THE PROGRAM FOR CONSTRUCTION OF MACHINE BUILDING PLANTS IN THE EASTERN USSR UNDER THE SIXTH FIVE YEAR PLAN

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79T00935A000400260002-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 47
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 25, 1998
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: April 15, 1957
• Content Type: IM

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F77
INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM
THE PROGRAM FOR CONSTRUCTION
OF MACHINE BUILDING PLANTS
IN THE EASTERN USSR
UNDER. THE SIXTH FIVE YEAR PLAN
CIA/RR IM-449
15 April 1957
WARNING
THIS MATERIAL CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECTING THE
NATIONAL DEFENSE OF THE UNITED STATES WITHIN THE
MEANING OF THE ESPIONAGE LAWS, TITLE 18, USC, SECS.
793 AND 794+, THE TRANSMISSION OR REVELATION OF
WHICH IN ANY MANNER TO AN UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS
PROHIBITED BY LAW.
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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FOREWORD
This memorandum presents information on the Soviet program for the
construction of a large number of new machine building plants in the
Eastern USSR under the Sixth Five Year Plan (1956-60) as originally
announced. The program is examined, as comprehensively as current in-
formation permits, within the larger framework of the over-all capital
allocations under the Sixth Five Year Plan and the regional distribu-
tion of the Soviet machine building industry.
While this memorandum was in preparation, the Supreme Soviet of
the USSR, meeting in February 1957, approved a decision to cut back
the 1957 planned economic goals. The impact this decision may have on
the five year program of construction treated in this memorandum is
not known at this time. Because Soviet policy regards machine build-
ing as the leading branch of industry and as a key to the continued
rapid growth of the Soviet economy, it is believed, however, that the
program for construction of machine building plants in the Eastern
USSR may not be substantially altered.
The institutional and economic factors most likely to affect imple-
mentation of the program, even if the program should be revised, are
considered in this memorandum. In addition, new machine building
plants, planned and actually under construction in the Eastern USSR,
are located and compared with existing centers of machine building in
this area.
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CONTENTS
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page
I. Regional Distribution of Facilities for Production . . . 3
II. Capital Allocations in the Machine Building Industry . .
III. Effect of the Program for New Construction in the Eastern
USSR on the Distribution of the Soviet Machine Building
Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IV. Construction of Machine Building Plants in the Eastern 6
USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Previous Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2. Justification of Current Policy . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3. Distribution of New Plants by Economic Region . . . . 9
Li Major Types of Machinery Required in the Eastern 10
USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. Existing and Future Centers of Machine Building . . . 12
6. Possible Causes of Delay in the Construction 15
Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendixes
Appendix A. Economic Regions of the USSR . . . . . . . . . . 23
Appendix B. Soviet Ministries Probably Concerned with the
New Machine Building Plants Announced for the
Eastern USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Appendix C. Tentative Classification of the Machine Building
Industry in the USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Appendix D. Determination of the Location of Machine
Building Plants in the USSR . . . . . . . . . . 33
Appendix E. Centers of Machine Building in the Eastern USSR
Under the Fifth Five Year Plan (1951-55) . . . 35
Appendix F. Some Machine Building Plants to Be Built in the
Eastern USSR Under the Sixth Five Year Plan
(1956-6o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
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Page
Appendix G. Source References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Tables
1. Economic Factors Determining the Location of Machine
Building Plants in the USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3I.
2. Centers of Machine Building in the Eastern USSR Under
the Fifth Five Year Plan (1951-55). . . . . . . . . . 35
3. Some Machine Building Plants to Be Built in the Eastern
USSR Under the Sixth Five Year Plan (1956-60) . . . . . 37
Illustrations
Figure 1. Comparison of Relative Increases in Capital Following Page
Investments in the Entire USSR and in Selected
Regions of the Eastern USSR Under the Sixth
Five Year Plan, 1956-60 (Chart) . . . . . . . . 4
Figure 2. Major Centers of Machine Building in the USSR,
1955 (Map) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Figure 3. New Machine Building Plants in the Eastern USSR,
1956-60 (Map) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
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CIA/RR IM-449
(ORR Project 34.1638)
THE PROGRAM FOR CONSTRUCTION OF MACHINE BUILDING PLANTS
IN THE EASTERN USSR UNDER THE SIXTH FIVE YEAR PLAN*
(1956-60)
Summary
The program for capital investment in the machine building industry
of the USSR under the Sixth Five Year Plan (1956-60), like the over-
all program for investment in the economy of the USSR, places major
emphasis on the development of the Eastern USSR.** About one-half of
the 990 billion rubles which are to be invested in the Soviet economy
under the Sixth Five Year Plan are allocated to the Eastern USSR.
Paralleling this over-all capital allocation, almost one-half of the
capital allocations of the Soviet machine building ministries are to
be invested in the construction of new enterprises in the Eastern
USSR. The heaviest concentration of new machine building plants in
the Eastern USSR is planned for southern Siberia and northern
Kazakhstan.
The current program, calling for construction of about 100 machine
building plants in the Eastern USSR, is the most ambitious planned
effort of the Soviet machine building industry in this area to date.
Although the large-scale movement of the machine building industry to
the east during World. War II marked a major step in the same direction,
much of that movement was improvised rather than planned, and there
was a shift of the machine building industry back to the Western USSR
after 1945.
* The estimates and conclusions contained in this memorandum repre-
sent the best judgment of ORR as of 15 February 1957.
** The terms Eastern USSR and Western USSR are used in this memorandum
to designate the areas usually referred to in Soviet publications as
the Eastern regions of the USSR and the Western regions of the USSR.
(The term region in this memorandum refers to the economic regions de-
fined and numbered on CIA Map 13702 (4-55), USSR: Administrative
Divisions and Economic Regions, January 1955? For a discussion of
economic regions in the USSR and a list of the major administrative-
territorial divisions included in the Eastern USSR, see Appendix A.
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Machine building enterprises in the Western USSR may be expected
to supply most of the machinery produced in the USSR for some time to
come, even though the current Plan provides for the construction of
only about one-half as many new plants in the Western USSR as in the
Eastern USSR. The pattern of capital investments under the Sixth
Five Year Plan, however, opens the way for a more rapid rate of growth
of machine building in the Eastern USSR than in the Western USSR.
The types of civilian machinery that will be needed most in order
to meet the planned industrial and agricultural development of the
Eastern USSR under the Sixth Five Year Plan include heavy machinery
for the metallurgical, coal, and construction industries; equipment
for the power engineering, petroleum, and chemical industries; and
agricultural machinery. The greater the degree of self-sufficiency
of the Eastern USSR in production of these types of machinery, all of
which require relatively large unit inputs of metal, the closer the
USSR will come to the goal of eliminating long hauls of machinery by
rail from the Western USSR. Apart from domestic economic considera-
tions, the strategic importance of machine building in the Eastern
USSR, not only with respect to military defense but also with respect
to Soviet markets in Asia, is acknowledged by Soviet economists.
In addition to the entrenched position of the machine building
industry in the Western USSR, there are economic and institutional
factors which militate against a rapid, eastward shift of the indus-
try. These factors include a reluctance on the part of the ministries
in Moscow to build plants in remote eastern locations, difficulties
in coordinating the planning and construction of new industrial areas
in the Eastern USSR, the longer time required to put new facilities
for production into operation in the Eastern USSR compared with the
Western USSR, and the shortage of skilled labor in the Eastern USSR.
The USSR probably is capable of fulfilling the planned program for
construction of machine building plants in the Eastern USSR. The
problems which have been noted must be solved, however, before the
planned objectives can be achieved.
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I. Regional Distribution of Facilities for Production.
The directives of the Soviet Sixth Five Year Plan (1956-60), in line
with previous Plan directives, establish a policy of distributing facili-
ties for production more rationally throughout the USSR and of bringing
industrial centers closer to the consumer and to sources of raw materials,
fuel, and power, thus eliminating long hauls and crosshauls by rail.
Economic regions are to specialize in those industries in which they have
comparative economic advantages on a national scale. At the same time,
other branches of the national economy within each economic region are to
be developed to the extent that they will meet regional requirements.
