ultimately, the body~s ability to continue to
exist are put to the test of enduring "wear and tear." These considerations
prompted us to conduct systematic experimental and clinical studies of respiration
under normal and pathological conditione, taking into consideration the role
of adrener~ic, cholinergic and serotoninergic mechanisms of regulation thereof.
- Having established the general patterns of respiratory disorders as related to
changes in mediator activity, we undertook the study of activity of inediator sys-
tems in the presence of extreme states--acute hemorrhage, tra~atic and hemorrhagic
shock, cerebral trauma and combined trauma to the skull and skeletomuscular system,
extensive peritonitis and acute pancreatitis. For better verification of the re-
sults we obtatned, we conducted additional studies with artificial activation or
inhibition of a given mediator system. Of course, the most interesting ph~se of
the study was the attempt to treat respiratory disorders in the presence of the
above-rmentioned extreme states (both experimentally and under clinical conditions)
by normalizing the levels of the appropriate mediatore in the body.
It must be stipulated that the authors by no means consider respiratory disturb-
ances to be the sole or prime factor in th~ pathogenesis of shock, skull trauma,
combination thereof with in~ury to the skeletomuscular system, 1et alone acute
inflammatory diseases of the abdominal cavity. However, it is unquestionable that
there are respiratory disturbances with these extreme states, and they aggravate
the clinical signs; for this reason, normalization of such an important function
cannot fail to affect the function of other vital systems. In addition, the .
breadth of physiological effects of inediators suggests that there are numerous
points of their application and universality of influence on all elements involved
- in maintaining homeostasis. Indeed, there was reliable increase in survival rate
of experimental animals when breathing was "controlled" through mediator mechanisms
in all series of experiments. Clinical trials of some of the methods developed
experimentally for normalizing mediator activity and respiratory function also
_ yielded encouraging results.
The investigations that served as the basis of this monograph are the collective
labor that was described in numerous publications and competent works. We consider
it our pleasant duty to express our sincere appreciation to our students and
colleauges: M. A. Aydarov, M. Kh. Sadekov, L. V. Makarova, A. K. Kolesnikov, V. Yu.
- Tereshchenko, G. V. Maslen, Yu. A. Ukhanova, S. G. Grigorenko, A. M. Devyatayev,
A. L. Kirillov, V. Ye. Krylov, B. P. Natavlishvili, I. G. Abuzyarov, A. G. Samoylov,
L. V. Lazare~a a?~lothers who participated in working on the problem in question. '
The experimental studies were conducted in the department of normal physiology of
the Kazan' State "Order of Red Banner of Labor" Medical Institute imeni S. V.
Kurashov (department head--Prof I. N. Volkova, Honored Scientist of the Tatar SSR)
and in the laboratory of pathophysiology (headed by G. Ya. Bazare~ich, doctor of
medical sciences) of the Kazan' Scientific Research Institute of Traumatology and
Orthopedic s(Prof U. Ya. Bogdanovich--director). Clinical observations and
tests were conducted at the Kazan' Municipal Oncological Dispensary (I. B. Nagimov--
- chief physician) and in the department of resuscitation of the Kazan' Scientific
Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (A. 0. Likhtenshteyn, doctor
of inedical sciences, head of the clinical department).
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In the opinion of the authors, the involvement of representatives of different
medical specialties--a physiologiat, pathophysiologist, traumatologist, surgeon
and resuscitation specialist--in working on the problem should have provided a
harmonious blend of in-depth theoretical research with practical orientation.
This book is the logical continuation of the traditional scientific research con-
ducted in the department of physiology of the Kazan~ Medical Institute dealing with the
study of physiology of respiration, which :,riginated ~ith the classical experiments
of N. A. Mislavskiy, and. determination of the physiological role of inediators,
which is linked with the names of A. F. Samoylov and A. V. Kibyakov. The material
in this monograph also reflects the main scientific topics of the Kazan' Scientific
- Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, whose staff has been studying
the body's reactions to trauma for the last few years.
Just how successful this book is, is up to the reader. The authors would be
grateful for any advice and comments.
