PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF SUGAR IN THE SOVIET BLOC 1952

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79T00935A000200230003-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 22
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 2, 1998
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: August 14, 1953
• Content Type: IM

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INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM
PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF SUGAR
IN THE SOVIET BLOC
1952
CIA/RR IM-376
14 August 1953
THIS MATERIAL CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECTING THE
NATIONAL DEFENSE OF THE UNITED STATES WITHIN THE
MEANING OF THE ESPIONAGE LAW, TITLE 18, USC, SECS.
793 AND 794+, THE TRANSMISSION OR REVELATION OF
WHICH IN ANY MANNER TO AN UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS
PROHIBITED BY LAW.
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
69
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CONTENTS
Page
Summary . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1. Postwar Trends in Production .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. 1952 Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
a . USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
b. European Satellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
c. Communist China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3. Planned Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
a?. USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
b. European Satellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
c. Communist China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4+. Current Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Appendix
Sources and Evaluation of Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
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CIA/RR IM-376
(ORR Project 21.6.1)
PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF SUGAR IN THE SOVIET BLOC*
1952
Summary
The Soviet Bloc accounts for 12 to 15 percent of the world sugar
supply and is second in importance only to Cuba as a producer of
sugar. Roughly 70 percent of the sugar produced in the Soviet Bloc
comes from the Ukraine and the European Satellites. Sugar produc-
tion in the Soviet Bloc has steadily increased since World War II,
reaching a high of about 5.1+ million metric tons of raw sugar** in
1951 but dropping in 1952 approximately 15 percent below the 1951
total because of adverse weather conditions in the European
Satellites. The total 1952 production was estimated at about 4.6
million metric tons as compared with the 1-.8 million tons before the
war. All Soviet Bloc sugar, with the exception of cane sugar from
Communist China, is produced from sugar beets. Sugar-beet acreage in
1952, which remained almost the same as in 1951, is 14 percent above
the prewar level.z Sugar yields for the Bloc, however, are still
below the prewar level.)()(*)(
The USSR, which accounted for about 50 percent of the.total
Soviet Bloc production of sugar in`1952, produced about 2.3 million
* This memorandum contains information available as of 1 April
1953. The data do not represent weighted quantities but are estimates
and approximations. The range of error in the estimates is at least
plus or minus 10 percent.
*X Estimates of production given in this memorandum are in terms
of raw sugar, based on a ratio of raw to refined sugar of 1.1 to 1.
Raw sugar is sugar processed from sugar beets or sugar cane but not
yet refined. Estimates of utilization are in terms of refined sugar.
*f* All acreage figures in this memorandum are for harvested
acreage.
**** The term. sugar yield indicates the quantity of raw sugar which
was processed from 1 hectare of sugar beets or sugar cane. Such
variations as sugar content, which may differ from year to year and
from country to country, are reflected in the yield figure.
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metric tons, a 10-percent increase above the 1951 level and a 28-per-
cent increase above the prewar level. The European Satellites, which
accounted for 42 percent'of the total Soviet Bloc production of sugar
in 1952, produced about 1.9 million metric tons of sugar, a 34-per-
cent decrease below the 1951 level and a 27-percent decrease below
the prewar level. Communist China, which accounted for only 8 per-
cent of the total Soviet Bloc production of sugar in 1952, produced
approximately 375,000 metric tons, which was a 15-percent increase
over the 1951 level but 6 percent below the prewar level.
All countries producing sugar in the Soviet Bloc have plans for
increasing production, but to a large extent, these production plans
appear unattainable. The Soviet Fifth Five Year Plan (1951-55), for
example, calls for a 78-percent increase in the production of sugar.
Since no plans were given for acreage increases, the-assumption is
that any increase in production will result primarily from increased
yields. The goal of the Fifth Five Year Plan appears to be unattain-
able because it would require yields of unrealistic proportions, which
even under the best of conditions could not be attained in so short a
period of time.
In 1952, about 83 percent of the 4.1 million metric tons (refined
value)* of sugar produced in the Soviet Bloc was utilized domestically;
12 percent, or 487,500 metric tons, was exported to non-Soviet Bloc
countries; and the remaining 5 percent; about 190,000 metric tons,
either was available for state reserves or constituted an exportable
surplus available for future commitments.