Official Soviet statements claim that new facilities for production are
to be distributed. throughout the country in such a way as to ensure the
most efficient use of labor and natural resources. J*
With respect to improving the distribution of facilities for production,
the primary goal of the Sixth Five Year Plan is to increase the role of
the Eastern USSR in the national economy by increasing the rate of its
industrial development and by intensifying the exploitation of its natural
resources.
Under the Fifth Five Year Plan (1951-55) the industrial product of
the Eastern USSR increased only 77 percent, whereas the industrial product
of the Western USSR increased 88 percent. Under the Sixth Five Year Plan,
therefore, the Eastern USSR, especially those economic regions slated for
the most intensive industrialization, will receive greater percentage in-
creases in capital investments than will the USSR as a whole, as shown in
the chart in Figure 1.** About one-half of the 990 billion rubles which
are to be invested in the Soviet economy under the Sixth Five Year Plan
are allocated to the Eastern USSR.
Achievement of she rapid industrial development of the Eastern USSR
is planned through the construction of industrial complexes consisting
of heavy industrial enterprises which consume large amounts of electric
power and fuel. These enterprises include ferrous and nonferrous metal-
lurgical plants, electric power stations, oil refineries, machine building
plants, chemical plants, and construction materials enterprises.
For serially numbered source references, see Appendix G.
Following p.1+, below.
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In order to carry out the ambitious program of capital construction
in the Eastern USSR, more than one-half of the capital investments of
the construction ministries and of the'Ministry of the Construction
Materials Industry are allocated to the Eastern USSR.
II. Capital Allocations in the Machine Building Industry.
The regional pattern of capital allocations in the machine building
industry of the USSR under the Sixth Five Year Plan is similar to the
regional pattern of capital allocations for the economy as a whole.
Almost one-half of the capital investments of the machine building minis-
tries* are allocated to the construction of new enterprises in the Eastern
USSR. J Outlays for new capital equipment and for the expansion of
existing machine building plants throughout the entire USSR, as well as
outlays for construction of new machine building plants in the Western
USSR, must come out of the remaining funds for capital investments in
the machine building industry. It is obvious, therefore, that the allo-
cations to new machine building plants in the Eastern USSR represent the
major item in the investment program of the Soviet machine building in-
dustry. It follows that capital investments available for construction
of new plant capacity in the Western USSR must be less than those. for
construction of new plants in the Eastern USSR.
Approximately two-thirds of the new machine building plants planned
for construction under the Sixth Five Year Plan are to be located in the
Eastern USSR. Because approximately 100 new machine building plants will
be constructed in the Eastern USSR, 6J about 50 new machine building plants
probably will be located in the Western USSR. It is not possible to
determine at this time how many of the approximately 150 new Soviet machine
building plants may be carryover construction projects from the Fifth Five
Year Plan, how many are scheduled for completion by 1960, and how many
may be only begun under the Sixth Five Year Plan.
III. Effect of the Program for New Construction in the Eastern USSR on the
Distribution of the Soviet Machine Building Industry.
The high rates in increase announced for production of machinery for
nonmilitary (grazhdanskiy) purposes in economic regions of the Eastern
USSR under the Sixth Five Year. Plan reflect the influence of the program
* For a discussion of the machine building ministries probably concerned
with this program, see Appendix B. For a tentative classification of the
Soviet machine building industry by type of machinery, see Appendix C.
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for construction of new plants. The increases in production of such
machinery under the Sixth Five Year Plan are as follows* L :
1960 Production
as Percent of
Region 195+ Production
East Siberia and Far East 900
West Siberia, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia 260
Urals and Volga 200
South, West, Northern Caucasus, and Trans-
caucasus Less than 200
Central, North, and Northwest Less than 200
Total USSR Approximately 200
Despite the higher rate in growth of production planned for the
Eastern USSR, the machine building industry in the Western USSR ac-
counted for such a large share of the output of the Soviet machine
building industry in 1955, as shown in the map in Figure 2- and
in the tabulation below, / that the Western USSR may be expected
to produce the bulk of Soviet machinery for some time to come.
Percent of Total Output
of Machinery
in 1955
Eastern USSR (exclusive of Urals Region)
12
Western USSR (exclusive of Urals Region)
75
Urals Regions
13
Total USSR
100
* This grouping of economic regions is as presented by A.G. 0marovskiy
of the Economic Scientific Research Institute (Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy
Ekonomicheskiy Institut), State Planning Commission (Gosplan), USSR. For
an explanation of these economic regions, see Appendix A.
Following p. 6, below.
The Urals Region is shown separately because it appears to be in a
state of transition as far as regional grouping of the machine building
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IV. Construction of Machine Building Plants in the Eastern USSR.
1. Previous Policy.
By 1955 the Eastern USSR (including the Urals Region --
Region VIII-) increased its share in the total gross output of the machine
building industry to about 25 percent as compared with about 20 percent
before World War II (based. on the prewar concept of the Eastern USSR**).
No plan previous to the Sixth Five Year Plan envisaged so ambitious a
program for locating new machine building plants or for increasing produc-
tion of machinery in the Eastern USSR. Although the annual Plan for 1941
did provide for locating at least 18 of the 26 new machine building plants
enumerated in the Plan in the Eastern USSR, the majority of these plants
were to be built in the Volga and Urals Regions. Furthermore, the 19-1 Plan
was never completed, and the movement of machine building plants to the
east which followed the German attack in June 1941 was largely improvised.
During World War II the Eastern USSR as then constituted accounted for an
abnormally large share of machine building.
In the postwar period of reconstruction, there was a decided shift
of the Soviet machine building industry back to the west. Plants which
had been damaged or destroyed were rebuilt along technically improved
lines. In addition, new machine building plants were built in the Western
USSR, and some of the plants which had been evacuated to the east during
the war were moved back to the west. Machine building in the Eastern USSR
received no special attention in the directives of the Fifth Five Year Plan,
which, on the contrary, singled out the Baltic republics of Latvia, Estonia,
and Lithuania for intensive development of machine building. 2/
industry is concerned. Before the Sixth Five Year Plan the Urals Region
was invariably included in the Eastern USSR, thus giving the Eastern USSR
the relative weight in 1955 of about 25 percent of the total gross output
of machinery. Recent Soviet statements on machine building under the
Sixth Five Year Plan, however, suggest that the Urals Region may no longer
be grouped under the Eastern USSR in long-term planning.
* Roman numerals following the names of economic regions indicate the
number of the region as shown on CIA Map 13702 (see the second footnote
on p. 1, above).
** Including the Volga (VI) and Urals Regions. For additional comments
on changes in the regional composition of the USSR, see Appendix A.
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If World War II is viewed as a major disruption of the planned
proportional and regional development of the Soviet economy and the years
of the Fourth Five Year Plan (191+6-50) and the Fifth Five Year Plan
(1951-55) are regarded as periods of economic reconstruction and consoli-
dation, the Sixth Five Year Plan may be considered as marking a return
to the. policy of planned large-scale development of the Eastern USSR
foreshadowed in the Third Five Year Plan (1938-1+2) and elaborated in the
Annual. Plan for 191+1. There are, however, limits to this analogy between
the Third and Sixth Five Year Plans because many conditions have changed
since 1938. Current Soviet justification of the policy of industrializing
the Eastern USSR (and Soviet economists refer to machine building as the
leading branch of industry) reflects many of the earlier economic arguments
as well as subsequent developments, in particular, the economic role of
the USSR in Asia.
2. Justification of Current Policy.
Writing in a recent issue of the official journal of 4 of the
Soviet machine building ministries, V.E. Popov, who favors dividing the
Soviet machine building industry at its present stage of development in-
to 3 zones -- the Western, the Ural-Volga, and the Eastern -- lists and
discusses the following factors influencing the location of new machine
building plants in the Eastern USSR, specifically in Siberia 10/:
a. The necessity of meeting the demand for machinery in the
Eastern USSR and in the "friendly countries" of Asia.
b. Reduction of costs of production by locating machine
building plants near cheap-and plentiful sources of power and raw
materials.
c. Reduction of long hauls of machinery which lead to high
costs of transportation and to a poor system of distribution.
d. Integration of the economic regions of the USSR into
several more or less self-sufficient zones with "duplicate" machine
building industries.