Contents Page
Introduction 3
Chapter 1. The Role of Neuromediators in Regulat~on of Respiration 6
Significance of cholinergic system to functian of the respiratory system 6
Catecholamines and respiratory function 34
_ The role of serotonin in regulating respiration 46
Chapter 2. Neuromediators and Respiratory Function in the Presence of
Hemorrhage and Shock 5$
Chapter 3. Mediator Metabolism and Respiratory Function in the Presence
of Cerebrocranial Trauma 100
_ Chapter 4. Neurohumoral Correlations and Respiratory Function in the
Presence of Combined Trauma to the Skull and Skeletomuscular
system 124
Chapter S. Neuromediators and Respiratory Function in the Presence of
Inflammatory Diseases of the Abdominal Cavity 143
Acute peritonitis (A. 0. Likhtenshteyn) 144
Acute pancreatitis 159
Conclusion 170
Bibliography 184
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel~stvo "Meditsina", 1979
10,657 ~
- CSO: 1840/999 �
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CLINICAL RESEARCH LINKS EMOTIONAL STRESS, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE '
Moscow EMOTSIONAL'NOYE NAPRYAZHENIYE I REAKTSII SERDECHNO-SOSUDISTOY SISTEMY in ~
Russian 1980 (signed to press 25 Jun 80) pp 2-5, 240 .
[Annotation, table of contents, and introdu:,tion from book "IInotional Stress and ~
Reactions of the Cardiovascular System", by Yevgeniy Ivanovich Sokolov, Viktor I
Petrovich Podachin and Yevgeniya Valer'yevna Belova, USSR Academy of Sciences
Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka",
- 3,600 copies, 240 pages]
[Text~ 7."his monograph is devoted to reactions of the cardiovascular system in
response to various forms of emotional stress in healthy people and hypertension
patients. The authors employed an extremely broad spectrum of techniques, from
analyzing catecholamine excretion to recording rheoencephalograms, GSR's, and EEG's,
in orde~ to describe the unique features of emotional stress experienced by the
individual in different conditions, including in conflict situations.
Subtle local changes in the tone.of cerebral vessels.are revealed and descri.bed, ~
both in a time of relative rest and in the course of inental activity and emotional
- stress.
The research is used as a basis for both practical recommendations on how to reveal
different forms of emotional stress, and measures for correcting the pathological
consequences on the part of the cardiovascular system in response to this stress.
Tables--36, figures--54, bibliography--21 pages.
Contents Page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 1. Nbdeling Emotional Stress . . � � � � � � � � � � � � � ' ' ' ' 6
Chapter 2. The Autonomic Nervous System's Reactions to Emotional Stress 17
Chapter 3. Changes in the Electrocardiogram in Response to Negative 82
Emotions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J Chapter 4. Reactions of Cerebral Vessels to Mental Activity 103
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Chapter 5. The Psychological Profile of the Hypertension Patient's
Personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Chapter 6. Z'he Role of Hereditary and Environmental Factors in the
Cardiovascular System's Reactions to Psychoemotional Stress
and Physical Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
- Chapter 7. Change in Blood Coagulation Activity in Response to Emotional
Stress in Hypertension Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Introduction
Changes which had occurred during the last few decades in the structure of activity,
- resulting in greater significance of the human factor ira production control, and
in arisal of a number of new occupations characterized by pronounced emotional
stress, have compelled scientists to study th~ multifaceted mosaic of emotional
- stress frcm the positions of psychology, physiology, and clinical medicine.
Man's relationship to the environment is unique in that in his purposeful activity,
he must adapt to changing environmental conditions: the accelerating pace and
rhythm of life, growth in the flow of information, intensification of activity
associated with interpersonal relatior:s, a perpetual lack of time, and so on. Under
, these conditions man experiences emotional stress not simply as a psychophysiological
' reaction to some sort of stress factors. Instead, emotional stress is an integra-
tive indicator of inental activity arising in the course of social communication
among people at work and at home, and associated with a conceptual model of parti-
cular situations, often conflicting ones.
In this time of the scientific-technical revolution, when much money and time must
be expended to train a speciali~t, proper occupational selection of individuals for
a given form of activity acquires great significance. The structure of the person-
ality, its psychophysiological determinants, and the given individual's resistance
to stressful influences are closely associated with the effectiveness and reliability
of activity performed in complex conditions causing emotional stress.