The sugar available for domestic consumption in the European
Satellites is on the average less than before World War II, though it
would be greater were it not for the USSR's policy of expropriating con-
siderable quantities of the European Satellites' production under forced
trade agreements and reparations and, in addition, encouraging the
Satellites to export as much sugar as possible as a means of acquiring
hard currency, raw materials, and industrial commodities from non-Soviet
Bloc countries. In some instances, this policy has resulted in a sugar
* Utilization figures are in terms of refined value. The raw
value production of 4.6 million metric tons is equal, therefore, to
4.1 million metric tons refined.
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shortage which has necessitated rationing among the general population.
Only military and other preferred personnel continually receive a
ration which reaches an important caloric level in the diet.
Even though sugar is a relatively perishable item requiring strin-
gent storage conditions, it is apparent that some of the Soviet Bloc
countries are retaining a portion of each year's production to be
placed in a reserve for either strategic purposes or future commitments.
The quantities maintained each year in the state reserve above those
quantities normally held for industrial, consumer, and trade purposes
are not known. In any case the sugar probably is rotated on a first-
in first-out basis so as to minimize storage losses.
1. Postwar Trends in Production.
Production of sugar in the Soviet Bloc increased after World War II
(1940-44) from annual production of about 4.2 million metric tons to a
production of about 5.4 million metric tons in 1951. Prewar average
production of sugar in those areas now constituting the Soviet Bloc
totaled about 4.8 million metric tons. (See Table l.)*
The acreage producing sugar in the Soviet Bloc increased steadily
after the end of World War II and was estimated at 2.4'million hectares
at the beginning of 1951, approximately a 20-percent increase over the
prewar acreage of 2.0 million hectares. (See Table 1.) With the
exception of production from sugar cane in Communist China, Soviet Bloc
sugar is produced from sugar beets.
Although production of sugar has increased since World War II, the
yields for the Soviet Bloc as a whole are still below prewar yields.
Increased acreages have accounted for the gain in production. Yields
for the Bloc in 1951 averaged 21.9 centners of raw sugar per hectare
as compared to the prewar yield of 22.7 centners per hectare. Sugar
yields remained high during World War II but began to drop soon after
the war as, a result of fertilizer shortages throughout the Bloc and of
an opposition to the land reform program in some of the European
Satellites.
* Table 1 follows on p. 4.
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2. 1952 Production.
Production of sugar in the Soviet Bloc for 1952 is estimated at
about 4+.6 million metric tons, a decrease of approximately 0.8 million
metric tons (15 percent)' below the 1951 production of 5.4 million
metric tons and 0.2 million metric tons (4 percent) below the prewar
production of 4.8 million metric tons.
The 1952 production of sugar, distributed over a population of 782
million, indicates a gross per capita supply* of 6 kilograms, which
is slightly less than 7 kilograms per capita indicated by the distribu-
tion of the 1951 production over 778 million people, although roughly
equal to the average gross per capita supply of 6 kilograms available
to 767 million people during the prewar years.
The 1952 sugar-beet acreage in the Soviet Bloc is estimated at
2.4 million hectares, equal to the 1951 total and 14 percent above
the prewar average of 2.1 million hectares.
Yields for the Soviet Bloc in 1952 are estimated at 18.9 centners
per hectare as compared with the 1951 yield of 21.9 centners per hec-
tare and the prewar yield of 22.7 centners per hectare.
Production of sugar in the USSR for 1952 is estimated at
approximately 2.3 million metric tons, a 10-percent increase over the
1951 production of 2.1 million metric tons and an increase'of more
than 25 percent over the prewar production of 1.8 million metric tons.
The 1952 sugar-beet acreage is estimated at 1.3 million hectares,
approximately equal to the 1951 and prewar acreages. (See Table 1.)
It is estimated that the USSR produced about 50 percent of the
total Soviet Bloc sugar production in 1952 from 55 percent of the total
Soviet Bloc sugar-beet acreage.
As seen in Table 2**, sugar beets are grown throughout the USSR
in varying acreages with the exception of the Northwest (Ia), Northern
* The gross per capita supply indicates the supply available per
person for all purposes including industrial use, export, stockpiling,
and human consumption as contrasted with the net per capita supply which
indicates the supply available per capita after deducting the exports
and stockpiling quantities from the gross supply.