Popov's grouping of the Eastern USSR and the countries of Asia
together as consumers of machinery to be produced in the Eastern USSR
may reflect a Soviet view that the types of machinery in demand in the
industrially backward Eastern USSR and the underdeveloped areas of Asia,
both Communist and non-Communist, are similar. The Soviet concept of
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"friendly countries" of Asia, as far as exports of machinery are concerned,
extends not only to countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc such as Communist
China, North Korea, and Northern Vietnam, but also to such non-Bloc
countries as India, Afghanistan, Burma, and Indonesia. Ill/
By bringing production of machinery closer to export markets in
Asia as well as to domestic markets in the Eastern USSR, the USSR hopes
to eliminate the cost of shipping machinery all the way across the USSR.
Freight charges for shipping machinery from the Western USSR to the Far
East Region (XII), for example, amount to about 20 percent of the price
of the machinery. 12 Machinery produced in the Eastern USSR presumably
could be transported overland to Asian countries adjacent to the USSR
or, in the case of machinery produced in East Siberia (XI) and the Far
East Region,* could be economically shipped from Soviet ports in the
Far East to countries of Southeastern Asia.** Such an arrangement might
be expected to reduce shipping charges and to shorten the time required
for delivery.
The idea of creating several zones which would be nearly self-
sufficient in the production of machinery through the establishment of
"duplicate" machine building industries is not a purely economic concept
but is closely linked with Soviet concepts of strategic defense. A
recent Soviet publication issued under the auspices of the Economics
Institute (Institut Ekonomiki), Academy of Sciences, USSR (Akademiya Nauk
SSSR) states 1:
The importance of a more uniform distribution of
industry is very great from the point of view of
strengthening the defense potential of the USSR ...
The fundamental requirements of defense in the distri-
bution of industry are location of enterprises deep
within the country and creation of relatively dispersed.
industrial bases in various parts of the country.
An official of the Far Eastern Branch of the Academy of Sciences, USSR,
recently noted that "the coastal location of the Far East Region has
resulted in the development of shipbuilding, ship repair, machine building,
and machine tool building industries LTn the Far East Region." ~LJ sk
** For example, the Machine Building Plant imeni Kaganovich at Khabarov
ayalddNorthern Vietnam and
taCChina
has produced steam turbines nfoCommunist
in September 1956 was filling an order
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The greater the importance attached by Soviet planners to these
defensive concepts in developing the Eastern USSR, the wider the variety
of machine building plants which may be built in the Eastern USSR to
offset the possible destruction of machine building plants in other
regions of the USSR.
3. Distribution of New Plants by Economic Region.
Soviet announcements indicate that the southern parts of West
Siberia (IX) and East Siberia, together with the northern part of
Kazakhstan (Xa), will receive most of the new machine building plants
to be built in the Eastern USSR under the Sixth Five Year Plan.
Of approximately 100 new machine building plants to be built
in the Eastern USSR, 65 will be located in Siberia. 16 About 20 of
these 65 plants will be built in Irkutskaya Oblast, / which, under
the Sixth Five Year Plan, probably is destined for the most intensive
industrial development of any area in East Siberia. Such major indus-
trial centers as Kurgan, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Barnaul, and Kemerovo
already exist in West Siberia; and Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, and
Chita, in East Siberia.
Fifteen or 20 new machine building plants will be built in
Kazakhstan, an area of approximately 2.8 million square kilometers. 18
The most industrialized regions of Kazakhstan are concentrated in the
north and the southwest, around the cities of Ural'sk, Aktyubinsk,
Petropavlovsk, Akmolinsk, Pavlodar, Semipalatinsk, Karaganda, and Alma-
Ata.
Although the locations of the remaining 15 or 20 machine building
plants to be built in the Eastern USSR have not been specifically arm ounced
in the Soviet press, presumably the plants will be distributed among
the republics of the Central Asia Region (Xb) -- Kirgiz, Tadzhik, Turkmen,
and Uzbek -- and the Far East Region.* Recent information suggests that
new machine building and metalworking plants are scheduled to be built
along the Amur River in the Far East Region and that new facilities for
shipbuilding and ship repair will.be built in the vicinities of Vlad-
ivostok and Nakhodka. 19/
* This residual of 15 or 20 machine building plants to be accounted for
elsewhere in the Eastern USSR is so small that it hardly seems possible
that the Urals Region, where many new machine building plants may reason-
ably be expected to be built under the Sixth Five Year Plan, can be
included in the Eastern USSR in this instance.
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4. Ma'or es of Machiner Re uired in the Eastern USSR.
As indicated in Appendix D, decisions regarding the location
of various types of machine building plants, when not based predomi-
nantly on strategic considerations, are based on economic factors such
as the availability and the proximity of raw materials, fuel, electric
power, transportation, and the location of consumers.
Because one of the announced purposes of locating new machine
building plants in the Eastern USSR is to meet the needs of the economy
in that area, the industries which are to be developed most intensively
in the Eastern USSR under the Sixth Five Year Plan will be examined
briefly. The machine building industry is as dependent on the develop-
ment of certain other branches of industry for raw materials and fuel
or electricity for power as these other branches are dependent on the
machine building industry for machinery and equipment.
The Sixth Five Year Plan places major emphasis on the develop-
ment of such natural resources as ferrous and nonferrous ores, coal,
water power, and timber in the Eastern USSR. Although there are a
number of plants producing mining equipment in the Eastern USSR,
large-scale exploitation of iron ore at Korshunovo in East Siberia,
coal at Karaganda and Ekibastuz in Kazakhstan, and bauxite at Turgay
in Kazakhstan may require additional plant capacity to produce the
various additional types of mining machinery required. In Krasnoyarskiy
Kray a special railroad is to be built from Achinsk into densely forested
areas where timber-felling and sawmill equipment will be needed. Con-
struction of 3.6-million-kilowatt hydroelectric power stations at Bratsk
and Krasnoyarsk in East Siberia, as well as a number of large hydroelectric
power stations in Kazakhstan and Central Asia, will require hydroturbines
and generators. The construction of large thermal electric power
stations -- some of which will have a capacity of over 1 million kilo-
watts -- in the Kuzbas, northern Kazakhstan, southern Krasnoyarskiy
Kray, and Irkutskaya Oblast will require boilers, steam turbines, and
generators.
In the processing industries a large number of petroleum refin-
eries, iron and steel plants, aluminum plants, chemical plants, construc-
tion material plants, and cellulose and artificial fiber plants are to
be built in the Eastern USSR.
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In addition to the completion of the Omsk and Irkutsk refineries
in Siberia and the Fergana refinery in Uzbek SSR, construction is
to begin on at least 4 new oil refineries as follows: 1 in Krasnoyarskiy
Kray, 1 in Amurskaya Oblast, and 2 in Kazakhstan at Pavlodar and Chimkent.
Three iron and steel plants, including the West Siberian Iron
and Steel Plant, are to be built in Siberia. In Kazakhstan, the
Karaganda Iran and Steel Plant is to be enlarged, a ferroalloy plant
is to be built at Pavlodar, and the Sokolovka-Sarbay ore concentration
plant is to be built in Severo-Kazakhstanskaya Oblast. Three aluminum
plants are to be built in Siberia -- 1 in the Kuzbas, 1 in Krasnoyarskiy
Kray, and 1 in Irkutskaya Oblast -- and 1 aluminum plant is to be built
at Pavlodar in Kazakhstan.
Chemical plants are to be built at Dzhambul in Kazakhstan and
at Chardzhou in Turkmen SSR. Construction of the Angren Nitrogenous
Fertilizer Plant will begin in Uzbek SSR. Two cement plants will
be built in Kazakhstan -- one at Chimkent and another at Semipalatinsk.
Cellulose and paper factories are under construction at Bratsk, Baykal,
Chuna, and Komsomol'sk-on-Amur, and two large woodworking combines will
be built at Yeniseysk.
In addition, the Sixth Five Year Plan calls for extending the
grain-growing areas of Siberia, Kazakhstan, and the Far East, as well
as the cotton-growing area of Central Asia (Xb). 20
For all of these new economic ventures the Eastern USSR will
require such machinery and equipment as steam boilers, steam turbines,
hydroturbines, generators, rolling mills, foundry equipment, coal
cutters and loaders, mining combines, grain combines, cotton harvesting
machines, pumps, compressors, hoist and transport machinery, crushing
machinery, and pulp processing machinery. Many of these items are
already being produced in the Eastern USSR.* It is certain, however,
that the need for increased production, for new designs to be used
under the diverse conditions in the Eastern USSR, and for an improved
system of supply will result in the construction of new plants to
produce those types of heavy machinery requiring large unit inputs
of metal &nd large quantities of electricity. These plants probably
will be built as close as possible to the consumers of their products
or in a central. location if they are to serve consumers over a
* See Appendix E.
