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Z
RECORL
COPY
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATIOI'~
REPORT
,~
Number 2
Prepare) Ly
Foreign Documents Division
CENTRAL INTELLIGCNCE AGENCY
2430 E. St., N. W., Washington 25, D.C.
14 ~IJllarch Ig58
~' ~ ,
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted
from publications of the USSR, Eastern Europe, and China.
The information selected is intended to indicate current
scientific developments and activities in the USSR, in the
Sino-Soviet Orbit countries, and in Yugoslavia, and is dis-
seminated as an aid to United States Government research.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Page
I.
Astronomy
1
II.
Biology
5
III.
Chemistry
1~
IV.
Earth. Sciences
43
V.
Electronics
49
'1II.
Engineering
59
VII.
Mathematics
62
VIII.
Medicine
63
IX.
Metallurgy
g2
X.
Physics
99
XI.
Miscellaneous
? n
NOTE: Items in this report are numbered consecutively.
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I. ASTRONOMY
The Solar System
~ 1. Sun Spots Studies
"Large-Scale Motions in Layer Below the Photosphere of the
Sun," by V. Ye. Stepanov and M. A. Klyakotko, Izv, Krymsk.
astrof iz, observ., 1956, 16, 80-99 (from Referativnyy Zhur-
nal -- Astronomiva i GeodeziYa, No l0, Oct 57, Abstract No
8233)
From 1917 to 1934, 123 nonrecurrent spots from the Greenwich Ob-
servatory catalog were used for analysis. Attention was paid to the
differential effect of rotation; motion along the group axis produced
by mutual interaction of the group; latitudinal or meridional drift
the magnitude of which equa]s Oo.05 daily and large-scale motions with
mean quadratic magnitude of ~' 38 m~sec.
The results of studies did not solve the question whether the large-
scale motions are elements of turbulence or of circulation, similar to
that detected by R. S. Gnevysheva (Astron. Zh., 1941, 18, No 1, 26).
"Photometry of Solar Spots," by Ya. Ye. Mergentaler, Izv,
~Crymsk, astrofiz. observ. , 1956, 16, 207-208 (from Refera-
tivnyy Zhurnal -- Astronomiya i Geodeziya, No 10, Oct 57,
''Abstract No 23
Preparations are being made for observations of a possible relation
of photometric profiles of Solar spots to the phase of the 11-year cycle
and to magnetic fields. For this purpose the Wroclaw Observatory is pre-
paring the 30-c:m horizontal reflector (focal length 11 meters, diameter
of Sun's image 10 cm, and with additional optics 0.5 meters.) A photo-
electric a.p?paratus is being assembled.
"A Short Remark on Solar Spots," by L. Dezho, Izv, Krymsk,
a.Gtrnf'i~~- n'haPrv,, 1956. 16, 208-209. (from Referativnvv
Zhurnal -- Astronomiva i eodeziya. No 10, Oct 57, Abstract
No 8235)
The ratio of penumbra area P to the shadow area U is investigated.
P~U is assumed to be an important characteristic of spots. Sharp maxima
occur in the velocity distribution of P~U variations depending.on growth
or decrease of U. A conclusion is reached that the width of the penumbra
is not proportional to the diameter of the shadow. This phenomenon of
so-called eastern excess should be viewed from a new standpoint, because
it cannot depend on the character of the spot development only.
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2. Moon Shadow Observation During Solar Eclipse
"Observations of the Edge of the Lunar Shadow from An Airplane
During the Total Eclipse of the Sun 30 June 1954," by V. T.
Ter-Oganezov, Byul, Vses, astron, -geod. o-va. 1957, No 20,
9-11 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Astronomiya i Geodeziya
No 10, Oct 57, Abstract No O1
These observations facilitate corrections of the Lunar orbit ele-
ments. They were carried out near the shore of the Baltic sea near the
city of Liyepaya. The observations were carried out from two hydroplanes
flying toward the shadow along its edges at an altitude of 3,000 meters.
The approaching Lunar shadow could be seen from the seaside 30 seconds
before the passage over the plane. The boundary of the shadow and the
penumbra covered a zone of 200 to 300 meters and could be well deter-
mined. It was established that the shadow shifted one kilometer north-
ward with respect to the ephemerid which corresponds to l.2 seconds late
at a shift along the latitude and 0.8 seconds along the longitude. The
writer suggests continued use of this method during future eclipses.
Astronomical Optics
3. Telescope Objective Design
"Design of aDouble-Mirror Astronomic Objective With Four
Reflectors," by L. V. Romanova,.Raschet i Issledovaniye v
O~tichesk. Priborostr (Design and Investigation in Optical
'Instrument Building Leningrad, Leningrad State University,
1956, pp 18-30 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Astronomiya i
Geodeziya, No 10, Oct 57, Abstract No 3 2
Adouble-mirror astronomic objective is designed. The light is
twice reflected by each mirror (by the main concave and the secondary
convex); it traverses a double-lens afocal correction system and gathers
in the rear focal plane. The objective is corrected for the spherical
aberration and coma. Parameters for an objective with afocal length
of 2,400 mm and aperture ratio of 1 s 6 are computed. The diameters of
the large and the small mirrors are respectively 400 and 200 mm, and the
distance between them 380.8 mm. Graphs of residual aberration are pre-
sented. The vignette of the centrA.l part of the beam is projected by
the secondary mirror on the objective.
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4. Interference filter System
"Double Interference Light Filters," by K. D. Sinel'nikov,
I. N. Shklyarevskiy, and S. I. Damashka, Uch, zap, Kharkovsk,
un-ta, 1955, 64, 145-146 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- As-
tronomiya i Geodeziya, No 10, Oc-'~ 57, Abstract No 0
A complicated double filter is described. It consists of an inter-
ference fi7.'~er transparent in visible light for one small band, and a
silvered glass plate attached to it in such a way as to form a wedge-
shaped air gap. The rib of the wedge is set parallel to the slit of the
spectrograph. The combined filter is illuminated by a parallel pencil
of white light and the obtained interference picture is projected on the
slit of the spectrograph by means of an achromatic lens. By moving the
interference plates it is possible to chose such a thickness of the wedge
as to malce a line of equal chromatic order coincide with the maximum of
the passing zone of a single interference filter. The replacement of the
silver coating by a multilayer of dielectric and the use of powerful
sources of light improves considerably the light power of the equipment.
Theoretical Astronomy
5. Triaxial Ellipsoid Libration Point Stability
"Concerning the Stability of Points of Libration in the Vi-
cinity of a Rotating Gravitating Ellipsoid," by V. K.' Aba1a-
kin, Byul, In-ta teor, astron. AN SSSR, 1957, 6, No 8, 543-
549 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Astronomiya i Geodeziya
No 10, Oct 57, Abstract No 79
In vicinity of a gravitating triaxial ellipsoid rotating around
one of the axes there are points of relative equilibrium -- the points
of lib ration, located on the extensions of the axes of an equatorial
section. The problem of stability of these points is solved by means
of characteristic indexes in first approximation. It was found that
the points of libration located on the extension of the minor axis of
the, equatorial cross section are stable in first approximation; the
points of libration located on the extension of the major axis of the
e quatorial,cross section are unstable. In addition three families of
periodic solutions were found in the vicinity of points of libration.
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6. Expansion in Spherical Functions for Gravity Potential
"The Potential of Terrestrial Attraction," by T. D. Zhongol-
ovich, Byul, Tn-ta teor, astron, AN SSSR, 1957, 6, No 8, 505-
523 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Astronomi i Geodeziya
No 10, Oct 57, Abstract No 7972
In a previous work by the author (Tr, Tn-ta teor, astron., 1952, 3)
on the basis of many measurements of gravity (.round 26,000 points) the
expansion of gravity acceleration on the terrestrial surface was obtained
in spherical functions up to the eighth order. This expansion of gravity
acceleration is used for the computation of the expansion coefficients of
the potential of terrestrial gravity in spherical functions, while in the
expansion of the potential all terms of the second order relative to ob-
lateness are retained.
The expansion series are given in the abstract, but are considered
by the author to be only tentative.
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Microbiology
7. Effects of Beta-Emitters on the Multiplication and Size of Tubercle
Bacteria
"The Effect of Beta-Emitters o:: ?he Developmrnt ~f Tubercle
Bacteria," by Ye. N. Sokurova, Institute of ~Kicrobiology,
Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Mikrobiolca va. Vol 26,
No 4, Jul/Aug 57, pp 4~E4-449
The addition of small amounts of a mixture of beta-emitters (solu-
tion of uranium-235 fragments stored for about a year) to the nutrient
media of tubercle bacteria resulted in an increase of the bacterial bio-
mass.
Tubercle bacteria are more susceptible to beta-radiations when cul-
tivated on agar than whey. cultivated in liquid nutrient media. Maximum
stimulation exerted by beta radioactivity amounts to 1-2 millicuries per
liter of nutrient media in agar cultures, as compared with 5 millicuries
in liquid cultures.
Prolonged cultivation of bacteria in the presence of oeta-emitters
indicates that the stimulating effect is limited to the first days of
cultivation.
The authors think that the stimulation of bacterial development by
beta-emitters is linked, first of all,~to the acceleration of cell divi-
sion, and hence to the decreased average size of the cell. Inhibition
of bacterial development by radiation is usually accompanied by increased
average size of cell.
8. Vitamin B12 Formation by Cultures of Actinomyces-
"Formation of Vitamin B12 by Cultures of Actinomyces -- Pro-
ducers of Antibiotics," by Ye. I. 5urikova and L. A. Popova,
All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Antibiotics (VNIIA);
Moscow, Mikrobiologiya, Vol. 26, No ~+, Ju1~Aug 57, PP 432-437
Actinomyces, besides forming antibiotics, possess the capacity to
synthesize other important and valuable substances, among which is vitamin
B12? In the present research two cultures of actinomyces were used, i.e.,
Actinomyces globisporus streptomycini of strain LS-1 and Actinomyces aureo-
faciens of strain LS-536.
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The author draws the following conclusions:
1. In the presence of cobalt salts (0.5-1.3 gamma~ml) vitamin B12
is formed by cultures of Act. aureofaciens through the biosynthesis of
biomycin (aureomycin), and by Act. globisporus streptomycini through
the biosynthesis of streptomycin.
2. Optimum concenCration of cobalt nitrate stimulating the process
of biosynthesis of the vitamin and not affecting the formation of the
antibiotics is 0.05 mg ~ for biomycin and 0.10-0.15 mg ~ for the bio-
synthesis of .^treptomycin.
3. The vitamin B12 obtained from the culture fluid proved i;o 'be
the genuine vitamin B12 when assayed by chromatographic analysis and
by specific hemopoietic tests.
4. The vitamin B1? precursor, 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazol, does not
stimulate vitamin B12 biosynthesis under analogous experimental con-
ditions.
5? The formation of vitamin B12 through the biosynthesis of biomy-
cin and streptomycin proceeds parallel to the accumulation of the anti-
b iotics. It is therefore possible to produce antibiotics and vitamin
B12 simultaneously in the course of fermentation.
6. Vitamin E12 is the product of intracellular synthesis and dif-
fuses into the medium because of changes i,n the permeability of cell
membranes.
9? Czechoslovaks Academy Conference on Protection of Industrial Products
Against Biological Damage
"Protection of Industrial Products Against Biological Damage,"
by Emma Vintrova, Prague, yestnilt Ceskoslovenske Akademie Ved,
No 7/8, Sep 57, pP 35~~--3~5
On 7 and 8 May 1957, the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences held a con-
ference in Liblice on the subject of "Protection of Industrial Products
Against Biological Damage," i.e., against damage by bacteria, mold, etc,
under the auspices of the Institute of Biology and the Secretariat for
the State Research.
The author briefly lists various contributors to the conference and
the six points of the adopted resolution: (1) the coordination o~ basic
and applied research with the Institute of Biology of the Czechoslovak
Academy of Sciences performing basic research and the "G. V. Akimov" Re-
search Institute for the Protection of Materials performing applied
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research; (2) the inclusion into a unif ied state plan for research on
the problem of "corrosion and natural conditions," which includes bio-
logical corrosion as one of the pro'olems of standard economic signif i-
cance, and the formation of a coordination group between. the Secretariat
of the State Research Plan and ?the Czechosl.,vak Academy of Sciences;
(3) concentration of research activity on questions connected with water
installations, equipment buried in the ground, and the protection of
principal export products; (~+) the expansion of present research in
metals and inorganic materials and the further development of research
in the field of protection of wood, plastic materials (also glues and
resins), hides, ?textiles, insulation materials, lacquers, and packaging
mate_tal; (5) the further development of research on materials which
are harmful to biological agents (pesticides) and not injurious to health;
and (6) the improvement of the forms of scientif is and technical coopera-
tion between the USSR and the People's Democracies.
Radiobiology
1C). Hygienic Evaluation of Radioactive Strontium as a Contaminant
"Hygienic Evaluation of Radioactive Strontium as a Factor in
Con?~amination of the External Environment," by A. N. Marey
Moscow, Meditsinskaya Radiolor~iva, Vol 2, No 5, Sep~Oct 57,
pp a9-95
The author discusses the law of migration of radioactive strontium
(Sr9~) in the air, open kater reservoirs, soil, plants, animals, and
man. ~iarious biological cycles for Sr9o migration are reviewed. The
significance of sedimentation of Sr90 in various bodies of water, and
migration to plankton, fish, and then to people, especially when these
are dependent on sea food, are analyzed. Milk and vegetables are de-
scribed as the chief source for contamination (cooked food loses much
of its Sr9~ through cook:i..:,g) .
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The author recommends that measures be talten to stop further con-
tamination of the external environment with radioactive strontium and
that a more thorough approach be adopted to the quantitative evaluation
of the possible effects of radioactive strontium on the health of man
and animals.
11. Indirect Protective Effect o_f carbon Monoxide Against Ionizing
Radiation
"The Influence of X Rays on Fiemopoietic Organs of Animals Pro-
tected by Carbon Monoxide," by N. F. Barakina; Moscow, Dok ad
Akademii Nault SSSR, Vol 114, No 2, 11 May 57, pp 285-288
This research was aimed at studying the effects of ionizing radie?
tion en hemopoietic organs when an organism is protected by carbon mon-
oxide ai;d. at determining the degree of radiosensitivity of various cel-
lularelements of the myeloid and lymphoid series.