** Table 2 follows on p.6.
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European USSR (Ib), that part of the Urals (VIII) which lies in Asia,
and East Siberia (XI) economic regions.* The greater part of the sugar
industry is located in European USSR, which in 1952 accounted for 84
percent of the total production in the USSR ark 88 percent of the
total sugar-beet acreage. Of these totals, the Ukraine (III) accounted
for 57 percent of the production and 59 percent of the acreage and
Central European USSR (VII)- accounted for 20 percent of both the pro-
duction and the acreage. In Asiatic USSR the largest sugar-producing
area is located in Central Asia (Xb), which accounted for 9 percent of
the total production and 5 percent of the total acreage in 1952. (See
Table 2.)
In 1952, sugar production in the European USSR represented a
16-percent increase over prewar production, although acreage increased
only 3.6 percent during that period. In the Asiatic USSR, sugar pro-
duction and acreage increased 271 and 150 percent respectively over
prewar, with the most significant increase taking place in Central
Asia (Xb). This increase indicates the shift in acreage and production
from the western to the eastern areas of the USSR following the
destruction during the war of sugar factories in the Ukraine and
Central USSR. In spite of this shift in acreage, the continued heavy
concentration of sugar-beet acreage and processing facilities in the
western areas of the USSR, particularly in the Ukraine, again places
the Soviet sugar supply in a relatively more vulnerable position than
most other crops in the event of another war.
Yields of raw sugar in the USSR increased to 17.0 centners
per hectare in 1952, a 9-percent increase over the 1951 yield of 15.6
centners per hectare and a 26-percent increase over the prewar yield
of 13.5 centners per hectare. (See Table 1.) These increases were
the result primarily of the use of improved seed varieties, fertiliza-
tion, and the acquisition of more favorable arable land, coupled with
improved processing techniques and facilities acquired from the
European Satellites under reparations.
b. European Satellites.
Production of sugar in the European Satellites in 1952 is esti-
mated at about 1.9 million metric tons, 34 percent below the 1951 pro-
duction of 2.9 million metric tons and 27 percent below the prewar pro-
duction of 2.6 million metric tons. (See Table 1.) This large decrease
* The term region in this memorandum refers to the economic regions
defined and numbered on CIA Map 12048, 9-51, USSR: Economic Regions.
-7 -
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in production resulted from a heavy decrease in sugar-beet yields
brought about by unfavorable weather conditions throughout Eastern
Europe during the 1952 beet-growing season. The combination of a
long summer drought and extremely cold, rainy weather during the
harvesting season resulted in the worst crop since 1947.
The harvested acreage of sugar beets in 1952 was estimated at
about 0.9 million hectares, which was 5 percent below the 1951 acreage
of 0.95 million hectares although 50 percent above the prewar acreage
of 0.6 million hectares. (See Table 1.) The decrease in the 1952
acreage below the 1951 level was caused primarily by the abandonment
of that sown acreage which was destroyed by spring frosts. This was
particularly true in Czechoslovakia and :Poland, where 1952 acreages
decreased 17 and 4- percent, respectively, below the 1951 total.
Sugar beets are cultivated throughout the European Satellites
in varying degrees. Poland, East Germany, and Czechoslovakia account
for the largest share of the acreage and production. (See Table 3.)*
As seen in Table 3, Hungary has shown the greatest percentage
increase in relation to the other European Satellite countries as a
producer of sugar. Whereas in prewar years Hungary accounted for only
4.3 percent of the production, in 1951 and 1952 it has accounted for
12.2 and 10.2 percent, respectively, of total sugar production. The
large decrease from prewar production in East Germany in 1951 and 1952
as in relation to Satellite production was because important sugar-
beet growing regions were transferred to Poland after the end of
World War II.
The yield of raw sugar in the European Satellites during 1952
dropped to 21.4 centners per hectare, 31. percent below the 1951 yield
of 31.1 centners per hectare and 50 percent below the prewar yield of
42.9 centners per hectare. (See Table 1.) These losses were caused
primarily by the weather conditions mentioned above. Sugar yields
for the European Satellites as a whole during the postwar period
have failed to reach the prewar level. Hungary was the only country
to exceed the prewar yield during the postwar period (1951). As shown
in Table 1, the average sugar yield in the European Satellites is still
higher than in the USSR, in spite of Soviet developments. The weather
and soil conditions which prevail in the Satellites are more favor-
ab1.e to the growing of sugar beets, and the Satellites are more
experienced in growing the crop and in developing better varieties
* Table 3 follows on p. 9.
