JOINT ARMY NAVY INTELLIGENCE STUDY

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2003/05/14: CIA-RDP79-01114A000200010004-5
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COASTS AND LANDIN
BEACHES
This document contains information affecting the national defense of the Unite States within
the meaning of the Espionage Act, 50 U.S.C.; 31 and 32, as amended. Its trans ission or the
revelation of its contents in any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
Approved For Release 2003/05/14: CIA-RDP79-01144A000200010004-5
Approved For Release 2003/05/14: CIA-RDP79-01144A000200010004-5
LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES, CHAPTER IV
CHANGE IN
SUBJECT MATTER EFFECT
Cover Page Original
List of Effective Pages and Table of Contents, Chapter IV
(inside front cover) Original
Text Original
Figure (insert, reverse blank) Original
Text and Figures Original
Figure (insert, reverse blank) Original
Text Original
Figure (insert, reverse blank) Original
Text and Figures Original
Figure (insert, reverse blank) Original
Text and Figures Original
Figure (insert, reverse blank) Original
Text and Figures Original
Figure (insert, reverse blank) Original
Text and Figures Original
Figure (insert, reverse blank) Original
Text and Figures Original
Figure (insert, reverse blank) Original
Text and Figures Original
Figures (inserts, reverse sides blank) Original
Imprint (inside back cover, reverse blank) Original
PAGE NUMBERS
unnumbered
unnumbered
pp. IV-1 and IV-2
Figure IV-1
pp. IV-3 to IV-8
Figure IV-8
pp. IV-9 and IV-10
Figure IV-9
pp. IV-11 to IV-30
Figure IV-30
pp. IV-31 to IV-44
Figure IV-56
pp. IV-45 to IV-60
Figure IV-81
pp. IV-61 to IV-68
Figure IV-89
pp. IV-69 to IV-80
Figure IV-112
pp. IV-81 to IV-88
Legend for Figures
IV-116 to IV-118;
Figures IV-116 to
IV-119
unnumbered
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Note: This chapter is based upon material available in Washington, D. C., on 1 May 1947.
40. INTRODUCTION IV - 1
A. General Summary IV 1
B. Figures IV- 1
C. Organization of text IV - 2
D. Beach selection and description IV - 2
(1) Basis for beach selection IV - 2
(2) Reliability of beach descriptions IV - 2
(3) Bottom gradient IV - 2
E. Navigational instructions IV - 2
F. Nautical and statute miles IV - 2
G. Glossary IV - 2
41. NORTH COASTAL SECTOR?KARSKAYA
GUBA TO NORWEGIAN BOUNDARY . . . IV - 3
A. Karskaya Guba to Mys Russkiy Zavorot . IV - 4
(1) Coast IV- 4
(2) Landing beaches IV- 6
B. Mys Russkiy Zavorot to Mys Kanin Nos IV - 9
(1) Coast IV- 9
(2) Landing beaches IV - 9
C. Mys Kanin Nos to Mys Svyatoy Nos IV -11
(1) Coast IV - 11
(2) Landing beaches IV - 20
D. Mys Svyatoy Nos to the Norwegian
Boundary IV -23
(1) Coast IV - 23
(2) Landing beaches IV -27
42. WEST COASTAL SECTOR?MYS KRY-
USERORT (RISTNIEMI) TO SZTUTOWO
(STUTTHOF) IV -31
A. Mys Kryuserort (Ristniemi) to Rooslepa IV - 31
(1) Coast IV - 31
(2) Landing beaches IV -41
B. Rooslepa to Ovigi IV -45
(1) Coast IV - 45
(2) Landing beaches IV -46
C. Ovigi to Klaipeda (Memel) IV - 51
(1) Coast IV - 51
(2) Landing beaches IV - 53
D. Klaipeda (Memel) to Sztutowo (Stutthof) IV - 55
(1) Coast IV - 55
(2) Landing beaches IV - 58
43. SOUTH COASTAL SECTOR?DANUBE
RIVER MOUTH TO PORT-KATON . IV -61
A. Danube river mouth to Mys Kartkazak IV - 61
(1) Coast IV - 61
(2) Landing beaches IV - 65
B. Mys Kartkazak (Kartkazak Point) to
Sevastopol' IV -68
(1) Coast IV - 68
(2) Landing beaches IV - 70
C. Sevastopol' to Mys Takil' IV -72
(1) Coast IV - 72
(2) Landing beaches IV - 76
D. Mys Takil' to Port-Katon IV - 81
(1) Coast IV - 81
(2) Landing beaches IV - 84
44. PRINCIPAL SOURCES IV -87
A. Evaluation IV - 87
B. List of References?Coasts IV - 87
C. List of References?Landing beaches IV - 88
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mmirsaretri Approved For Release 2003/05/14: CIA-RDP79-01144A000200010004-5
Chapter IV
COASTS AND LANDING BEACHES
Prepared under supervision of Office of Naval Intelligence by
Strategic Studies Section, Office of Naval Intelligence;
and by Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engineers
40. INTRODUCTION
A. General summary (TABLE IV-1)
Page IV-1
B. Figures
The positions of coastal sectors and subsectors and the
general location of beaches are shown on FIGURE IV-119.
TABLE IV - 1
SUMMARY OF COASTS AND LANDING BEACHES (FIGURES IV-116 to IV-119)
Sector
Sea approach
Coastal terrain
Beaches
41.
North Coast:
Arctic and White Sea
Coasts (Karskaya
Guba to the Norwegian
Boundary)
42.
West Coast:
Coasts of Gulf of
Finland, Gulf of Riga
and the Baltic Mys
Kryuserort (Rist-
niemi) to Sztutowo
(Stutthoff)
43.
South Coast:
North coasts of Black
Sea and Sea of Azov
(Danube river mouth
to Port-Katon)
E of White Sea (Beloye More),
projecting shoals, rocky areas,
and obstructed by ice except dur-
ing August and September. Sand-
banks in Gorlo. Many offshore
islands in W part of White Sea.
Murmanskiy Bereg ice free year
around; clear approaches with
great depths and nearshore rocks.
S shore Gulf of Finland obstructed
by islets, rocky shoals, and reef
patches. Gulf of Riga obstructed
by islands with shallow sounds be-
tween, coast fringed by shallow
flats extending 1.5 to 3.5 miles off-
shore. Coast of open Baltic Sea
clear.
Danube, Dniester, Dnepr, and
Donets deltas and E half of Kar-
kinitskiy Zaliv fronted by exten-
sive shallow flats. S coast of
Crimea clear, with 5-fathom line
close inshore. Kerch Strait (Ker-
chenskiy Proliv) obstructed by
shoals and banks. N coast of Sea
of Azov obstructed by many spits
projecting SW and bordered by
shallows.
Low, mildly undulating marshy
tundra W to White Sea. SE and S
coast of White Sea moderately
high, undulating and forested.
W coast of White Sea low, with
many lakes and marshes; forested.
Kola Peninsula (Kol'skiy Poluos-
troy) and westward along Mur-
man Coast (Murmanskiy Bereg),
high bare granite hills. Frozen
subsoil except in White Sea area.
N shore Gulf of Finland high and
wooded. Broad coastal plain from
Leningrad W to Ledipaa Nina. N
coast of Estonian SSR, rocky plat-
form with precipitous cliffs and
numerous indentations. W coast
low and rocky to Gulf of Riga.
Low and flat coast around Gulf of
Riga. Kolkasrags to Klaipeda
low and sandy backed by dune
barrier. Klaipeda to Sztutowo
low sandspits separated by Zam-
land Peninsula.
Low coastal plain from marshy
Danube Delta to Dniestrovskiy Li-
man. N coast of Black Sea mod-
erately high and steep. From
Dnepr delta S to Kalamitskiy
Zaliv, coast low and flat except for
cliffs at Mys Tarkhankut. Steep
clay and rock cliffs S to Mys Kher-
sonesskiy. Precipitous cliffs
backed by mountains along S
shore of Crimea. E and N shores
of Kerchenskiy Poluostrov, high,
backed by hills. W shore Sea of
Azov, low, sandy spit. N coast Sea
of Azov, high and cliffy and
backed by steppes. Don delta low
and marshy. SW to Port-Katon
terraced clay cliffs intersected by
ravines.
Note: The Caspian coast of European USSR is covered in JANIS 41.
Original
Arctic coast: rock, pebbles, sand
and mud, fronted by shoals and
flat bottom slopes, and backed by
tundra to E; short beaches in
shallow bays along steep indented
coast to W; exits either unknown
or limited to trails or local roads.
White Sea beach areas, sand and
pebbles fronted by shoals, rocks,
and islets. Shore approaches
open. Roads inland.
Gulf of Riga and Baltic, almost
continuous sandy beaches, backed
by dunes or low bluff, with roads
inland. Elsewhere, short beaches
of sand, pebbles, rock, or mud;
approach obstructed by rocks.
Exits into towns or roads.
Generally extensive sand beaches,
many along narrow spits, ex-
cept S coast Crimea, where short
sand or cobble pocket beaches in
coves or breaks in steep rocky
coast.
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Beaches are shown by heavy purple bands along the ap-
propriate section of the coast; purple dots represent small
beach areas. FIGURES IV-116 to IV-118 show by means of
patterns the coastal terrain types, vegetation, and traffic-
ability.
PLANS 12 to 19 present in greater detail the distribution
of landing beaches or landing areas. All landing beaches
designated by encircled numbers on these PLANS are de-
scribed briefly in tables in the text. Beach areas are num-
bered clockwise around the shores of each body of water
involved, from Karskaya Guba to Port-Katon.
The text description of each subsector of the coast is
accompanied by annotated strip maps reproduced from
B.A. Chart 2962 and from A.M.S. maps, varying in scale
from 1:300,000 to 1:1,000,000. Each map bears a number
and letter corresponding to the subsector shown. Each
sector is subdivided into four subsectors, lettered from
A to D. Beach areas are numbered in circles on illustra-
tions and strip maps, but in the text and tables are
printed in italic type enclosed in parentheses.
C. Organization of text
Coastal descriptions follow the same order as the beach
numbering, beginning at Karskaya Guba and ending at
Port-Katon. For each coastal sector the chapter presents
a general characterization of the coasts, winds, ocean cur-
rents, ice conditions, and landing beaches; and for each
subsector a more localized and detailed description, in the
following order:
1) Coast
Brief description of offshore approaches, the coast proper,
and the terrain immediately inland.
2) Landing beaches
Tabulated descriptions of beaches within the subsector, usu-
ally preceded by a brief introduction characterizing pre-
vailing types of beaches in the subsector. In the tables,
figures giving the width of beach and gradient of beach
often denote only an order of magnitude; such approxi-
mations are necessary for areas where good source mate-
rials are lacking.
D. Beach selection and description
(1) Basis for beach selection
Beaches were chosen on the basis of their physical char-
acteristics alone, and not because of proximity to impor-
tant objectives or relative quality of the beaches in a
given area.
(2) Reliability of beach descriptions
The reliability of each beach description is stated in the
heading relative to the following scale:
EXCELLENT?Aerial coverage available; excellent literature;
good source maps, few or no factual conflicts.
FAIR?No aerial coverage; fair to good literature; fair to
good source maps.
POOR?No aerial coverage; literature poor; source maps in-
different.
In all beach descriptions some interpretation is neces-
sary. With higher reliability ratings this generally in-
volves only minor beach features, but in the lower ratings
the facts are often so meager that interpretation involves
some of the major beach features as well. This inter-
pretation is in all instances made in accordance with
established principles of beach mechanics.
(3) Bottom gradient
In describing beach gradients and bottom slopes within
the 30-foot depth off landing beaches the following stand-
ard descriptive terms are used:
STANDARD TERM
FOR SLOPE
Steep
Moderate
Gentle
Mild
Flat
GRADIENT
Greater than 1 on 15
1 on 16 to 1 on 30
1 on 31 to 1 on 60
1 on 61 to 1 on 120
Smaller than 1 on 120
DISTANCE FROM SHORE TO
30-FOOT DEPTH
Less than 450 feet
450 feet to 900 feet
900 feet to 1,800 feet
1,800 feet to 3,600 feet
Greater than 3,600 feet
E. Navigational instructions
For sailing directions and information on approaches,
anchorages, and dangers to navigation the reader should
consult the Arctic Pilot, Vol. I; Baltic Pilot, Vols. I and III;
Black Sea Pilot, with latest supplements; and U.S.H.O.
and British Admiralty Charts of the coastal regions.
Ports, naval facilities, and anchorages are described in
detail in Chapter VI; air facilities in Chapter XII.
F. Nautical and statute miles
Under the heading "Coast," distances across water and
distances measured in a direct line between points on the
coast are in nautical miles.
In descriptions of landing beaches, all mileage is given in
statute miles.
G. Glossary
Terms describing natural features have been left in
the transliterated Russian form, with the exception of
such commonly known terms as Kola Peninsula, Barents
Sea, White Sea, and Gulf of Riga. Alternate names are
provided in parentheses where believed useful for map
identification. English equivalents of the more common
terms are:
RUSSIAN
Bereg
Bol'shoy
Gora
Guba
Krasnyy
Liman
Malyy
Mys
More
Navolok
Nos
Novyy
Obryv
Ostrov
Ozerko
Peschanyy
Poluostrov
Proliv
Shar
Staryy
Strelka
Vorota
Zaliv
Zemlya
FINNISH
Niemimaa
Saari
RUMANIAN
Bratu
Golf ul
Gura
Insula
Liman
Ostrovu
Sfantul
Vechiu
ENGLISH
coast
great, large
mountain
bay, inlet
red
estuary
little, small
cape, point
sea
headland
cape, headland
new
bluff
island
salt water lake with a nar-
row channel leading to the
sea; also, little lake
sandy
peninsula
strait
strait
old
sandspit
gate, passage
bay, gulf
land
ENGLISH
peninsula
island
ENGLISH
(the) branch, arm
(the) gulf
(the) mouth
(the) island
harbor
(the) island
(the) saint
old
Original
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LEGEND
BEACHES DESCRIBED IN
BEACH TABLES.
COASTAL SUBSECTORS
- 41 A-- CORRESPONDING TO TEXT
75*
B.A. Chart NO.2962
DEPTHS IN FATHOMS
HEIGHTS IN FEET
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74'
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COASTS AND L BEAL N LS
Page IV-7
TABLE IV - 2 (Continued)
Original
Nearshore
None are known.
None are known.
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Page IV-8
Approved For Release 200A9M440CIA-RDP79-01144A000200010004-5
(Text continued following Figure IV-8)
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Original
FIAMIRIWOCI-for Release 2003/05/14: CIA-RDP79-01144A000200010004-5
COASTAL SUBSECTOR 41-B
JANIS 40
402
(-7>
EUROPEAN RUSSIA
16.
LEGEND
(4 BEACHES DESCRIBED IN
BEACH TABLES
COASTAL SUBSECTORS
- 41 A- CORRESPONDING TO TEXT
120
85
131.
34
119
B.A. Chart No.2962
DEPTHS IN FATHOMS
HEIGHTS IN FEET
04 lam.