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widespread area. Moreover, plants for production of machine tools and
metalforming equipment are to be built, possibly in time to provide the
machinery and equipment going into these machine building plants.
Statements in the press have noted other types of machine build-
ing plants that are to be built in the Eastern USSR. Of the 65 plants to
be built in Siberia, for example, 6 will specialize in producing parts
for motor vehicles, and 6 will be centralized foundries. In addition,
an electric locomotive plant and a number of shipbuilding yards will be
built in Siberia.* In Kazakhstan, new plants will be built to produce
diesel engines and freight vehicles. 21
Thus, under the Sixth Five Year Plan a diversity of types of new
machine building plants will be required in the Eastern USSR. Because
of the importance attached in the Plan to the development of basic indus-
tries requiring heavy equipment, emphasis probably will continue to be
placed principally on production of power engineering, mining, transport,
agricultural, and construction machinery. At the same time, additional
production of equipment for metallurgical plants, for petroleum refin-
eries, and for the chemical industry may be anticipated.
5. Existing and Future Centers of Machine Building.
The existing machine building centers in the Eastern USSR
(exclusive of the Urals Region) and the major types of machinery
produced at these centers are shown in Appendix E.
Of all the regions in the Eastern USSR, West Siberia has the
greatest number of cities producing machinery. Among these cities,
Novosibirsk is outstanding with respect to the diversity of the
machinery produced there. Most of the machine building centers are
Although the Sixth Five Year Plan refers to "construction in Siberia
and the Urals of 5 new machine tool plants, 6 metalforming equipment
plants, 10 centralized foundries, 2 cutting tool plants, 3 abrasive
products plants, 8 construction and road machinery plants, instrument
building plants, an electric locomotive plant, and a plant to produce
electrical equipment for. diesel locomotives, power transformers, and
high-voltage apparatus," it has not yet been possible, on the basis
of Soviet information, to distribute these aggregate figures between
Siberia and the Urals.
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located in areas of heavy industrial concentration -- in the Kuzbas
industrial area (at Kemerovo, Kiselevsk, Prokop'yevsk, and Tomsk)
and in Altayskiy Kray (at Barnaul, Biysk, Rubtsovsk, and Slavgorod).
In East Siberia, production of machinery is concentrated
largely in the Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk areas, but there also is some
production at Ulan-Ude and Cheremkhovo. Machine building in the Far
East Region is confined principally to shipbuilding at major maritime
and river port cities. Power engineering machinery and agricultural
machinery are produced, however, at Khabarovsk.
In Kazakhstan the most important machine building centers are
Akmolinsk, Alma-Ata, Chimkent, and Karaganda; and in Central Asia,
Tashkent, Chirchik, and Frunze. Kazakhstan produces several types of
machinery, reflecting a more diversified economic development than that
of Central Asia, which specializes in agricultural and textile machinery.
Such types of machinery are produced almost exclusively for the pre-
dominating cotton industry of the region.
Writing on the future development of machine building in Siberia,
V.E. Popov* calls for locating new machine building centers in areas
where coordinated industrial development on the pattern of the Kuzbas
can be carried out. 22 Such areas include;
a. The Krasnoyarsk industrial area, based on iron ore
resources of the Angara-Pit Basin, on coal resources of the Kansk-
Achinsk Basin, on water resources of the Yenisey River, and on timber
resources of the lower reaches of the Angara;
b. Southern Krasnoyarskiy Kray, based on iron ore resources
of the Khakasskaya Autonomous Oblast, on coal resources of the Minusinsk
and Ulug-Khemskiy Basins, and on water resources of the upper reaches
of the Yenisey River;
c. Altayskiy Kray, based on ore resources of Kazakhstan
and on coal resources of the Kuzbas,; and
d. Irkutskaya Oblast, based on iron ore resources of the
Angara-Ilim Basin, on coal resources of the Irkutsk Basin, and on water
resources of the Angara River.
* See p. 7, above.
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Farther east, along the Amur River, another industrial area
is being planned, based on iron ore resources of Aldan, on coal
resources of southern Yakutskaya ASSR, and on water resources of the
Argun' and Amur Rivers. 23/
On the principle of locating machine building plants not only
near the resources required for production but also where these plants
will have the maximum effect on the technology of the industries, for
which they are producing machinery, Popov suggests the following as
major centers for various branches of machine building L4/:
Barnaul or Kamen'-on-Ob': Agricultural machinery
Kuzbas and Kemerovo Mining equipment (including coal mining
combines and excavators for open-pit
mining) and coal-chemical equipment
Novosibirsk Power engineering machinery (steam
turbines and hydroturbines)
Tomsk Instruments
Yeniseysk Wood processing and papermaking machinery
East Siberia
Angarsk Equipment for the petroleum industry and
petrochemical equipment
Irkutsk Ships (river boats)
Machine tools, metalforming equipment,
and cutting tools
It is uncertain whether or not Popov's proposals carry any
official weight, even though they were printed in an official journal.
In some cases, however, the places which Popov recommends as centers
of production for a given type of machinery already produce that type
of machinery or will soon do so.*
See Appendixes E and F.
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Appendix F and the map in Figure 3* show the new machine build-
ing plants for which specific locations and types of production are
known. Most of the new Siberian machine building plants for which
specific information is available are to be built in established
machine building centers. In Kazakhstan, on the contrary, three major
machine building plants will be located in cities which have not here-
tofore been important machine building centers: Petropavlovsk,
Pavlodar, and Semipalatinsk. With construction of an important cable
plant at Khabarovsk, this city will be a major machine building center
in the Far East Region.
6. Possible Causes of Delay in the Construction Program.
In the USSR the function of deciding where new industrial
plants are to be located and resources allocated nominally is centered
in the planning organs of the government, primarily Gosplan (the Soviet
organization concerned with long-term national economic planning) and
the State Economic Commission (Gosekonomkomissiya, the Soviet organi-
zation concerned with current national economic planning). The
objectives of the Five Year Plans for economic development to be
carried out by the government are usually announced by the Communist
Party of the USSR (CPSU) at one of its Congresses, however, and it
may be assumed that directives on regional distribution of new plants
reflect the CPSU policy on the subject.
Dissatisfaction over the work of Gosplan as constituted before
May 1955 culminated in a reorganization "to bring about a radical improve-
ment in the field of long-term national economic planning." 25 At the
time of the reorganization, it was stated that the function of Gosplan
-75
would consist of drafting the Five Year Plans as well as longer range
plans of 10 to 15 years. The newly created Gosekonomkomissiya was to
concentrate on the annual plans. The role of Gosplan with respect to
regional distribution of new enterprises was described as follows 261:
Gosplan, USSR, must plan an efficient distribution of pro-
ductive capacities, taking into account the need for integrated
development of economic regions, the necessity of moving enter-
prises closer to the sources of raw materials and to consuming
regions, as well as the importance of eliminating long-distance
hauls and crosshauls ... . A decided improvement in planning
* Following p. 16, below.
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the distribution of productive capacities, founded on a sourd
economic basis, is one of the main tasks confronting Gosplan,
USSR.
Factors which Gosplan and other government organs concerned with
regional development are supposed to consider in deciding the location
of new plants include increased production, improved defense, and maxi-
mum productivity of labor. 27/ When these criteria conflict with each
other, disputes may arise between the various governmental organs con-
cerned.
The following criticism of Soviet governmental organs with
respect to locating new plants since World War II is typical 28 :
Distribution of industrial enterprises and the practice
of selecting sites for their construction in the postwar
period in some cases have not answered the requirements
of the law of planned, proportional development of the
national economy. In a number of instances, selection of
regions and sites for the construction of new industrial
enterprises was made without the necessary technical and
economic bases and without preliminary surveys.