Full-grown albino mice of both sexes were irradiated by lethal doses
of 700, 1,000, and 5,000 r. Control animals were not protected, but ex-
perimental ones were placed in an atmosphere co.itaining 0.25-0.5~, by
volume, carbon monoxide.
Results indicate that orgy 2.~ of the controls subjected to 700 r survived. as
compared. with 87~ in the protected animals, and none of the controls sub,j ected to
1,000 r survived, as compared to 35~ survival of the animals protectea by carbon
monoxide. All animals, controls and experimental, subjected to j,000 r
perished. The follo*.aing is the order for decreasing radio-sensitivity
of various elements: basophile erythroblasts, hemocytoblasts, promyelo-
cytes, polychromatophile erythroblasts, myelocytes, metamyelocytes, nor-
moblasts, mature leukocytes, and megakaryocytes.
Destructive changes were evident in the bone marrow of control ani-
mals subjected to 700 and 1,000 r within an hour, as compared witY~ after
'~!? hours in the experimental ones. Restoration processes started sooner
in the protected animals than in the controls.
The author thinks that the average duration of the life of irradiated
an.mals coincides with the period at which the number of cellulax elements
oi' the bone marrow and of the spleen is at its minimum. In unprotected
animals that period arrived on the 8th day, at which time the number of
cellular elements was 7~ of the original; in cases of experimental an:t-
mals signs of restoration were evident before this period set in.
~~ie author concludes that the protective effect of CO is an indirect
one, and is due to the fact that at the moment of irradiation the organism
develops a hypoxic condition owing to the formation of signif icant quan-
tities of carboxyhemoglobin.
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12. Irradiation Deranges Salt-Water Function of Adrenal Cortex
"Certain Data on the Functional Condition of Adrenal Cortex
Under Radiation Effects," by Ye. B. Pavlova a;ld A. Ye. Rabkina,
Division of Morphology (chief, Prof Ye. I. Tarakanoy) and F~a-
diation Laboratory. (chief, D. E. Grodzn~~nskiy), All-Union In-
stitute of Experimental Endocrinology (director, Prof Ye. A.
Vas~~ultova): Moscow, Problemy Endokrinologii i Gormonoterapii,
Vol 3, No ~+, Jul~Aug 57, pP 3-9
The p~~s~pose of this research was to study the functional condition
of the adrenal cor~;ex in animals irradiated by minimum lethal doses of
general X-ray irra~'iation. Water inge:~tion in 125 rats was used to as-
say adrenal functional activity-.
By comparing results of normal and irradiated animals, the following
conclusions can be drawn: (1) Animals subjected to water ingestion 2
days after irradiation exhibit water retention and reduced diuresis, (2)
reduced diuresis continues during the third and fourth days after irradia-
tion, and (3) the administration of 5 mg ~f des~~xycor'ticosterone acetate
enhances diuresis but does not fully normalize it.
The authors conclude that irradiation deranges the se.1t-water func-
tion of adrenal cortex.
13. Histotoxic Hypoxia Prom CO and }:CN Proved Devoid of Protective Ef-
fects Against Ionizing Radiation -
"Cony;erning the Absence of Protective Influence of His1-,otoxtc
Hypoxia During the Action of Ionizing Radiation," by E. Xa.
Grayevskiy and M. M. Konstantinova, Institu~~~ of Animal Mor-
phology imeni A. N. Severts~v, Academy of Sciences USSR: Mos-
cow Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 11~, No 2, 11 May 57,
PP 2 9-292
The aim of this research was to clarify the contradictory results
of the protective effects of b.istotoxic hypoxia on irradiation reactions
of organisms .
Tests were conducted on E. coli cultares in meat-peptone agar, ~,ih-
~jected to doses of 500-g00 r~min, and total doses varied between cne and
~Okr. E. coli bacteria were placed in 1500 M KCN solution, one hour.
before and all during irradiation, and other bacteria wire placed in an
atmosphere of 95/ CO f'or 5-10 minutes and all during irradiation. :Ad-
ditional similar tests using CO and KCN were conducted on albino mice.
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Results indicate that neither CO nor KCN change the radiosensitivity
of E. coli, nor do they exert any favorable effect on its multiplication
rate. Judging from these results and also by reviewing the theory, it
is difficult to anticipate any protective effects of histotoxic hypoxia
in radiation sickness. In histotoxic hypoxia, contrary t~ anoxic, cir-
culatory, and anemic hypoxia, available oxygen is not decreased, but on
the contrary it is even increased. The latter situation may explain
the tendency toward increased injurious effects of irradiation under the
effects of CO and KCN which were evident in these experiments, although
one should not exclude the possibility of summaticn effects.
The authors conclude that oxidative processes proceeding in an or-
ganism after irradiation must follow some path other than the normal bio-
logical oxidative processes.
14. Applications of Ionizing Radiation in Production of Bacterial Prepa-
rations
"Application of Ionizing Radiation in the Production of Bac-
terial Preparations," by V. L. Troitskiy, Institute of Epide-
miology and Microbiology imeni N. F. Gamaley, Academy of Medi-
cal Sciences U5SR: Moscow, Meditsinskaya Radiologiva Vol 2,
No 5, Sep/Oct 57, pp 80-88
Experimental data obtained indicate the possibility of using radio-
active irradiation in the industrial production of bacterial preparations.
The source of this irradiation was an experimental gamma-irrs,diator which
consisted of a set of preparations of radioactive cobalt (Co~O), with a
total actiz:.ty of 5,000 c (8,000 gm equivalent of Ra).
The following methods of a~~plication of irradiation in the produc-
tion of bacterial preparations were suggested: (1) preparations of
killed corpuscular and chemical vaccines (antigenic complexes), (2) cold
sterilization of vaccines and anatoxins, (3) cold sterilization of nu-
tritive media, and (4) cold sterilization of wastes of bacterial indus-
try, thus making these wastes harmless.
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15? Conference on Radiobiology Held at Moscow State University
"Intervuz Conference on Ra~liobiology," by V. I. Korogodin and
P. G. Polilcarpov; Moscow, Meditsinslcaya Radiologiya, Vol 2,
No 3, May~Jun 57, pp 91-95
The a~zt.hors describe an intervuz conference (~~uz -- higher educa-
tional institution) held 25-28 rebruary 1957 at the Moscow ;;t ate Univer-
sity to discuss problems related to biochemical and physicoc'aemical ef-
fects of radiation. The conf erence Baas held to attract the attention of
periphera:; higher educational :institutions to research in radiation b~~
exchange of research information and coordination of scien?oific research
work. More than F300 delegates from various institutions and organiza-
tions of the Soviet Union were present.
The opening addrees was presented by Prof B. N. Tarusov, chief off:
the Chair of Biophysics, Moscow State University. The author defined the
general status and the prospects for the development of radiation bio-
physics due to increasing application of atomic energy in various fields.
Among the topics reviewed were the study of the mechanism of radiobiologic
reactions, protective effects of various agents, establishment of safe dose,
establishment of the target theory, study of the formation of aqueous-phase
radicals with greatest biological effectiveness, and the theory of indi??ect
reaction.
Prof A. M. Kuzin (Institute of Biophysics) reported on theories of
radiation biochemistry. Evidence was presented of the presents of chain
reactions i.+ nucleoproteins, nucleic acids, etc., leading to the formation
of radiitoxins at various ..stages of radiation injury.
Prof M. N. Meye~~l' (Inst~tute of Microbiology) reported on the effects
of ionizing radiation on various ce'11 structures. His reRUlts indicate t:~at
the mitochondria and nucleoproteins are most sensitive to t'rie effects of
ionizing radiation.
N. P. Dubinin, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR,
reported on ionizing radiation and heredity. He stressed the fact that
the new branch of science, i.e., radiation genetics, requires the train-
ing of personnel adequately prepared in the fields of genetics, chemistry,
physics, and mathematics.
Great interest was demonstrated in a group of reports by Ye. V. Bur-
lakova, V. G. Dzantiyev, K. I. Zhuravlev, G. B. Sergeyev, and _'rof N. M.
Emanuel' on the sttb,ject of effects of irradiation of fats and chain oxida-
tion reactions in lipids during the development of radiation injuries. It
was suggested that the effect of ionizing radiation is partly connected
with the disturbance of the natural inhibitors of oxidation. Two types
of chain reactions are described.
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A number of reports were devoted to kinetics of radiation. sequelae.
V. I. Korogodin (Moscow State University) talked on postradiation
changes in yeast.
Yu. A. Kriger (Moscow State University), together with Ye. S. Yelkh-
ovska, reported on research conducted on the physicochemical properties
and the structure of erythrocytes after gamma radiation.
The problems of blood coagulation, autolysis, and hemorrhage were
discussed in many reports.
Prof B. A. Ku.drynshov and his co-workers reported on the mechanism
of hemorrhagic syndrome in radiation injuries caused by external radia-
tion and also by the administration (internally) of radioactive isotopes.
It was shown that the chief cause of disturbed blood coagulation was the
insufficiency of prothrombokinase in irradiated animals.
V. N. Benevolenskiy discussed hemolysis arisin~z in tissues of ani-
mals irradiated by ionizing radiation. It Lras shown that hemolysis of
irradiated tissues was similar to hemolysis during autolysis of liver of
unirradiated animals.
L. L. Khamayde produced evidence that the hemolytic activity of mice
liver after the introduction of solutions of uranium fission products ap-
peared signif scantly sooner and was more intense than the hemolysis caused
by introducing an analogous dose of radioactive cesium.
Prof M. V. Kirzon and M. G. Pshennikova (Moscow Statp University) pre-
sented research, details on the effects of X rays on nerve-muscle prepara-
tions in frogs., The authors admit the possibility of the existence of non-
impulse 3,nfluences radiating through the interneural synapses of the central
nervous system.
A. F. Ivanitskay-a (Institute of Animal Morphology) reported on the ef-
fect of ionizing radiation on hemopoietic organs, The author demonstrated
his tissL:e culture studies by microfilms.
E. G. Lomovska and F. B. Shapiro report;:a on the means of protecting,
from ionizing radiation of embryos at various stages of pregnancy.
The conference adjourned after hearing a number of reports on the use
of ionizing radiation in the Soviet economy.
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16. Uptake by Plants of Radioactive Fission Products and Their Accumula-
ti~n in Crops Following Application of Lime, Humus, and Futash
F'erLilizera
"Entrance Into Plants of Radioactive Fission Products and Their
Accumulation in Crops Following the Addition to the Soil of Lime,
Compost, and Potassium Fertilizers," by I. V. Gulyakin, Doctor
of Biological Sciences, and Ye. V. Yudintseva, Candidate of Bio-
logical Sciences; Moscow, Izvestiya Timir azevskoy Sel'skolchozya-
~ratvennoy Altademii, iJo 2, 1957, pp 121-1 0
Various tests on the uptake of radioactive fission products by plants
and their accumulation ir.. the crops with the addition of lime, humus, and
potash to the soil indicate the following: (1) the accumulation in pl+~nts
of fission products decreases on the addition of lime and humus to sod-
podzol soil; (2) the accumulation in crops of fission products is greatly
decreased by increased doses of lime and by combining lime and humus; (3)
potash applied to soil decreases uptake by plants of fission products,
especially of radioactive cesium; lime decreases the secure ..ation of radio-
active strontium in plants; (4) under the tffect of lime and humus, the
accumulation of fission products is decreased more in crops of the legume
family than in crops of the grass family; and (5) fission products of
Sr90 + y9o entering into plants from the soil are not ir, a condition of
radioactive equilibrium; more radioactive strontium is accumulated than
yttrium; lime and potash do not affect the equ9.librium condition of
Sr90 -~- Y90 in plants .
[For additional information on radiobiology, see Stem No 79.]
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Anal ical Chemistry
[See Item Nu 9.]
Fuel Chemistry and Technology
17. USSR Work on Chain Rea.ct'ions, ?the Ki~?.etics of Combustion and
[See Iten, No 32. ]
Corrosion, Protection From Corrosion
CPYRGHT
Lxplosionc, and the Initiation of Oxidation Reactions Wit the
Aid of Gase~7us Com;~ounds and Penetrating Radiation
"Principal Trends '.n the vevelopment of Soviet Chemical Sci-
ence," by I. L. Knunyants; Moscow, Khitnicheskaya Nauka; Pro-
myshlennost,+, Voi 2, No 5, Nov 57y PP 53 -5 9
Among the achievements of physical chemists in interpreting chemi-
cal processes, the theory of branched chain reactions is undoubtedly one
of the most important advances made in our time. The creation of th:ts
theory, which nas been thoroughly confirmed by experimental results, made
it possible not only to discover relationships pertaining to complex chemi-
cal phenomena, but also to find ways of controlling these phenomena. The
development of this theory is to the credit of Academician N. N. Semenov.
The ideas in regard to chain reactions caused by the formation of inter-
mediate active centers which later become carriers of chains were very
imperfect and limited prior to the work done by Semerov.
Investigations by Bodenstein and Nernst, who discovered the first
nonbranched chain reaction, namely that between hydrogen and chlorine,
were limited only to this particular reaction. There were no attempts
to formulate a theory which is generally applicable and consequently the
work in question cannot be regarded as a fczw~ilation of a chain theory
of chemical processes.
As distinguished from Bodenstein and Nernst, who considered that in
sore cases after the reaction of an active center with a molecule of thy:
initial substance a new active particle with identical properties is re-
generated, Semenov and his pupils proved convincingly that there are chain
processes in which subsequent to the reaction of an active center with the
molecule of the initial substance, several active particles rather than
one are formed.
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CPYRGHT
On the basis of the extensive experimental data accumulated by
Semenov and his school, a theory of branched and nonbranched chain reac-
tions was developed. Further elaboration of work on the subject dem-
onstrated that the mechanism of the majority of reactions which take
place in the gas phase, and also of a large proportion of liquid phase
reactions, is of the chain type and based on the presence of fx?ee atoms
and radicals.
The theory of chain reactions forms the scientific basis for many
technological processes which are of great importance in industry; for
instance, the synthesis of rubber, the production of synthetic fibers
and plastics, the cracking of petroleum, the oxidation of hydrocarbons,
halogenation reactio:s, etc.