62 ...11 65 fig f?-'s 6 67
6 6
4 67
f.s SO 6.5
a.st.
66
68
65
60
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73
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to
85 83 65 4/
. / 45 sh 47 44
s?
95 66 so ?, 4
76 60 33 .8 64 66 .ff,., /47
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4,3 61 60 36
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43 ,, 30 f 33
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76 36
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32 30
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98
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32 34
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3133 44'
105 2 s ? 79 27 3 37 .i 7
31 29732
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88,4;
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,
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s I* i 74 34 27 2 33
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los Nos
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40'. 3ss_ t."4 2a7 (.,r mile bill
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g 28
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Original
FIGURE I\Approved For Release 2003/05/14: CIA-RDP79-01144A000200010004-5
COASTAL SUBSECTOR 41-C
JANIS 40
Approved For Release 2003/05/14: CIA-RDP79-01144A000200010004-5
BEACHES DESCR+BED
- 4 A-- coRREspoNotNG TO TEXT
BEACH TABLES
COASTAL SQ8SECTORS
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
(SP) PORTS DESCRIBED "r
IN CHAPTER VI
EUROPEAN RUSSIA
LOCATION MAP
pacibo
77
so"
Scale ii2,000,000 or 1/2 M.
ach-31?58 Mites
Nes
100 50
ZERSKAY
PUTIbleA41661t5/14 : CIA-
DP79-01144A
0200010014-5
nommomme. Approved For Release 288,3ArsuAl,1? y4ptiggim1ggegivocol 0004-5
Page IV-11
C. Mys Kann Nos to Mys Svyatoy Nos
(68?40'N, 43?17'E; 68?09'N, 39?49'E) (PLAN 12; FIGURE
IV-9; U.S.H.O. Chart 5784; B.A. Charts 2269 to 2278, 2280,
and 2284; A.M.S. Map, North West Russia, scale 1:2,000,-
000, G.S.G.S. No. 4464, Key No. 312625)
(1) Coast
The White Sea (Beloye More) , most of which is south
of the Arctic Circle, has a wide variety of coastal terrain
(U.S.H.O. Chart 5784; B.A. Chart 2278). The northern
and eastern shores are strategically important only as
control points of sea routes, while the southern and west-
ern shores contain important communication centers and
transportation routes.
The entrance to this sea (B.A. Charts 2284 and 2270)
contains sandy shoals, and the preferred route is close to
the western shores. The throat of the sea, the Gorlo
(B.A. Chart 2272), is 30 miles wide for a distance of 115
miles. Approaches to the southern shores are generally
good, while those to the western shores are extremely
hazardous, as a natural barrier of rocks, shoals, and islets
lie along the entire coast. The cities on this sea are of
importance largely as key communication points through
which flow the natural resources of the Soviet Arctic and
foreign trade. The Murmansk railroad passes southward
along the west coast of the White Sea, serving the port
cities of Kandalaksha, Kern' and Belomorsk. The Ark-
hangel'sk railroad serves Molotovsk and passes southward
also. These north - south railroads have an east - west
lateral connection between Obozerskaya and Belomorsk
which serves Onega. Air facilities are scattered through-
out the coastal area.
Ice conditions in the White Sea are important considera-
tions. The rivers begin to freeze in October and the basin
in November. The Gorlo is never frozen solidly across,
but becomes unnavigable between mid-December and mid-
January, even with ice breaker assistance, and remains
so until the second week of May. In a particularly mild
winter, however, with several large ice breakers available,
the White Sea can be kept open. Arkhangel'sk may be
FIGURE IV-10. Mezenskaya Guba, Ostrov Morzhovets.
Aerial view of northwest end of island. Seaplane base at (a) . Prior to 1943. Approximate position 66?45'N, 42?27'E; B. A. Chart 2271.
Original
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Page IV-12 JANIS 40
reached, on the average, from 15 May to 15 December.
Thaws begin in late April; ensuing floods move the ice to
the Barents Sea, creating added hazards to navigation.
Mys Kanin Nos (B.A. Chart 2284) is the eastern entrance
point of the White Sea. The foothills of the Kryazh Kanin
Kamen' lie along the first 35 miles of coast southeastward
of the cape. Close inland granite hills reach elevations
of 420 feet. The next 35 miles of coast is low and sandy,
backed by separated hills and marshes (beach area (2) ) .
At Shoyna there is a landing ground and from here a
winter road runs southward to join a secondary road at
Mezen'. The 22 miles of coast southward to Mys Konushin
consists of a series of high sand hills which reach an
elevation of 300 feet and extend inland about 10 miles to
marshes. Moss, peat, and tundra appear along this entire
coast. The rivers are shallow and approaches to the shores
are poor. A rocky, sandy bank lies along the coast. The
5-fathom curve lies 2 to 8 miles offshore. Sandbanks lie
even farther from shore and the depths are very irregular.
Mezenskaya Guba (B.A. Chart 2271) lies between Mys
Konushin and Mys Voronov with the rivers Mezen' and
Kuloy at its head. The eastern part of the Gulf is un-
navigable because of shallow water and drying sands which
extend 2 to 6 miles offshore (beach area (22)). The 3-
fathom curve lies from 5 to 9 miles offshore. The coast
is steep, from 35 to 110 feet high, and composed of sand
and clay, with some boulders. The rivers are also shallow
and those from the Nes' southward have trees along their
banks. It is here that the tundra gives way Lo forest.
The river Mezen' is shallow. At high tide vessels drawing
not more than 7 feet can reach the port of Mezen', about
20 miles upstream. The channel changes annually be-
cause of shifting sands. The banks are bluff, generally
sand and clay, and are covered with meadows and woods.
Along the eastern bank a secondary road follows the river
southward to join better roads inland. The river is im-
portant as a transportation route for lumber from the ex-
tensive forests for several hundred miles southeastward.
The Kuloy, west of the Mezen', extends southward where
a canal joins it with the Pinega, an important tributary
of the Severnaya (northern) Dvina. The coast from the
Kuloy westward to Mys Voronov is from 80 to 100 feet high,
backed by hills reaching 300 feet in elevation. Drying
sands lie along the coast (beach area (23) ) and approaches
are poor because of shallow water. The terrain is of a
tundra nature, and a winter road roughly parallels the
coast 10 to 20 miles inland. Ostrov Morzhovets (FIGURE
TV-b), 8 miles long and 5 miles wide, lies about 12 miles
northeastward of Mys Voronov. The coasts are steep
sandy clay; there are no trees, and peat and bushes cover
the island. Two large lakes are used by seaplanes and
an auxiliary seaplane base is reported on the island. The
northwestern end is 70 to 100 feet high and the southeast-
ern end is 200 feet high. Sandbanks surround the entire
island, extending offshore as much as 4 miles in places.
Much land ice forms in the shallow waters of Mezenskaya
Guba. Strong currents from the Mezen' and Kuloy cause
the three gulf channels to shift frequently.
The coast between Mys Voronov and Arkangel'sk, a dis-
tance of 175 miles, is known as the Zimniy Bereg (Winter
coast) (B.A. Charts 2272, 2273) , and is backed by the Zim-
niye Gory,which reach an elevation of 650 feet. A trail
FIGURE IV-11. Zimniy Coast, Nizhnyaya Zolotitsa. Beach area (24).
Aerial view northeastward across Zolotitsa river mouth and villa ,7e, at southwest end of beach area. Note steep coasts and narrow
beach. Date unknown. Approximate position 65?41'N, 40?13'E; B. A. Chart 2273.
Original
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Approved For Release 2883AR?y4aPtARkigimigateoicEig2000l0004-5
Page IV-13
FIGURE IV-12. Dvinskaya Guba (Gulf of Archangel), Ostrov Mud'yugskiy. Beach area (26).
Sparse woods, dunes and shoals at southern tip of the island, which borders the channel to Arkhangel'sk. Prior to 1943.
location 64?51'N, 40?17'E; B. A. Chart 2273.
runs along this coast. Southwestward of Mys Voronov the
shores are sandy hills 50 to 130 feet high for about 50
miles southwestward to Mys Intsy (beach area (24)) .
The hills inland have marshes between them. The 10-
fathom line lies 4 to 8 miles offshore and except for a few
sandbanks the approaches are fair. Southwestward of
Mys Intsy for 49 miles to Mys Kerets (Cape Keretski) , the
westernmost projection of the Zimniy Bereg, the coastline
is extremely rugged with steep shores, bluffs, and cliffs
(FIGURE IV-11) . The hills here reach 650 feet in elevation
4 miles inland. Forest extends to the coast from Mys
Intsy southward. Thirteen miles of cliff lie behind the
steep sandy coast southward to Mys Kerets (beach area
(25)) , and surf on this shore is hazardous. The coast
from Mys Kerets 18 miles southeastward to the river Kuya
Original
Approximate
lies on Dvinskaya Guba (the Gulf of Archangel) . It is
generally steep sand and clay slopes, in places 40 feet high.
The 10-fathom curve lies 2 miles off Mys Kerets and 7
miles off the mouth of the Kuya.
The coast southward of the Kuya (beach area (26))
becomes lower, and at a distance of 3.5 miles Nikolskaya
Kosa commences. The spit trends southward 3.5 miles,
and is covered with sand dunes from 15 to 20 feet high
and wooded growth. The mainland coast is high, but
the hills inland decrease in elevation as they approach
the high plateau of the northern bank of the Severnaya
Dvina. Ostrov Mud'yugskiy (Mudyugski Island) extends
8.5 miles southward of Nikolskaya Kosa and is separated
from it by a shallow strait 300 yards wide and between 6
and 8 feet deep. The island (FIGURE IV-12) is about 2
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C?fermplui
Page IV-14
Approved For Release 20013Alt1446CIA-RDP79-01144A000200010004-5
miles wide at the center and tapers northward and south-
ward. The west coast is steep sand 10 to 15 feet high, and
the terrain inland consists of sandy hillocks 40 feet high,
covered with moss, bushes, and pine trees. The southern
and eastern shores are low, with occasional sand dunes.
Between the island and the mainland lies a shallow bay;
its northern part nearly dries and the southern part is very
shallow. West of the island the approaches to Arkhan-
gel'sk commence (B. A. Chart 2280) ; the northern channel,
which is the best of three, passes southeastward close to
the southwestern extremity of the island. Vessels up to
24 feet in draft use this channel to Arkhangel'sk which lies
26 miles up the Severnaya Dvina (Chapter VI) . The
Severnaya Dvina estuary, which extends 21 miles between
Ostrov Mud'yugskiy and Molotovsk, consists of many low
sandy islands. Those on the gulf are covered at high tide.
They are generally marshy, with some trees. The loss of
time and supply via Arkhangel'sk during World War II,
because of ice, resulted in the construction of a channel
to Molotovsk and the installation of naval, railway, and
air facilities (FIGURE IV-13) . The port of Molotovsk (Chap-
ter VI) is situated at the western extremity of the delta of
the Severnaya Dvina. Ostrov Yagry lies northward of
Molotovsk, protecting it from the sea. The island is low
and sandy and has many installations built upon it. A
bridge connects it with Molotovsk across Nikol'skoye Ust'ye
(Nikolski Inlet) . Off the southwestern extremity of Ostrov
Yagry the mainland coast is low and sandy for a distance of
10 miles. Marshes exist inland but have not prevented
road and rail construction, as both extend across them.
The railroad is close to the coast and terminates 8 miles
west of the town. The railroad runs southeastward from
Molotovsk for 25 miles to a junction with the main line
about 5 miles south of Arkhangel'sk. A road is reported to
parallel the railway. An improved road passes from the
coast northwestward of Molotovsk close to the railroad
termination from which it trends southeastward for 6
miles then east-northeastward 12 miles to the Severnaya
Dvina. It crosses the railroad about 6 miles southeast
of Molotovsk. The inland terrain here is undulating, and
on the west hills rise along a generally southeast line, com-
mencing about 15 miles west of Molotovsk. Approaches
to the Northern Dvina estuary are fair. The 5-fathom
line lies within 2 miles of the coast and islands, while the
10-fathom curve lies between 10 and 12 miles from the
shores. Sandbanks extend to 1 mile off Ostrov Yagry and
3 miles off the adjoining mainland coast at the mouth
of Nikol'skoye Ust'ye. A channel has been dredged here
admitting vessels of 21-foot draft to reach Molotovsk.
There are 4 miles of clear beach approach (beach area
(27)) at the western extremity of the sandbanks 6 miles
southwest of Molotovsk with the railway termination at
the center of the beach. Airfields and seaplane facilities
of this area are good.
For 35 miles northwestward to Unskaya Guba the coast
(beach area (27) ) is sand and clay covered with grass and
woods (FIGURE IV-14) . The hills inland reach 300 feet
in elevation. The road from Molotovsk passes along the
coast to within 4 miles of Unskaya Guba, where it turns
southwestward across the peninsula toward Onega; in-
land sections of this road are unimproved. Vessels with
maximum draft of 14 feet can enter Unskaya Guba (B. A.
Chart 2274) at any time through the 5-mile-long channel
leading into a shallow basin 2.5 miles southeastward of
the inlet. This inlet is frozen from November to May.
The eastern entrance is bluff and 45 feet high; low sandy
shores lie at the western entrance point. Northwestward
of the inlet the coast is low and sandy for a distance of
FIGURE IV-13. Dvinskaya Guba, Molotovsk. Beach area (27).
Nikolski mouth of river Dvina, between Ostrov Yagry and the mainland. Clear beach approaches at left. Prior to 1943. Approxi-
mate position 64?35'N, 39?55'E; B. A. Chart 2273.
Original
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COASTS AND LANDING BEACHES
Page IV-15
FIGURE IV-14. Letni Coast, Krasnogorskoye. Beach area (27).
Looking eastward along dunes back of beach at west end of beach
area. Approximate position 64?45'N, 38?40'E; B. A. Chart 2273.
19 miles where it becomes moderately high and sandy for
about 18 miles northwestward to Lekniy Navolok, (former-
ly Durakovo) (beach area (28)) . Rocky coast extends for
a distance of 2 miles northwestward of Letniy Navolok.
The coast westward for about 5 miles to Mys Ukht-Navolok
(FIGURE IV-15) is low sand and clay, strewn with boulders
and occasional granite bluffs. Ostrov Zhizhginskiy lies
2.4 miles northward of Mys Ukht-Navolok. Sandbanks lie
between the cape and the island and extend 2 miles north-
ward of the island. The island is about 1.5 miles long
and 0.8 mile wide with steep shores of sand and rock
50 feet high. At the center of the island is a hill 90 feet
high.
FIGURE IV-15. White Sea, Mys Ukht-Navolok. Beach areas (28)
and (29).
Aerial view of cape (a), sparsely wooded terrain, beaches backed
by sandbanks, and shoal water. Prior to 1943. Approximate
position 65?09'N, 36?50'E; B. A. Chart 2274,
Original
Mys Ukht-Navolok is the eastern entrance point of Onezh-
skaya Guba (the Gulf of Onega). The eastern shore of
the gulf (B.A. Chart 2275) is generally composed of sand
and clay and covered with earth interrupted by granite
crags and smooth boulders (beach areas (29) to (32)).