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suited to their weather and soil conditions. In addition, the higher
extraction rate of sugar in these countries points to processing
facilities and personnel superior to those in the USSR.
c. Communist China.
Production of sugar in Communist China for 1952 is estimated
at about 375,000 metric tons, which represents a 15-percent increase
over the 1951 production of about 325,000 metric tons, although it is
6 percent below the prewar average production of 400,000 metric tons.
The acreage* in 1952 is estimated at about 187,000 hectares, which
was a 15-percent increase above the 1951 acreage of 162,500 hectares,
although 6 percent below the average prewar acreage of 200,000
hectares. (See Table 1.)
Communist China is estimated to produce only about 8 percent
of the total Soviet Bloc production of raw sugar in 1952, from
approximately 8 percent of the total acreage.
Sugar cane, which accounts for about 97 percent of the sugar
produced in Communist China, is grown principally in the southeastern
areas of the country, whereas only sugar beets are cultivated in
Manchuria. Only about 20 percent of China's production of sugar is
refined. The remainder, which is produced in native mills, is consumed
in an unrefined state. Kwangtung and Szechwan provinces and Manchuria
are at present the only areas in the country that have modern sugar
mills. These areas and Kwangsi and Fukien provinces are the only
commercially important sugar-producing areas.
Yields of raw sugar, estimated for sugar beets and sugar cane,
have averaged about 20 centners per hectare during the postwar period.
These yields, which are high in comparison with some of the other
Soviet Bloc countries, are attributed to the higher sugar content of
the cane as compared with that of beets.
3. Planned Production.
Production of sugar in the Soviet Bloc is planned to reach approxi-
mately 8.3 million metric tons by 1955,** which would result in an in-
crease of about 55 percent over the 1951 production of 5.4+ million
metric tons and about 74 percent over the prewar production of 4.8
Includes sugar-beet acreage.
All Plans are for 1955 with the exception of Bulgaria (1953),
Czechoslolrakia (1953), China (1953), and Hungary (195+). All figures
are included in the 1955 total. _ 10 -
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million metric tons. (See Table 4.)* This goal is considered to be
unrealistic in that most increases are apparently to be obtained
largely through an increase in yields. Several factors -- fertilizer
shortages; the lack of a sufficient area of suitable soils; and, in
some countries, a general resentment toward the land reform program --
will tend to hold yields down. Production in 1955 is therefore
estimated at about 6.1 million metric tons. (See Table 4.)
As shown in Table 4, the Fifth Five Year Plan (1951-55) of the
USSR is directed toward increasing production by about 150 percent over
the prewar level. The Plan envisions that gross production will in-
crease during this span of years by 78 percent.** Attainment of this
goal is to be achieved mainly by increasing yields through improved
agrotechniques.
The Soviet 1955 Plan does not mention specific acreage in-
creases. A speech by A.I. Mikoyan on 9 October 1952, however, does
mention 1n a general way the necessity of increasing the planting of
sugar beets throughout the USSR as well as of increasing yields.
To achieve the Soviet 1955 production Plan of 4.4 million
metric tons on the basis of present (1952) acreage would require a
sugar yield of 33 centners per hectare. This increase would repre-
sent a 94-percent increase over the 1952 yield of 17.0 centners
per hectare.
The soils of the USSR now utilized for the production of sugar
beets are not particularly suited to the growth of the crop but are the
best available. It appears likely that Soviet sugar-beet acreage will
not tend to expand materially above the 1952 level (1.3 million
hectares). It is probable, therefore, that, unless there is an ex-
ceptionally favorable combination of weather factors, production of
sugar in 1955 will not materially exceed the upper limit of expectancy,
or about 2.5 million metric tons. (See Table 4.)
b. European Satellites.
The European Satellites also have plans for increasing the
production of sugar primarily through an increase in yields. Planned
Table follows on p. 12.