Accordingly, in July 1955, the Central Committee of the CPSU
decreed 29/:
That Gosplan, USSR; Gosekonomkomissiya, USSR; ministries;
departments; central committees of the Communist Parties
and councils of ministers in the republics; a commmttommittees
and Oblast committees of the Party; and Y executive
and Oblast executive committees be obliged to improve
nationwide planning of the distribution of production
facilities in the country', strictly following Party directives
on improving the geographical distribution of industrial
enterprises, on moving industry closer to sources of raw
materials and fuels and, to regions of consumption, on proper
specialization and integrated development of the economy
of economic regions, and on more rapid development of in-
dustry in the eastern part of the country to prevent
further concentration of industrial enterprises in a num-
ber of large cities.
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Because decisions are not reached unilaterally by Gosplan and
by Gosekonomkomissiya, various pressures may be brought to bear on these
organizations regarding the location of new plants, thus sometimes
delaying construction.
To judge from the Soviet press, the worst offenders are the
ministries themselves. (Gosplan and Gosekonomkomissiya are subordinate
to the Council of Ministers, USSR.) Planning the location of future
plants inevitably involves differences between the long-term planners,
who envisage coordinated development of whole areas, and the ministries,
which are concerned with filling immediate goals for production. A
ministry which wants to build a plant in a highly industrialized area
where the capacities of new plants can be developed quickly is apt
to be accused of "narrow departmentalism" by the planners, but the
ministry may nevertheless have its way after differences have been
arbitrated.
The appointment in December 1956 of M.G. Pervukhin and a group
of six top-level Soviet administrators, whose combined ministerial
experience encompasses all phases of the domestic economy, as chairman
and deputy chairmen, respectively, of Gosekonomkomissiya may strengthen
the hand of the ministries in current planning. On the other hand the
increased authority given Gosekonomkomissiya under this influential
group of men may severely limit the amount of pressure which individual
ministries can exert on the planners in the future. The reorganization
of Gosekonomkomissiya undoubtedly has led to some concentration of
planning and executive functions which on the whole had been kept
separate heretofore. Presumably plans which establish goals for
production contingent on the completion of new plants will be more
realistically drafted and more expertly implemented under the new
management of Gosekonomkomissiya, with the result that antagonisms
over the location of new plants may diminish somewhat. Gosplan,
however, has not been affected directly by the decrees of December 1956,
and it is doubtful whether the reorganization of Gosekonomkomissiya will
eliminate entirely long-term planning problems connected with locating
new plants in economically undeveloped areas of the USSR. 30
Ministries have shown a decided reticence about building new
plants in the Eastern USSR. In July 1955 the Central Committee of
the CPSU noted that "the directives of the XIXth Party Congress con-
cerning improvement of the geographic distribution of industrial enter-
prises are not being implemented satisfactorily. Some ministries are
not devoting the necessary attention to construction of new enterprises
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in the Eastern USSR." / Popov* also acknowledged that the ministries
had been the principal obstacle in creating "a system of specialized
scientific-production centers of machine building east of the Urals to
duplicate centers in the European part of the USSR." / Popov also
noted 33/:
Even before World War II, the question of building
"duplicate" machine building plants in the East was raised
in connection with paving the way for subsequent integrated
development of groups of economic regions. After the war,
however, ministries preferred to build new plants, including
"duplicate" plants in the European USSR thus causing the
machine industry of the Eastern USSR to fall behind the
requirements of its economy.
According to Popov, current decisions by the ministries con-
cerning the location of new machine building plants in Siberia are
based almost exclusively on finding sites which afford transportation
facilities and municipal and other improvements so that new plants can
go into production as rapidly as possible. "When given a new planning
assignment, designers always inquire about the possibility of locating
machine building plants in Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, or Barnaul." This
practice, said Popov, leads to the "unsystematic" location of machine
building enterprises and to their. concentration in a few major cities.
In reality, new manufacturing enterprises usually can achieve
the desired level of output more rapidly by locating in established
industrial centers than in sparsely developed areas. Established in-
dustrial centers generally have a supply of skilled labor and the
necessary supporting services, such as electric power, transportation,
materials, and warehouses. The interests of central planning officials
concerned with the development of new economic regions for strategic
purposes frequently conflict with the ministerial interests of achieving
ambitious goals for production most easily. Popov's charge of "unsystem-
atic" location, therefore, probably refers to strategic considerations.
Other pressures apparently are exerted by high CPSU officials
in an effort to locate plants within their native regions. A member
of the French Socialist Party delegation which recently visited the
USSR made the following observation after a visit to Gosplan:
* See p. 7, above.
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I have the feeling that priorities in regional development
depend particularly on the political influence of the differ-
ent members of the Presidium of the Central Committee; each
has his connections with this or that region, in which he is
particularly interested and for which he will intercede. I
did not find any comprehensive doctrine on the development
of regional economies but merely a certain balance of power
and influences ... .
In addition to the outside pressures exerted by the ministries
and by high governmental officials, the bureaucratic functioning of
Soviet planning and designing organizations is often cited as the
cause of delay in beginning and completing construction on schedule.
Other difficulties in construction arise from the nature of the organi-
zation of Soviet construction procedures. New machine building plants
in the USSR are built by specialized construction ministries on a
contractual basis with the machine building ministries. The performance
of these construction ministries under the Fifth Five Year Plan has
been the object of frequent criticism. The machinery for shifting the
activities of these ministries to new areas is cumbersome and slow.
In January 1956, S. Fomin, Deputy Minister of the Machine Tool Building
and Tool Industry, USSR, wrote 36/:
In connection with developing production facilities in
the Eastern USSR, great importance attaches to creation of
construction organizations there. The construction minis-
tries, and especially the Ministry of Construction, USSR,
which are erecting machine building enterprises must, in
coordinating their plans with the future projects plan of
the machine building ministries, carefully work out the
problem of relocating their Lconstructio/ organizations
and ensure their successful operation in the regions where
new plants are to be built.
Several recent articles on Siberia indicate that the coordina-
tion of planning and construction, including production of building
materials, is not proceeding very smoothly. It has been charged that
the lack of proper coordination and supervision in Moscow creates a
bottleneck. One article written from Irkutsk stated that "it is
impossible to be complacent when the construction industry, ... the
construction materials industry, and machine building branches which
serve the builders have ceased to be part of a single complex. In our
opinion, Gosplan, USSR, and Gosekonomkomissiya, USSR, should take an
interest in all these problems." 37J
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In another article, the Chairman of the Irkutskaya Oblast
Planning Commission complained 38/:
Irkutskaya Oblast entered the Sixth Five Year Plan
without having settled a number of major economic prob-
lems; this could lead toserious disproportions and
could unjustifiably delay development of different
branches of the economy.
The State Institute for Planning Cities has not
completed the plan for locating industry and other
branches of the economy in the Bratsk area. New enter-
prises are being built; in the Bratsk industrial area
without regard for the industrial complex as a whole.
The problems which are arising in this new economic
area are the direct result of neglect and errors in
long-range planning. Gosplan, USSR, and Gosekonomkomiss`Lya,
USSR, however, ignore the many manifestations of narrow
departmental confusion and the scornful attitude of some
ministries and departments toward solving immediate prob-
lems in the economic development of the eastern part of
the country. Unless a broad, over-all viewpoint can be
taken, the goals for the development of the economy of
the Eastern USSR decreed by the XXth Congress of the CPSU
will not be met.
Finally, the dependence of machine building on availability of
raw materials, power and fuel, skilled labor, and consumers may prove
another stumbling block in fulfilling the planned program. An example
of what happens in a controlled economy if the development of various
industries is not coordinated carefully is illustrated by the new
Irkutsk Hydroelectric Power Station. A. Bochkin, construction chief
of this project, wrote, in 2/:
There is already a sizable lag in construction of enter-
prises which are to consume the cheap electric power of the
new Irkutsk Hydroelectric Power Station. This year, two
turbines of the Irkutsk Hydroelectric Power Station with a
capacity of over 160,000 kilowatts will go into operation,
but consumers will be ready to utilize not more than 50,000
kilowatts.
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In the USSR, productive capacity often stands idle because of
faulty planning or faulty implementation of plans. To prevent the accum-
ulation of idle capacity, the construction of new machine building plants
must be coordinated with that of new enterprises from which the machine
building plants are to receive supplies and to which they are to deliver
their products.