In adc?~?tion to developing the theory of branched chains, Semenov and
his school introduced concepts in regard to the disappearance of radicals
which propagate the chains. This phenomena is due to the terminatio:! of
chains at the walls of reacti~::~ ti?essels and within the volume of the ~re-
acting mixture. The breaking of chains at the wal..ls of the reaction ves-
sel makes it possible to understand the existelce of the so-called lower
limit and of the critical diameter of the vessel. These are concepts
which have been introduced by Semenov ~n the 'basib of phenomena that were
observed in the investigation of the i~iteraction between phosphorus vapor
and oxygen. From this standpoint, research on the e~'ect ci'metal rods introduced
into reaction .essels is of great interest. These rods have an effect on
the chain combustion of hydrogen which is in complete accordance with the
concepts in regard to the termination of chains.
In speaking about the most important trends of work done by Semenov
and members of his school, the theory of slow branched chain reactions
which they formulated must be pointed out specifically, i.e., the so-
called chain reactions with degenerate branchings. This theory is of
exceptional practical importance in a number of processes, specifically
in the important process of the oxidation of hydrocarbons.
The theory of thermal ignition whicr. was also developed by Semenov
must be particularly emphasized. This theory explains the transition
from a slow reaction to an explosion in those numerous cases Tahen the
ignition is not due to the chain nature of the process, but is brought
about by a progressive increase in the temperature of the system caused
by the exothermic character of the reaction. On the basis of ~chis theory
Y. B. Zel'dovich and D. A. Frank-Kamenetskiy developed at the Institute
of Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR, theories pertaining to the
spread of flames and the detonation of gases. These theories make it pos-
sible to solve problems connected with the application of these phenomena
in the industry.
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CPYRGHT
Speaking of Semenov's school, the ma,~or importance of the new field
of science created by it must be mentioned, namely, the chemistry of free
radicals. One of Semenov's pupils, V. N. Kondra,t'yev, Corresponding Mem-
ber Academy of Sciences USSR, heads work on the investigation of free
radicals and of their quantitative characteristics.
To understand the actual mechanism of complex chemical processes in
every detail, one must mRSter methods which make it possible to identify
active intermediate compounds, primarily free radicals. In the middle
1930x, V. N. Kondrat'yev developed a very ingenious method of linear ab-
sorption spectra which enabled him to raise the sensitivity of the spectro-
scopic method by one order of magnitude. With the aid of this method, he
could detect the OH radical in individual zones of different oxida~tior
processes and flames and also measure the concentration of this radical.
These investigations showed that the concentration of OH radicals pre;~ent
during combustion may exceed the equilibrium concentration by factors
amounting to millions. This finding is the most direct and convincing
proof of the basic concepts of the modern theory of chair, processes created.
by Semenov and his collaborators.
In subsequent work done by V. N. Kondrat'yev, L. I. Avramenko, and
M. S. Ziskin, the interactions of OH radicals with different molecules
were investigated and the velocity constants of these reactions measured.
In lgl~4-1846, Kondrat'yev developed a new method for detecting in-
creased concentrations cf hydrogen atoms iri rarefied flames. This method
is based on the employment of the selectivity effECt involved in the re-
combination of hydrogen atoms at some surfaces. The results obtained in
the research in ques~ior. wert~ in quantitative agreement with theoretical
calculations carried out on the basis of tha chain theory. The concentra-
tions of atoms in raref icd flames proved to be equivalent to pressures
amounting to sev~ra,l millimeters of mercury.
The mass-spectrometric inves~ibation of elementary processev and in-
termediate products, which was begun by Kondrat'yev in 1923 and was furi;her
developed in Kondrat'yev's laboratory before World War II by Eltenton, :is
being continued at present by one of Kondrat'yev's pupils, i.e., V. T,. Ta~'-
roze. Tal'roze together with his collaborators establashe:~. that there is
practically no true energy of activation in reactions between ,ions and
molecules. It was demonstrated in the work in question that the en2r~ry
which is evolved in an elementary ionic-molecular process originally l~e-
mains tied up in the fcrm of energy of excitation of particles of the prod-
ucts. These phenomena are essential for the undezstandin.g of the mechanism
of a number of reactions in whist. ions participate, particularly reactions
in radiation chemistry. As a result cf work that has been done in this
field, a new mass-spectrometric method has been developec:l for the determir_-
ation of the energy characteristics of molecules and a direct method has
baen found for the first time by means of which one can determine the of -
~'iri.ty of saturated molecules to protons.
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CPYRGHT
In the most recent work done by Tal'roze the development has been
initiated of a method proposed by him for obtaining mass-spectra of com-
plex molecules devoid of splinter ions. Th~Ls is achieved by recharging.
The method in question opens up new pose ib~,lities for the mass-spectro-
metric analysis of mixtures of organic substances, particularly as far
as the determination of free radicals is concerned.
Research done by N. M. Emanuel? ha,s played an important role in the
experimental confirmation of some of the main precepts of the chain theory
and also in the development of new principles for oui~'crolling chain chemi
cal reaction~~. Together with Semenov, Emanuel' developer? a kinetic method
for the investigation of intermediate products of branc:ed chain reactions
without isolating these products or determining their chemical nature. By
using the kinetic method, the chain theory of the induction ~~eriod was
experimentally proven for the first time in 1940. It was shown that dur-
ing the induction period a process of the accumulation of active inter-
mediate products takes place.
Subsequentl.v in Emanuel?s work a confirmation was found for one oz
the prrinclpal conclusions of the chain theory, i.e., that large concentra-
tions of active centers consisting of free atoms and radicals arise during
the course of branched chain reactions. It was established that during
the slowbranchedchain reaction ~' the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide, up to 20~,
of the initial hydrogen sulfide are oxidized with the formation of the
b iradical sulfur monoxide (SO). Special experiments which included ad-
dition of sulfur monoxide synthesized in an electric discharge proved
that SO is the principal intermediate product of the oxidation of hydro-
gen sulfide. The data obtained in the work described together with the
results of Kondrat'yev's spectroscopic work proved that there are con-
centrations exceeding the equilibrium concentration of free ator~ts and
radicals 3n the zone of rarefied flames during chain ignition. The re-
sults obtained made it possible to interpret both rapid and slow branched
chain processes from the same point of view.
Since the work done by Academician A. N. Bakh on the role played by
peroxides in processes of slow oxidation, the reaction of the oxidation
of aldehydes attracted the attention of investigators because of the f or-
mation of high concentrations of intermediate hydroperoxides in it. In
investigating the kinetics of the oxidation of acetaldehyde, N. M. Emanuel?
discovered the pronounced step-wise (stage) character of the process. In
the first stage, there is oxidation of aldehyde with molecular oxygen to
a hydroperoxide, whereupon oxidation with oxygen ceases, notwithstanding
the presence in the system of acetaldehyde that is capable of being ox-
idized, In the second stage, there is oxidation of the acetaldehyde with
hydroperoxide without participation of molecular oxygen. This change in
the chemical mechanism during the course of the reaction, whicY: is sur-
prising in the light of commonly held ideas on the subject, made it pos-
sible to advance a concept in regard to macroscopic stages which are sep-
arated in time and to propose new methods .for the control of processes of
chemical transformation.
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CPYRGHT
A sharp transition from the slow oxidation of aldehydes to explo-
sion at a lower temperature was discovered. This transition takes place
as a result of the cooling of tb.e reaction mixture and its reheating,
whereupon the temperature of spontaneous ignition drops by more than
1000. It was found that this phenomenon is due to the existence of two
isomeric forms of hydroperoxides of aliphatic acyls which undergo re-
versible mutual transformation when the temperature is changed.
Tn the course of the investigation of the oxidation of propane in
the presence of HBr acting as a catalyst new phenomena pertaining to
limits were discovered. The process of the formation of the final prod-
uct of the reaction, viz. acetone, terminates long before the initial
substances (propane and oxygen) have been used up. It was established
that at the initial moment of the reaction a rapid, self-inhibiting re-
action between propane, oxygen, and HBr takes place, which leads to the
formation of small quantities of an intermediate substance (erJa, H$r0).
This intermediate sixbstance Shen decomposes slowly, generating radicals
(e.g., OH and Br) ~~rhich initiate chains of great or small lengths that
lead to the formation of acetone.
The process of the formation of acetone during the reaction ceases
when the intermediate substance has been used up completely, although
the initial substances mQ.y be present in the system in adequate quanti-
ties. This step-wise course of complex chain reactions involving macro-
scopic stages, which arises ir.. the presence of homogeneous catalysts,
was confirmed in many other cases (e.g., the oxidation of ethane in the
presence of hydrogen bromide, the oxidation of propane in the presence
of nitrogen oxides or of NOC1, etc.).
The macroscopic stages are clearly distinguishable in processes of
the oxidation of liquid hydrocarbons when this oxidation is initiated
by the addition of salts of cations having a variable valency. Together
with work on noncatalyzed reactions of the oxidation of hydrocarbons,
the investigations in question represent a substantial contribution to
the formulation of a scientific basis for the oxidative conversion of
petroleum hydrocarbons.
Macroscopic stages are the sum total of elementary processes which
lead to the forr:~ation of molecular intermediate products or final prod-
ucts. These stages are more readily susceptible to investigation than
the elemen~,ar; processes. The existence of macroscopic stages separated
in time makes it possible to conduct many processes under conditions
that change during the course of the reaction as one macroscopic stage
merges into another. The application of the principle in question makes
it possible to carry out effectively a number of reactions. Uf great
interest is the proposal in regard to the artificial creation of macro-
scopic initiating stages during the early period of the development of
slow branched chain reactions.
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CPYRGHT
Taking advantage of the remarkable property of branched chain mech-
anisms to undergo spontaneous propagation, N. M. Emanuel' proposed the
new principle of initiating chain reactions of the oxidation of liquid
hydrocarbons and other organic subs+ances by the short-lived action of
gaseous initiators (N 02, 03, C12, HBr, etc.) or of penetrating radiation.
When this method is applied, the initiating effect is not exerted during
the whole course of the reaction, but only during the initial period of
its development. The branched chain process must only be pushed: it
advances further spontaneously as a result of chain branching. The prin-
ciple of initiation with gaseous substances was suc~:easfully applied in
stimulating processes of the oxidation of n-decane, n-hexadecane, n-butane,
paraffin wax, cyclohexane, benzene, diphenyl ethane, ethyl benzene, and
other h,~rdrocarbons in the liquid phase. Of particular importance is the
discovery of the possibility of oxidizing liquefied n-butane at tempera-
tures and pressures close to the critical. In this type of oxidation,
there is a high degree of conversion of the butane into acetic and methyl
ethyl ketone. Similarly, by using gas initiation, it was possible to
demonstrate the possibility of the liquid phase oxidation of benz~nne into
phenol at temperatures within the range of 250-270? (i.e., in the vicinity
of the critical temperature).
The stimulating action exerted by radiation (gamma radiation) on
oxidation was demonstrated on the example of the oxidation of paraffin
ws,x .
Thus, the problem in regard to the transfer of many gaseous phase
oxidations from high temperat~xre gas-phase oxidation (which results in
a high degree of combustion that is useless frozr. the standpoint of the
production of valuable chemical products) to mild low-temperature oxida-
tion based on the employment of gas initiation or of a brief exposure to
penetrating radiation has become urgent. Application of the new principle
of influencing oxidation processes and controlling their course has al-
ready yielded results that are of importance from the practical stand-
point. The principles and methods in question are not restricted to
branched chain reactions (sped ifically oxidation reactions of the branched
chain type). Their application must lead to valuable results as far as
nonbranched chain processes and reactions of the radical type are con-
cerned.
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l8. Combustion of Droplets of Fuel in a Turbulent Stream
"Turbulent Aiffuaion and the Burning of Atomiaed Fuel in a
Stream," by V. Ya. Basevich, Institute of Chemical Physics,
Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal I'izicheskoy Khimii,
Vol 31, No 7, Jul 57, pp 1619-1627
The nature ~f heat and mass transfer 'to ?:.he reaction zone of a burning
droplet of fuel in a turbulent stream is subjected to theoretical treatment.
The conclusion is made that the rate of combustion of the droplet is li'btle
dependent on the type of transfer (molecular diffusion and heat conductivity
or turbulent exchange). The ratios between the rates of combustion of drop-
lets and of vaporized fuel in a stream of atomized liqu3.d fuel are considered
for different types of diffusion. On the basis of the treatment gi;~en to
the problem the assumption in regard to molecular diffusior.~ of substance to
the burning droplet in a turbulent stream is found to be invalid. The con-
clusion is reached that the ramie of combustion of a previously vaporized
portion of the fuel stream, forming a combustionless fuel-air mixture, may
be explained only by turbulent diff~zsion of the fuel vapors to the burning
droplets.
19. A t'hotometric Method for the Determination of the Degree of Dispersion
of T,iquid Fuel in Fuel-Air fixtures
"A Photometric Method for the Determination of the Number and
Dimensions of Droplets of Dispersed Fuel in a Stream," by V. Ya.
Basevich, Institute of Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta No 6, Nov~ec>"7, pp 81.-91
The process of combustion of a fuel suspended in the form of droplets
in the air is substantially determined by the degree of dispersion of the
fuel. ?i'hf~ most common methods for estimating the quality of dispersion
are based on examination of traces made by the droplets and on measurement
of the dimensions of solid spheres formed as a result of the in,~ection of
paraffin wax. These methods are not suitable for determining the number
and dimensions of droplets immediately in front of the combustion zone,
if some evaporation has taken place. In this case, the microphotographic
method, which requires a lot of work and does not assure direct observation
d~a.ring the experitt~ent, mP.y be applied.
A direct method is described by means of which one may check quantita-
tively anti characterize the state of the liquid phase in fuel-air mixtures
at any point in front of a fla?~~ne both as far as the number of droplets and
their dimensions are concerned. This method is based on reflection of light
during she flight of a droplet through a light bundle and recording of light
impulees with the aid of a photolelectronic multiplier and a cathode ray
osc-!ilograph or a counter arrangement,
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[SI~i Note: According to a photograph and caption in the 3 January
1958 issue oi' Pr?omyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, G. Yekimov, an as-
pirant in one of the laboratories of the Chair of Heat Physics at Lenin-
grad Polytechnic Institute imeni M. I. Kalinin is engaged in the study
of Duel combustion in ,jet engines by studying the physics of combustion
of a single droplet of fuel.]