# The Plan percentage figure is based on an increase over official
1950 Soviet estimates.
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production of sugar in the European Satellites~is estimated at about
3.5 million metric tons.* Because of the lack of suitable arable
land, fertilizer shortages, a general deterioriation in the processing
facilities in many of the countries, and a general resentment on the
part of the peasants toward the land reform program, it is unlikely
that their Plans can be accomplished by 1955. A total annual pro-
duction of more than 3.2 million metric tons can not be expected
during this period. (See Table 4.)
c. Communist China.
Plans for the production of sugar in Communist China do not
extend to 1955. The Chinese plan for 1953 calls for an increase in
the production of sugar to about 461,000 metric tons (see Table 4).
Although production of sugar is being stressed in Communist China
with an emphasis upon improving agrotechniques and increasing the
processing capacity of mills, it is unlikely that this increase in
production can be realized during a 1-year period. The 1953 pro-
duction is therefore estimated to remain at about the 1952 level
(375,000 metric tons). (See Table 4.)
4. Current Utilization.
Of the 4.1 million metric tons of refined sugar produced in the
Soviet Bloc countries in 1952 (based on a raw value of 4.6 million
metric tons), about 3.4 million metric tons (83 percent) were con-
sumed domestically, about 0.5 million metric tons (12 percent) were
exported to non-Bloc countries** and the remaining 0.2 million
metric tons (5 percent) were left.available as either state reserves
or a surplus available for future commitments. (See Table 5.)***
Because of the stringent conditions necessary for storing sugar over
a long period of time, the capabilities for storing large quantities
probably are limited in most of the Bloc countries, and whatever
quantities are held are most likely rotated on a first-in first-out
basis so as to minimize storage losses.
* All Plans are for 1955'with the exception of Bulgaria (1953),
Czechoslovakia (1953), and Hungary (1954). All Plans are included in
the 1955 Plan total.
** Sugar trade among the Soviet Bloc countries has been deducted
from the gross trade and included in either the reserves or food
supply figures.
*** Table 5 follows on p. 14.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RDP79T00935A000200230003-5
Except in Communist China, where much sugar is eaten in the raw
state, practically all of the sugar in the Soviet Bloc countries is
consumed at table as refined sugar, and most of the remainder is
converted by industry into beverages and confections for human con-
sumption.
Soviet Bloc consumption of sugar during the 1952-53 consumption
year* is estimated at somewhat over 3.4 million metric tons, a de-
crease of 7 percent below the 1951-52 consumption; of less than 3.7
million metric tons and 12 percent below the prewar average consump-
tion of about 3.9 million metric tons. (See Table 5.) In terms of net
per capita supply this consumption amounts to 4.4 kilograms per year in
1952-53 as compared with 4.8 and 5.2 kilograms per year, respectively,
in 1951-52 and in the prewar period. (See Table 6.)** The decrease
in the average consumption of sugar in the Soviet Bloc as a whole during
the 1952-53 consumption year was the result primarily of the poor
harvest in the European Satellites.
The supply of sugar available for food in the USSR during the
1952-53 consumption year is estimated to be about 2.1 million metric
tons (9.8 kilograms per capita per year) as compared with the 1951-52
available net supply of approximately 2 million metric tons (9.6
kilograms per capita per year) and the prewar average net supply of
1.5 million metric tons (8.2 kilograms per capita per year). (See
Tables 5 and 6.)
The supply of sugar available for food in the European Satellites
during the 1952-53 consumption year is estimated to be about 1 million
metric tons (10.8 kilograms per capita per year) as compared with the
1951-52 available net supply of about 1.4 million metric tons (15.1
kilograms per capita per year) and the prewar average net supply of
approximately 1.4 million metric tons (14.6 kilograms per capita per
year). (See Tables 5 and 6.)
Communist China, which has the lowest consumption rate of sugar
in the Soviet Bloc, had a net supply estimated at approximately 0.4
million metric tons (0.8 kilograms per capita per year) during the
1951-52 and 1952-53 consumption years as compared with the prewar
average net supply of around 1 million metric tons (2.2 kilograms
per capita per year). (See Tables 5 and 6.)
* Consumption year extends from 1 July to 30 June.