The terrain slopes upward moderately to hills of about
300-foot elevation a short distance inland. The ap-
proaches to this shore are poor. The 10-fathom curve is
2 to 6 miles offshore. Rocks and shoals lie along the entire
coast inside the 10-fathom curve. The bays and rivers
are shallow. The best route to Onega lies off this eastern
coast. Onega is 95 miles by sea southward of Mys Ukht-
Navolok. Heavy tides flow in the channel along this coast.
Alluvial deposits make the head of the gulf shallow; the
5-fathom curve is about 12 miles outside the mouth of the
Onega. Of two channels extending to the Onega, the best
affords passage to vessels of not more than 7.5-foot draft.
Although the river banks are steep, and hills lie to north-
eastward and westward of the river, the terrain inland is
generally level plateau along the Onega river. There are
excellent air facilities at Onega and a railroad connects
this port with the lateral connection between the Ark-
hangel'sk and Murmansk railways. The river itself is an
important communication route. West of Onega the
high, level, marshy plateau terminates in steep sandbanks
along the coast (beach area (33); FIGURE IV-16).
The western shores of Onezhskaya Guba are very ir-
regular, with many inlets and bays. Islands, rocks, and
shoals lie along the coast extending about 15 miles off-
shore. The coastal terrain is steep along the shores, level-
ing off inland to gently sloping marshy land covered with
woods and meadows. The road and railroad from Onega
westward pass along the coast to Belomorsk. Here rail-
roads, highways, and the Stalin White Sea - Baltic Canal
FIGURE IV-16. Onezhskaya Guba, Mys Vorzogorskiy. Beach area
(33).
Aerial view northeastward across Yakovlevskaya, toward the
mouth of river Onega (a). Prior to 1943. Approximate location
63?53'N, 37?40'E; B. A. Chart 2275.
pass southward, giving access to continental communica-
tion routes. Vessels of 15-foot draft can reach Belomorsk,
but the approaches are precarious. The port of Kern'
(Chapter VI) lies 26 miles northward of Belomorsk and
can be reached by vessels 23 feet in draft. A mass of
islands lie at the entrance, and the channel is a narrow
passage between the mainland to northward and the
islands (FIGURE IV-17) . The shores are steep and rocky.
The Murmansk railroad serves Kern', and a good highway
extends inland to join Baltic routes. Kern' has a seaplane
station. A group of islands, Solovetskiye Ostrova, lie in
the mouth of Onezhskaya Guba, about 20 miles northeast-
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mfmenlinia?Imi
ward of Kern'. They extend 20 miles farther eastward
with a channel between the principal islands (B.A. Chart
2276). The island shores are low and rocky (beach area
(34) ). One hill on Ostrov Solovetskiy, the larger island,
reaches 240 feet in elevation, but the island terrain is
mostly low and marshy, with many boulders. Small lakes
cover a large proportion of the islands' surface (FIGURE
IV-18) . There is a seaplane station and landing ground
on the islands and also an important agricultural experi-
ment station.
The mainland coast between Kern' and Kandalaksha is
steep and rugged. The coastal terrain is a wide belt of
low, dndulating coastal plain with extensive wooded
marshes (beach areas (35) and (36)). The irregularity
of the coast with islets, rocks, and shoals persists along
the entire western coast of the White Sea. On Kandalaksh-
skaya Guba (B.A. Chart 2277) the coast becomes higher,
and lakes and inlets cause the railroad to trend inland
before reaching the town (FIGURE IV-19) . The head of
the gulf is marked by hills 2,000 feet high. A railroad ex-
tends from the Murmansk railroad westward into Finland
from a point 13 miles southward of Kandalaksha.
Branches of the railroad serve the mining districts north-
ward. The roads northward and westward are good. Un-
improved roads extend southeastward along the coast to
Mys Orlov. Kandalaksha has a landing ground and a sea-
plane station. Wire communication follows along the
entire coast of the peninsula to Murmansk.
The highest coast of the White Sea lies eastward of
Kandalaksha and the coast southeastward for 25 miles
consists of hills 1,900 feet high. The northeastern shores
of the gulf are high and rocky, with patches of woods
(FIGURE IV-20) . Approaches to this coast are good, since
the irregularities consist of small inlets rather than prom-
ontories, as are found on the southwestern shores of the
gulf. The depths in the gulf are the greatest in the White
Sea, reaching 180 fathoms off Mys Turiy (Cape Turi) .
From Kandalaksha to Mys Turiy 70 miles southeast-
ward, the coastline is abrupt and rocky but regular, with
clear approaches. There are few promontories, and only
one prominent fjord, the Guba Kolvitsa, which is the outlet
for Kolvitskoye Ozero. Immediately behind the coast the
steep slopes are covered, near the bottom, with low arctic
vegetation and wooded on higher areas.
Southeastward from Mys Turiy to Kuzomen' the coast
is smooth and regular with stretches of narrow sand and
shingle beach (beach area (37)). All but the last 10 miles
of this coastline is fronted by flats extending from 0.2 to
0.8 mile offshore, and consisting of sand and silt, with
intermittent rocky areas. Offshore the bottom is sand
and silt. Behind the coastline are low wooded sand ridges
with intervening marshy areas. The 10-mile stretch of
coast immediately northwest of the river at Kuzomen' is
FIGURE IV-17. White Sea, Approaches to Kern'.
Aerial view of Ostrov Rabocheostrovsk, on Kern Strait. Note (a) sawmills, (b) rail bridge, and (c) railway from Kern'. Prior to 1943.
Approximate position 64?59'N, 34?46'E; B. A. Chart 2276.
Original
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Page IV-17
FIGURE IV-18. Ostrov Solovetskiy.
Aerial view of lakes, marshes, and woods at southern end of the island. Prior to 1943. Approximate position 65?01'N, 35?46'E; B. A.
Chart 2276.
FIGURE IV-19. Kandalakshskaya Guba. Beach area (36).
Beach fronting settlement of Kandalaksha. 1915 or earlier. Approximate position 67?08N, 32?25'E; B. A. Chart 2277.
Original
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FIGURE IV-20. Kandalakshskaya Guba, Lesnoy.
Typical rugged terrain on the northeastern shores of the gulf. Prior to 1943. Approximate position 66?41'N, 34?19'E; B. A. Chart 2277.
fronted by a narrow sand beach (FIGURE IV-21; B. A. Chart
2274) backed in the northwestern half by an extensive
marshy plain and in the southeastern half by low sand
dunes.
Southeastward of Kuzomen' for 15 miles is a smooth
sand beach with sand-silt flats extending 0.5 mile offshore
and backed by an extensive marshy plain (beach area
(38)). From this point to Chapoma the shoreline is ir-
regular with many small sand beaches and recurrent
stretches of sand-silt flats offshore. Behind the coastline
the terrain is generally low and marshy. About 1 mile in-
land lies a 30-foot-high sand-clay bluff. Vegetation is low
marsh type, with low scrub.
From Chapoma, northeastward for 55 miles to Sosnovka
(B. A. Chart 2272) 40-foot clay bluffs with granite projec-
tions lie in places immediately behind the coast, while
elsewhere a few hundred yards of marsh intervene. The
coastline continues smooth with sections of sand-shingle
beach (beach area (39); FIGURE IV-22) while the silt flats
offshore disappear. Inland behind the bluffs the terrain
is higher and wooded, with a few lakes and marshy areas.
Near Sosnovka (beach area (40)) the clay bluffs terminate
and the coastline becomes irregular, with rocky slopes ris-
ing from the shore. A 500-foot conical peak rises near the
coast at Sosnovka. Offshore rocks are reported between
Chapoma and Sosnovka. Inland the hills reach an eleva-
tion of 350 feet.
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Geamio COASTS AND LANDING BEACHES
Page IV-19
FIGURE IV-21. White Sea, Kuzomen'. Beach area (38).
White sandy beach at Varzuga river mouth. Prior to 1943. Approximate position 66?16'N, 36?53'E; B. A. Chart 2274.
FIGURE IV-22. White Sea, Pulon'ga. Beach area (39).
White sandy area backed by sloping wooded terrain at eastern end of beach area. Prior to 1943. Approximate position 66?15'N, 40001'
E; B. A. Chart 2272.
Original
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JANIS 40
Northeastward, for 50 miles to Mys Orlov (B.A. Chart
2270) the coast continues steep and rocky with hills rising
inland. Offshore rocks exist for a short distance seaward
and tundra-type vegetation grows on the rock slopes.
About 2.5 miles north of Ponoi, on the east bank of the
river there is a landing field for airplanes. Northward for
80 miles to Mys Svyatoy Nos (Cape Lenina) , the coast is
extremely cliffy. The rivers flow in deep ravines and
granite hills 300 feet in elevation extend along the coast,
with areas of tundra-type vegetation showing on the slopes.
There are several small bays, the best of which is Lumbov-
skiy (beach areas (41) and (42)).
Mys Svyatoy Nos (FIGURE IV-23; B. A. Chart 2269) , the
western entrance point to the White Sea, is a narrow
granite projection extending 10 miles northwestward. The
cape is only 25 feet high at the point but reaches 650 feet
in elevation about 7 miles southeastward. The shores are
steep and cliffy.
FIGURE IV-23. Murman Coast (Murmanskiy Bereg), Mys Svyatoy
Nos.
Barren granite terrain and cliffy coast at western entrance to
White Sea. Prior to 1943. Approximate position 68?09'N, 39?49'E;
B. A. Chart 2284.
(2) Landing beaches
The beaches along the shores of the White Sea, (beach
areas (21) to (42); TABLE IV-4) , vary considerably. Along
the east shore the beaches are most extensive; they are
usually best developed at the small river mouths where
small dune areas may lie inland. Otherwise they are
backed rather generally with sand and clay cliffs. Beaches
of beach areas (33) to (37) , along the west shore of the
White Sea, are more generally short and lie along a much
indented and rocky coast; while areas (38) and (39) are
long, straight, and sandy. Exit is limited to trails or
winter roads through the coastal settlements.
TABLE IV -4
LANDING BEACHES OF COASTAL SUBSECTOR 41 C
4 *6 4. a) 4 A
co c)
0
i i 71, , a) -,-> cd 0
?,-, '0
a) ,- ce ?_?-,
rt 7:14 0
a) 0
a) ct,'
0 ?- , -4
4. 4;
0 :ill: .?, 4 2 r s7.-. ,..2 5
ad ad ?? c.)
Ts uo "a's 5 `?--4 4-.1
a) a) ',1) ?-'
0 0 ci) ?,--, r.
a) 4 ci
^CI
s-. a).- 4-a) 0 g 45
a)
0 4 cd 75 al
t.0
a)
.0
a)
2 40 ,-. T 5
bo B. 0. 40 ?, .- 4.
0 g g '4- 0 -8 "Fi 0
0 0 d 1-0
a> .... f. a) a) , ? :-,
0 4 ?...,
?0
"0 a> '7.)1 '"'
"V i a) .r..
ca co
CC M
5
?t.1
C/
00
+.
Sand and clay cliffs.
c; c;
O
;2, 0
0 0
0'1 0 0
mi. at L.W.
bt g co"' ? ^
a)
.0 0
ti1)
v
0 , E s -g 5 4 .0
as
E a)
0
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CO '0 C. '?'
0 -p p rn
W
"C, 'S'S?' urr ,--1 0 0
.0 0 0 0
a) a) 2 4 ca 0
.... rf) g "7:.' 'I.' ' 'S 0
-00
-I-. .4 CJ -,-= E g
-iL 0
op g 7,d a> g, a>
4'1 .0tj)
; 4 -,-= ?,,-_,, a3 .5 0
s.,
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Total about
u)
a)
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0
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0 a) 0 00
?-?,..., 0 ----, N .0 07j ,J' "i)
as1 CD v)
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1. COASTS AND LANDING BEACHES
Page IV-21
TABLE IV - 4 (Continued)
Original
or winter road at
to settlements
> - > ' " ' - , ? - ? . - 0 a .. > . 6) 1-,
0 U)0 .-. M?1 0 ce U) U)
V ap r,M. 7,
Cd V :."
"0 .
rt a) he 77 ,-.?
g ',-5*
C) 0
-7 7:i 0
77 :.>.
cd .0. bo
,...
":
6. ,... E E2 ? .?,0 _ .0
.,..-, 0 8 0
m ..x
.._?. -a, 4
-0 -,-. . c Ts
:??,-, 2-d. >, he .b.c 0 If; -16 a. ..'a:
7-0 :11 > ?
ad a 0.1 1) 71 ?E -Z g. -4' '1) 0 -4-,
r.-
cd
0 0 ? 1.- 0.., ?4- ? 0
.... ??-, ...1
,37:, .0 _.0.. bo " ,.., ..,
o a>
CC ?-? ...
Sand with some rock
"5
0
0 -0 E
_?,
Average 1 on 50.
Numerous
0 .0 0
r..-4 cd
1 on 50 average.
rJ
1 on 50 average.
1 on 30 average.
>, g :e, 4-, .yji a) :7 _. "0
.--E 0 0? ? 0 4 0 ,..... a3 he a)
0 ad "? ?
,.0 ..... 03 '777 73.
f::
o o -al 05 t ;-, 74
g-c -....1 ? r. 4.. -- E ..-- .r.h"
m ?-. 0 - Q3 , ?,-,
0 0 0 r? ..,t1 ,-? 0
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+.,
1-? 0 a) -cz :-, r.-, w . .,-J
0 U -
= 0 .? - 0 Ce .. 0 , al a) cd ?F's
cd -4 cd .0 .0
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0 0
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,--,
25 to 75 ft.
.4C1'
sand with
I.
1 on 50 average.
a> co _a - 5' A 1') ,?.'
,
.,_;--
a> ca >, E
11: -0 .-0 -,0
.:. , ;-., , E -- ,= ca 8 5' e0 ? 2
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- /.. a) .4 ca 8 I'll 5 I- o . -
. 0 d E >, p?1 ',4, -0 It' (3
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I
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0 0 0' ;,?,:. 0 50., 4 ra, a> -4 05 " ?
,45a-F o > a> 4 - m ? h?L,
,0 $. ed -.-= 1) o -,, 0 ?-. J.: > cd 4
.. .----' - E-,
,
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0
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0) r-, he -in ,-? 0 a)
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0 a) ?-t; ,t' 0
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cs) 0., ? ,C.L.,) W %> --' '0 -
a) ce hn '5 , t) c.) 0 0 >, a)
t'.. ,73 C.. '''.. ...4 5.".0 0 ...... o o0o00
u2 a3 .., _ 0
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.0 03 cd 0 0 03 0
,,, _0 4 0 .0 C'
?-, a) .0, 711 8 ',7i1 ,1>, "CZ 0 -,-, = r... 0 ,M) '' o
>> 0 a) ? - -.0
d ."' -.., a, - led
g '..'-'' .... CO .,....,
'" 4 a e."4 = to ,0 ,,i e!) ar ea'ICI G3
, , ce 0
5 he II. 7.>5 5 , o o he be 0 -:..t 0 .' ''..' .. g
-,-
7: 0 .7 '0 'g'''' .2 F4 t
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cs)
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1-1 h--, '''' ..?..' 6
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....:
0 ,-, >?-? co ad ad ,ej a) Phc
..i. ',,, 1 ,.... ,.....,
,.1)--.'