20. Effect of Pressure on the Flame-Out in a Stream
"Concerning the Effect of Pressure on the Lower Concentration
Limit of Flame-Out in a Stream," by M. A. Peshkin; Moscow,
Zhurnal Fizichesko Khimii, Vol 31, No 12, Dec 57, pp 2~757-
?75
On the basis of theoretical considerations it is concluded that the
extension of the lower concentration limit of flame-out toward poorer
mixtures at increased pressures, which is observed experimentally and
occurs in the combustion chambers of gas turbines and het eng?tnes, can
be explained starting with elementary concepts pertaining to the Thermal
mechanism of ignition of the fresh mixture by combustion products. The
~'elationship underlying the phenomenon in question can be elcpressed by
the equation ~~
CP
P ;..
where ~~ is the coefficient of air excess in the combustible mixture,
P the pressure, and n an index which varies depending on the design of the
nozzle, ?the shape of the combustion chamber, and other factors. Flame-out
occurs when the mixture becomes poorer and r,( increases, so that the
temperature of the combustion products drops with the result that the
quantity of heat transmitted by them reaches a definite minimum at which
further ignition oP the fresh mixture becomes impossible.
[For additional information on fuel chemistry and technology, see
Item No 42.]
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Industrial Chemistry
21. Industrial Processes for the Conversion of Natural Gas, Production
of Hydrogen and Ammonia, and Petrochemical Synthesis With the Use
of Oxygen
"Forty Yeara of the Production of Inorganic Fertilizers; T. The
Nitrogen Fertiliser Industry," by L. A. Kostandov; Moscow, Khimi-
cheskaya Promyshlennost', No 7, Oct-Nov 57, pp 422-426
As a result of the discovery of extensive natural gas occurrences in
North Caucasus, on the Middle Volga and in the Trans-Volga region, in the
Urals, and in a number of other re,3ions, natural gas will become the most
important raw material of the nitrogen industry within the next few years.
In connection with the development of processes for the conversion
of gas, including casing-head asp, it became possible for the synthetic
ammonia industry to follow tre gas pipelines as they are extended into
regions where ammonia and pi~oduct;i of t~:~ conversion of ammonia are con-
sumed. This is of gt^eat ~i~crtance in the USSR because of the large ter-
ritory of the country.
The use of na~,ural ?:s leads to a considerable reduction in the cost
of ammonia., a reduction of the capital investme~lt per unit of capacity,
and an increast: in the productivity of labor.
The 3 .portance of acetylene as a starting material for the produc-
tion of :synthetic organic products is generally known. The combined use
of natural gas for the production of both a nitrogen-hydrogen mixture and
of acetylene leads to a further reduction in the cost of ammonia and will
make it possible to lower considerably the capital investment per unit of
capacity as far as the production of both ammonia and acetylene is con-
cerned.
At the State Institute of Applied Chemistry a method has been de-
veloped fir the low-temperature oxidation of the hydrocarbons of casing-
head gases with oxygen to aldehydes and methanol followed by a converaion
of the residual gases into a nitrogen-hydrogen mixture for the production
of ammonia.
The application of oxygen is characteristic for the processes of gas
conversion. As a result there will be a considerable surplus of nitrogen
at nitrogen product plants. One of the most advantageous ways of utiliz-
ing large quantities of nitrogen is washing the gas with liquid nitrogen.
If this process is applied, one may dispense with the construction of
purification departments in which carbon monoxide is eliminated from the
gas under a pressure of 120-300 atmospheres. Construction of these de-
partments requires a large capital investment and the cost of operating
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them is high. Washing of the gas with liquid nitrogen assures the pro-
duction of a pure gas and thus simplifies and improves its co:~version
into ammonia. The process in question is being applied at the Chirchik
Combine .
One of the tasks of investigators will be finding ways to lower the
cost of hydrogen. One must take into consideration tha?t?~ the conversion
of methane requires the creation of several additional sequences of tech-
nological processes involving the conversion o:E carbon monoxide with the
formation of C02 and after this purification of the gas from C02 and from
the residual, unconverted carbon monoxide.
One must find new methods for the conversion of gases so that a max-
imum yield of hydrogen is achieved, new possibilities of the production
of hydrogen are developed, and the capital investment is r~:duced.
The synthesis of ammonia is conducted in the USSR nitrogen industry
under different pressures ranging from 300 atmospheres to 700 atmospheres.
High-pressure processes play o:.1y a small part in the synthesis of ammonia
and are not very promising as far as their future application is concerned.
Subsequent development of ammonia synthesis at a medium pressure (325 at-
mospheres) is foreseen.
During more than ~+0 years there have been no radical changes in the
industrial synthesis ~f ammonia as far as the technology of the process
and the equipment used are concerned. Development of a process for the
synthesis of ammonia at low pressures with the application of ultrasound
waves or of some other form of energy would be of definite interest. Re-
search and experimental work on the subject are being conducted at present.
22. Production of Hydrogen and of Ammonia From Natural Gas Rather Than
Cracking Gas Recommended
"On Ways of the Development of Petrochemistry," by P. A. Smir-
nov, State Planning Institute of Petroleum Plants (Giprenefte-
zavod); Moscow, Khimiya i Tekhnologj~Ta Top ova i Masel, No 6,
Jun 57, PP '12-16
The by-product gases of modern petroleum conversion plants contain a
considerable amount of hydrogen sulfide, because sulfur-containing crudes
from eastern regions are converted in the majority of cases. For that
reason one may organize at these plants a production of sulfur or of sul-
furic acid derived from the hydrogen sulf ide that is obtained by the pur-
ification of plant gases or originates from the desulfurizing hydrogena-
tion of diesel fuel.
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In connection with the desulfurization of diesel fuels by hydrogena-
tion until the residual sulfur content h~ss ;peen brought down to the 0.2~
required by the standard, one must organize at petroleum conversion plants
a production of hydrogen in excess of the quantity r'urnished by catalytic
reforming. The additional quantity of hydrogen can be obtained either by
separating it from the hydro~;era-methane fraction or by converting this
fraction.
One of the characteristics of the material balance s,t USSR petroleum
conversion plants will be the absence of any portions oi' the Y~ydro~n-methane
fraction that are available for conversion, so that the production of am-
monia and of fertilizers a~i: these plants will be out of the question.
This must be realized by designers of plants, although the production of
ammonia at petroleum conversion plants is still frequently advocated.
T1::. production of hydrogen as a commodity appears advisable to a
riinor extent only wherever purification. of diesel fuel from sulfur is
carried out within the limits set by the availability of waste gas de-
rived from catalytic reforming, or nonsulfurous crudes are converted.
In the first case the purification of diesel fuels cannot be brought
to a point where the residual content of sulfur amounts to 0.2~. In view
of the fact that the demands of the chemical branches of production for
hydrogen and methane conflict with the improvement of the quality of diesel
fuel, these demands must be set aside as incompatible with the needs of
the fuel industry.
In the productior of ammomia and fertilizers one must be guided by
the principle of using casing-head and natura:'. gas. The demand for many
chemical products including ammonia, nitric acid,, methanol and other car-
b inols, acetylene, acrylonitrile, and acetaldehyfie can be satisfied in
this manner. It is best to organize the production of ammonia and of
the other products mentioned in localities to which casing-head gas or
natural gas can be supplied through pipelines and at which sources of
power and construction facilities are already available.
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23. Enrichment of Germoxii, ern i+n IIeavyy Coal-Tar By-Product of Coking
"C,ermarlium in 'Fusses'," by N. P. Diyev and V. I. Davydov;
Moscow, Zhurnal PrilsJ.adncy IChimii, Vol 30, No 11, Nov 57,
pp .L685-ter-'
The distillation of "fusses" (by-products of coke-chemical produc-
tion which consist of a mixture of finely divided coke and coal tttr that
:is carried over into the gas conduits) established that there is a signi-
ficant enrichment of germanium in the fraction boiling at 200-400?.
Nuclear Chemistry and Technology
24. The Solubilities of Uranyl and Thorium 3elenites Determined
"On Uranyl end Thorium Selenites," by Ye. I. Ktylov and V. G.
Chukhlants~v, Ural Polytechnic Institute imeni S. M. Kirov;
(Sverdlovsk), Moscow, Zhurnal Analiticheskoy Khimii, Vol 12, No
4, Jul-Aug 57, PP 451- 5
The pH range was deter~dned in which uranyl and thorium selenites pre-
cipitate from sulfuric acid and nitric acid solutions. The solubility
products ~f these two aelenites at 20? were determined and fo~a.nd to be
3.8 X 10- 1 nnc? 1.35 X 10-20, respectively.
25. Oxalate Complexes of Trivalent Pluton3.um
"Investigation of the Conditions of Formation and Stability of
Oxalate Complex Compounds of Pu (III) in Aqueous Solutions,"
by A. D. Gelman, N. N. Matorina, and A. I. Moskvin, Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, DoJ~.Lady
Alcademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 117, No 1, 1 Nov 57, pp 88-91
The co~position and dissociation constants o:~ the ions [Pu(C204)2]-,
[Pu(C204)2] ', and [Pu(C204)4]5- were determined.
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26. Reduction of Neptunium to a Trivalent State With Rongalite
"Concerning the Problem of the Preparation of Trivalent
Neptunium," by A. D. Gelman and M. P. Mefod'yeva, Insti-
tute of Physical Chemistry, Acade~r~y of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Dok~lady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 117, No 2, 11 Nov 57, pp 225-
226
The conditions under which tetravalent neptunium is reduced to tri-
valent neptunium by rongalite were investigated. Spectrophotometric
identification of the valency states of neptunium and spec:trophotometric
measurement of the degree of reduction by means of an S3I'-~F apparatus showed
that the reduction proceeds mere completely in hydrochloric acid solu-
tions than nitric acid solutions and also that addition of hydrazine or
reduction in a nitrogen atmosphere increases the corgpleteness of the re-
duction.
27. USSR Work on the Use of Luminescence Methods and of Other Ph sical
Methods of Analysis in Geochemical Invests ,ations
"Methods of Geochemical Investigation Abroad," by V. V. Shcherbina;
Moscow, ?apiski Vsesoyuznogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva, Vol
86, No 2, Apr 57, pp 2g -300
(SIH Note: Although this article reviews developments outside of the
USSR, comparisons are drawn between work done in that country and work done
elsewhere, so that a considerable amount of information is also given on
USSR work in the field of geochemical methods of investigation. According
to a footnote in the Russian periodical, papers in the field of geochemistry
and related fields published in the periodical literature as well as reports
given at the 20th International Geological Congress in 1956 and the Geneva
Conference on Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy in 1955 were used :n com-
piling the article. The author of the article participated in the Geneva
Conference on Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy.]
Spectrochemical analysis rind. X~~y analysis are af' 3mport~ee t~easse th~r enable
one to cli.stirguish with'.certair~ty between elements which have very similar
chemical properties (e. g., rare earths, niobium and tantalum, rubidium
and cesium) and also to determine elements the presence of which is masked
by much larger amounts of other elements close to them in chemical pro-
perties (e. g., gallium in aluminum minerals, rhenium in molybdenites,
germanium in silicates, and hafnium in zircons). These methods are used
extensivel;~ at USSR research institutes and laboratories.
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Luminescence methods are used extensively in the determination of
small quantities of uranium. This type of application was demonstrated
at a U5 exhibit in Geneva. They are also employed in the investigation
of bitumens.
The application of luminescence methods has reached a high level of
development in the USSR: a luminescence microscope and luminescence spec-
troscope have been designed and methods of this type to be used in the in-
vestigation of bitumens have been developed (V. G. Me]ltov and V. N. Florov-
ska,ya) .
In addition to optical procedures one should consider the spectro-
photometric method, which makes it possible to determine in solutions,
when accompanied by other substances, the element which is of interest.
The determination is made on the basis of absorption spectra which cover
not only the visible range, but extend into the ultraviolet and even the
infrared region. Originally this method was used for the determination
of rare-earth elements. It is also applied at present for the determina-
tion of other elements which are difficult to separate or which cannot be
determined easily by chemical methods.
The spectrophotometric method is used in the USSR by A. P. Vinogradov
and I. P. Alimarin (Sovremennyye Metody Analiza [Present-Day Methods of
Analysis], 1956) for the determination of beryllium (with a precision
reaching ~0.5~ at sensitivities down to 0.25 micrograms), titanium (with
a precision of +0.5~ at 60-80 micrograms of Ti), zirconium and hafnium
(wi+h a precision reaching 2~), niobium, tantalum, rare earths, and some
other elements.
Polarographic methods, which can be applied under field conditions,
are of particular value for the simultaneous determination of several
elements in mixtures or of elements the chemical determination of which
presents difficulties (e. g., gallium, scandium, rhenium, niobium and the
raze-earth elements). The method of oscillographic polargraphy, which is
more sensitive and more highly selective than classical polarography, has
been developed to a considerable extent in the USSR. Work on the subject
is being done at ttia Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry,
Academy of Sciences USSR.
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28. Ths Geochemistry of Uranium
"Concerning the forms in Which Uranium Occurs in Rocks," by
V. T. Gerasimovskiy; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, V'ol 3, No 12,
Dec 57, Pp 525-529
The problem in regard to the forms in which uranium occurs in rocks
is of importance for the clarification of the conditions under which uranium
deposits originate. This problem was first treated in work done by V, Tp
Vernadskiy.. Extensive investigations done during recent yearts by USSP, and
foreign scientists confirmed Vernadskiy's ideas on the subject and estab-
lished with greater certainty that ura.~ium occurs in roclts in the follow-
ing forms: (1) u:?ard~.un minerals, (2) isomorphous admixtures of uranium
contained in the crystal lattices of nonuranium minerals, and (3) dis-
pers~d uranium adsorbed on minerals and roclcs (or absorbed by them) or
disso].~red in water contained :in the rocks.
2g. The Teci:nological Status of the Production of Extremely Pure Metals
in the USSR
"Metals and Semiconductor Elements of FLi.gh i'uri?cy," by Prof N. N.