** Table 6 follows on p. 16.
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The per capita supply of sugar available for food was obtained by
dividing the supply available for consumption by the total populations,
and are, therefore, not a true reflection of the consumption patterns
within the various Soviet Bloc countries. For example, the self-
suppliers (producer) of sugar beets consume a larger per capita share
of the supply than do the non-self-suppliers since part of the payment
to the producer is in kind. As previously mentioned, military and
other preferred personnel receive a larger per capita share of the
available supply than do the general population. In addition, when
sugar is in short supply and placed on the ration list, certain
categories of the population are apportioned their ration according to
Party and working status. This practice generally leaves a very small
ration for the remainder of the population, and such sugar as is
available is sold at higher prices.
The small amount of sugar consumed per capita in Soviet Bloc
countries can be pointed up by comparison with the 1952 US consumption
of sugar of approximately 8 million metric tons, or a per capita con-
sumption of 50 kilograms per year.
One of the principal by-products of production of sugar is
molasses, which can be further processed into the production of
alcohol. Although grains and potatoes have in the past been the chief
sources of production of alcohol in the Soviet Bloc, sugar molasses is
growing in importance. The increase in alcohol-processing facilities
at many of the sugar factories in the Bloc as well as the construction
of additional facilities may indicate a desire by the Communists
either to substitute molasses in place of the more valuable grains as
a source of alcohol or to increase the over-all alcohol potential of
the Bloc by augmenting the present sources of production.
Since sugar is one of the important agricultural export
commodities of the Soviet Bloc, a greater emphasis is placed upon
maintaining this trade than on providing for the civilian populations.
This policy in many instances has resulted in serious shortages of
sugar throughout the Bloc, particularly in the European Satellites.
This deficit of sugar, which is not a real deficit, has necessitated
the need for rationing sugar at a time when considerable quantities of
sugar were made available for export purposes.
This situation was evident during the 1952-53 trade year,* when
total Soviet Bloc exports of sugar were 91 percent of the total Bloc
;e The trade year extends from 1 July to 30 June.
- 17 -
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S-E-C-R-E-T
exports during the 1951-52 trade year (see Table 7),* even though pro-
duction of sugar in 1952 was 15 percent below the 1951 total.
During the 1951-52 and 1952-53 trade years the Soviet Bloc
countries exported an average of 685,000 metric tons of sugaryof which
509,000 metric tons (74 percent) were exported to various non-Bloc
countries and 176,000 metric tons (26 percent) were traded within the
Bloc. (See Table 7.) During the prewar years the countries now
constituting the Bloc exported on an average about 1 million metric
tons of sugar each year, with practically the entire trade destined
for non-Bloc countries. (See Table 7.)
This prewar trade accounted for 4+0 percent of the shipments of
sugar controlled by the International Sugar Council, which allocated
export quotas to the sugar-producing European Satellite countries as
well as to the USSR. These countries had well-established markets
before the war, and, since the close of hostilities, the Satellite
governments particularly have struggled to regain their previous
markets and their prewar export status.
During the 1951-52 and 1952-53 trade years, shipments to the USSR
accounted for a large part (8L. percent and 60 percent, respectively)
of the sugar traded within the Soviet Bloc, and the remaining
quantities were sent to Communist China."F* It is worthy of; note that
export of sugar to Communist China during the 1952-53 trade year showed
a 127-percent increase over 1951-52 exports. This seems to indicate a
desire by the Bloc countries to expand their trade with Communist China
in order to obtain desirable commodities through the bartering of sugar
at favorable exchange rates.
Table 7 follows on p. 19.
Imports by the USSR and Communist China were obtained by adding
net -trade (Table 5) to exports to non-Soviet Bloc countries (Table 7).
S-E-C-R-E-T
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25X1X7
-rf i ^ T
APPENDIX
SOURCES AND EVALUATION OF SOURCES
Except for the sources noted below, all data relating to sugar-
beet acreage and production of sugar are based on estimates made by
CIA and the Foreign Agricultural Service, US Department of Agriculture.
These estimates, in turn, are based upon Soviet statistics collated and
used in previously published CIA and FAS studies.
The Soviet Fifth Five Year Plan is based on a report Published by
the New York Times, 10 Aug 1953. U. Eval. RE B-2.
The Chinese Communist Plan for 1953 is based on FBIS, 6 Feb 1953,
Peking, MCMA, 5 Feb 1953. R. Eval. RR B-2.
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