,--1 td) : r. , ,__,
1-, r''. rn 0 ????>.,
77 .' ,6 ,.... - Co. ."
0 6 *... = . o , ,...., 6
0:3 - E ...??-? .u. th0- 0 p,...1
0 , ,--, '5 'Pi: ----
'G' O "F.; -'> .... ,...., ....... ho 4-7 c;) 4 Z.????1 -.
??-?? W ??-?-? W
Pushlakhta
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CU
0
Page IV-22
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JANIS 40
TABLE IV -4
Connections
ter
behind beach
Material and
Surf and shore
4 5
cd?
Nearshore
-6
>.# 0
0
4
o
cf4
cultivated
(12
-0
be
Bars off river mouths;
ous as shown.
5 26
cd c3
Cn(1)
17
rID
0
?.4
drift varies.
moderate to
1 on 25 average.
riD
02
0
$.4
In
0
117 ?
.W
.00
-0 6,
It:;
0
Sand or rock
0
0
Local dune
0.
Sand with
???
:?>
.002
-17
o
a>
c3 a3
y
F?13)
V
bD
beaches at set-
obstructed
Several short beaches,
average 1 mi.
cc .4
c.)
ce
0
rID
V
0
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ci
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LoAST5 AND LANDING BEACHES
Page IV-23
TABLE IV - 4 (Continued)
Original
0
4 :Z3 5
U'D
0 .
.0 ? " '...
?
? ? 0
cd
0
tj
e.)
? 0
? F.',' .... ea
T> 'S
c?'9.
a> cd
..... ? ,
00 ' 0
O0 0
7,
0: 0
t
0 ....,
-4-.? .....
T
ad 7. ea "
C?0
^ I"-, ?
0
a)0 0 ?
O 5 0
4.11 -4:1
ed ad
..1 g
CD
+O.' 10'
.- 0
c; 4
0-, 0
7s 5 0.
0 g7 7,3' ^ , 0 ..*?
_0 0
?11
D. Mys Svyatoy Nos to the Norwegian Boundary
(68?09'N, 39?49'E; 69?47'N, 30?50'E) (PLAN 13; FIGURE IV-
24; U.S.H.O. Chart 5784; B.A. Charts 2269, 2284, 2333, 2334,
and 2966; A.M.S. Maps?North West Russia scale 1:2,000,-
000 G.S.G.S. No. 4464 Key No. 312625, Murmansk scale
1:500,000 G.S.G.S. No. 4312 Key No. 100236, Port-Vladimir
scale 1:100,000 G.S.G.S. No. 4383 Key No. 117476, and Pet-
samo scale 1:100,000 G.S.G.S. No. 4383 Key No. 100177)
(1) Coast
The coast of Kola Peninsula (Poluostrov Kol'skiy)
northwestward of Mys Svyatoy Nos (Cape Lenina), known
as the Murman Coast (Murmanskiy Bereg), remains open
to navigation throughout the year (B.A. Chart 2284). A
branch of the warm North Atlantic current flows south-
eastward along this coast and keeps it ice-free, despite
its geographical location north of the Arctic Circle. Only
small amounts of land ice appear in the bays along the
coast between December and April. Deep water of the
Barents Sea lies off the coast, the 50-fathom curve lying
generally within 3 miles of the shore. Inside the 10-
fathom curve the coast is fringed by rocks and shoals.
Offshore are many small, high and rocky islands. In-
numerable bays and inlets indent the coast, which is steep
and cliffy, and consists generally of huge rounded out-
croppings of granite. Peat and white moss of the tundra
cover much of the rocky surface. Coastal heights vary
between 300 and 700 feet and afford excellent observation
points. Isolated low points exist at the heads of the bays
and are the sites of the small fishing villages along the
coast (beach areas (43) to (49), and (51)). There are
neither coastal roads nor exits inland; the only com-
munications are by sea, and by wire which passes along
the coast. Limited cultivation is carried on in tiny valley
plots near the river mouths. The rivers generally pass
through deep ravines and are not navigable because of
falls and rapids. Inland about 20 miles the terrain con-
sists of high, undulating country with many lakes, and
some flat areas of interest as potential airfield sites.
Dwarfed trees and bushes grow inland. Forests of the
southwestern half of Kola Peninsula lie from 50 to 75
miles inland of the Murman Coast.
Yokan'ga lies 8 miles south-southwestward of Mys Svya-
toy Nos and has a good harbor (FIGURE IV-25; B.A. Chart
2269) which has been used frequently for forming con-
voys (Chapter VI). The port has a small pier, a seaplane
station, and a landing ground. A trail leads southwest-
ward along the coast. Moderately sloping rocky terrain
lies behind the port extending to the hills close inland.
Guba Teriberskaya (B.A. Chart 2334) lies 140 miles north-
westward of Mys Svyatoy Nos. It has fair anchorage fa-
cilities and is less obstructed than other bays along the
coast. It extends 2 miles inland and is 3 miles wide.
Although open to northwestward the bay has a south-
western reach which is well protected. This reach has
low, sandy eastern shores where the town and an airfield
are located (beach area (50)). Ostrov Kil'din (Kildin Is-
land) (B.A. Chart 2333) lies 20 miles west-northwestward
of Teriberka, about 1 mile off the coast. It is 10 miles
long east ? west, 4 miles wide, and consists of schist hills
reaching 900 feet in elevation. Only the eastern part of
the southern shore (beach area (52)) is low; there is lo-
cated a small town, a seaplane station, and an airfield.
Kol'skiy Zaliv (Kola Inlet) (FIGURE IV-26; B.A. Chart
2966) lies 10 miles eastward of Ostrov Kil'din. In this
inlet are located the important ports of Polyarnyy, Vay-
enga, Murmansk (FIGURE IV-27), and Kola (Chapter VI).
These ports can be reached when the ports on the White
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Scale 1/2,000,000 or 1/2 M.
I Inch=31.56 Miles
Miles
0
COASTAL SUBSECTORS
? 41 A-- CORRESPONDING TO TEXT.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
--(SP) PORTS DESCRIBED
IN CHAPTER VI.
EUROPEAN RUSSIA
LOCATION MAP
Shist hills 300
o 600 ft. high.
Granite hills 300 to 700 ft.
high. Cultivated valleys.
FIGURE IV-24. Coastal subsector 41 D.
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gmemiffffilwa COASTS AND LANDING BEACHES
Page IV-25
FIGURE IV-25. Murman Coast (Murmanskiy Bereg), Yokan'ga.
Typical rugged granite terrain along the Arctic coast of Kola Peninsula. Prior to 1943. Approximate position 68?04'N, 39?32'E;
B. A. Chart 2269.
FIGURE IV-26. Kol'skiy Zaliv, Guba Tyuva.
View southwestward across mouth of bay to Tyuvagubski lighthouse from watering place in the northern shore of the bay. 1936 or
earlier. Approximate position 69?12'N, 33?35'E; B. A. Chart 2966.
Original
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JANIS 40
FIGURE IV-27. Kol'skiy Zaliv, Murmansk.
View southwestward across harbor. Note barren, gently sloping terrain of town site and low hills
mate position 68?58'N, 33?05'E; B. A. Chart 2966.
Sea and the Baltic are icebound. Some ice forms in the
inlet in December and January, but it is easily kept open
by ice breakers. The inlet is between 1 and 2 miles wide
and from 10 to 140 fathoms deep, and it is bound by steep
granite hills southward 26 miles to Murmansk. At Mur-
mansk gently sloping terrain affords a site for the town
and a number of airfields. The Murmansk railroad south-
ward connects this arctic port with the Leningrad area.
Westward of Kol'skiy Zaliv (FIGURE IV-28) lies Motov-
skiy Zaliv (B.A. Chart 2333) which is 3 to 6 miles wide
and extends westward about 30 miles to Poluostrov Sred-
niy. It is bounded to the northward by Poluostrov Ry-
bachiy (Hibachi Peninsula) . The southern shore of the
inlet is indented by several long narrow bays which extend
south-southwestward. Between them lie steep granite
hills with many lakes scattered between them. The bays
are deep, some reaching 145 fathoms, but they are in
general between 30 and 40 fathoms deep. They are of
particular interest because their heads are low, sandy areas
backed by river valleys which extend to the lake country
inland. A trail from Polyarnyy roughly parallels the
coast 10 to 15 miles inland, passing through the fishing
villages at the heads of the bays. Guba Ura lies 6 miles
westward of Kol'skiy Zaliv and extends 14 miles inland;
it is 1 to 5 miles wide. Ostrov Shalim lies in the mouth of
the bay where the small fishing village of Port-Vladimir
is situated. The town Ura-Guba, which has an airfield,
lies at the head of the bay. Guba Ara, 3 miles farther
westward, and Guba Vichany, 6 miles west of Guba Ara,
are smaller bays connected by trail to Ura-Guba. Guba
Zapadnaya Litsa lies 17 miles westward of Ura-Guba and
extends 14 miles southwestward. The streams entering
the bay along the southeastern shores are wooded for about
10 miles southward. Such a wooded area in the tundra
region is referred to as a forest island. Guba Titovka
(beach area (53) ) lies 12 miles northwestward. It ex-
tends about 5 miles inland and is over 1 mile in width
and varies from 14 to 50 fathoms in depth. The town of
Titovka at the head of the bay has an airfield. The trail
from Polyarnyy forks west of Titovka and extends west-
ward to Pechenga (Petsamo) and northward to Poluostrov
Rybachiy. Northwestward 4 miles lies the bay Guba
Kutovaya, the western end of Motovskiy Zaliv. At its
head is the narrow isthmus joining Poluostrov Sredniy and
across inlet. No date. Approxi-
FIGURE IV-28. Murman Coast (Murmanskiy Bereg), Mys Pogan'-
Navolok.
Western entrance to Kol'skiy Zaliv. Note lakes (a), and tiny
beach (b). Prior to 1943. Approximate position 69?25'N, 33?29'E;
B. A. Chart 2333.
the mainland (beach area (5 4)) . The isthmus is a narrow,
marshy valley between the granite hills on the mainland
and the high schist hills of Poluostrov Sredniy. The penin-
sula is about 15 miles long and 8 miles wide. Its terrain
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COASTS AND LANDING BEACHES Page W-27
is high and rocky and mostly between 800 and 1,200 feet
in elevation. The trail northward lies along the eastern
shores. Guba Bol'shaya Motka and its shallow
northern reach, Bukhta Ozerko (beach area (55) ), sepa-
rate Poluostrov Sredniy and Poluostrov Rybachiy on the
east. At the head of the bay is the marshy isthmus
joining the peninsulas. The isthmus terrain is undulat-
ing, with one hill to the west reaching 344 feet; to north-
ward lie the highest hills of Poluostrov Rybachiy which
are about 800 feet in elevation. The shores of the bay are
mostly steep and cliffy but are low for about 1 mile south-
ward of Ozerka, a small village located on the eastern
shore where the two bays join. This low coastal area is
backed by moderately sloping marshy meadows. Poluos-
trov Rybachiy is about 35 miles long and 13 miles wide.
The southern shores, which lie on Motovskiy Zaliv, and
the southeastern shores are steep and cliffy; the only low
point is at the head of Guba Yeyna, 6 miles eastward of
Guba Bol'shaya Motka (beach area (56)). The northeast-
ern shores of the peninsula are moderately high, with
scattered cliffs. The bays Guba Laush, Guba Zubovskaya,
Guba Skorbeyevskaya, and Guba Vayda (FmuRE IV-29) ,
offer good harbors and fair landing areas backed by moder-
ately sloping terrain (beach areas (57) , (58) and (59) ) .
Guba Zubovskaya offers the best landing conditions and
has an airfield. A trail joining Guba Zubovskaya, Guba
Vayda, and Guba Yeyna is connected to the trail south-
ward across the isthmus to the mainland trail. The ter-
rain of Poluostrov Rybachiy is undulating and has a large
number of lakes, streams, and marshy localities. Slaty
or shaly schist is scattered about the peninsula, and there
are some meadows and bushes. The hills on each side
of Guba Bol'shaya Volokovaya (beach area (60)) are
covered with peat and moss and slope toward the sea,
presenting bare schist rocks, especially on the northeast
side of the bay. The west coast of Poluostrov Sredniy is
high and steep, but not cliffy. Soil is stiff clay and the
top is covered with peat and moss. The southern shore
of Guba Maly Volokovaya is high and steep, being part
of a ridge of hills crossing the isthmus from Motovskiy
Zaliv. High granite hills continue to the entrance of
Petsamon-vuono (Pechenga Gulf ) , which extends 9 miles
southwestward from the entrance and has four reaches.
Small settlements, the largest of which is Pechenga (Pet-
samo) , are located along the gulf. The terrain westward
to the river Vorema continues bold and of moderate height,
indented by small coves and narrow inlets.
(2) Landing beaches
The beaches of subsector 41 D are described briefly in
TABLE IV-5. The known beaches are very scattered; most
of them lie at the heads of relatively shallow bays and are
fronted by rocky or sandy flats. The coast between is
steep and irregular.
FIGURE IV-29. Poluostrov Rybachiy, Guba Vayda. Beach area (59).
Note fishing village and road net at head of bay. Prior to 1943. Approximate position 69?56'N, 32?E; B. A. Chart 2333.
Original
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JANIS 40 ?TaITRITILMINIONED
TABLE IV -5
LANDING BEACHES OF COASTAL SUBSECTOR 41 D
Reliability POOR.
, a) a)
33 4 0 0 33
0 ?-, a; o
4 .... 72 ai 7 :"" ,)- ,n "
33
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0 f:) 0 0
Surf and shore
and location
,4 _og ..:
c'a a' m ? - Pe
7. .--4' -0 "o
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70
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Page IV-29
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Sand; probably soft.
;radient in
H.W. zone
huts behind beach.
Trail is available.
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in entrance
Page IV-30
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(Text continued following Figure 1V-30)
Original
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Approved For Release 2003/05/14: CIA-RDP79-01144A000200010004-5
ICON111161111111111111 COASTS AND LANDING BEACHES
Page IV-31
42. WEST COASTAL SECTOR-MYS
KRYUSERORT (RISTNIEMI) TO
SZTUTOWO (STUTTHOF)
(60?31'N, 28?15'E; 54?20'N, 19?09'E) (PLANS 14 to 16; FIG-
URES IV-117 and IV-119; U.S.H.O. Chart 4845; B.A. Charts
2191, 2282, and 2842B; A.M.S. Maps scale 1:2,000,000
G.S.G.S. No. 4464?Central Europe Key No. 173153, Scan-
dinavia Key No. 312330, and North West Russia Key No.