In its specific form, emotianal stress is not a chance manifestation of certain
forms of hinnan activity, but the natural result of the changing content and struc-
ture of the production activities of people experiencing the dynamic flow of pro-
duction in the scientific-technical revolution. Emotions are a special form of the
organism's mutual relationship to the external world, mediating change in the social
environment and the nature of human mutual relationships. Participating in the
outside world's assimilation, emotions elicit integrative changes in the body's
_ physiological and biochemical functions, and they affect various systems: mental,
neurohumoral, hormonal, autonomic, and so on. Long-acting negative emotions may
sometimes break down regulation of the activities of organs and body systems.
Research on human activity in the presence of emotional stress affords a possibility
for evaluating the deviation limits for mental and physiological parameters in
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situations meaningful and habitual to the subject. Emotional stress has a dynamic
influence upon the individual's objective activity, in a sense superimposing itself
over this activity as an emotion.al and motivational component. While the motiva-
tional component regulates the individual's mental activity in accordance with his
needs, sets, and the meaningfulness of his activity, the emotional component in
a sense brinqs this mental activity into being, turning on all of the mechanisms
~ of the individual's vital activities, in the form of different physiological
determinants which define the stability of homeostasis in the activi~kies of
different organs and systems. In the presence of emotional stress, such mobiliza-
tion of inental and physiological mechanisms promotes maintenance of a high
functional level in mental and biological processes. In our research, motivation
was mainly a means for realizing the individual's potentials.
This monograph presents materials that had be~n obtained in a therapeutic clinic
through the joint efforts of clinicists, physiologists, and psychologists. The
_ authors conducted research for several years on emotional stress in 100 healthy
- individuals and more than 300 patients with stages I and II hypertension. Hyper-
tension patients were chosen because arterial pressure parameters undergo ctiange
in the presence of emotional stress, and one of the etiological factors of hyper-
tension is long-lasting emotional stress. Therefore, studying the reaction of
the healthy body and the patient with the initial stages of hypertension to emotional
- stress, we attempted to study those initial elements of disintegration of the human
body's regulatory adaptive mechanisms which make up the basis of the pathogenesis of
vascular diseases, hypertension in particular. We selected several models with which
to simulate emotional stress: a single standardized situation of inental ac'tivity
performed against tne clock, group interaction, the correction test, and Kraepelin's
tables. Creating emotional stress i.n healthy individuals and hypertension patients,
we studied deviations in aarious physiological constants, and we noted the qualita-
tive and quantitative limits of disintegration of adaptive mechanisms. We devoted
special attention to brain biocurrents and autonomic indicators, assuming that
homeostasis of nervous and cerebral bioelectric processes is the first adaptive
element permitting the individual to maintain an equili.brium with the environment.
We found that cerebral blood flow, which correlates subtly with the nature of inental
activity and which reflects both t.ze hereditary and the environmental dominant, is
a very informative indicator.
The reaction of the coagulation and anticoagulation systems to emotional stress
also revealed a large number of interesting laws reflecting the individual
psychological determinants of the personality, and the qualitative nature of
simulated emotional stress. The mosaic nature of requlatory adaptive mechanisms
of the coagulation system operating in response to emotional stress affords a
poss~,bility for developing preventive measures against thrombic complications in
hypertension patients.
We are aware that when human activity is studied in clinical and laboratory condi-
- tions, experimentally simulated emotional stress is not equivalent to that state
which arises in a real production situation.. But such simulation has a number of
advantages. First of all by standardizing the situation for individual activity,
- we were able to compare deviations in mental and physiological paxameters exhibited
by different persons in response to the same load. Deterntination of this load's
. psychophysiological meaningfulness to individuals with different personality features
permitted us to in a sense isolate the most optimum personality traits and the most
economical psychophysiological processes in relation to the performance of
emotionally stressful ac~ivity.
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This analysis is the result of analyzing data obtained in the course of several
years at the department of facultative therapy of the Moscow M~edical Stomatological
Institute. Research conducted by department colleagues V. I. Volkova, G. II. Golovanova,
R. P. Kolokolenkina, and A. S. Mal'tseva played a.n important role. A. F. Bystritskaya
of the Institute of Biomedical Problems served as a consultant in the administration
of personality tests to healthy subjects and patients. Professor B. M. Fedorov pro-
vided consultative assistance to the research. The authors are sincerely grateful
~ to all of these comrades for their creative cooperation.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1980
11004
CSO: 1840/192 ~
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RADIATION BIOLOGY
- UDC 355.058
ELIMINATION OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF RADIOACTIVE CONTANIINATION
Moscow LIKVIDATSIYA POSLEDSTVIY RADIOAKTIVtdOGO ZARAZHEt7IYA in Russian 1980 signed to
press 18 Apr 80 pp 2, 3-6, 118-119
- [Annotation, preface and table of contents from the book "Likvidatsiya posledstviy
radioaktivnogo zarazheniya" by Vadim Aleksandrovich Gaydamak, edited by M. T.