Murach, Moscow Institute of Nonferrous Metals and CTold imeni M. T.
Kalinin, Priroda, Vol 1a6, No 12, Dec 57, pp 21-26
The significance of metals of high purity for nuclear technology, elec-
tronics, high-speed aviation, and rocket techniques is pointed out. The ap-
plications of metals of a high degree of purity in nuclear technology and
as semiconductor'matErials are discussed in detail. The cross sections of
the capture of thermal electrons by gadolinium,,s~xnarium, cadmium, boron,
_ lithium) silver, cobalt, manganese, natural uranium, vanadium, nickel,
copper, iron, calcium, and aluminum are listed together with the permis-
sible liL?d.ts of concentration of these elements (with the exception of
uranium) in uranium to be used as nuclear fuel. '(Table 3, p 23, based on
data published by G.?Wirts in Zeitschrift fuer Metallkunde, Vcl 47; No 5,
1956, pp 281-288). The status of the production of pure metals and c~her
elements of a high degree of purity in the USSR is illustrated as follows
in the table reproduced below:
CPYRGHT
Table 1+ (p 2~+) . Characterization of the Development of the Prodt~.ction and
Degrees of Purity (in ~) of Some Nonferrous and Rare Metals in the USSR
Produced Industrially
Al Ge Au Cu H~ Pb
99.996 99.99 99.99 99.993 99.999 99.992 99:?99
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CPYRGHT
Produced on a, Semi-Industrial Scale
W Bi Mo Ni Pt Ti Zn
99.99 99.95 99.99 99.99 99.99 99.98 99.99
Produced on a Laboratory Scale and Large Laboratory Scale
Ba V Cd La M~'i Nb Sn Ta Ce Zr
99.9 99.9 99.99 99.93 99.98 99.98 99.99 99.2+ 99.98 99.98
Technological Methods of Production Are in the Development Stage
Ba V Bi Ga In
99--98 99.98 99.99 99.99 99.99
La Re Pb Sr Sb
99.98 99.98 99.996 99.99 99.99
Cd Co Si Li
99.993 99.98 99.99 99.99
T1 Ta Te Co
99.99 99.98 99.99 99.98
It is stated that the construction of reaction engines (,jet and rocket
engines) requires refractory alloys that are stable at temperatures of 900-
1,200? C: these alloys can be obtained only by using metals of high purity,
including rare metals. The fact that metals which were formerly considered
brittle (e. g., manganese, chromium, and vanadium) become ductile when they
are sufficiently pure is pointed out. As an example of practical app].ica-
ti~ns of the ductility of pure metals work on manganese in the US is mentioned
(reference is apparently made to experimental work done at the U5 Bureau of
Mines). The opinion is expressed that rolled chromium sheets wi11 be ava3.l-
able soon. A~s far as vanadium is concerned, it is stated that, in view
of the availability of huge deposits of'?Sran~,~ in the USSR, the possibil-
ities of using this relatively lightweight (sp. gravity 5.8) and high-
melting (m. pt. = 1,700? C) metal are particularly attractive.
The last section of the article (pp 2~+-26) deals with methods for the
purification of metals. In this section distillation, solvent extraetion~
~crrexcha~. chromatography, thermal decomposition of iodides, and zone
melting are discussed. The relative advantages and disadvantages of these
methods are pointed out and specific applications (e. g., industrial pro-
duction of zirconium frcm zirconium iodide in the US) mentioned.
[For additional information on nuclear chemistry and technology, see
Items No ~;, and ~+3.
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Organic Chemistry
30. Dia]1ty:Lamldes of__Triaroxyphosphazosulfonic Acids Smthesized
"Dialkylamides of Triaroxyphosphazosutfonic Acids arul Aromatic
Esi:ers of N,N-Dia]lcysulfamide-N' -phosphoric Acids," by A. V.
Kirsanov and Z. D. Nekrasova, Dnepropetrovsk Metallurgical Ins
stitute, Moscow, Zhurnal ObshcY~ey Khimii, Vol 27, No l2, Dec 57,
PP 3241-3248
The authors describe the preparation of a number of dia].kylamides of
t.riaroxyphosphazosulfonic acids and diaryl esters of N,N~-83a]ltylsulfamida-
N'-phosphoric acids. The diemethyl and diethyl amides of triaroxyphosphazo-
su:'.fo:.ic acids were prepared by the action of trichlorophospha,zosulfor~.c
acid di.~.nethylamide and trichlorophosphazosu].fonic acid di'ethylamide on
sodium arylates:
R2NS02N'=PCl3 + 3 NaOAr--~ 3NaCl + R2PTSO~I~T=P(OAr)3.
31. nano-Substituted. Dialkylphosphites
"Concerning Cyano-Substituted Dialkylphosphites," by Gil'm Kamay,~
Ye: V. Kuznetsov, and R. K. Valetdinov, Kazan Chemicotechnological
CPYRGHT Institute imeni S. M. Kirov; MU6COw, Dokladv Akademii N~.k SS-~ X67,.
116, No 6, 1957 PP 965-968
"Acid cyano-substituted esters of phosphorous acid have still not been
describe3 in the literature. There is no doubt that introduction of a cyano
group into a molecule of a dialkylphosphite should drastically change its
properties. It is with these purposes in mind that we investigated the
reactions between equimolec~alar quantities of certain d-cyanohydrins
and phosphorus trichlorid.e. We learned that the given reaction occurs
with the formation of a mixture of products, namely: the acid chlorides
of Q-cyanoalkyb-, di-d-cyanoalkylphosphorous acids and tri-o(-cyanoa]lsyl-
phosphites. The formation of these substances can be explained with the
following, consecutively occurring Reactions:
R -c.-oH + Pcl3-;~ R-c-oPCl3 + xcl
CN CN
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R~
2 R -~-oPCl
~
3
PC1
P + R-C-oPCl3
CN
~,
R-C-O`I Pfi R-C-oPCl3
CN.~3 CI N
R-C-O / PCl+R-C-OPCl ~
CN
The mast interesting fact in this complex system of reactions is that the
formed tri-a-cyanoalkylphosphite does not hinder transformation into di-
d-cyanoalkylpho~phorous acid by the well,=known Arbuzov rearrangement even
under such severe conditions as high temperature, high concentration. of
reagents, and unbound hyr?rogen chloride [1] [numbers in brackets refer
to appended bibliography]. As a result of many fractional distillations
of the d-cy~~nohydrin-phosphorous trichloride reaction mixture, we suc-
ceeded in separating the following d-cyano-subs~~ituted phosphites and
their acid chbrides (Table 1) (below].
"The isolated acid chlorides of d-cyanoalkyl- and. di -aC-cyanoalkyl-
phosphorous acids are colorless liquids that smoke in mois-~ air.
"Next, we studied the saponification of di-cL-cyanoalkylphosphorous
acid chlorides under various conditions. As a result of the experiments,
we established that saponification of the acid chlorides with precise
,amounts of water in an ether medium and in the presence of pyridine takes
place with the formation of acid cyano-substituted esters of phosphorous
CN
R-C-O
PCl tHOH+CSHSN
x- I-o P+PCl3
~~cN 3
R~
R-~-O~ POH-I-C5H5N.HC.~..
T_n this manner the following di-a-cyanoalkylphosphorous acids were prepared
(Table 2). The isolated di-cC-cyanoall~ylphosphorous acids are colorless '
liquids with a faint odor. In contrast to ordinary c?.ialkylphosphorous
acids, their dicyanosubsituted analogs behave in a manner similar to
that of phosphorus trichloridz derivatives.
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CPYRGHT
"When equimolecular quantities of di-a-cyanoallcylphosphite are mixed
with cuprous chloride, a characteribtic rise in temsperature is noticed.
Further heating is ll.5? completeYy melts the cuprous chloride and a vit-
rious noncrystallizing mass is farmed.
"There acids react with phenyl azide ]3berating nitrogen. Thus,
when l.~?3 grams of di-~~c-cyanoisoprop~~l phosphite reacts with 0.70 gram
of phenyl azide in an ether solution, a faint evolution of nitrogen bubbles
is observed. After~~? days, crystals in the form of long needles a~peared.
Later, the crystals were filtered out and dried. N,elting point 87 On
the basis of nitrogen and. phosphorus analysis, the substance has the follow-
ing structure:
bxNC6H5
PNHC H
U. 6 5
0
Here it should be noted that di-d-cyanoalkylphosphites, containing secondary
radicals, react with phenyl azide much mere energetically and evolve nitrogen.
"While stud ring the structure of phosphorous acid and its esters, A. Ye.
Arbuzov in 1,950 came to the conclusion that all of its middle esters are
built on trivalent phosphorus, while phosphorous acid itself and its acid
esters contain pentavalent phosphorus [2]. Etiren at that time, A. Ye. Ar-
buzov expressed the opinion that it was possible that phosphorous acid and
its acid esters exist in tautomeric form.
P / `~ \ P-OH
RO / `H ~- RO /
I II
According to his opinion, structure I has the free farm of phosphorous acid.
In solution, it can exist in tautomeric farm II [3]. Physicochemical in-
vestigations [l+-6] in recent years brilliantly confirmed. A. Ye. Arbuzov's
conclusions made over 50 years age on the pentavaleney c~i' phosphorus in
ac,~id esters of phosphorous acid and on the probability of their tautomer-
ism.
"The chemical properties of di-~-cyanoalkylphosphites indicate that
apparently the tautomeric equilibriuru is siii.fted to the side of the tri-
valent form of phosphorus. Thus the position of she tautomeric equili-
brium of acid esters of phosphorous acid depends also on the nature of the
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radicals, as M. Kabachnik stated earlier [7]. The presence of di-~.-
::yanoalkyl radicals in the acid esters of phosphorous acid studied by us
help in shifting the tautomeric equilibrium to the trivalent phosphorus
side.
"Next, we established that di-d-cyanoalkylphosphorous acids with sec-
ondary cyano-containing radicals also develop properties of mixed esters
of phosphorous acid. On heating they readily undergo intermolecular re-
arrangem?nt, excha.nging a hydroxyl group for a corresponding radical:
2 (R- IHO)2 POH ~ (R- IHO)3 P+ R-iHOP02H2
CN COQ CN
However, di-~-cyanoisopropylphosphorotis acid, containing a tertiary radical,
practically does not display this property.
Boiling
Point in
d20
n20
~
?
'
"~
"
"
Formula
C
mm H
4
D
a. cu a~eT
-
~ouna
'
CH3-iH0 PC12 6'r-68/11 1.3359 1.4805 36.13 36.59
CN
(CH3-CHO)2PC1 140-:142/10
I`N
1.1844
1.4575
x+6.21
47.2
(CH3-ixo)3P 152-154/2
1.1188
1.4470
56.29
57.55
3~C~vPCl3 78-80/11
~
1.2760
1.4773
x?75
41.20
C$3
~
CN
CH
139-140/11
1.1417
1.4557
55??+4
55.65
3 ~- `-o
Pcl
CH3 CN 2
CH3
153-154/4
1.0749
1.4462
70.14
40.21
C - 0 P
cH3 ~
CN ~
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CPYRGHT
Boiling
Point in
d20
n20
~
F.-~
cC ~mn H'
4
D
c a e
oun
CH3-cH2ixoPCi2
78-79/8
1.2868
1.4800
40.75
41.05
CN
.
(CH3-CH2 d~0,)2 152-155/11
1.1470
1.4612
55.44
56.06
:pc x
(CH3-CH2~H0)3P 162-164/2
1.0810
1.4515
70.14
70.62
cN
cH3-~H-ciao Pc12 83-84/8
1.24io
1.4780
45.36
45.60
c$3 cN
(cH3-~H-c~o~ec1 -
c~3,cN 127-128/3
1.1089
1.4620
64.68
65.oy
(cH~-~H-c~o}~ 163-164/2
1.0475
1.454;
83.99
84,14
cH3.. cN
cx3-cx2-.cx2-
o 92-94/10
1.2295
1.4765
45.36
45.90
i
PCI2
CN
(cH -cg2 -CH2-
138-140/3
1.1176
1.4630
64.68
64.71
CH0~2PC1
CN
(cHg-cH2cH2 ~-
168-16y/2
1.0433
1.4530
83.99
84.26
cHO 3P
I
CN
cH,-cH-cH~-cxo Pci 95-96/10
1.2020
1.4770
49.98
50.29
CH3 CN
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CPYRGHT
Boiling
Point in
d20
n~
Nan
Forrmtla
?C mm H
~
D
Calculated Found
(CH3-
H-CH2-C
HO)2 PCl
138-140/l
1.0808
1.4623
73.81
73.84
CH3- IH
H3 C
-CH2-CIH
N
O)3P
182-185/2
1.0138
1.4550
97.85
98.24
CH3 CN
,o Pc12
-
124-125/10
1.2818
1.5118
52.40
52.91
~~/
~CN
I~ C~~?-1 Pct
203-207/10
1.1810
1.5050
78.75
78.94
CND
\ 2
~ ~0 1
~ ~-! ~CN ~ P melting 75?
~ 3 point
Boiling
Point in g20 n20 ~~-
Formula ?C mm H 4 D Calculated Found
(CH3-iH0)~POH 112-115/0.2 1.1605 1.4400 41.71+ 42.11
CN
~CH~
C-0 POH 118-120% .2 1.1128 1.4420 51.85 51.35
CH3/
CN 2
CH -CH-CHO
3 ~ \ PoH
CH3 CN 2
123-121+/0.2 1.0903 1.4460 61.08 59.68
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CPYRGHT
Soiling
Point in
?
d2Q
n~
MRD
Formula
C mm H
4
D
Calculated
Found
._
(cx -c -cx2
~
134-135/0.2
1.0846-
1.4486
61.08
___~
60.32
cxo~2P
CN
(cH3-ix-Cx2
133-135/0.1
1.0529
1.4505
70.32
69.45
CH
GHO) ZPO~
clcx2-cx2 0
115-117/0.5
1.2864
1.4622
45.63
44.67
'yox
"Bibliography .
"l. Y~.. V. Kuznetsov, R. K. Valetdinov, Tr. Ka.zansk.~K~3.m~Tekhno~..