312625)
The Gulf of Finland extends in an easterly direction for
210 miles from Osmussar island to Leningrad (B.A. Chart
2191). It is 40 miles wide at the entrance between
Poosospaa Neem (Poosaspea) and Hangoudd, increasing
gradually to 65 miles at Narva Laht, thence decreasing
to 10 miles at Petrograd Bay. Deep water prevails
throughout the central part. The bottom is mostly mud
in the greater depths, alternating with rock and sand
in the more shallow areas. The Gulf of Riga, 92 miles
long and 55 miles wide, is connected with the Gulf of
Finland by Vormsi Vain (Wormso Sound) and Muhu Vain
(Moon Sound) on the north, and with the Baltic Sea by
Irbeni Vain on the west. The bottom at the middle of
the gulf northward of Ruhnu is mostly mud, occasionally
mixed with sand; toward the Estonian shore, sand and
stone; and toward the Latvian coast, mostly coarse sand.
The southern part of this sector runs approximately to the
middle of Danzig Bay. The whole sector thus describes
the Baltic coast from the Finnish border on the Gulf
of Finland to the former free state of Danzig, and includes
the entire coastlines of the Estonian, Latvian, and Lithu-
anian SSR's.
Winds from west through south prevail in the western
part of this sector, while to the east the prevailing winds
are westerly. There is some tendency toward the develop-
ment of land and sea breezes along these coastal areas
during the summer months, but more generally westerly
winds prevail throughout the year.
The currents of the Baltic Sea are generally to the south
and west; their direction, however, varies greatly in dif-
ferent localities and may change with changes in wind
direction and atmospheric pressure. For example, under
ordinary conditions, the current in the Gulf of Finland is
to the west and is strongest in the early spring. However,
with westerly gales a current sets eastward along the gulf
shore south of the island of Kronshtadt and to the west
along the north shore, north of that island.
The variation in water level along the coast in this sector
is due to the varying factors of river outflow, wind direc-
tion, and atmospheric pressure, and not to tidal influences.
For this reason, the beach widths given in the following
descriptive tables are average widths. For this same
reason, the gradients given are an average water line.
The usual water level fluctuations range from 1.5 to 3 feet;
the variations are greater in the bays and narrow channels
than on the open coast. In general, the fluctuations
caused by wind direction are felt over a wide area and are
greatest during the winter months when storms are most
frequent. Fluctuations due to changes in atmospheric
pressures are felt more locally; they are observed during all
seasons, but most frequently in the fall and winter.
Ice forms a definite obstruction to navigation and land-
ings during a relatively short winter period (Chapter III,
FIGURES 111-12 to 111-23) ; the period, however, varies con-
siderably with the severity of the weather. In the south-
ern part of the sector, and in the northern entrance to
the Gulf of Riga, ice begins to form in the inner and shel-
Original
tered channels in December. Fixed or solid ice in the open
sea is exceptional, although floating ice is common, espe-
cially during the early spring. Solid ice forms in the north-
ern part of the Gulf of Riga and between the islands fring-
ing this coast in early January; by February the whole of
the gulf is generally frozen, although the larger harbors
along the gulf can usually be approached with the aid of
ice breakers. By the end of April, the whole of the gulf
is generally free of ice. The Gulf of Finland generally
does not freeze solid until early January. Even then, the
ice may be quickly broken up by heavy storm winds
and form large fields of drifting ice or be heaped up along
the shore. Drifting ice fields are particularly dangerous
in this area during the spring and may not entirely dis-
appear until late May.
The beaches in the northern half of this sector generally
are present in isolated and scattered areas and are inter-
rupted by river mouths and rocky shores or points; they
are fronted or flanked by rocky shoals on generally fiat
bottom slopes. The southern half of the sector is almost
completely lined with sandy beaches with clear approaches
over mild-to-flat bottom slopes.
A. Mys Kryuserort (Ristniemi) to Rooslepa
(60?31'N, 28?15'E; 59?10'N, 23?32'E) (PLANS 14 and 15;
FIGURE IV-30; B.A. Charts 2215, 2217, 2227, 2239, 2241,
2245, to 2247, 2279, 2826, and 3479)
(1) Coast
Mys Kryuserort (Ristniemi) lies on the northern coast
of the Gulf of Finland at the western entrance to the Vy-
borgskiy Zaliv (Gulf of Viipuri) , a large inlet which ex-
tends 19 miles northeastward to Vyborg (Viipuri) (B.A.
Charts 2247, 2826, and 3479) . The inner part of the inlet
is obstructed by shoals and cut up into sections by several
peninsulas and islands (beach area (61)) . The shoreline
is rocky and covered with pine forests.
The city of Vyborg, located at the head of the gulf, is
on the Finnish railroad system which extends to Lenin-
grad. A primary road parallels the coast from Vyborg
south to Koyvisto (Koivisto), where it joins with a second-
ary road extending to Mys Inonemi. Numerous trails
leading from the coast connect with a primary road about
10 miles inland. Vyborg is an excellent port with many
good harbor facilities and installations (Chapter VI) and
a seaplane station. In 1941 the population was 70,000.
Abundant water and marshy terrain make movement in-
land difficult everywhere except along the dry Salpauserka
(Sisempi Salpausselka) ridge of hills which extends along
the USSR - Finland frontier in a straight east - west direc-
tion. The ridge is covered in places with forest growth
and flanked by parallel sand and gravel ridges.
Proliv Koyviston Salmi, the eastern approach to Vyborg,
lies between the mainland and the islands of Koyvisto
(Koivista) and Piysaari (Piisaari) . It is about 14 miles
in length and varies in width from 0.8 to 2.3 miles. The
mainland shore rises gradually to a chain of hills, 200 to
300 feet in height, on the slopes of which are numerous
houses and villages. The general depths of water vary
from 6 to 18 fathoms. Koyvisto (Koivisto) is hilly on the
west side and covered with forests. At the middle of
Torsaari, a small island to the northwest, is a conspicuous
hill.
The coast between Proliv Koyviston Salmi and Mys
Styursudd (included in beach area (61)) , 15 miles to the
southeastward, is cut up into several shallow bays with
shoal water extending up to 1.5 miles offshore (B.A. Chart
2279) .
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Petrograd Bay is 12 miles wide at its entrance between
Mys Styursudd on the north and Ostrov Karavalday on
the south, and extends 25 miles eastward. There are
depths of 14 to 20 fathoms in the entrance, decreasing
gradually to 5 and 6 fathoms at the head, with shoal water
extending from the shores.
From Mys Styursudd, the north shore of Petrograd
Bay trends eastward for 12.5 miles to Mys Inonemi and is
backed by a steplike formation consisting of three levels.
This formation is not noticeable from seaward but has
the appearance of a high coast with stretches of sandy
beach (beach area (62)). Sparse forests of fir trees line
the shore. There are a number of villages along the beach.
From Mys Inonemi the shore extends eastward (beach
area (63); FIGURES IV-31 and IV-32) for 14 miles farther
and then southward for 8 miles to Mys Lisiy Nos. The
shore is wooded, and between Mys Dubovskiy and Mys Lisiy
Nos there are alder and birch trees.
From here to the southward it is up to 4 miles in width,
joining the bank surrounding Ostrov Kotlin.
Mys Lisiy Nos marks the northern entrance point of
Nevskaya Guba, the eastern part of Petrograd Bay lying
between Kronshtadt and the mouths of the river Neva.
The shores are low and wooded, and reefs on the northern
and southern sides are strewn with rocks. The area east
of Kronshtadt has a depth of 3.5 fathoms, thence gradu-
ally shoaling toward shore. The bottom is fine sand with
occasional patches of mud. Oraniyenbaum and Petrod-
vorets, on the southern side of Nevskaya Guba opposite
Kronshtadt, afford the best anchorage with docking fa-
cilities and good connections with the interior by railroad
and highways (Chapter VI) . Oraniyenbaum has a sea-
plane station.
The port of Leningrad (B.A. Chart 2239) , at the eastern
extremity of the Gulf of Finland, is approached through
the Morskoy Kanal which leads in an east-southeasterly
direction across Nevskaya Guba. The channel, with an
average width of 350 feet and a minimum depth of 31 feet,
joins with the river Neva at Leningrad.
The harbor of Leningrad (Chapter VI) , includes Morskoy
Kanal with its quays and docks as well as the lower part
of the river Neva and its branches. The city of Leningrad,
one of the principal commercial ports of the USSR, has
telegraph and railroad communications with all parts of
Europe. Several operational airfields are located at and
near the city. Leningrad is exposed to floods usually
twice a year in the spring and fall, as a result of backwash
during the period of heavy winds. The marshy Neva
delta, encompassing the city limits, is very difficult to
approach whether at normal water level or at high water
level. Dismemberment of the cpnter of the city into
many islands and the separation of the parts of the city
through the arms of the river and deep canals makes move-
ment difficult (FIGURE IV-33) .
FIGURE IV-31. Gulf of Finland, Terioki. Beach area (63).
Looking northward at west end of Terioki beach area. No date.
Approximate position 60?10'N, 29?33'E; B. A. Chart 2279.
FIGURE IV-32. Gulf of Finland Terioki. Beach area (63).
Aerial view of center section of beach area. No date. Approxi-
mate position 60?10'N, 29*40'E; B. A. Chart 2279.
A number of rivers discharge along this coast (beach
area (64) ) ; principal of these are the Inoioki, Chernaya,
and Sestra. The shore bank to the 5-fathom curve extends
from 0.5 mile to 2 miles offshore as far as Mys Dubovskiy.
Looking
Branches
FIGURE IV-33. Leningrad.
southwestward across Petropavlovskaya Krepost'.
of river Neva in background. Approximate position
59?58'N, 30?15'E; B. A. Chart 2239.
The river Neva is the only outlet for the various large
lakes and smaller basins which empty into it. After enter-
ing Leningrad the river breaks_ into several deltaic
branches. The greater part of the main channel of the
river within the harbor limits has a depth of more than
5.5 fathoms over coarse sand bottom.
Ostrov Kotlin (B.A. Chart 2215) , 5 miles northwest of
Oraniyenbaum on the southern shore of Nevskaya Guba, is
about 6 miles in length and 1 mile wide. It is surrounded
by shoal flats which extend to the shores that lie to the
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COASTS AND LANDING BEACHES Page IV-33
east and south. The 5-fathom curve, at the western end
of the flats, lies 3.8 miles from the island.
Kronshtadt harbor, a strongly fortified seaport, is situ-
ated at the eastern end of Ostrov Kotlin at the entrance
of Nevskaya Guba. On its southern side are four basins
with depths ranging from 9 to 35 feet. Kronshtadt harbor
and port facilities are covered in detail in Chapter VI.
There is an airfield and seaplane station on the island.
A broad coastal plain reaches from Leningrad to Luzh-
skaya Guba at the southern edge of which is a precipitous
bluff separating the flat coastland from the hills of the
land elevation between Peipus and Il'men lakes. The
coastal plain consists of two main regions, the coastal
foreland in the north and the coastal plain in the south,
divided by terrace-forming slopes. The foreland is a very
marshy depression intersected by beach ridges and dune
stretches covered with rock detritus. Inland a gently
ascending highland, from 6 to 9 miles and in some places
20 miles wide, stretches out toward the next incline.
Short, shallow rivers, flowing in a northerly direction have
carved channels in the bedrock. Many flat sandy beaches
alternate with meadows along the coast (beach areas (65)
and (66)). The shoreline is thus broken into small por-
tions by alder groves, dunes, and beach mounds. With
the exception of the eastern shore of Luzhskaya Guba,
precipitous cliffs rarely edge the sea. There the coast be-
comes more swampy. Near the coast vegetation consists
of bushy meadows and marshy forests, while higher up
on the elevated plains are dry pine forests and pastures.
From Krasnaya Gorka to Ostrov Karavalday (B.A. Chart
2279) , the shore is bordered by a range of hills. Mys Kras-
naya Gorka is characterized by a reddish sandy slope and
low sand hills. Reefs and shoal water extend offshore as
far as Tolboukin Island.
Ostrov Karavalday is low and covered with bushes.
From here the coast trends southwestward for 5.5 miles
to Mys Ust'inskiy. Batareynaya Bukhta, to the south of
the island, affords anchorage in 3.5 fathoms.
Koporskaya Guba lies between Mys Ust'inskiy and Mys
Kolganpya 14 miles southwestward. The shores of the
bight are low (beach area (67)), mostly rocky and wooded,
with a few scattered meadows and swamps. A shore bank
of varying width, with detached shoals and patches of
reef, fronts the coastline. The Sista and the Kovashi
are the largest of the several rivers which discharge into
the bight. Mys Kolganpya, the western entrance point
(B.A. Chart 2245), has shoal water extending a distance
of 1.3 miles with a depth of only 3 to 7 feet at the northern
entrance.
Luzhskaya Guba, between Mys Kolganpya and Mys
Kurgal'skiy, is 14 miles wide at the entrance, with a num-
ber of reefs and shoals occupying the middle part. The
western shore is thickly wooded. On the eastern side,
hills range in elevation from 309 feet in the south to 470
feet at Gora Soykina to the northward. The slopes of the
range are partly wooded, with some cultivated fields. At
the head of the bay lie the Luga and Vyb'ya rivers, 1.8
miles apart. Dunes extend between the river mouths,
paralleling the shore (beach area (68)). The bay has a
landing ground and seaplane station.
The eastern approach to Narva Laht is obstructed by
numerous small islands and rocky shoals extending within
a 14-mile radius north and east of Mys Kurgal'skiy, which
is the northern tip of the peninsula between Narva Laht
and Luzhskaya Guba. Depths range from 0.3 fathom at
Banka Namsi to 3.3 fathoms at Kurgal'skiy Rif. Laven-
saari (Lavansaari), a small island 14 miles northwest of
Original
Mys Kurgal'skiy, is 3 miles long and surrounded by reefs.
It is low and covered with thick pine forests.
Between the southern shore of Narva Laht and Peipus
Lake, 14 miles southward, the land is level in general and
is divided into three parts: 1) the coastal area with its
sand dunes (beach area (69); FIGURE IV-34), 2) the Narva
valley and the actual lake hollow, and 3) the cliffs where
the river approaches the coast.
gr.
FIGURE IV-34. Estonian SSR, Narva-Joesuu. Beach area (69).
Looking northward from river mouth near Narva-JOesuu, at south
end of beach area. Approximate position 59?29N, 28?03'E; B. A.
Chart 2245.
The river Narva rises in Peipus lake and is about 42
miles in length. From the town of Narva to the entrance,
the river is 7.5 miles in length, flowing in a northwesterly
direction. The banks are clayey and steep, rising at places
to 50 feet, and becoming low and sandy at the entrance.
The lower part of the river is from 180 to 580 yards wide.
The entrance, which is 110 yards wide, is fronted by a
bar which silts in the spring leaving a depth of 4 to 5 feet.
Narva, an important manufacturing town close to the
steplike rapids of the river, has an excellent harbor and
a small landing ground.