_ Maksimov, Izdatel'stvo Atomizdat, 50,000 copies, 120 pages]
_ [Text] The primary questions are presented for elimination of the consequences of
radioactive contamination. Recommendations are made for the use of national equip-
ment for decontamination work, as well as for the technique of training the personnel
of nonmilitarized formations of civil defense for elimination of the conse-
quences of radioactive contamination.
This b~ok can be used by teachers of civil_defense in educational institutions,
- civil~defense courses, commanders of nonmilitarized civil defense formations, and
the population that is study ing civil defense as the general, mandatory minimum of
knowledge for protection against mass contamination weapons.
- Contents Page
Preface 3
Chapter 1. Radioactive Contamination of the Environment 7 .
1.1. Radioactive Contamination during a Surface Nuclear Explosion 7
_ 1.2. Characteristics of Ionizing Radiation 10
1.3. Consequences of Radioactive Contamination 11
Chapter 2. Fundamentals for Elimination of Consequences of Radioactive
Contamination 16
2.1. Observance of Permissible Irradiation Doses 16
2.2. Decontamination of Contaminated Objects 19
2.3. Measures for Reducing Entrance of Radioactive Substances into
the Human Body 23
2.4. Prevention of Radiation In~uries to Skin Integuments 25
2.5. Use of Preventive Resources and Treatment of In~ured 26
2.6. Increase in Psychological Stability of Personnel of Formations
and the Population 2~
Chapter 3. Resources Used f or Decontamination 29
3.1. Decontaminating Substancea and Solutions 29
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3.2. Special Technical Means of Decontamination 37
3.3. Machines Used for Cleaning Cities 40
3.4. Agricultural Equipment 44
3.5. Road Machines 45
3.6. Machines for Construction-Finishing Work 47
3.7. Machines of Public Utilities and Enfierprises of.General Services 48
Chapter 4. Preparation and Conducting of Decontamination Measures 50
4.1. Determination of Possible Volumes of Work to Decontaminate a
Territory and Structures in Cities, and Sequence for Conducting It 51
4.2. Preparation of Personnel in Formations 56
4.3. Actions of Formations in Fulfillment of Decontamination Work 63
Chapter 5. Sanitary Treatment of People 72
5.1. Partial Sanitary Treatment 73
5.2. Complete Sanitary Treatment at Sanitation-Washing Stations 73
Chapter 6. Decontamination of Clothes, Shoea and Resources of Indi-
vidual Protection 78
6.1. Partial Decontamination 79
6.2. Complete Decontamination at Stations for Decontamination of
Clothes 81 .
Chapter 7. Decontamination of Transportation Vehicles and Equipment 87 .
7.1. Partial Decontamination 89
7.2. Complete Decontam~nation at Stations of Decontamination of
Transport 91
Chapter 8. Decontamination of Territories and Structures 98
8.1. Decontamination of Territory wiCh Ha~d Pavement 101
8.2. Decontamination of Territory That Does Not H~ve a Hard Pavement 103
8.3. Features of Decontamination of Territory under Winter Conditions 106
8.4. Decontamination of Structures lOf3
Chapter 9. Decontamination of Food and Water 110
9.1. Decontamination of Food and Containers 111
9.2. Decontamination of Water . 114
List of Literature Used 117
Preface
Nuclear weapons have the greatest in,jurious effect as compared to any other known
weapons of mass destruction. The destructive factors of nuclear weapons are the
shock wave, light radiation and penetrating radiation. They have a short-term
. effect, while in contrast, the radioactive contamination can create a threat of
injury to people on a vast territory for a long time.
As a result of the test explosion about 15 MT in power made by the United States in
the Pacific Ocean on the Bikini atoll on 1 March 1954, strong radioactive contami-
nation was observed in a band extending over 530 km and 100 km wide. Several
islands located to the east of the test site, and the Japanese fishing vessel
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the "Lucky Dragon" that was 160 km from the explosion site were exposed to radio-
active contamination. The residents of the islands received a radiation dose from
14 to 175 R*. Radiation injuries to the skin integuments and changes in the blood
_ composition were observed in many of them. As a result of radioactive dust fallout
on the fishing vessel, all 23 crew members received a radiation dose of about 200 R
and experienced radiation sickness. One person died from it. If the ship command
had not washed the radioactive fallout overboard after it fell, the consequences of
the irradiation could have been even more serious for the people.