The problem of an industrial labor force in the Eastern USSR
is also a cause of concern to Soviet planners. In the Sixth Five Year
Plan, nearly 3 million workers and other employees, the equivalent of
approximately one-half of the population of East Siberia, are to be
moved to the Eastern USSR. 40
A number of problems arise in connection with developing
the resources of the country's eastern areas. The first of these
is manpower. Within the next 2 years the new construction works
in the east will require hundreds of thousands of workers,
and they will be supplied by the big industrial centers that
possess manpower reserves. At the new construction projects, no
small part will be played by servicemen demobilized under the
Soviet government's recent decision to reduce the USSR armed
forces in the course of the year /_10567 by 1,200,000 men. 4
Not only is a labor force needed to build new machine building
plants, but highly skilled labor is needed to operate many of them.
Popov notes that several years are required to train a setup man for
automatic machine tools and lines, and he insists that more attention
should be given to locating Siberian machine building plants where there
are maximum opportunities for creating and augmenting a permanent,
highly skilled labor force. In suggesting Minusinsk as a center for
production of machine tools and metalforming equipment, for example,
Popov notes that conditions in southern Krasnoyarskiy Kray are favor-
able for attracting and holding personnel. Because of the disproportion
between the tremendous size and natural resources of Siberia and its
limited labor force, highly skilled personnel must be brought into the
area if the new centers of machine building are to become centers not
only of production but also of technology, complete with experimental
bases, design bureaus, and technical schools, as envisaged. 42
There is no reason to suppose that the program for erecting
approximately 100 new machine building plants in the Eastern USSR is
beyond the capabilities of the USSR. The problems which have been
noted must be solved, however, before planned objectives can be achieved.
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APPENDIX A
ECONOMIC REGIONS OF THE USSR
The USSR was divided into 13* well-defined economic regions before
World War II in order to facilitate the work of Gosplan in planning
the development, of the national economy. 43/ There is a tendency among
Soviet economists, however, to depart from these divisions when dis-
cussing the economic development of the USSR. For example, statistics
on economic plans are reported most frequently on the basis of admin-
istrative-territorial divisions, whereas long-range and strategic
planning make common use of such concepts as the Western regions of
the USSR and the Eastern regions of the USSR.*
These latter terms are objectionable because they are ill defined.
As the Soviet economy has expanded eastward, the western limits of the
Eastern USSR also appear to have shifted eastward, accompanied by a
change in the regional composition of the Eastern USSR. Until the
end of World War II, for example, the Volga Region was invariably
included under the Eastern USSR. 44/ Since World War II the Volga Re-
gion rarely has been referred to as a region of the Eastern USSR. In
general, discussions of the Eastern USSR at present include the eco-
nomic regions shown below by name and by number. There are a number
of indications, however, that in long-term economic and strategic
defense planning the machine building industry now may be departing
from the above pattern of regional grouping to the extent that the
Urals Region is no longer included in the Eastern USSR as in the past.
Consequently, the Urals Region has not been included in sections of
this memorandum dealing with future development of the machine build-
ing industry in the Eastern USSR.
* Although CIA map 13702 (see the second footnote on p. 1, above)
shows 12 major economic regions in the USSR, Soviet sources show Re-
gions Ia (Northwest) and Ib (North) as 2 separate major economic
regions rather than as subdivisions of a single economic region.
** For simplification, these areas are referred to in this memorandum
as the Western USSR and the Eastern USSR.
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Economic Region*
Name Number Major Territorial-Administrative Divisions
Bashkirskaya Autonomous Soviet
Socialist Republic (ASSR)
Chelyabinskaya Oblast
Chkalovskaya Oblast
Komi-Permyatskiy National Okrug
Sverdlovskaya Oblast
Udmurtskaya ASSR
Molotovskaya Oblast
West Siberia IX Altayskiy Kray
Kemerovskaya Oblast
Kurganskaya Oblast
Novosibirskaya Oblast
Omskaya Oblast
Tomskaya Oblast
Tyumenskaya Oblast
Kazakhstan** Xa Kazakh SSR**
Kirgiz SSR
Tadzhik SSR
Turkmen SSR
Uzbek SSR
East Siberia XI Buryat-Mongol'skaya ASSR
Chitinskaya Oblast
Irkutskaya Oblast
Krasnoyarskiy Kray
Tuvinskaya Autonomous Oblast
Yakutskaya ASSR
* For the sake of clarity and convenience, basic economic: regions
have been referred to by name throughout this memorandum.,
# The terms Kazakhstan and Kazakh SSR are used interchangeably in
the USSR to denote the same administrative-territorial entity.
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Economic Region
Name Number Major Territorial-Administrative Divisions
Far East XII Amurskaya Oblast
Khabarovskiy Kray
Magadanskaya Oblast
Primorskiy Kray
Sakhalinskaya Oblast
Soviet dissatisfaction with the present system of economic regions
in the USSR has been expressed on a number of occasions. At a meeting
of economic geographers in Moscow in the autumn of 1955, it was pro-
posed that several new economic regions be created and that certain
existing regions be consolidated. There was general agreement that
the present system had outlived its usefulness and that Gosplan should
work out a new system of economic regions which would reflect more
accurately the present level of economic development throughout the
USSR. More recent information indicates that Gosplan and its Economic
Scientific Research Institute are now engaged in drawing up a new
system of economic regions for over-all long-term planning. ~+5
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S(NIET MINISTRIES
PROBABLY CONCERNED WITH THE NEW MACHINE BUILDING PLANTS
ANNOUNCED FOR THE EASTERN USSR
It is not clear whether or not the aggregate figures on the num-
ber of new machine building plants to be erected in the Eastern USSR
under the Sixth Five Year Plan are limited to plants of the all-union
ministries which specialize in machine building or whether or not these
figures include plants of other all-union, union-republic, and repub-
lic ministries which produce a limited amount of machinery for the
needs of their particular industries.
Statements in the Sixth Five Year Plan concerning the advantages
of specialization in the field of machine building, as well as infor-
mation on the subordination of a number of new plants,* indicate that
plants referred to in the published figures will fall under the juris-
diction of some or all of the following all-union machine building
ministries of the USSR:
Ministry of the Aviation Industry
Ministry of Construction and Road Machine Building
Ministry of the Defense Industry
Ministry of the Electrotechnical Industry
Ministry of General Machine Building
Ministry of Heavy Machine Building
Ministry of Instrument Building and Automation Equipment
Ministry of Machine Building
Ministry of the Machine Tool Building and Tool Industry
Ministry of Medium Machine Building
Ministry of the Motor Vehicle Industry
Ministry of the Radiotechnical Industry
Ministry of Shipbuilding
Ministry of Tractor and Agricultural Machine Building
Ministry of Transport Machine Building
* See Appendix F.
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APPENDIX C
TENTATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF THE MACHINE BUILDING INDUSTRY
IN THE USSR*
The list which follows represents an attempt to provide a more
detailed classification of the types of machinery and equipment which
may be produced. at plants referred to in this memorandum, by general
type, such as heavy machine building plants or agricultural machine
building plants.
This tentative classification is actually a synthesis of classi-
fications appearing in several Soviet sources although it relies
heavily on one fairly comprehensive treatment of the subject. 46/
The principal difficulty in this classification resulted from frequent
discrepancies in Soviet attempts to classify different types of equip-
ment and machinery, particularly with respect to such subclasses as
chemical and petroleum refinery equipment, textile machinery, and
construction and road building machinery, which may be treated under
heavy machinery, under general machinery, or independently.
It should be noted that the Soviet term machine building industry,
like the European term engineering industry, includes such items as
cable, electrical equipment, and radio equipment. A growing tendency
toward specialization of production in the Soviet machine building,
industry is reflected in the decision to build a number of specialized
plants for parts and processes, including plants for production of
motor vehicle parts, foundries, and forging and pressing plants, under
the Sixth Five Year Plan. 47 / These plants are considered to be bona
fide machine building plants.
1. Power Engineering Machinery.
a. Steam boilers
b. Steam turbines
c. Hydroturbines
d. Locomobiles
e. Internal. combustion engines
f. Generators
g. Motors
h. Transformers
This classification covers only machinery for nonmilitary purposes.