The western approach to Narva Laht is obstructed by
numerous shoals and small rocky islands extending within
a 26-mile radius seaward from Ledipaa Nina, with depths
ranging from 1.5 to 5 fathoms. Sur-Sari (Suursaari), an
island situated 30 miles northeast of Ledipaa Nina, is 6
miles long and about 1.5 miles wide. It is high and rocky
with an elevation of 525 feet at its southern end. Many of
the valleys and slopes are covered with pine trees. The
island is steep-to and has depths of 10 to 28 fathoms over
sand and mud bottom, within 0.5 mile of the western side.
Vaivara Magi (Gora Vayvara) , consisting of three wooded
hills 307 feet in height, lies 7.5 miles southwest of the river
Narva entrance. Gora Lina-Megi, 14 miles to the north,
is a sand hill 80 feet in height.
From Narva Laht to Merekiila, 5 miles southwestward,
the coast is flat and sandy (beach area (70) ; FIGURES
IV-35 to IV-37) with no visible offshore obstructions.
Behind the beach lies level woodland and cultivated fields.
A coastal road lies a few hundred yards inland. From
Merekilla to Kalvi, a point 3 miles past Aseri, the coast
FIGURE IV-35. Estonian SSR, Narva-Messu. Beach area (70).
Looking northward along beach area south of river mouth near
Narva-JOesuu. Approximate position 59?28'N, 28?00E; B. A. Chart
2245.
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JANIS 40
FIGURE IV-36. Estonian SSR,Narva-JOesuu. Beach area (70).
Looking southward along beach area south of river mouth near
Narva-Joesuu. For approximate location refer to FIGURE IV-35.
consists generally of a narrow sand strip with clear ap-
proaches from seaward (beach area (71); FIGURES IV-38 to
IV-45). The coastline is backed by steep clay or shale
bluffs varying from 10 feet to 60 feet in height. Behind
the bluffs lies a raised plain with areas of both cultivated
and wooded land (FIGURES IV-40, IV-42, and IV-45) ; ex-
tensive swamps occur farther inland. A good coastal road
net exists behind the bluff line. At several points along
the coast, the bluff line is broken by broad low valleys
which run inland and act as main drainage channels for
the area.
West of this area the coastal bluff disappears, and from
Kalvi to Ledipaa Nina the coast is relatively level with
occasional sand and gravel beaches lying between flat
rocky points (beach area (72)). The bottom near the
shore is shoal, with scattered rocks breaking the surface.
From Ledipaa Nina 20 miles to Altja the coast is low
and flat, with broad sandy beaches (beach area (73) ; B. A.
Chart 2246) . The gradient immediately offshore is fiat
FIGURE IV-37. Estonian SSR, Narva-Joesuu. Beach area (70).
Aerial view southeastward across beach area. Main coastal road parallels shore. 1943. For approximate location refer to FIGURE
IV-35.
FIGURE IV-38. Estonian SSR. Beach area (71). FIGURE IV-39. Estonian SSR. Beach area (71).
Looking southwestward along beach from east end of beach area. Looking eastward toward section shown in Figure IV-38. Au-
Approximate position 59?24'N, 27?56'E; B. A. Chart 2245. gust 1925. Approximate position 59?24N, 27?53'E; B. A. Chart 2245.
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glograrskishiamb COASTS AND LANDING BEACHES
Page IV-35
...-----
...,?"--...
FIGURE IV-40. Estonian SSR. Beach area (71).
Aerial view southward across eastern end of beach area. Behind sandy beach a shelf of level grassland runs inland for 0.2 to 0.5
mile, terminating in 60-foot bluffs. 1943. For approximate location refer to FIGURE IV-39.
FIGURE IV-41. Estonian SSR. Beach area (71).
Aerial view southward across western end of beach area. High bluffs immediately behind beach. 1943. Approximate position
59?26'N, 27?08'E; B. A. Chart 2245.
Original
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FIGURE IV-42. Estonian SSR, Pattenina Point. Beach area (71).
Aerial view southward across beach area at Pattenina point, 7 miles westward of Merekilla. 1943. Approximate position 59?25'N,
27?44'N; B. A. Chart 2245.
FIGURE IV-43. Estonian SSR, Toila. Beach area (71). FIGURE IV-44. Estonian SSR, Toila. Beach area (71).
Looking eastward along beach area east of Toila. July 1924. Looking eastward along shingle beach near Toila. August 1925.
Approximate position 59?25'N, 27?33'E; B. A. Chart 2245. Approximate position 59?26'N, 27?30'E; B. A. Chart 2245.
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FIGURE IV-30
COASTAL SUBSECTOR 42-A
JANIS 40
I. .LLSAJ
Rocky shoalso
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ni?Akiloal
200 to 300 feet high,
pine covered hills.
Lc!' kt!rt.hy delta.
Broad
coastal
plain.
c Wooded hills
300 feet high.
NAUTICAL MILES
AO 5
fiT:R H
STATUTE MI LES
5
KILOMETERS
C'
HEIGHTS 8 DEPTHS
IN METERS
EGEND
1r@ riEtri TABLES
COASTAL
IN
LES
CORRESPONDING SUB
SECTORS'Tp TEXT.
? 4IA--
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
(SRI PORTS DESCRIBED
IN CHAPTER VI,
01441-0..,0
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Page IV-37
qttr,'
FIGURE IV-45. Estonian SSR. Beach area (71).
Looking westward along beach area toward point shown in FIG-
URE IV-42. August 1925. Approximate position 59'24'N, 27'46'E;
B. A. Chart 2245.
with a sand bottom and numerous scattered rocks break-
ing the surface. Behind the beach the land is level, ex-
tending inland without break in terrain. Woodland pre-
dominates, with some cultivated areas interspersed.
Streams reaching the coast are broad and meandering.
Farther inland are extensive swampy areas. A few roads
run inland from towns on the coast.
Kunda Laht is 3.3 miles wide between Toolse Neem and
Ledipaa Nina, the eastern entrance point. The eastern
and southern shores are low and rocky, consisting of tree-
covered areas, meadows, and swamps with a range of hills
extending farther inland. The river Kunda empties into
the middle of the bay. A rocky reef extends from 0.5 to
1.8 miles offshore, with rocky shoals scattered throughout
the middle of the bay. A main highway runs inland from
Kunda 12 miles to connect with the main coastal road at
Rakvere.
From Altja, westward to Tallinn, the coast consists of
a series of bays, separated by low sand-and-rock penin-
sulas. Sand or silt banks extend seaward from the
beaches, with scattered rocks breaking the surface. Ap-
proaches are obstructed by numerous offshore shoals and
by islands, generally flat, sandy, and wooded. The coast-
line continues level but is irregular in outline with many
sand-silt beaches lying between small projecting shoals
and headlands (beach areas (74) to (81)) . The land
behind the coast is about equally occupied by woodland
and cultivated fields. Large stretches of the coastal area
are marshy, particularly at the base of the peninsulas.
A 12- to 16-foot paved coastal road runs behind much of
the coast, touching the beach at each of the small towns
scattered along the coastline.
Kasmu Laht (Zaliv Kyasmu-Lakht) extends 3.5 miles
southward from Lobi Neem, the eastern point. Depths in
FIGURE IV-46. Estonian SSR, Eru Laht (Monk Bay). Beach area (76).
Aerial view westward across the wooded and partially cultivated shore of Eru Laht at Viinistu. 1943. Approximate position 59?38'N,
25?48'E; B. A. Chart 2246.
Original
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the bay range from 4 to 13 fathoms. The shores are flat
and wooded, with a sandy beach (beach area (75) ) and
some cultivated areas at the head of the bay. Vosu, a
lumbering village, is located at the bay head. Lobi Neem
is bare and rocky and has a reef extending 1.5 miles north-
ward with a depth of 4 fathoms at the outer end. On the
western side of the bay entrance is a chain of islets and
rocks awash.
Eru Laht extends 7.5 miles in a southerly direction from
the northern end of Mehni (Ekholm) , a small narrow is-
land 1.5 miles in length. The coast (beach area (76)) is
sandy with rocks in the water offshore. The land behind
the western shore of the bay consists largely of cultivated
fields with patches of woodland farther from the coast
(FIGURE IV-46). The eastern shore is predominately
woodland, while the head of the bay (to the south) is low
and partly wooded.
Hara Laht (Zaliv Kara-Lakht), which extends 6 miles
west-southwest between Purikari Neem the western en-
trance point of Eru Laht and Juminda Nina, has a depth
of 30 to 40 fathoms in the entrance, decreasing gradually
toward the head. The beach is sand and shingle with
rocks in the water offshore. The eastern shore is pre-
dominantly forest land (FIGURE IV-47). On the western
side is a range of hills, uniform in height, which are steep
and thickly wooded, sloping gradually toward the coves.
The southeast shore at Loksa is low (beach area (77) ),
but thence to Odakivi Nina it rises gradually. From Puri-
kari Neem a reef extends 1.8 miles to the northwestward
with detached shoals continuing for a mile farther west-
ward.
Kolga Laht (beach area (78)) is 9 miles wide between
Juminda Nina and Rammusaar island and extends about
8 miles to the southeastward, with general depths from 6
to 50 fathoms. In the middle of the entrance lie the
Malos islets, forming a chain 1.3 miles in length, extend-
ing north - south. Pedassaar and Rohusaar, two thickly
wooded islets in the southern part of the bay, are joined
to the mainland by a reef covered with 2 feet of water.
Juminda Nina has a reef of sand and stone extending
0.8 mile north-northwestward with the 5-fathom shoal 2
miles west of the point.
Kaberneeme Laht, to the westward of Kolga Laht, has
depths of 6 to 33 fathoms over mud bottom. From Kaber
Neem, a point 3.8 miles east of Ihasalu Nina, a reef With
least depth of 3 feet extends 1.3 miles west-northwestward.
FIGURE IV-47. Estonian SSR, Hara Laht (Papon Bay). Beach area (77).
Aerial view eastward across northern extremity of peninsula separating Hara Laht from Eru Laht. Shoreline of Eru Laht, at top,
lies about 1 mile north of area shown in FIGURE IV-46. 1943. Approximate position 59?39'N, 25?43'E; B. A. Chart 2246.
Original
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Another reef, on which lie Koibsesaar and Rammusaar
islands, extends 4.3 miles north-northwestward from the
same point. The former island is high and bare, while the
latter is low and sandy.
Ihasalu Laht, between Ihasalu Nina and Minde Neem,
is 2 miles wide and recedes 2.5 miles to the southeast-
ward. In the middle of the bay there is anchorage with
good holding ground of mud in depths of 7 to 16 fathoms.
Rocks above water are scattered along the shore fronted
by a reef extending 0.5 mile to seaward.
From Minde Neem, on the southern shore of Ihasalu
Laht the coast trends westward for several miles thence
northwestward for nearly 8 miles to Rohu Neem, the north-
western extremity of the Viimsi peninsula. About mid-
way between these two points the shore trends more to
the southward, forming a bay 2.8 miles wide between the
entrance points. The 5-fathom curve lies 1 mile offshore.
Approaches to Ihasalu Laht are obstructed by several low
wooded islands and numerous detached reefs which extend
about 10 miles offshore.
Tallinna Laht (B.A. Chart 2227) , between Aegna island
and Suurupi, is partly sheltered by Naissaar island. From
Aegna the shore trends southward for 8 miles, thence west-
ward for 13 miles to Suurupi. Along the southern shore
are three smaller bays with generally low and wooded
coasts.
Tallinna Reid, the southeastern part of the bight (beach
area (79); FIGURES IV-48 to IV-50) , is open to the north-
west and subject to heavy seas and wind. Approaches to
Tallinna Reid are obstructed by reefs and small islets be-
tween Naissaar and Aegna islands. There is a depth of
25 fathoms at the entrance over mud bottom. Toward the
FIGURE IV-48. Estonian SSR, Tallinna Laht. Beach area (79).
Looking northward along beach north of Pirita river mouth. No
date. Approximate position 59?28N, 24?50'E; B. A. Chart 2227.
FIGURE IV-49. Estonian SSR, Tallinna Laht. Beach area (79).
Aerial view of beach area at Pirita river mouth. No date. For
approximate location refer to FIGURE IV-48.
Original
FIGURE IV-50. Estonian SSR, Tallinna Laht. Beach area (79).
Looking southward along beach area south of Pirita river mouth.
Note rocky approach offshore. No date. Approximate position
59?27N, 24?49'E; B. A. Chart 2227.
shore the bottom consists of mud and sand with scattered
patches of rock. The town of Tallinn with its churches,
factories and other buildings is visible well out at sea
(FIGURE IV-51) . The harbor is described in detail in
Chapter VI.
Tallinn in the principal port of Estonia. The upper
part of the town is located on the rocky heights of Zilie
Kalni, while commercial and manufacturing sections oc-
cupy the more extensive lower section. Railroads connect
Tallinn with all parts of Europe. Several airfields and
seaplane bases are located in the vicinity of the city.
From Tallinn westward to Paldiski, the northern coast
of Estonia is based on a rocky platform with many steep
and precipitous cliffs (FIGURE IV-52) edging the sea. In-
FIGURE IV-51. Estonian SSR, Tallinna Laht. Beach area (79).
Looking southwestward toward Tallinn along south end of beach
area. No date. Approximate position 59?27'N, 24?48'N; B. A.
Chart 2227.
FIGURE IV-52. Estonian SSR, Tallinna Laht.
Rocky platform of coast near Tallinn, terminating in precipitous
cliffs which edge the sea. Foreshore strewn with rocks and
boulders. Specific location unknown.
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land the cliff-top surfaces drop gently southward to a lower
second step, at the foot of which are shallow lakes and ex-
tensive swamps. This section is traversed by many small
northerly flowing streams, which descend slightly as they
approach the cliffs. In their lower courses they form
larger valleys by cutting deep into the limestone forma-
tion. At Tallinn the coastal cliffs rise in height to 150
feet and at Paldiski attain an elevation of 82 feet (FIGURE
IV-53). The shoreline is indented by several bays with
sandy beaches and marshy or wooded shores (beach areas
(80) to (82)) . The steep slopes are broken in places, af-
fording exits inland, however, best communications with
the interior are through the ports of Tallinn and Paldiski.
Movement in the natural countryside is hampered by
many swampy areas and the lack of up-to-date highways.
FIGURE IV-53. Estonian SSR, Paldiski Laht.
Looking northward along Paldiski coast. Cliffs show level strati-
fication. Approximate position between 59?21'N, 24?04'E, and
59?23'N, 24?02'E; B. A. Chart 2217.
Teliskopli Laht, between Teliskopli Neem and Kakumae
Neem, is open to the northwest and has good holding
ground of soft mud during southwest and west winds.
The shore bank is strewn with rocks. A reef extends 0.8
mile northward and 0.5 mile westward from Teliskopli
Neem.
Kakumde Laht, the westernmost of the three bays, can
only be used as an anchorage during southwest winds.
Near the middle there is a depth of 11 fathoms over sand
bottom. The rocky shores are fronted by a bank. A reef
extends about 0.8 mile from Kakurnae Keem, the eastern
entrance point.