- Different countries have currently accumulated a large quantity of nuclear ammunition.
Their mass application in case of the outbreak of a nuclear war will entail radio-
- active contamination of vast territories.
As one of the destructive factors of nuclear weapons, radioactive contamination can
cause an increase in losses among th~,personnel of nonmilitarized formations of
- civil defense (CD)** and the population, and create difficulties in guaranteeing the
- stable operation of many branches of industry and agriculture in wartime.
One should note that it is possible for radioactive substances to enter the environ-
ment in peacetime as well. Each year the quantity of radioactive ma~cerials used
in different branches of science and technology rises. Thousands of scientific
res~arch institutes, nuclear power engineering enterprises and laboratories in
different countries currently employ radioactive substances. These substances are
produced, transported, used, and in the final analysis, destroyed in the form of
wastes. At each stage the possibility is not excluded of a mishap or ~accident that
could create a contamination danger for the service personnel.
As the result of an accident, as a rule, such vast zones of radioactive contamination
are not created as during explosions of nuclear ammunition. But the danger of
contamination of people from this is no less. This dangex can be eliminated or re-
duced by a set of ineasures for elimination of the consequences of radioactive con-
_ tamination that are taken by the forces and resources of civil defense and the popu-
lation. These measures include: observance by people of the permissible irradiation
doses, decontamination of contaminated objects, reduction in the entrance of radio-
active substances into the human body, prevention of radiation in~uries to skin
integuments of people, use of preventi~ve resources and treatment of the contaminated,
and increase in the psychological stability of the personnel in the formations and
the population as a whole.
It is stipulated that these measures be implemented in a unified complex, simultane-
ously. Only then can conditions be created for effective protection of people who
are in the zones of radioactive contamination, and for the seable operation of the
national economic facilities. Comprehensive conducting of ineasures to eliminate
the consequences of radioactive contamination is anly possible with.the organi2ation
of advance training and equipping of the forces and resources of civil defense with
- the means of protection, i;~struments and equipment. This requirement can refer, in
the first place, to decontamination measures. Even when they are conducted in a
differentiated manner, they require the fulfillment of considerable volumes of work
with the involvement of formations and the population.
*1 R=2.58�10-4C/kg
- **Instead of "nonmilitarized civil defense formations" we ~bi11 further use "forma-
tions."
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Thanks to the enormous efforts of the Soviet government, in August 1963 the
Moscow agreement on banning tests of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, outer space
_ and underwater was concluded. Later, agree~nents were concluded between the USSR
and the United States on limiting undergroundtests of nuclear weapons and surface
nuclear explosions for peaceful purposes. All of these agreements laid a good foun-
dation for complete resolution of the problem of banning all tests of nuclear
weapons. The specific draft of such an agreement was developed by the Soviet Union
and presented for examination of the United Nations in 1975. The Soviet initiative
on concluding an agreement about the complete and universal banning of nuclear
weapon tests met with approval in the United Nations by many states: almost 100
delegations voted for the USSR's suggestion. The Soviet suggestion, however, was
not supported by the other nuclear powers.
The Soviet Union is making great efforts to eliminate the danger of nuclear weapon
usage and to solve the problems of nuclear nonproliferation. However, the problem
has not yet been solved of complete banning of nuclear weapons and elimination of
all the accumulated reserves of these weapons. The danger of outbreak of a nuclear
war has not diminished. The threat of contaminating enormous territories with nuclear
radioactive substance has conseqt;ently not been eliminated.
One should now, in peacetime, learn to eliminate the consequences of radioactive
contamination in the diverse, at times very complicated situation that can be formed
_ in the contamination zones. This is necessary for both the specialists of the CD
services, the commanders and fighters of the formations, and the population. It
is required that all the individuals who are in the zones of radioactive contamina-
tion know the most general information about the nature of contam~nation of
different facilities, the properties of radioactive substances, and practical
recommendations on decontamination questions so that each at his place could
_ skilfully fulfill his duties for protecting himself, his family and industry from
the consequences of radioactive contamination. These requirements determine the
~ selection of the materials for this book and its arrangement.