Inst. imen3. S. M. Kirov, No 21, 167 (1956) . ?,
"2. ..A. Ye. Arbuzov, 0 5troyenii Fosforistoy Kislot~r :~ ye re Proizvod-
nykh (On the Structure of Phosphorous Acid and Its Derivatives ,Selected
Works, Academy of Sciences USSR, 1952, page 41.
"3. A. Ye. Arbuzov, ibid; pages 462-465.
"4. A. Ye. Arbuzov, M. I. Batuyev, V. 5. Binogradova; Doklady Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Vol 54, 603 (1846). -
237?
"5
A. Ye. Arbuzov, P.,I. Rakov, .Izv. AN SSSR, Otd. Khim. Nauk, 1g50,
"6. A. Ye. Arbuzov, V. S. Vinogradova, Izv..AN 5SSR; Utd. Khim. Nauk,
1g46, 617.
"7. M. I, Kabachnik, Sbornik. Kh~mi i ~emeneni Fosforor aniche-
skikh Soyedineniy Trudy Pervo~y Konferentsii Chemistry and Application
of Organophosphorus Compounds `Works of the First Conference]); Izv. AN
SssR, 1957, Page 37?
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Radiation Chemistry
32. Effects of Radiation on E^cplosive Substances
"The Effect of Irradiation With X Rays on the Thermal De-
composition of Barium Azide," by B. V. Yerofeyev and V. V.
Sv!.ridov, Sbornik Nauchnykh Rabot, Institut Khtmiil AN BSSR
(~~ollection of Scient~.fic Pub]3.cations, Institute of Chemistry,
J,~~cademy of Sciences Belorussian SSR) No~S. (1), 1956, pp L13-12~
CPYRGHTfrom Referati Zhurnal--Khimi , No 17, 10 Sep 57, Abstract
No 5710 by L. Berezkina
"The effect on the kinetics of the thermal. decomposition of BN( at
11~+-146? and 126? of preliminary irradiation for oi:e hour with X rays
was investigated. The duration of the exposure of the compound .to X
rays was varied from 0.5 sec to 50 hours. Reduction of the length of the
induction period (p'~C) and acceleration of the reaction were observed, in
aLl cases after irradiation. The dependence between o'~C and the duration
t of exposure to radiation way: found to correspond to the equation
a~ = 60.0+13.8 1g t
at values of t between 3 seconds and one hour. The effect-, of the radiation
was found to be weaker for moist BN6 and to be reduced in time after termina-
tion of the irradiation. It was established that the total energy of the
thermal decomposition of baritun azide diminishes after irradiation.?
Radiochemistry
33? Kpplications of Radioactive Isotopes in Production Control, the Pro-
duction of Inorganic Substances of a High Degree of Purity, Work on
Nuclear Fuels and Splinter Elements, Etc.
"Problems of Analytical Chemistry at the All-Union Scientific
Technical Conference on the Application of Radioactive and Stable
Isotopes and of Radiation in the National Economy and Science,"
by Yu. A. Zolotov and l~u. V. Yakovlev; Moscow, Zhurnal Anali-
CPYRGF~Tcheskt~y I~iimii, Vol .12, No ~+, Jul-Aug 57, PP 570-571
"This c~~ni'erence, which was held at Moscow ~+-l2 April 1957, was or-
ganized by the Academy of Sciences USSR and the Chief Administration on
the Utilization of Nuclear Energy, Council of Ministers USSE3.
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"The application of radioactive and stable isotopes in the solution
of theoretical and practical problems of analytical chemistry was dis-
cussed at meetings of the Section of AnalyL?ical Chemistry and Production
Control and ?to some extent at meetings of the Section of Radiochemistry.
A sufficient amount of attention wa,s paid to all principal aspects of the
utilization of radioactive isotopes in analytical chemistry: their ap-
plication in work on general problems and the practical application of
such methods of present-day analytical chemistry as precipitation and
coprecipitz. lion, chron~a,to~rraphic separation, extraction, and spectro-
chemical ~.nalysib; in the development and perfection of new methods of
analysis based on the measurement of the intensity of radiation, radio-
artivation analysis, isotope dilution9 and radiometric titration; and
fi:~ally in the solution of problems of an appl3,ed nature pertaining to
the analysis of definite substances. A total of 12 reports was presented
on a~,ll of these problems,
"Some theorc~~~ica1 problems pertaining to the purification of sub-
stances by crystallization and precipitation and also examples of.tl~ prep-
aration of inorganic substances of high purity with the aid of radio-
active tracers were discussed in a report by G, I. Gorshteyn and G. V.
Abramova All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Reagents and the
"Krasnyy Khimik" [Red Chemist] Plant). The authors of this report pre-
sented data on the purification of reagents from nonisomorphous and is-
morphous impurities. In the case of nonisomorphous impurities the con-
centration of the principal substances in the mother liquor is of primary
importance; the lowered solubility of the salt of the macrocomponent
contributes to a considerable degree to the elimination of imp~.~rities
from tie substance being purified. The applicability of the linear law
of the distribution of isomorphous microcomponents (Khlopin?s Law) was
experimentally confirmed for aqueous salt solution systems of new types.
Furthermore, it was established that the magnitude of the coefficient of
distribution in many cases remains constant after transition from micro-
concentrations to rather extensive ranges of macroconcentrations in salt
systems. The fact that the properties of the macrocomponent exert a
' ~.ficant influence on the character of tY,a distribution of the micro-
~~~aponent was also pointed out by V. Io Grebenshchikova (Radium Institute
~f the Academy of Sciences USSR), who participated in a discussion.
"V. R. Klol:maxi (Radium. Institutf; of the Academy of Sciences USSR)
reported results of. an inve,;tigatio;~ concerning the 'behavior of small
quantities of substance as far as distribution between a melt and a
solid phase is concerned. M. S, Merkulova (Moscow State University)
reported on the investigation of t?he mechanism of introduction of ions
of bivalent metals into the lattice of salts which crystallize in the
same system of sodium chloride. I< G, Shafran (All-Union Scientific.
Research Institute of reagents) presented a communication on the sub-
ject of the application of tracer atoms in the development of chemical
methods for the analysis of impurities in reagents of lZi.gh purity. This
cormm~n;cation was presented during a discussion period
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CPYRGHT
"M. M. Senyavj.n (Insti?Lute o;f Geochemistry and Allalytieal Chemistry,
Academy o:k' Sciences USSR) gave a paper on the applications of radioactive
isotopes :in chrom~.tography and the significance of this method. The ap-
plicatioxl of radioactive :isotopes made it po~,cible ?to clarify a number of
theoretical aspects of chxomatographic separation (i;he dependence of the
absorbed quantity of substance on its concentration, etc.) and furthermore
has facilitated to a considerable extent observation of the course of chro-
matographic separation. Senyavin?s report also reported results of in-
vestigations on the separation of pure cesium, the separation of sodiuxu
from potassium, and the determination of yttrium in mixtures of rare
earth elerients. In the last-mentioned separation an original combination
of ion-exchange separation with a method of isotope dilution was applied.
"A rap;nt by A. K. Lavrukhina and F. I, Pavlotskaya (Institute of Geo-
chemistry and Ana.lytj.cal Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR) presented
results of. worlc on the chromatographic separation of promethium from a
mixture of uranium fission products. I. A. Korshunov (Gor'kiy State Uni-
versity) told during the discussion about the chromatographic separation
of radioactive iron from radioactive cobalt. In the Section of Radio-
chemistry, T. V. Zimalcov, A. G. Bykov, and I. A. Usacheva (Ministry of
Chemical Industry) gave a paper on a new method for the analysis of some
solutions containing products of the fission of uranium. This method
is based on the capacity of charged ions to migrate under the action
of an electric?current along a. paper strip moistened with the e.lectro-
lyte~, the method in question was designated as radioelectrochromatog-
raphy by the authors of the paper.
"Extraction methods are now being applied to a significant extent in
practical work done by analytical chemists and radiochemists. An extensive
report on extr~.:ction processes and their importance in the isolation and
purification of radioactive isotopes was made by V. M. Vdovenko Radium
Institute of the Academy of. Sciences USSR). Vdovenko emphasized the im-
portance of theoretica,1 pxoblems pertaining to extration (e. g.: those
which have a bearing on the mechanism of the extraction, the selection
of appropriate conditicn~, the eff eetiveneas of the sal~;ing-out action,
etc.) and furthermore described in general terms a number of frequently
applied procedures including the masking of extraneous ions, re-extraction
utilization of. several valencies of the same element, etc. A. V. Niko-
layev and P1. M. Sinitsin presented a paper on the specific characteristics
of x-uthenium exhibited during the extraction of this element with tributyl
phosphate.
"The applicatic,.l cf tracer atoms made it possible to solve a number
of important problems in the field of spectral analysis. One of the cardi-
nal problems of spectral analysis is the investigation of a number of
factors (the total composition, the effect of the the thira component,
etc. ) on the course c:f the process of evaporation of ei.emer~ts from samples
and on the excita?cion of ato~-as in the plasma. of the ati~c. Employment of
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CPYRGHT
radioactive tracers, as has bean shown in a report by 1;. Ye. Vaynshteyn
(Instittute of Geo~:hemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Aciulemy of Sciences
USSR), enables one to study the course oi' these px?ocess~.s individually ?
and in this maruier to select the conditions under which the analysis can
be conducted so that the results are most precise. The application of
radioactive isotopes is also of great importance in the development of
spectral methods of analysis for the test~.ng of materials of high purity.
The report cited data on the degree of extraction of impurities during
physical enrichment by evaporation combined with subsequent condensation
of these impurities on a cooled electrode. A considerable amount of at-
tention in Vaynshteyn?s re~ort was paid to a method for the determination
of uran3.um by adding the U 35 isotope. This method, which has been devel-
oped in the USSR, brings the precision of the determination to 1-2~.
"New methods for the quantitative determination of elements based on
the intensity of radiation em:t.tted by radioisotopes were described in a
nu;nber of papers ~as well as in statements made during the discussions.
"Reports by I. P. Alimarin and Yu. V. Yakolev (Institute of Geo-
chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Acade~pr of Sciences USSR) and 0. Ye.
Zvyagintsev and A. I. Ku.lalc (Chezni.cotechno].ogical Institute imeni V. I.
Mendeleyev)~de~1t with one of the most sensitive methods of analytical
chemistry, namely, radioactivation analysis, Which malsES it possible +o
determine as many as 6b elements when these are present in quantities
amounting to 10"7 - 10'~ grams. The first ox the two reports mentioned,
which was of the review type,, discussed the basic principles and advantages
of the method and furthermore described work done by the authors of the
report on the determination of Cu, Sb As, and rare earth elements con-
tained in amounts of the order of 10-~~ in metall~.c bismuth. The second
report discussed results of t?he analysis of refined silver and cathodic
nickel for Au, Pt, Pd, and Tr9 and also of the determination of Cu, As,
Te, Ni, and, Co in antimony of high purity as well as of Co; Cu, Te, As,
and Sb in gold. The content of the elements determined varied between
5 x 10-3 and 5 x 10-8.
"A. Kh. Breger (Physicochemical Institute imeni Karpov), who partici-
pated in the discussion, told about the results of the determination of
oxygen in metals by a radioactivation method based on the (~f , n) reaction
carried out in a betatron. The sensitivity of this method can 'ae 'brought
to 0.010.
"I. Ye. Zimakov (State Institute of Nonferrous Metals) told during
the discussion about a new vaxiant of the me';hod of isotope dilution,
wl?:ich eliminates determinations of the specific activity of the sub-
stances that have been isolated and brings the sensitivity of the method
to 10-6 - 10-7 ~.
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CPYRGHT
"A paper by I. N. Gibalo (Moscow State University) and T. A. Sirotina
(Scientific Research Irzs?titute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry,
Academy of Sciences USSR) on the subject of radiometric ti?trations des-
cribed new methods for the determination of Be and Zr by titration with
phosphate centainin;; P32 and of Tl by titration with iodide, chromate,
phosp~$~otungstic acid, or tetraphenylboron sodium with the application
of T1 V. S. Chernyy (1Char'lcov State University) pointed out during
the discussion that nonaqueous solvents can be used in radiometric titra-
?tions .
"V. B. Gaydadymov (Scientific Research Institute of Geochemistry and
Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR) presented a paper on the
possible applications of a method based on the reflection of beta particles.
The author of the report illustrated this method on the example of the
analysis of mixtures of Nb and Ta, Zr and HF, Mo and W, and also of the
determination of Pb in glasses.
"Several communications dealt with the application of radioactive
tracers in the solution of problems of applied analytical chemistry.
Employment of radioactive tracer atoms in the development of new and check-
ing of old methods for the separation and determination of elements was
discussed in a paper by M. I. Troitskaya, Ye. N. Artemovay and A. M.
Zarayskiy (State Institute of Nonferrous Metals). The investigations
carried out by the authors of this paper referred to the completeness
of separation of microgram quantities of a number of elements by various
methods. Tn the course of the work described sufficiently rapid methods
were developed for the determination of zinc in nickel, cobalt, and cad-
mium, and necessary modifications were introduced into the formerly ap-
plied methods for the determination of arsenic and phosphorus in nickel
and copper and of indium in fly dusts of the lead-zinc production.
"Ye. N. Nanobashvili (Institute of Chemistry, [Academy of Sciences]
Georgian SSR) told about the application of 535 in the quantitative
determination of a number of elements by precipitation in the form of
sulfides. A comm~,n;cation by S. I. Tarabayev (Academy of Sciences Kazakh
SSR) dealt with the determination by means of tracer atoms of the bound
water in some crystal hydrates.
"The conference demostrated that radioactive isotopes are being used
extensively and successfully in the USSR for the solution of theoretical
and practical problems in analytical chemistry."
Safety Engineering and Sanitation
[See Item No 77.]
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Miscellaneous
3~+. New Electrochemical Institute Organized Under the Academy of Sciences.
USSR
"I~oblems of the Institute of Electrochemistry," by Academician
A. N. b'rumkin, Moscow, Veatnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, No 10, Oct 57,
pp 99-iol
An Institute of Electrochemistry (Institut E1~ktrokhimii) has been
opened under the Academy of Sciences USSR. It is located in Moscow and
is subordinate to the Department of Chemical Sciences of the Academy of
Sciences USSR.