Naissaar island, 5 miles northwest of Aegna, is 4.3 miles
long and 2 miles wide. It is for the most part wooded;
the east side is hilly and sandy, with clay hills rising to a
height of 49 feet at the northern end. At the highest
point of the island the tops of the trees are about 100
feet above sea level. Villages are situated on the east,
west, and south sides. Hillgekari Ots, the southeastern
extremity, is low and sandy.
Suurupi (Cape Sourop) , the western extremity of Tal-
linna Laht, is mostly wooded and serves as a landmark
for vessels bound for Tallinn. The 5-fathom curve lies
about 0.5 mile off the cape. From rocky cliffs south
of Suurupi, elevations decrease gradually southward, in-
creasing again in height at Lohusalu Nina, which is sur-
rounded by a rocky shoal. There is a hill on the point with
a village and white sand cliffs to the eastward.
Lohusalu Nina divides the 11-mile coast which trends
southwestward from Suurupi to Paker Ort into two bays.
Lahepere Laht, the western bay, has depths of 6 to 16
fathoms with shallow water at its head and along the
eastern shore.
The town of Paldiski, which lies 2 miles south of Pakri
Neem (B.A. Chart 2217) , is connected by railroad to Tal-
linn and Leningrad and is an important seaport of Estonia.
A seaplane station is located there. The harbor is formed
by two jetties with a 69-foot wide entrance between their
heads. It has a depth of 21 feet but is very limited in
area. Paldiski is very rarely blocked by ice and is there-
fore used as a winter harbor for Tallinn (Chapter VI).
Paldiski Laht lies between Vaike Pakri (Vk. Pakri) is-
land and the mainland. It has a depth of 25 fathoms
at the entrance, decreasing gradually toward its head.
The bottom consists of mud with sand along the shore
(beach area (83)) . The eastern shore rises gradually,
terminating in high perpendicular cliffs at Pakri Neem
FIGURE IV-54. Estonian SSR, Pakri Neem (Paker Ort).
Looking southward along high, rocky west coast of Pakri Neem.
Sandspit, 1,300 yards south of Pakri Neem light, in center. No
date. Approximate position 59?23'N, 24?02'E; B. A. Chart 2217.
Original
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Approved For Release 2003/05/14: CIA-RDP79-01144A000200010004-5
COASTS AND LANDING BEACHES
Page IV-41
FIGURE IV-55. Estonian SSR, Pakri Neem.
Looking north-northeastward toward Pakri Neem light and the old light tower, to seaward. Precipitous limestone cliffs character-
istic of northern half of Pakri Neem peninsula. No date. For approximate location refer to FIGURE IV-54.
(FIGURES IV-54 and IV-55) . The shore bank here extends
from 200 to 500 yards off to the 3-fathom curve.
Suur Pakri and Vaike Pakri (Vk. Pakri) are two small
islands lying in the bight between Pakri Neem and Risti
Nina. Both are about 3.5 miles long and 1.5 miles wide,
separated by a narrow channel. The islands are high and
steep-to on the northern side with scattered woodlands.
The coastal reef, with a least depth of 3 feet, extends 1.5
miles westward from the western coast of Suur Pakri (B.A.
Chart 2241) .
Keibu Laht, between Risti Nina and Tooma Nina, is
nearly 2 miles long and affords anchorage near the middle
in 15 feet of water over sand bottom. From abreast of
Keibu village, on the rocky eastern shore, a reef extends
0.8 mile westward. The southern shore of the bay is low
(beach area (84) ) . Risti Nina is recognized by a wood be-
tween it and the village with occasional cliffs to the east-
ward. Westward to POOsaspaa, Neem (PoOsaspea) , for
approximately 8 miles, the coast consists of sand hills lined
with fir trees.
Original
Osmussaar, a moderately high island 4 miles northwest
of PoOsaspad Neem is 2.5 miles long and 0.8 mile wide. At
its northern end are overhanging cliffs of sandstone 33
feet in height; on the western side several prominent hills,
and on the southern shore a sandy beach with boulders.
Poosaspad Neem, the northwestern point of Estonian
SSR, is a low forest-covered sandy point. The 5-fathom
curve lies 0.3 mile north of the point and 2 miles westward.
The shore bank within the 5-fathom curve extends in the
form of a spit 2.3 miles southeastward from the southern
end of Osmussaar island. Southward from Poosaspaa
Neem to Rooslepa the coast is low and rocky.
(2) Landing beaches
Subsector 42 A includes beach areas (61) to (84) , (TABLE
IV-6) . With the exception of beaches (69) to (71) , which
form an almost unbroken stretch about 57 miles long,
the beaches are scattered and range generally to about 3
miles in length. The nearshore area throughout the sub-
sector is prevailingly flat and rocks obstruct the approaches
to most of the beaches.
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Page IV-42
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JANIS 40
TABLE IV -6
LANDING BEACHES OF COASTAL SUBSECTOR 42 A
a>
0
4
a)
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Q 0 0
I -0 -4-. ? .rf; 4 .2 :`-' 4 7'. 3 .5
7:3 -at) bap ?
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10
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ce g -a 5 . 5 cdt' g 4 ; i 0 -c-e g?-a
-00 cai
0 g t0-
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C-
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cr) 0 0
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Ut C.)
scattered rock
Average 1 on 15.
Average 1 on 15.
CDC
than shown.
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--. .., -0 ,C 6+,_,' ..-6. 4 ?-.
7
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Total about 13 mi. in- Varies
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15 to 50 ft.
Probably 15 to 50 ft.
150 to 200 ft.
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64
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Approved For Release 2003/05/14: CIA-RDP79-01144A000200010004-5
Original
Approved For Release 2003/05/14: CIA-RDP79-01144A000200010004-5
COASTS AND LANDING BEACHES
Page IV-43
TABLE IV - 6 (Continued)
Material and
Original
b.0 Eg bt .o 6 .??,, t ",.7,-3, E 0,,; o -a
0 0 0 'i's r5 0 0 a; a)
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0 "CI 01 0 rn
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..,.. a> 00,..-.2 o
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W W W W W
Exits generally poor.
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Average about 50 ft.
Total about 5 mi. on E
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Page IV-44
Approved For Release 2003/05/14: CIA-RDP79-01144A000200010004-5
JANIS 40
TABLE IV - 6 (Continued)
"0
4 -0 cn _,.,
0 _, . 0 .0
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4 .10 4 2. 2.,) ...
cd 30 .0 , WD w,
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-5
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C
narrower.
a> -c'd 0
a --?
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5 c3 cl>
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6 6 6 6
40 40 c0 40
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Scattered
cv cv
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1 on 30 average.
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100 CO -51
R2.-? 4 '6.3 ,e' ......i. 03
Approved For Release 2003/05/14: CIA-RDP79-01144A000200010004-5
Original
FIGURE IV-56
COASTAL SUBSECTOR 42-B
JANIS 40
4mCIRTIRIPRIPPRINIMPImi
Approved For Release 2003/05/14: CIA-RDP79-01144A000200010004-5
r
EUROPEAN RUSSIA
LOCATION MAP
Low wooded
island.
BEACHES DESCRIBED IN
BEACH TALES
COASTAL SUBSECTORS
CORRESPONDING TO TEXT
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
(SP) PORTS DESCRIBED
IN CHAPTER VI
STATUTE MILES
11.1
is. 0
rimiontortirm
KILOMETERS
4, 6 t 4
tSBILHR
-NTS & DEPT S
iN METERS
Low and bare,
scattered hills.
0
Wooded sand hills.
Low flat coast.
skirted by extensive
shallow banks
extending VI to
15 miles offshore.
ow coastal
ronted by dune barrier.
367 foot hill.,
Approved For Release 2003/05/14: CIA-RDP79-01144A000200010004-5
COASTS AND LANDING BEACHES Page IV-45
B. Rooslepa to Oviti
(59?10'N, 23?32'E; 57?34N, 21?43'E) (PLAN 15; FIGURE
IV-56; U.S.H.O. Chart 4880; B.A. Charts 870, 2271, 2256,
2263, and 2842B)
(1) Coast
The principal northern approach to the Gulf of Riga
(U.S.H.O. Chart 4880) is by Vormsi Vain (WormsO Sound)
and Muhu Vain (Moon Sound). Vormsi Vain (B.A. Chart
870), between Vormsi and Hiiumaa (Dago) islands, is 2
to 3.5 miles wide, with a least depth of 5.5 fathoms in the
channel. Vormsi, situated between Hiiumaa and the
mainland, is 8 miles long and 4.5 miles wide. It is low,
wooded, and surrounded by reefs (beach area (86); TABLE
IV-7) Hiiumaa is 30 miles long, east - west, and 24 miles
wide (beach areas (87), (88), and (89) ; B.A. Chart 2241) .
The interior is flat and marshy, rising gradually to a
height of 88 feet on the northeastern coast. The north-
western coast is lower and less wooded. The shore is
rocky with scattered stretches of sand. Andresemagi
(Mount Andrew) , on the thickly wooded Kopu Poolsaar
(Dager Ort peninsula), is 223 feet high while the south-
western coast is low and slightly above sea level. The is-
land is entirely surrounded by reefs and shoal water ex-
tending from 1 to 7 miles seaward. There is a landing
strip at Kaina on the southeastern coast. Kassaare Laht
(bay), connected with the Baltic by Soela Vain (Sele
Sound) and enclosed by the islands Hiiumaa (Dago) ,
Muhu (Moon) , and Saaremaa (osel), has general depths
of 4 fathoms over mud bottom. Muhu Vain has a very
narrow channel, with a depth of 2.8 fathoms, between
Muhu and the mainland coast of Estonian SSR. Muhu
(beach area (91)) is 11 miles long and 8 miles wide with a
highest elevation of 79 feet, and is surrounded by a nar-
row coastal reef.
Saaremaa is 50 miles long, northeast - southwest, and
30 miles wide. Its southern tip borders Irbeni Vain, the
western entrance to the Gulf of Riga. The island is
composed chiefly of limestone and is thickly wooded. The
coasts (beach areas (92), (93) and (94)) are broken and
indented by numerous bays, between which are penin-
sulas; most prominent of these are Sone in the south and
TagamOisa in the northwest. Coasts are low (FIGURE
IV-57), except for high, rocky slopes in the north and on
the east shore of Tagamilisa. Inland the island is in
general low and flat with a few wooded hills in the middle
and northern parts. The highest elevation is a 65-foot
hill in the northwestern section. A few small islets lie
off the south and west coasts while the remainder of the
island is surrounded by scattered reefs and shoal water.
The island has a fully equipped seaplane base and five
landing grounds.
The mainland coast from Rooslepa for 5.5 miles south-
ward to Noarootsi peninsula (B.A. Chart 2241) is low and
rocky (beach area (85)), fronted by outlying reef patches
and shoal water. The peninsula forms the northern shore
of Haapsalu Laht (B.A. Chart 2842B) , a shallow inlet filled
with banks and shoals (beach area (90)). The inner bay,
east of the town of Haapsalu on the southern shore, is en-
tirely shoal. The ragged coastline trends southward for
11 miles to Matsalu Laht, which extends 12 miles inland,
with depths of 8 to 10 feet in the outer half; thence the
coast trends southward for 16 miles to Tamba, on the east-
ern shore of Muhu Vain. The shoreline between the point
Pika Nina, at the southern entrance of Matsalu Laht, and
Tamba consists of low cliffs with numerous reef patches
extending between it and Muhu (Moon Island) , 5 miles
westward.
From Tamba the coast trends southward 10.5 miles to
Si5meri Poolsaar, and consists of low cliffs, rocks, and sand,
with a few off-lying shoals (beach area (95) ) . The shore-
line for a distance of 13 miles southeastward to Kiriku
Nina the western point of Parnu Laht (Pernau Bight) is
broken by several bays and sharp promontories. The last
5.5 miles of this coast is fronted by a number of small
islets and shoals.
Parnu Laht (beach area (96); FIGURE IV-58) is 8 miles
long, northeast - southwest, and 6.5 miles wide at its en-
trance between the points Kiriku Nina and Tahku Nina,
with a depth of 4.5 fathoms gradually decreasing to 2.5
fathoms at the mouth of the river Parnu. Approaches are
obstructed by shoals and small islands, the largest of
which is Kihnu, 4 miles in length and covered with low
pine forests. Parnu Reid, at the inner part of the bight,
sure anchorage in 18 feet of water over mud and
FIGURE IV-57. Estonian SSR, Saaremaa
Vilsandi lighthouse, at the end of a chain of small islands of the western coast of Saaremaa island. Approximate position 58?23'N,
21?50'E; B. A. Chart 2263.
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JANIS 40
FIGURE IV-58. Estonian SSR, Ptirnu. Beach area (96).
Looking northwestward along beach area southeast of Parnu.
No date. Approximate position 58?23N, 24?30'E; U. S. H. 0.
Chart 4880.
sand bottom. The harbor (Chapter VI) , at the mouth of
the river, consists of the harbor proper, the dredged chan-
nel, and the mouth of the river Sauga. The middle of
the harbor is blocked by ice from December to April. The
river is navigable only for a short distance above its en-
trance. Parnu, situated on the south bank of the river
Parnu, is an important shipping center connected by rail
with the Riga - Leningrad line. All-weather two-lane
roads lead inland from the port. A small operational
landing field is located at Parnu.
The coast from Parnu Laht trends southerly for almost
80 miles to the mouth of the river Daugava (Zapadnaya
Dvina) . The flat, even coast line is skirted by shallows
from 1.5 to 3.5 miles offshore. Numerous villages line the
entire coast and many small rivers and streams empty
into the gulf, their mouths fronted by sandbanks. The
river beds are shallow and swampy, and subject to spring
floods. The resulting bog areas and flooded meadows, as
well as the forests, impede movement inland. At the
head of the gulf the Daugava and Gauja rivers have deeply
cut courses, exposing the rock structure in their steep
banks.
From Tahku Nina, the swampy eastern entrance point
of Parnu Laht, to the cape Sarre Nina, 9 miles southward,
the coast is low with foul ground extending from it for a
distance of nearly 3 miles. At Sarre Nina the coast in-
creases in height and is partly wooded. Pihinurme Mded,
a wooded range 130 feet high, lies inland 1.5 miles north
of Sarre Nina. Woods extend to the beach between Orajoe
(Orrenhof) and Treimani (Dreimansdorf) , where the
coast decreases in elevation. From Aina2i (Gainish) to
the river Salaca (Salaces Upe) the shore is low and rocky,
fronted by shoal water and detached reefs extending 7
miles southwestward of AinOi (beach area (97)). From
Aina2i to Sophien Ruh Farm, 24 miles southward, the shore
is low and sandy (beach area (98); FIGURE IV-59) with a
few mounds about 20 feet high a short distance inland.
Moderately high sand hills extend from Sophien Ruh
FIGURE IV-59. Latvian SSR, Gulf of Riga. Beach area (98).
Typical section of beach area. Breakers on flat, gently sloping
beach; backed by sand dunes about 30 feet high and fringed with
pine woods. No date.
southward to Peterupe; thence to the Daugava the coast
continues low and sandy.