Chapter 1 briefly examines the features of radioactive contamination of environmental
objects and its consequences for man. We intend to aquaint the reader with these
questions in order to help him to have a greater understanding in evaluating the
need to fulfill a whole series of requj.rements included in the measures for elimi-
nation o� the consequences of radioactive contamination.
Chapter 2 presents the fundamentals for elimination of the consequences of radio-
- active contamination. It relates the main measures that need to be taken in order
te prevent or reduce losses in the zones of radioactive contamination.
Chapter 3 covers a description af the decontaminating substances and solutions,
- special and national economic resources for special treatment and decontamination
of territories and structures.
. Chapter 4 examines questions of preparing and conducting decontamination measures.
General recommendations are made to determine the possible volumes of work for decon-
taminating territories in cities and the sequence for conducting them. Method
recommendations are made for conducting studies of the clothes~ decontamination
station personnel on the subject "Actions of Formations of Antiradiation and Anti-
chemical Protection to Eliminate Consequences of the Enemy's Use of Weapons of Mass
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Contaminatioti." The technique for organizing and conducting these studies is
mainly valid for other formations of antiradiation and antichemical ~rotection
that are set up on the basis of stationary institutions of general services for the
population. The order is indicated for conducting the decontamination work by
the decontamination co~nand at different facil~~ies in the focus of contamination
and outside it.
Chapter 5 and the subsequent chapters present detailed practical recommendations
for the fulfillment of specific measures of sanitary treatment of people, decontami-
nation of food, transportation, territories, food and water.
COPYRIGHT: Atomizdat, 1980
9035
CSO: 1~4C/145
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UDC: 577.3:539.12.04+612.015.3
- METABOLIC PRODUCTS IN THE PRESENCE OF RADIATION LESIONS
Moscow PRODUKTY M~TABOLIZMA PRI RADIATSIONNYKH PORAZHENIYAKH in Russian 1980
(signed to press 18 Jan 80) pp 2-4, 140
[Annotation, introduction and table of contents from book "Metabolic Products in
the Presence of Radiation Lesions", by Leonid Andreyevich Tiunov and Viktor
~ Vasil'yevich Kustov, Atomizdat, 1000 copies, 140 pages]
[Text] A summary of the authors~ studies of the effects of ionizing radiation on
formation and elimination of inet2.bolic products involved in forming the gas composi-
tion of the atmosphere of ecologically confined systems. There is discussion of
the patterns of formation and elimination of ammonia, acetone, carbon monoxide and
hydrogen peroxide after acute and chronic irradiation. Information is furnished
_ about the modifying effects of radioprotective and radiosensitizing agents on
formation and elimination of inetabolic products in the presence of radiation
lesions.
_ This book is intended for radiobiologists, toxicologists, as well as specialists
in allied professions, concerned with the problem of studying the end products
of inetabolism.
There are 25 tables, 16 figures; bibliographq lists 549 items.
- Introduction
The study of inetabolic disturbances in the presence of radiation lesions is a
large and difficult problem. We deal with only one of the aspects of this problem,
which is related to investigation of elimination of mainly gaseous metabolic
pro~ucts from the irradiated organism.
= Refinement of inethods of analytical chemistry, development of gas chromatography
and mass spectrometry made it possible to determine that man eliminates hundreds
of chemicals in gas form, both organic and inorganic, into the environment j9].
Some of these gases are formed as a result of bacterial activity. Most of them,
however, are referable to the end products of inetabolism. In the presence of
pathological states, including radiation lesions, there is a substantial change
in quantitative and qualitative composition of these products. Studies of these
changes yield data on the nature of disturbances of inetabolic processes related
to formation of some metabolite or other. It is also quite important that .
these studies were as sparing [conservative] as possible; they were not associated
with the painful procedures of taking blood or tissue biopsies. ~
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The study of elimination of gaseous metabolic products in the presence of radia-
tion lesions varying in severity is also of substantial importance for hygienic
evaluation of the artificial atmosphere of manned pressurized qu~rters. We
discussed this problem as it relates to long-term space missions in a special
study dealing with toxicology of waste products and their role in forming the
a~'tificial atmosphere of pressurized [sealed] quarters [28]. It was demonstrated
that some factors of space flight can modify elimination of gaseous waste products.