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i. Batteries
J. High-voltage apparatus
k. Control apparatus
1. Electrical instruments
m. Electric bulbs
n. Cable
o. Radiotechnical equipment
2. Heavy Machinery.
a. Equipment for metallurgical plants
Hoisting winches
Ladles
Casting machines
Charging machines for Martin furnaces
Steel casting cranes
Rolling mills
Blooming mills
b. Mining equipment
Hoisting machinery
Compressors
Cutting machines
Loading machines
Mining combines
c. Equipment for the petroleum industry
Machine Tools.
a. Metalcutting machine tools
b. Woodworking machine tools
c. Metalforming equipment
d. Cutting and grinding tools
e. Mechanical instruments
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4. Transport Machinery.
a. Locomotives and railroad cars
(1) Steam locomotives
(2) Diesel locomotives
(3) Electric locomotives
(4) Freight cars
(5) Passenger cars
b. Motor vehicles
(1) Trucks
(2) Passenger cars
c. Ships
d. Aircraft
5. Agricultural Machinery.
a. Implements for working the soil (plows, harrows, and the like)
b. Seeding and planting machines
c. Machines and implements for taking care of plants (cultivators
and the like)
d. Harvesting machines (combines, reapers, mowers, and the like)
e. Grain-cleaning machines
f. Tractors
g. Machines for hay harvesting and for work on livestock farms
h. Tree-planting machines
6. Construction and Road Machinery.
a. Excavators
b. Tractor scrapers
c. Bulldozers
7? General Machin.
a. Chemical equipment
b. Textile machinery
c. Timber-felling, sawmill, and wood-processing machinery
d. Food-processing machinery
e. Printing machinery
f. Papermaking machinery
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APPENDIX D
DETERMINATION OF THE LOCATION OF MACHINE
BUILDING PLANTS IN THE USSR
According to Table 1*, a reproduction of a table compiled by
A.G. Omarovskiy of the Economic Scientific Research Institute of
Gosplan, L8/ the availability of electric power is the one factor on
which the location of all 26 types of machine building (excluding
repair enterprises) shown in the table is at least relatively depen-
dent. Dependence on electric power is listed as a primary factor, how-
ever, for only nine types of machine building. Proximity to consumers
is the primary factor most frequently mentioned, being listed for 13
types, followed by proximity to raw materials, which is listed for 11
types of machine building.
Soviet planners recognize that the relative importance of various
economic factors change with the technology of machine building. Thus
the development of processes of production which require heavy con-
sumption of electricity (electric welding, high-frequency tempering,
electric-spark surface finishing, electric annealing, and electric
drying) has increased the importance of abundant sources of electricity.
* Table 1 follows on p. 34.
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0l f4
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CENTERS OF MACHINE BUILDING IN THE EASTERN USSR*
UNDER THE FIFTH FIVE YEAR PLAN**
1 1-
Machine Building
Economic Region Center
Kazakhstan
Central Asia
East Siberia
Biysk
Kemerovo
Kiselevsk
Kurgan
Novosibirsk
Omsk
Prokop 'yevsk
Rubtsovsk
Slavgorod
Tomsk
Tyumen'
Akmolinsk
Alma-Ata
Chimkent
Karaganda
Chirchik
Frunze
Tashkent
Cheremkhovo
Irkutsk
Major Types of Machinery Produced
Boilers, rolling stock, metal-
forming equipment
Boilers, electric furnaces
Construction and road machinery
Mining equipment
Agricultural machinery
Power engineering machinery,
machine tools, metalforming
equipment, cutting tools,
agricultural machinery
Agricultural machinery
Mining equipment
Agricultural machinery, including
tractors
Metalforming equipment
Cutting tools
Construction machinery
Agricultural machinery
Heavy machinery
Metalforming equipment
Mining equipment
Agricultural machinery
Agricultural machinery
Agricultural machinery, textile
machinery
Mining equipment
Heavy machinery, machine tools
Exclusive of the Urals Region.
This list covers only machinery for nonmilitary purposes. There are al-
so a number of aircraft and armaments plants located in the Eastern USSR.
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Table 2
(Continued)
Machine Building
Economic Region Center Major Types of Machinery Produced
Krasnoyarsk Heavy machinery, rolling stock,
agricultural machinery
Ulan-Ude Rolling stock
Far East Khabarovsk Power engineering machinery,
ships, agricultural machinery
Vladivostok Ships
Komsomol'sk-on-Amur Ships
Nikolayevsk-on-Amur Ships
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SOME MACHINE BUILDING PLANTS TO BE BUILT IN THE EASTERN USSR*
UNDER THE SIXTH FIVE YEAR PLAN
(1956-6)
0
Table 3
Economic Region Location of Plant
West Siberia Barnaul
Kurgan
Tyumen'
Kazakhstan J Pavlodar
Petropavlovsk
Semipalatinsk
East Siberia J Chita
Kansk
Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo
Far East sU Khabarovsk
Agricultural Combine Plant
Chemical Machine Building Plant J
Kurgan Fittings Plant
Kurgan Machine Building Plant J
Unidentified Plant
Diesel Locomotive Electrical Equip-
ment Plant
Turbogenerator Plant J
Centralized Foundry
Machine Tool and Automatic Lines
Plant /
Unidentified Plant
Harvester Combine Plant
Rolling Mill Equipment Plant
Food Industry Machinery Plant J
Machine Tool Plant
Machine Tool Plant
Machine Tool Plant
Motor Vehicle Plant
Radio Equipment Plant
Mining Equipment Plant-21
"Amurkabel'" Cable Plant
Agricultural Machine Building
Plant
Foundry Equipment Plant
Mining Machinery Plant
a. l2/
b. Subordinate! to the Ministry of Machine Building.
* Exclusive of the Urals Region.
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Table 3
(Continued)
c. Subordinate to the Ministry of Transport Machine Building.
d. Subordinate to the Ministry of the Machine Tool Building and Tool
Industry.
e. Subordinate to the Ministry of the Electrotechnical Industry.
f. L/
g. Subordinate to the Ministry of Heavy Machine Building.
h. L/
i. Located at Usol'ye Sibirskoye.
J. 0/
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APPENDIX G
SOURCE REFERENCES
Evaluations, following the classification entry and designated
"Eval.," have the following significance:
Source of Information
Doc. - Documentary
A - Completely reliable
B - Usually reliable
C - Fairly reliable
D - Not usually reliable
E - Not reliable
F - Cannot be judged
Information
1 - Confirmed by other sources
2 - Probably true
3 - Possibly.true
4 - Doubtful
5 - Probably false
6 - Cannot be judged
"Documentary" refers to original documents of foreign governments
and organizations; copies or translations of such documents by a staff
officer; or information extracted from such documents by a staff
officer, all of which may carry the field evaluation "Documentary."
Evaluations not otherwise designated are those appearing on the
cited document; those designated "RR" are by the author of this report.
No "ER" evaluation is given when the author agrees with the evaluation
of the cited document.
1. Planovoye khoz stvo no 2, 1956, p. 76. U. Eval. RR 2.
2. Ibid.. D. 77. . U. Eval. RR 2.
75X1 A4
a
3. Planovoye khoz stvo, no 2, 1956, p. 80. U. Eval. RR 2.
D. 64. U. Eval. RR 2.
4. Ibid.
,
5. Ibid., p. 24. U. Eval. RR 2.
25X1A8a9 6.
Izvesti a akademii nauk SSSR, Seriya geograficheskaya, no 3, 1956,
p.79. U. Eval. RR 2.
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7. Izvestiya akademii nauk SSSR (6, above), p. 48. U. Eval. RR 2.
8. Ibid., no , 1956, P. 68. U. Eval. RR 2.
Planovoye khozyaystvo, no 2, 1956, p. 79. U. Eval. RR 2.
9. Livshits, R.S. Ocherki po razmeshcheniyu promyshlennosti SSSR
(Outline of the Distribution of USSR Industry), Moscow, 195+x,
p. 178. U. Eval. RR 2.
Voznesenskiy, N.A. Economic Results of the USSR in 1940 and the
Plan of National Economic Development for 1941, Moscow, p. 30-31.
U. Eval. RR 2.
Voznesenskiy, N.A. War Economy of the USSR in the Period of the
Patriotic War, Moscow, 1948, p. 30-46, 63-72. U. Eval. RR 2.
USSR, Embassy, Washington. The Great Stalin Five-Year Plan for
the Restoration and Development of the National Economy of the
USSR for 1946-1950, 1946) p. 2-4, 8-9. U. Eval. Doc.