The Daugava (Zapadnaya Dvina) , before entering the
sea, separates into two arms forming low, marshy islands.
Daugavgrivas Sala (Dunamond Island) on the western
side of the river entrance, is formed by the Bullupe
(Mukha) river (FIGURE IV-60) . The valley through which
the Daugava flows is composed partly of sand hills and
partly of meadows and swamps. Within the river are
several low islands and sandbanks partly covered with
grass. The bar of the Daugava extends over a mile from
shore. The least depth at the entrance of the river was
25 feet in 1927.
Daugavgriva harbor, on the southwestern side of the
river entrance, with a depth of 22 feet, is the outer port
of Riga. Riga harbor (B.A. Chart 2256) , about 7 miles
above the entrance, consists of a river channel with a num-
ber of basins and quays (Chapter VI) . Riga, the capital
and one of the principal ports of Latvia, has railroad con-
nections with other ports as well as the interior. An
airfield, seven landing grounds, and two seaplane sta-
tions are located near the town.
Many small lakes lie inland several miles from the
southern shore of the gulf (beach area (99); FIGURES
IV-61 to IV-66) . The river Bullupe, which flows parallel
with the coast eastward of Ragaciems, terminates at the
mouth of the Daugava. Milzukalns, a 367-foot hill, 9.5
miles westward of Ragaciems point, is visible for a dis-
tance of 20 miles at sea.
From the mouth of the Daugava the coast trends in a
westerly and northwesterly direction for 73 miles to Kol-
kasrags. It is low and wooded, with occasional hills. The
shore is of firm sand with a bank extending from 1.5 to 3.5
miles offshore (beach area (100); U.S.H.O. Chart 4880) .
The island Ruhnu, 19.5 miles eastward of Kolkasrags, is
3 miles long and 2 miles wide. It is low and sandy with
scattered pine forests.
Irbeni Vain, the main entrance to the Gulf of Riga, is
bounded on the south by the coast from Kolkasrags to
Ovigi (Lyser Ort) and by shoals extending south and south-
west from Saaremaa (Osel) on the north (B.A. Chart 2263) .
The western end is divided into two channels by Michailovo
Seklis, 7.5 miles northward of Ouigi. The southern chan-
nel is 3.5 miles wide with a least depth of 5 fathoms; the
northern is about 2 miles wide and much deeper.
From Kolkasrags, the northernmost point of Latvian
SSR, to Ovigi the coast is generally low and bare with only
a few scattered hills (beach area (101)). Kolkasrags is
moderately high, with a reef and shoal water extending
3.3 miles northward. Zilie Kalni, 18.5 miles eastward of
Ovigi, is a range of hills 164 to 197 feet high.
Ovigi, a low sandy point, gives a whitish appearance
from seaward. The coast is foul close to shore with scat-
tered shoals and banks lying to the northward across the
entrance of the Gulf of Finland.
(2) Landing beaches
Subsector 42 B (beach areas (85) to (101); TABLE IV-7) ,
includes all shores of the Gulf of Riga, the mainland, and
the islands lying just north of the gulf. The island beach
areas vary considerably but are all approached through
shallow narrow channels which are obstructed by rocks
and small islets. This is equally true of the few known
beaches on the mainland fronted by islands. Beaches
(98) to (101), on the other hand, are fronted by shallow,
but generally clear, near-shore areas. These beaches form
almost a continuous stretch around the gulf and along
the southern side of Irbeni Vain. Exits to roads are best
from beach (99); otherwise trails are available close in-
shore but usually lie behind dune or bluff areas.
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COASTS AND LANDING BEACHES
Page IV-47
FIGURE IV-60. Latvian SSR, Gulf of Riga. Beach area (99).
Vertical aerial view of Daugavgrivas Sala at east end of beach area. July 1944. Approximate position 5'7?02'N, 23?58'E; U. S. H. 0.
Chart 4880.
FIGURE IV-61. Latvian SSR, Gulf of Riga. Beach area (99).
Looking eastward along beach area east of Rigas Jarmala. No FIGURE IV-62. Latvian SSR, Gulf of Riga. Beach area (99).
date. Approximate position 56?58'N, 23?45'E; U. S. H. 0. Chart Looking eastward along beach area at Rigas Jfirmala. No date.
4880. Approximate position 56?58'N, 23?44'E; U. S. H. 0. Chart 4880.
Original
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JANIS 40
FIGURE IV-63. Latvian SSR, Gulf of Riga Beach area (99).
Aerial view looking east-northeastward across Majori toward area shown in FIGURE IV-60. Sharp bend of Lielupe river in center.
1941. Approximate position 56?58'N, 23?45'E; U. S. H. 0. Chart 4880.
FIGURE IV-64. Latvian SSR, Gulf of Riga. Beach area (99).
Looking eastward along beach area at Rigas Jurmala. Note auto-
mobile on beach. No date. For approximate location refer to
FIGURE IV-62.
FIGURE IV-66. Latvian SSR, Gulf of Riga. Beach area (99).
FIGURE IV-65. Latvian SSR, Gulf of Riga. Beach area (99). Looking eastward along beach area west of Rigas Jarmala. No
Looking westward along beach area at Rigas Jurmala. No date. date. Approximate position 56?58'N, 23?43'E; U. S. H. 0. Chart
For approximate location refer to FIGURE IV-62. 4880.
Original
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Page IV-49
TABLE IV - 7
LANDING BEACHES OF COASTAL SUBSECTOR 42 B
Original
Reliability FAIR. (PLAN 15)
Material and
about 0.6
of peninsula.
narrow
41
ed back of
0.
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1 on 20 average.
75 to 150 ft.
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most of areas.
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S and SE
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0
About 50 to 75 ft.
Page IV-50
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JANIS 40
TABLE IV - 7 (Continued)
behind beach
?.f>be
Best exits
low marsh or
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backshore soft.
Good
Sand; relatively soft.
Best exits into town
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Page IV-54
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EUROPEAN RUSSIA
LOCATION MAP
HEIGHTS 8 DEPTHS
IN METERS
BEACHES DESCRIBED IN
BEACH TABLES.
COASTAL SUBSECTORS
? 41 A-- CORRESPONDING TO TEXT.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
(SP) PORTS DESCRIBED
IN CHAPTER VI.
FIGURE IV-70. Coastal subsector 42 D.
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Page IV-55
D. Klaipeda (Memel) to Sztutowo (Stutthof)
(55?43'N, 21?08'E; 54?20'N, 19?09'E) (PLAN 16; FIGURE
IV-70; B.A. Charts 2369 and 2370)
(1) Coast
Klaipeda (Memel) harbor is formed by the Zeyetif (See
Tief) which is the entrance channel to Kurisches Haff, a
large body of water lying behind the coast (B.A. Chart
2370; FIGURE IV-71). The harbor is entered between pro-
jecting jetties 420 yards apart (Chapter VI). The Zeyetif
is about 4 miles long and about 500 yards wide, with a
depth of 19.5 to 26 feet. The town of Klaipeda, an im-
portant commercial port with up-to-date loading facili-
ties, is situated on the north bank of Zeyetif with the prin-
cipal part of the town on the south bank of the river
Dange, which flows through the town and empties into
the harbor. There are railroad connections with other
ports and the interior.
FIGURE IV-71. Lithuanian SSR, Klaipeda. Beach area (104).
Aerial view northeastward to harbor entrance. Sandy beach at north end of beach area backed by embankments. 1943.
Approximate position 55?43'N, 21?07'E; B. A. Chart 2370.
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Kurisches Haft separated from the Baltic Sea by
Kurische Nehrung, is the largest inland sea on the coast.
The Haff is about 50 miles long north- south and 25 miles
wide at the southern part, decreasing gradually in width
to 0.5 mile at the southern end of Klaipeda harbor. In
the northern part there are general depths from 3 to 6
feet and in the southern part depths from 2 to 3 fathoms.
From the Zeyetif southward, shoal banks are overgrown
with huge rushes and reeds, fringing marshes which ex-
tend a short distance inland. South of the mouths of the
Nemunas river, the eastern and southern shores of
Kurisches Haff are low and thickly wooded. Kurische
Nehrung (beach area (104) ; FIGURES IV-72 to IV-75) is a
narrow sandy peninsula extending in a southerly and
southwesterly direction for about 50 miles from Klaipeda
to Sarkau Forest, where it joins the mainland near Krants.
Wooded sand hills are backed by steep barren dunes rang-
ing from 100 to 200 feet high, lying along the eastern edge.
Kurisches Haff is separated from Frisches Haff, a similar
inland body of water, by the Zamland peninsula, which
rises steeply on the north and west to a height of 365 feet
at Gallgarben. The center of the peninsula is covered
with wide, well-cultivated fields. From Sarkau Forest,
the southern part of Kurische Nehrung, the coast trends
westward for 19 miles to Mys Bryusterot, a bold cliff-
like point surrounded by a reef which extends 0.8 mile
FIGURE IV-72. Lithuanian SSR, Kurische Nehrung. Beach area (104).
Looking northeastward along sand dunes 200 feet high back of center section of beach area. Kurisches Haff right and at top.
Approximate position 55?19'N, 21?02'E; B. A. Chart 2370.
FIGURE IV-73. Kaliningradskaya Oblast', Kurische Nehrung.
Beach area (104).
Aerial view looking southwestward along barrier separating
Kurisches Haff, left, from Baltic Sea and beach area, right.
Prior to 1931. Approximate position 55?10'N, 20?50'E; B. A. Chart
2370.
FIGURE IV-74. Kaliningradskaya Oblast', Kurische Nehrung.
Beach area (104).
Looking northeastward across dunes and typical fishing village on
shore of Kurisches Haff. No date. Approximate position
55?10'N, 20?50'E; B. A. Chart 2370.
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IIIUI COASTS AND LANDING BEACHES
Page IV-57
FIGURE IV-75. Kaliningradskaya Oblast', Kurische Nehrung. Beach area (104)
Looking northeastward along southern end of beach area. No date. Approximate position 54?58'N, 20?30'E; B. A. Chart 2370.
offshore. The shores are high and wooded (beach areas
(105) and (106) ; FIGURES IV-76 to IV-80) . From this
point the coast extends southward for 19 miles to Baltiysk
(Pillau). Between Mys Bryusterort and Yantarnyy
(formerly Pal'mnikken) (B.A. Chart 2369) the shore con-
tinues high with a yellowish appearance. Rocky shoal
patches extend several miles offshore northeastward of
Rotenem, a coastal village about 9 miles northward of Bal-
tiysk. About 3 miles northeastward of Baltiysk, a forest,
Lokhshtedtskiy Les, extends across the peninsula from the
Baltic Sea eastward to the bay, Zaliv Fishkhauzen.
Northward of the forest the shores of the bay are steep.
Near Baltiysk are sandy heights fronted by trees along
the shore.
FIGURE IV-76. Kaliningradskaya Oblast', Zamland Coast. Beach area (105).
Looking eastward along beach area from Krants. No date. Approximate position 54?58'N, 20?29'E; B. A. Chart 2370.
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JANIS 40 Lail.11T110.1
FIGURE IV-79. Kaliningradskaya Oblast', Zamland Coast. Beach
area (106).
Section of beach area shown in FIGURE IV-78, showing different
surf conditions and water line. 1938.
FIGURE IV-77. Kaliningradskaya Oblast', Zamland Coast. Beach
areas (105) and (106).
Aerial view westward across Mys Rantauyer Shpittse and Neu-
kuhren Bay showing high wooded shores with cultivated fields
in the center of Zamland Peninsula. Right background is Mys
Vanger Shpittse. Prior to 1931. Approximate position 54?57'N,
20?14'E; B. A. Chart 2370.
FIGURE IV-78. Kaliningradskaya Oblast',
area (106).
Looking westward from hill back of beach area at Svetlogorsk
(formerly Rauschen) . Compare heavy swell and water line With
FIGURE IV-79. 1935. Approximate position 54?57'N, 20?08'E; B. A.
Chart 2370.
Zamland Coast.
Beach
The only outlet from Frisches Haff to the Baltic is
through the Pillau Tief, a channel lying between the north-
ern extremity of Frische Nehrung, a narrow sandy stretch
of coastline (beach area (107)) separating the Haff from
the sea, and the town of Baltiysk (Pillau) . Baltiysk har-
bor is entered by the Zeyetif (See Tief), a channel 328
yards wide and 31 feet deep dredged in the Pillau Tief
(Chapter VI) . This entrance seldom freezes over, due to
strong currents. The Baltiysk inner harbor extends in a
northeasterly direction from the eastern end of the Zeyetif
and consists of several small havens with depths of from
6 to 26 feet. The town of Baltiysk has railroad communi-
cation with Kaliningrad (Konigsberg) and shipping con-
nections with Klaipeda (Memel) , Danzig (Gdansk), and
Liepaja (Libau). A canal, 17.5 miles long and 21 feet deep,
extends eastward to the mouth of the river Pregel', which
empties into the Haff 4.5 miles from Kaliningrad.
The harbor of Kaliningrad consists of the several
branches of the Pregel' and three large basins on the
southern side of the river (Chapter VI) . The city, capital
FIGURE IV-80. Kaliningradskaya Oblast' area, Zamland Coast.
Beach area (106).
Looking northwestward from cliff behind west end of beach area
near Gross-Kuhren. 1928. Approximate position 54?'56N, 20?03'E;
B. A. Chart 2370.
of the former province of East Prussia, is connected by rail-
roads with the principal towns of the country and by
steamship with nearby ports.
Frisches Haff is about 50 miles long northeast - south-
west, with an average width of 5 miles. The two prin-
cipal rivers flowing into the Haff are the Pregel' in the
northeastern part, and the eastern mouth of the Wista
(Vistula) which discharges into the southwestern part.
General depths in the Haff are 1.3 to 2.5 fathoms, the deep-
est part being southeastward of Baltiysk. The bottom
consists of soft clay and mud mixed with sand. On the
shores of the Haff a hard bank underlies the soft bottom,
having a breadth of 1,200 to 1,600 yards, with depths of
3 to 6 feet. In some areas, banks of hard sand and shingle
extend some distance from the beach. Where the shore
consists of meadowland or soil deposited by rivers, reeds
and rushes extend for a distance inland. The eastern
shore of the Haff is well cultivated. Hills skirt the coast
in places, rising gradually inland. Wooded dune hills
average from 30 to 40 feet high with exceptional heights
of as much as 120 feet. The northern shore is well wooded.
(2) Landing beaches
The beaches of subsector 42 D (beach areas (104) to
(107); TABLE IV-9), lie along the two narrow sandy barriers
which enclose the two large lagoon and harbor areas,
Kurisches Haff and Frisches Haff, and for short stretches
along the cliffed coast of Zamland peninsula which lies
between. The long barrier beaches are rather narrow and
are backed by steep dunes, so that exits are difficult or
impossible. The nearshore area is generally clear, with
bottom slopes varying from gentle to fiat.
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Page IV-59
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TABLE IV - 9
Reliability FAIR. (PLAN 16)
and location
a)
04 . ?-?
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