Ionizing radiation is among the most important factors of space flights j18, 45].
A summary of the literature and our own experimental findings on the effects of
ionizing radiation on elimination of gaseous metabolic products constituted the
contents of this book. W2 only discussed a few of the many compounds contained
in waste gases, the ones with the most significance to hygiene.
In addition to information about the nature of effects of acute and chronic radi-
ation on formation and elimination of waste products, this book submits data on
changes in these processes when radiation lesions are modified by means of some
radioprotective and radiosensitizing agents.
Contents Page
Introduction 3
l. Ammonia 5
l.l. Ammonia metabolism S
1.2. Effect of acute radiation on elimination of ammonia 15
1.3. Effect of chronic exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation
on intensity of elimination of ammonia 21
Bibliography 24
2. Acetone 31
_ 2.1. Brief information about acetone metabolism 31
2.2. Effect of acute radiation on elimination of acetone 40
2.3. Effect of chronic exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation
on elimination of acetone 45
Bibliography 4~
3. Carbon Monoxide 56
3.1. Metabolism of carbon monoxide 56
3.2. Effect of acute radiation on formation and elimination of
endogenous carbon monoxide 63
3.3. Effect of chronic exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation
on elimination of carbon monox~.de 72
Bibliography 73
4. Hydrogen Peroxide 81
4.1. Brief information about metabolism of hydrogen peroxide 81
4.2. Effect of ionizing radiation on production of hydrogen peroxide 90
Bibliography 91
5. Effects of Radioprotective and Radiosensitizing Agents on Elimination
of Some Metabolic Products 105
5.1. Effects of Radioprotective agents on elimination of some
metabolic products 105
5.2. Effects of radiosensitizing agents on elimination of some
metabolic products 115
Bibliography 121
Conclusion 12~
Bibliography 135
COPYRIGHT: Atomizdat, 1980
10,657
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UDC: 575.24./25
MUTAGENESIS INDUCED BY PHYSICAL FACTORS
Moscow MUTAGENEZ PRI DEYSTVII FTZICHESKIKH FAKTOROV in Russian 1980 (signed to
press 10 Nov 80) pp 2,
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Mutagenesis Induced by Phys~.cal
Factors", edited by Academician N. P. Dub3nin, Tzdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1300 copies,
225 pages]
[Text] This monograph discusses the mutagenic effects of various physical fac-
tors that pollute the env~ronment. There is discussion of questions of evaluating
the genetic hazard of radiation to man, genetic effects in irradiated natural
populations of plants and animals, patterns of spontaneous and induced mutability
~ of organisms.
This book is of interest to geneticists, ecologists and radiobiolog3sts.
There are 73 illustrations and 40 tables; bibliography lists 650 items.
Contents page
Genetic Sequelae of Exposure of Populations to Ionizing Radiation
(N. P. Dubinin, V. A. Shevchenko, V. A. Kal~chenko, V. I. Abramov, S. A.
Famelis, A. V. Rubanovich) 3
E~;aluation of Genetic Hazard of Radiat~on to Man (M. D. Pomerantseva) 45
Genetic Sequelae of Decay of Incorporated Radionuclides (V. G. Korolev) f~5
Somatic Effects of Radionuclides in Animals (Yu. I. Moskalev) 79
~ The Place of Immunogenetics in Assessing the Effects of Environmental
Physical Mutagenic Factors (V. I. Svatkov) 94
Some Problems of Radiation Genetics of Hydrobionts,(V. L. Pechkurenkov,
G. L. Pokrovskaya) 109
Genetic Processes in Ontogenesis of Higher Plants (N. F. Batygin) 130
Effects of Physical Factors on Recombination Processes in Tomatoes
(A. A. Zhuchenko, D. A. Vyrodov, A. B. Korol', V. K. Andryushchenko) 148
Use of Physical Factors in Genetic Breeding Work with Fruit Crops
(0. S. Zhukov, S. D. Ryzhkov) 163
Evolutionary Approach to Determination of Genetically Significant Doses
of Radiation (A. M. Stepanov) 176
Biological Effects of Cosmic Rays (L. I. Miroshnichenko) 187
Studies of Mutagenic Factors of Space Flights (E. N. Vaulina) 206
COPYRIGHT:Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1980
10,657
CSO: 1840 /999 E~
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