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ZV. >;ARTH SCTENC ~'
Geodes~Y
35? Seasonal influence on Aerial Photo Results
"Selection of a Favorable Time for an Aerial Photo Survey of
Desert Landscapes of Sorth Central Asia," by B. V. Vinogradov,
Tr. 'Labor. aerometodov AN SSSR, 1955, 5, 157-171 (from Re-
ferativn Zhurnal--Astronomi a i Geodezi a, No 9, Sep 57,
Abstract No 7 95
Materials from an aerial photo survey of western Turkmenia processed
by the Laboratory of Aeromethods, Academy of Sciences USSR, at various
times during 1952 and 1953 were analyzed for various types of weather
changes and the favorable time for pictures chosen. There are no con-
spicuous seasonal changes in the case of stone deserts. Argil deserts,
on the contrary, exhibit sharp seasonal changes. Their geochemical
differences are best stud3;ed during summertime; geomorphologic, hydrologic,
and geological differences are most visible during the spring. An aerial
survey of sand deserts yields. best results during springtime, when their
grass. and bush areas underline their relief. Saline deserts show their
salt deposits best during humid months (May-June and October-November).
36. Aerial Photo Qualit~r
"Photographic Quality and Measurement Properties of Aerial Photo-
. graphs," by 0. A. Gerasimova, Tr. Tsentr. n.-i. in-ta eod.
aeros'yeinlci i lsarto r., 1955, No 107, 95-13 from Referativny~
Zhurnal--Astronomi a i. Geodeziya, No g, Sep 57, Abstract No 7698
The shape of boundary curves play an important role in the accuracy
of :measurements, while the sharpness of boundary curves depends on the
exposure and developing. A conclusion is reached that physical blurring
is less than the computed one, because it is a function of the geometrical
blurring and of the linear dimensions along the direction of the blurring,
the photographic sensitivity of the material, and the reflecting ability
of the ob,~ect.
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37. Aerial Photo Detail Worlt "
"Microphotometric Characteristics of Images of Some Desert
Plants on 1:5,000 Aerial Photos," by B. V. Vinogradov, Tr.
Labor. Aerometodov AN 6SSR, 1956, 5, 1g6-203 (from Referativn~~
Zhurnal--Astronomiya i Geodezi No 9, Sep 57, Abstract No
7 99
In 1953 sample areas with various ,plant g??oups were mapped on a scale
of 1:100 and 1:250 in western Turkmenia. The microphotometering was. accomp-
lished using a photoelectric microphotometer MF-2. The,best microphotometric
characteristics were obtained for brushwood, the various species of which
exhibited variou^ types of microphotometric cuxves:
38. Aerial Sterec~photography With Two Film T es
"Combined Aerial Survey and the Peculiarities of Its Inter-
pretation," by V, S. Moiseyev, Tr. Vsea. zaoehn. lesotelthn. in-
ta, 1856, No 2, 2bl-2o'7 (from Referativn Zhurnal-- Astronomi a
3 Geodeziya, No 9, Sep 57, Abstract No ,.7717
The application of orthochromatic, panchromatic, infrachromatic, color,
and spectrozonal aerial photos is disc~.i,^,aed, with regard to interpretation
of forest areas. It is suggested tha~Lfor stereo pairs pictures on different
types of fi],m be used, e:: g., panchromatic and infrachromatic or orthochro-
matic with color, etc. The obtained sterec~.m~:e7.combinea qualities of both
types of pictures and shows contrast in reproduction of details. Combined
aerial photography is done by means of.a double aerial camera, consisting
of two cameras with different type. cf i"films. The cameras operate suc-
cessively, photographing the area on the two films through a frame with
the usual longitudinal overlapping.
39? Vertical Gravity Gradient in N~ountain Areas
"The Vertical Gradient of Gravity," by B. L. Ochapovskiy, 0. M.
Raspapov, and A. D. Sytinakiy. Uch. zap. LGU, 1956, No 210, 11~+-
133 (from Re:cerativn Zhurnal--Astronomi a i Geodezi a, No 10,
Oct 57, Abstract No 509
Methods and formulas for computing the vertical gradient and its ano-
malies(Z?~J are presented. Tt is shown that in the case of mountain chains
the horizontal gradient V Q (its anormal part) is numerically equal to the
anomaly of the vertical gradient /, ~I. T;~e computation of the ma~. tude ~n9
for a model of a ~~~iountain chain showed that the spatial distribution of this
fnagnitude ~:s rather variable and varies in wide l~.mits. Th.e magnitu$~ ~ ,~
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is computed according to formulas of Mallon and MolodensY.iy for several
points of the high moui,tain section of the Caucasus. The highest value
of Q y was found to be +176 E.
With the modern knowledge of the Lbropean part of USSR, such computa-
tions of the magnitude L1 ~ are practically possible by means of intergrat-
ing within a radius of 1W km. The error of L~ ~ determination is o E' the
order of a few etvesh (5 - 10 E).
40. Instrument Error Considerations
"Ex?rors in Results of Measurements," by K. K. Aglintsev, Tr. Vses.
n.-i. in-ta metrologii, 1954, No 24, 5-7 (from Referativn Zhurnal
-- Astronomiya i Geodeziya, No 10, Oct 57, Abstract No 522
The classical theory of processing measurements determines the mean error
of the result based on the law of normal distribution by Gauss which does not
take under consideration the reso~ving power of the instrument, i.e., the
minimum value the instrument is able to take. This minimum value is intro-
duced into t formula, and the mean error ~?~ is determined by the formula
? = n + a ,where 2a is the graduation of the instrument possible to
read, ~. the discrepancy of the mean result, and n the number of observations.
At n sufficiently large~.~ = a, which leads to the conclusion that the in-
crease of observations cannot lower the error below the resolving ,power of
the instrument.
. 41. A. Ye. Solomatin, Soviet geodesist, Dies
"A. ~'e. 5olomatin" (unsigned article), Moscow, ~ioskovskaya
CPYRGHT Pravda, 31 Dec 57, p 4
A. Ye. Solomatin, a well-known Soviet topographer and geodesist, died
at the age of 56 on 3G December 1857. Solomatin had been editor of the
newspaper Geodezist; the newspaper is a publication of an unidentified es-
tablishment. Solomatin was also deput~t director of the Central Scientific
Research Institute of Geodesy, Aerial F'.iu~~~graphy, and Cartography, and
deputy chief for political affairs of the Moscow Aerogeodetic Enterprise.
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Geo ogy
1+2. Ural Deposits Of Aluminum, Magnesium, Titanium and Beryllium
Geolo i a i Polezn a Tsko a e a Urals (Geology and Useful
Minerals of the Urals , by Prof A. A. Malakhov, Doctor of Geo-
logical - Mineralogical Sciences; Moscow, Znaniye, 1957, Seriya
VIII, No 32, 2g pp
The pamphlet presents the following information on the four "winged
metals," aluminum, magnesium, titanium, and beryllium. The author states
that these are objects of careful attention on the part of geologists, and
that the metals are used mainly in aircraft cons?truction.'
Large deposits of bauxites, which are excellent aluminum ores, are
located in the Urals. A group of such deposits, known under the name
"Krasnaya Shapochlta" (Little Red Hat), is found orgy the eastei?n slope of
the Northern Urals. Geologists have recently established the presence of
a belt of bauxite deposits of the Devonian period running along the eastern
slope of the Urals. In addition to Devonian bauxites, bauxites of the
Cretaceous period are known which are located in the vicinity of Kamensk.
Cretaceous bauxites have also been found in large quantities in the Turgay
depression near the location of iron-ore deposits. Bauxites are also found
in other regions of the Urals.
Ma~esium is lighter than aluminum. It is used in aircraft as an alloy
with aluminum, zinc and other metals. The principal raw materials for the
production of magnesium metals are magnesite, carnallite, and sea-water
brines rich in magnesium salts.
Magnesites, as states above, are found in the largest Satkinsk deposit,
but magnesiuun metal is not extracted from these magnesites. Carnalli.te
deposits are found at Solikamsk, in the central section of the Western
Urals. Carnallite occurs here in thick beds of rock salt and potassium
salts. In connection with the development of jet aircraft construction,
industry has set up new requirements for the "winged metals." Such metals
must not only be li,ht, but must also possess high mechanical and corrosion-.
resistant properties and considerable strength. Titanium and its alloys
have such properties. Titanium is used not only in aircraft building, but
also in shipbuilding, and is a component of hard alloys, is used in polish-
ing, etc.
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At present intensive prospecting is under way to locate deposits of
titanium dioxide (rutile) which is the best ore for the production of ti-
tanium metal. There are reasons to believe that this type of ore will be
found in metamorphic formations of the Central and Southern Urals.
Beryllium is the lightest of al.l. "Yri.nged metai.s." It is extracted
from the mineral beryl which is found in pegrnatitic veins in the Urals.
Pure beryi.s, occurring in green or other colors, are semiprecious stone.
Beryllium ore consists of beryl stones mixed with impurities.. Beryll3t?m
is also used at present in the preparation of certain alloys.
~3. Popular Booklet on Prospecting fox Boron Deposits Published
Gde i Kak Iskat' Mestorozhdeni a Bora (Where and How to Look for
Deposits of Boron , by V. V. Mel'nitskiy, State Scientific Pe-
search Institute of Mined Chemical Raw Materials., Ministry of .
Chemical Industry USSR; Goslchimizdat, Moscow, 1957, 34 pP
This booklet, of which 2,500 copies have been published, is subdivided
into six chapters. The first three chapters contain general information
on the applications of boron and its compounds, the distribution of boron
in nature, and the principal minerals which contain boron. The fourth chap-
ter gives a brief description of the types or' boron deposits. The last
two chapters give general information on prospecting for boron deposits.
The booklet is designed for a wide range of natural scientists (geo-
logists, geographers, students specializing in geological sciences, persons
who have a good knowledge of a particular region, and students in upper
classes of schools.
The following information is given in the introduction.
Boron and its compounds are used extensively in the most diverse fields
of industry and agriculture and also in medicine, Boron is used in metal-
lurgy as a component of various alloys, including boron steel. Boron steel
is employed in the machine-building industry and in special types of pro-
duction.
Metallic boron is used in the construction of clifferent instruments,
specifically instruments for the measurement of high temperatures. Boron
combined with carbon (uglerodistyy bor) is used as a substitute for hard
alloys.
_L.7_
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CPYRGHT
Metal borides are used to advantage in various fields of technology.
Some borides are distinguished by their refractory properties, great hard-
ness, and high corrosion resistance; they are used for these reasons as
material for the construction of parts of rocket and ,het engines. Some
compounds of this class are used at installations for the transformation
of the energy of sunlight into electrical energy and also in the production
of nuclear power.
Compounds of boron with hydrogen (boranes) can apparently be used as
efficient reaction engine (rocket) fuels.
Boron is of i~portance in agriculture: boron compounds are used as
trace element fertilizers for various industrial, cereal, and vegetable
crops. During the next few years, the requirements for boron compounds
to be used in agriculture wall comprise no less than one half of the total
demand for boron in the national economy. Because of the increasing demand
for boron and boron derivatives, the directives of the 20th Congress of
the CPSU specify a 1+0-1+5~ increase in the supply of boron minerals during
the operation of the Sixth rive-Year Plan. Under the circumstances more
attention must be paid to prospecting for new deposits of boron minerals
The section dealing with procedures to be followed in prospecting;
for boron minerals discusses geological and chemical methods only: no
information on radiometric procedures ,is given. This section is concluded
with the sta~ement that persons who have discovered deposits of boron
minerals will receive rewards. All persons who have discovered such de-
posits are urged to notify the State Scientific Research Institute of
Mined Chemical Raw Materials, 259 Oktyabr?skiy Prospekt, Lyubertsy, Nbskov-
skaya Oblast, and possibly also inform the Division of Mineral Resources
of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Conservation or the local territo=
rial geological administration (pp 25-28).
A bibliography consisting of eight references, all. of them Lr'SSR,
follows the text of the booklet.
The table of contents follows.
1. Introduction
2. ~ General Information on Boron
3.
Minerals Containing Boron
1+.
Deposits of Boron Raw Material
15
5?
Where and .How to Look for Deposits of Boron
22
6.
Methods of Searching for Boron Deposits
25
Bibliography
29
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V. ELECTRONICS
Components
44. New Soviet Industrial Photoelectron Multi Tiers
"New Industrial Types of Photoelectron Multipliers," by L. G.
Leyteyzen, A. G. Berkovskiy, I. Ya. Breydo, B.. M. Glukhovskiy,
0. S. Korol'kova, and Ye. I. Tarasova; Moscow, Izvestiya Akad~~
emii;. Nauk, Seriya Fizicheskaya, No 12, Dec 57, pp 1653-1659
At present the photoelectron multipliers of the authors' design
described in the article are either in the preparatory stage or in actual
production.
The production of a special multiplier for scintillation spectrome-
ters FEU-29 was recently begun. The amplitude resolution of this multi-
plier was checked with the aid of NaI(Tl) crystal and the Cs137. This
type of multiplier will be very useful for geological prospecting. To
further improve the device a series of experiments were conducted with
dynodes made of various alloys.
Another type of photoelectron multiplier, designated FEU-24, with a
cathode diameter from 70 to 80 mm is now produced on a laboratory scale
and is planned for series production in the immediate future. This device
contains two cathode-ray tubes, one illuminating and one receiving, both
synchronized with the raster scan. This l~+-pin base multiplier has 13
dynodes with an over-all length of 235 mm. The average static parameters
are as follows: integral sensitivity of the cathode about 37 microamp
lumen-l, "blue" sensitivity of 7 microamp~lumen-l. The cathode thermionic
current is about 5.10-15 amp~cm2.
The FEU-19 and FEU-33 photomultipliers were developed for investi-
gation in the field of nuclear physics. The measurement conducted at the
Physics Institute imeni Lebedev -- of the Academy of Sciences USSR dis-
closed high time transit of the FEU-19. The FEU-19 experimental models
with accelerating grids attained amplification of an order of 108 at a
potential of 3 kv.