USSR. Directives of the XIXth Party Congress for the Fifth Five
Year Plan of the Development of the USSR in 1951-1955, Moscow,
1952, p. 13. U. Eval. Doc.
10. Vestnik mashinostroyeniya, no 3, 1956, p. 72-75. U. Eval. RR 2.
11. USSR, Embassy, London. Directives of the Sixth Five Year Plan of
the USSR, 1956-1960, Mar 56, p. 53. U. Eval. Doc.
25X1A8a DUSSR, Embassy, London. Soviet News, 18 Sep 56, p. 1. U.
Eval. RR 2.
12.
13.
Ibid., 2 Nov 56, p. DD 2. OFF USE.
Eval.
RR 3.
14.
Sovetskaya Rossiya, 30 Sep 56, p. it..
U.
Eval. RR 2.
15.
CIA. FDD U-8082, 2 Apr. 56, Outline
of the
Distribution of
USSR Industry, p. 2, 5. OFF USE.
Eval.
RR 2. Excerpts
from Ocherki Do razmeshcheniyu pronyshlennosti SSSR, Moscow,
25X1A8a 1954.U
16. Trud, 22 Mar 56, p. 2. U. Eval. RR 2.
18. Planovoye khozyaystvo (5, above).
Promyshlenno-ekonomicheskaya gazeta, 6 Jun 56, p. 2.
U. Eval. RR 2.
USSR. SSSR, administrativno-territorial'noye deleniye soyuznykh
respublik The Administrative-Territorial Division of the Union
Republics of the USSR), Moscow, 1954, p. 273. U. Eval. Doc.
19. Voprosy ekonomiki, no 9, 1956, p. 156 (map). U. Eval. RR 3.
20. USSR, Embassy, London. Directives of the Sixth Five Year Plan
of the USSR, 1956-1960 I1, above T, p. 93-102. U. Eval.. Doc.
ECE. Electric Power Working Paper no 79, Hydroelectric
Construction in the Soviet Union, 12 Oct 56, p. 3. U. Eval. RR 2.
Voprosy ekonomiki, no 9, 195b, p. 155-159. U. Eval. RR 2.
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21. Promyshlenno-ekonomicheskaya gazeta (18, above).
Trud, 22 Mar 56, P. DD 2. OFF USE. Eval. RR 3.
22. Vestnik mashinostroyeniya (10, above), p. 73? U. Eval. RR 2.
23. USSR Embassy London. Soviet Weekly, 20 Sep 56, p. 1. U. Eval. RR 2.
24. Vest 2w w ostro eni a 10, above), p. 74-75. U. Eval. RR 2.
25. CIA. Reorganization of Gosplan USSR and Improvement
of National Economic Plan_nin , 20 Jan 56, info 1955, p? 1-3.
OFF USE. Eval. RR 2. (tr of Planovoye khozyaystvo, no 3, 1955? U)
26. Ibid.
27. CIA. FDD U-8082 (13, above), p. 6. OFF USE. Eval. RR 2.
28. Ibid., p. 1.1. OFF USE. Eval. RR 2.
29. USSR. Postanovleniya tsentral'nogo komiteta KPSS i soveta ministrov
SSSR po voprosam promyshlennosti i stroitel'stva, 1952-1955 (Decrees
of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers
USSR on Problems of Industry and Construction, 1952-1955), Moscow,
1956, p. 22-23. U. Eval. Doc.
30. Pravda, 25 Dec 56, p. 1, 2. U. Eval. RR 2.
Ibid., 26 Dec 56, p. 3. U. Eval. RR 2.
State, Moscow. Dsp 357, 11 Jan 57. C. Eval. RR 2.
31. USSR. Postanovleniya tsentral'nogo komiteta KPSS i soveta ministrov
SSSR po voprosam promyshlennosti i stroitel'stva, 1952-1955
(29, above T ,-p. 22. U. Eval. Doc.
32. Vestnik mashinostroyeniya (10, above), p. 75. U. Eval. RR 2.
33. Ibid., p. 73. U. Eval. RR 2. -
34. Ibid., p. (4. U. Eval. RR 2.
35. Manchester Guardian, 3 Aug 56. U. Eval. RR 2. (Extract from
report by M. Andre Philip appearing in the Bulletin of the Societe'
d'Etudes et de Documentation Economiques, Industrielles, et Sociales).
36. Stroitel'.na agazeta, 29 Jan 56, p. 3. U. Eval. RR 2.
37. Pravda, 1 May 56, p. 2. U. Eval. RR 2.
38. Pravda, 1 Jul 56, p. 2. U. Eval. RR 2.
39? Pravda, 14 May 56 (37, above).
40. Stroitel'naya gazeta, 1 Apr 56, p. 3. U. Eval. RR 2.
25X1A8a Izvestiya akademii nauk SSSR (6, above), p. 77. U. Eval. RR 2.
41. USSR, Embassy, London. Soviet News (40, above).
42. Vestnik mashinostroyeniya (32, above).
43. Izvestiya akademii nauk SSSR (6, above), no 2, 1956, p. 88, 163-
U. Eval. RR 2.
Shimkin, D.B. "Economic Regionalization in the Soviet Union," The
Geographical Review, vol 42, no 4, Oct 52, P? 599? U. Eval. RR 2.
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44. Voznesenskiy, N.A. War Economy of the USSR in the Period of the
Patriotic War (9, above).
45. Izvestiya akademii nauk SSSR (6, above), no 2, 1956, p. 163.
U. Eval. RR 2.
Planovoye khoz aystvo, no 6, 1956, p. 37. U. Eval. RR 2.
46. Stepan v, P.N. Geo raft a rom shlennosti SSSR (Geography of USSR
Industry), 2d ed., Moscow, 1955, p. 142-164. U. Eval. RR 2.
CIA. FDD Translation no 566, 29 Jun 56, The National Economy of
the USSR, a Statistical Compilation, p. 41-46. OFF USE.
Eval. RR 2.
Izvestiya akademii nauk SSSR (6, above), p. 42: U. Eval. RR 2.
47. USSR, Embassy, London. Directives of the Sixth Five-Year Plan of
the USSR, 1956-1960 (11, above pp. 7j--(4. U. Eval. RR2.
48. Izvesti a akademii nauk SSSR (6, above), p. 42. U. Eval. FR 2.
49. Stepanov, off, cit. , above), p. 139-168. U. Eval. RR 2.
Livshits, off,. cit. (9, above ), P. 175-168, 295-300, 329-335- U.
Eval. RR 2.
CIA. CIA/RR IM-429, Implications of the Planned Expansion in the
Soviet Machine Tool and Metalforming Machinery Industries, 1 May 56,
Figure 2, following p. 10. S.
CIA. CIA/RR 48, Production of Agricultural Machiner in the USSR,
5 Jan 55, Figure 9, following p. 82. SUS ONLY.
CIA. CIA/RR 21, The Coal Mining Equipment Industry of the USSR
27 May 53, Figure 16, following p. 295. S.
CIA. CIA/RR 27, Production of Locomotives and Rolling Stock in
the USSR and European Satellites 31 Dec 53, Figures 1 and 2,
following p. 34. S/US ONLY.
50. Pro shlenno-ekonomichesk a gazeta (18, above).
Ibid., 15 Jun 56, p. 2. U. Eval. RR 2.
Ibid., 23 May 56, p. 4. U. Eval. RR 2.
Stroitel'n a gaz2ta 17 Jun 56, p. 1. U. Eval. RR 2.
Ibid., 29 Jan 56, p. 3. U. Eval. RR 2.
Pravda, 13 Aug 56, p. 2. U. Eval. RR 2.
51. Promyshlenno-ekonomicheskati a gazeta, 23 May 56, p. 1. U. Eval.
25X1A8a
RR 2.
USSR, Embassy, London. Directives of the Sixth Five Year Plan, of the
USSR, 1956-1960 (11, above), p. 77. U. Eval. RR 2.
Kazakhstanskaya pravda, 15 Jun 56, p. 1. U. Eval. RR 2.
CIA. FDD Summary no 998, 18 Jul 56, Trans ortation,Communicoations,
Electric Power, and Construction in USSR No 2 , p 85. O -USE.
Eval. RR 2.
Pravda, 20 May 56, p. 3. U. Eval. RR 2.
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53.
25X1A8a0260002-
p. 4. U.
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