The experimental model bismuth-silver-caesium multiplier FEU-29 was
designed for operation in the red region of the visible spectrum. The
FEU-29 multiplier has 11 amplification stages. Its integral sensitivity
is about 50 microamp lumen-l, amplification of the order 10-5 to 10-6
at a potential of 1,500 v.
-~+9-
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Computers and Akt~mation
~+5? Soviet All-Semiconductor AnalogL Com ter
"The first in the World," by Ye. Radzivilov; Moscow, lzver;tiy ,
CPYRGHT 26 Jars 58
At the close of 1957 the associates of the Scientific Research Insti-
tute of Computer Machine Building designed the small-size, ftizlly tran-
sistorized "MN-10" analog computer, the first of its kind in the world.
The "MN-10" weighs oi11y ~5 kg and is about half the size of the
similar, tube computer, "t!~Il~1-7." The power requirement of the MN-10"
is only 200 w, and the life of such a computer is several tens of thou-
sands of hours.
With the aid of the "MN-10" higher mathematics equations, for example,
the common nonlinear differential equations up to the 6th order, can b~:
solved. For more complex problems several such machines are connected for
operation in parallel. The operations of summing, multiplying, integra-
ting, and others are performed with great speed.. Calculation of 30 vari-
ants cf the flight tra,je~~tory of a plane would require only 2-3 days.
This machine can be utilized for the control of manufacturing proc-
essee:.
~~. Automation System With Inductive Transducer
"New Electronic Bridge Circuit With Induction Transducer, by
Yu. G. I~ochinev; Moscow, Priborostroyeniye, No 12, Dec 57,
pp 5 -9 --
An electronic bridge with induction transducer is used in control
and automation systems when the transformation on no^electric values into
electric functions is difficult owing to the technological peculiarities
of the process in question.
The new automatic control system incorporates a phasing bridge and
converts t%~e nonelectric values of the controlled process into compara-
tively large displacements of the moving element of a transducer. The
first experimental model of such a device w~~s bi;.ilt utilizing for its
basic component a standard electronic bridge EMD~232. The electronic
amplifier has two selector stages, one of which is intended for the sup-
pression of the harmonics.
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The characteristics of the device are as follows: sensitivity for
the maximum values, 0.1y6; response, f~ sec; error due to the fluctuation
of supply voltage, ~ l~. The over-all demensions of the dayice are 295
'uy 205 by 130 mm. The transmission line between the transducer and the
control instruments can be over 100 m, provided the line is ~~ell shielded
from interferences.
~+7 . Le.rgest Soviet Analogy Co;uputer, ' Integre;l-1'
CPYRGHT "The Largest Mathematical MachinQ," by s~~. N. RP3zivilov; Mos-
cow, Priborostroyen~e, No 12, Dec 57, pp 2$-29
"At Kiev State University imeni T. G. Shevchenko the largest ~.athe-
matical machine in the Soviet Union, a powerful differential analyzer of
2~+ integrators designated as 'Integral-1,' was put into operation.
"The design of this machine was,raade at the Moscow Design Bureau of
Instrument Building and Automation Equipment under the direction of A. A.
Bednyakov, chief designer.
"The powerful differential analyzer of 2+ integrators belongs to a
class of mathematical machinen of continuous action. It is intended for
automatic solution of complex systems of ordinary differential equations
encountered in various fields of modern science and engineering.
"These unique mathematical machines comprise a huge combination of
various dev3.ces of electromechanical type. Some of these devices perform
complex mathe:~:.tical operations, as integration multiplication, functional
transformation, etc., and the others assure automatic adjustment and oper-
ation of the machine.
"The machine occupies an area of 250 m2, weighs more than 25 tons,
and consumes 100 kw of power.
"The machine has 200 servomechanisms with opez?ating speed up to 1,000
rpm. The setting of the machine for the solution of problems and the
control for the cors?ectness of the setting is done automatically from the
perforated tapes and control desk by an automatic system containing up to
3;500 various relays and 185 servomotors.
"Tine electronic part of the machine contains 1,200 radio tubes. The
length of all the connecting wiring is over 100 1Qn.
"The procedure for problem solution, which would require several
months with a manually operated calculating machine, can be carried out
on the new machine automatically and will require on the average not more
than one hour. The setting of the machine for the solution and the
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CPYRGHT
control of the correctness of setting will require about 30 minutes, de-
pending un the complexity of the problem. The solution is obtained with
sufficient accuracy for most of the problems encountered in various fields
of modern engineering. An interesting peculiarity of the machine is that
i?` can solve up to four problems simultaneously, while the solution of
each of trem is carried out in one of the four sections comprising the
machine. In case of complicated problems all the sections solve the same
problem, receiving the commands from the control desk, which unifies the
~*hole machine.
"'!`he differential analyzer is a i~ttlly automatized mathematical ma-
cYiine; the machine stops automatically after the solution of the problem.
The results of the solution are recorded automatically during the course
of tl~,r;~ solution ox" the problem in two forms -- tables and grPphs.
"The machine is universal. Besides the solution of systems of ordi-
nary differenti;~l equations, it can be used for the solution of special
equations, as transcendental, algebraic, and differential with boundary
conditions.
"After the final adjustment, conducted by Kiev State University, the
machine succPSSfully solved all the control problems. At this time it
worked infallibly, and no irregularities were observed."
Instruments and Equipment
~8. High-Resolution Radio-Frequency Mass >:~ectrometer
"Radio-Frequency Mass Spectrometer With Increased Resolving
Power," by M. Ya. Shcherbakov, Ye. F. Doil'nitsyn, and A. I.
Trubetskoy, West Siberian Affiliate of the Academy of Sciences
USSR; No?~c~~ibirsk,, Izvesti Vostochn kh Filialov Akademii
Nauk SSSR, No g, `3ep 57, pp 9 -101
A group of associates of the Labor^+,ory for the Absolute Geological
Age of 1;'~e West Siberian Affiliate of the Academy of Sciences USSR are
working no~* on the problem of designing a high-resolution radio-frequency
mass spE.:~rometer suitable for analysis of gases in a wide mass range.
A mass spectrometer of 100 resolving power should overcome the preQ-
ent difficulties ir. determining tb.e absolute age of geological formations.
Two types of high-i?esolution mass spectrometers were developed; a radio-
frequency mass spectrometer tuned to the second maximum and a mass spec-
trometer utilizing a pulsed ion E~c:~urce. It was shown that the resolving
power of a mass spectrometer can be improved by increasing the length of
the analyzer and by adding auxiliary grids.
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The erper:Lmant has revealed that the resolving power of a high-
frequency mass spectrometer can be greatly improved without complicating
much of ita cons?tructl.on.
49a. Multichannel Amplitude Analyzer
"Multichannel Amplitude Ana].y~:er With Potentioscope Recording,"
by G. P. Me1'nikov, L. I. Ar~temenkov, and Yu. M. Golubev; Mos-
cow, Pribory i Tekhnika Rksperimenta, No 6, Nov~Dec 57, pp 57-66
The cathode-ray tube analyzer ELA-1 is a multichannel amplitude ana-
lyzer utilizing a new method of recording thi? result of analysis on a
storage-type cathode-ray tube.
The first ELA-1 model operates on 64 channels and the econd model
operates on v4, 128, and 256 channels with a capacity of 26~+, 232, and 216
pulses per channel, respectively. The dead time of the recording unit is
about 25 microsec. The analyzing unit utilizes the principle of ampl3tude-
time transformation of the pulse with a dead time of 1.5 microsec per
channel. The amplitude spectrum is displayed on the screen of a cathode-
ray tube. The total number of tubes incorporated in the device is 170.
The principal feature of the new device is its high speed of record-
ing of the results of the analysis. The cathode-ray tubes of this ana-
lyzer can be replaced with ferrite cores.
The analyzer is built with the following blocks: input block,
transformation block, control block, deflection block, cathode-ray tubes
block, plate and. filament power supply block, and the high-voltage block.
'i'he amplitude of the output signals is up to 120 v; channel width can be
adjusted within ~.;c~e limits of 0.1-1.0 v; maximum impu-t is about 10~ of
ran~:omly distributed pulses per sec. mhe resolution time for pulse co-
incidence is less than 0.5 microsec.
The analyzer NLA-1 wss used for spectrum measurement in a number of
physical experiments. Th~~ energy spectrum of gamma-radiation at an aver-
age input of 104 pulses pei? sec was examined.
A further improvement in the ELA-1 model will permit the construction
of an analyzer having only 50 tubes, operating on 300 channels, and pos-
sessing a practically unlimited pulse-input capacity.
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49b. Thickness Ga e for Plating on FerromaA,metics
"Electromagnetic Thickness Gage With Compensation Circuit,"
by P. A. Gol'dring, Engineer; Moscow, Pribory i Stendy, Tema
9, No P-56-531, 10 PP
The author describes his design for a thickness gage which facili-
tates accurate ( to ~ ~. micron ) m?asurement of zinc, cadmium, copper,
oxide, paint, varnish, or other coatJ.ngs on ferromagnetic items in any
preestablished range of thi.clcnesses .
Circui+, diagrams, a parts list, and a description and photographs
o.?. the instrument and its operation are given.
The instrument is ~~alibrated using control specimens made of pol-
ished Armco iron electroplated under rigid control. Repeated calibra-
tion, construction of a mean-value curve, and plottir_g of points on the
instrument scale are recommended.
The gage can be used to measure coating thickness during the plating
process and provides a high degree of accuracy regardless of the item
size. Measurements at two or three points on an item being plated takes
about ~+0 sec, facilitating control during accelerated galvanic processes.
The author states that the instrument has been built by "a plant"
and that its application has eliminated plating flaws on ferromagnetic
parts, promoted anode saving, and ~~ne away with losses occasioned by
the need for plating adjustment when thickness measurements were made
by the drop method.
Magnetic, Dielectric, Semiconductor Materials
CPYRGHT
50. Hungarians Report on Soviet Sern~3.conductor Research
"Use of Transistors in Military Technology" (unsigned arti-
cle); Budapest, Radiotekhnika, Vol VIII, No 10, Dec 57,
PP 295-296 CPYRGHT
Concerning the thermoelectric effect of semiconductors the article
says, Thus, a Leningrad research group under the leadership of Acade-
mi cianr~,~g~~-~~-J
which uses the heat from an oil lamp and powers a battery radio receiver,
The power source consumes half a kilogram of oil. nor 8 hours of oper-
ation. Th.e development o.f thermoelectric generators is now under way
for use as the power supply in 5-watt short-~aave transceivers."
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CPYRGHT Concernin~Ft~~Tof semiconductors for measurin tem era ~
s.rticle says, nor exam e a t a was w
u?~e a enin ~.ame er o m crone an as
platinum and nicltel contacts pressed in glass. This thermistor measu.^~es
between -70 and 4250 degrees centigrade."
51. Evaporation of Barium From the Surface of Metals
"Evaporation of Barium From the Surface of Certain Metals,"
by P. M. Marchuk, Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences
Ukrainian SSR; Moscow, Radiotekhnika i Elektronilca, No'12,
Dec 5 (, pp 11+79-190
The problem of studying ?the process of evaporation of monoatomic
barium films from the polycrystalline surface of pure tungsten, tungsten
coated w9.th rhenium, carbide-coated tungsten, and platinum-coated tung-
sten is of great importance because the Ba-W cathodes are now widely
used in the electron-vacuum industry.
The c:?:periment consisted in spraying the vaporized barium on the
cold filament and heating the filament to the desired temperature. The
change of electron emission from the filament was observed as a function
of the amount of barium evaporated from the surface of the filament.
All measurements were conducted with tubes of similar design. The tubes
were built of three partso diode with cylindrical plate, the barium-
coated filament, and an ionizing manometer. The plate and the shield
rings wire made of tantalum sheet; the diameter of the plate was 20 mm.
The filament length varied from l2U to 11+0 mm and its diameter from 89
to 100 microns.
The source of barium was in the form of a thin-walled tantalum tube
filled with a mixture of barium beryllate and tantalum powder. A stream
of vaiorized barium was initiated by heating the tantalum tube with an
electric current.
The experiment has disclosed that the evaporation of barium was
least from the surface of platinum-coated tungsten filament.
52. USSR Account of Czechoslovak Conference on Single Cr stals
"Thirrd Czechoslovak Conference on Single Crystals," by N. N.
Sheftal', Doctor of Geological-Mineralogical Sciences; Moscow,
CPYRGHT Vestr,~ik Akademii Nauk 5SSR, Vol 27, No 11, Nov 57, pp 133-134
"A delegation ~f scientific workers from the Academy of Sciences
USSR consisting of V. P. Butuzov, Ye. D. Dukova, L, V. Bryatova, G, F~
Dobrzhanskiy, and id. N. Sheftal' p;~rticipated in the Third CzecY? iovak
State Conference on Single Crystals.
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CPYRGHT
"The conference was held at the end of June and beginning of July
1957 in the ancient picturesque town of Turnov, situated at a distance
of 100 kilometers from Prague. Turnov has been famous fora long time
because of the cutting of precious stones done there. In 1936 a special
laboratory was founded at Turnov for the evaluation and testing of pre-
cious stones. This laboratory was later reorganized into the Turnov
Institute for the Investigation of Mir.,erals. At present this institute
is becoming a center of work on ti:~ growing, treatment, and investigation
of the physical properties not only of precious stones, but also of
diverse single crystals which have technical applications.
"The papers given at plenary sessions of the conference and at
sectional meetings on the growing of crystals (theoretical and experi-
mental investigations), the growing of crystals (technology), equipment,
piezoelectricity, and the treatment of crystals have demonstrated that
significant advances have been made by Czechoslovak scientists in re-
search on single crystals.
"Of great interest from the scientific point of view is the work by
Ja. Kaspar on the growing of crystals of carbonates beginning with cal-
cite and ending with nickel carbonate (11 compounds altogether). Some
of these crystals are found in nature as well-defined minerals, others
ens isomorphous admixtures, while still others are not found at a11.
"Excellent results were obtained by Engr C. Bartu at the Chair of
Mineralogy of the Higher Chemical School at Prague in work on the synthe-
sis from melts by Verneuil's method of transparent rutile, transparent
crystals of scheelite with a diameter up to 20 millimeters, and crystals
of scandium oxide (melting point, 2,300?) 35 millimeters long and 4 mm
wide. Successful experimental work is being conducted on the synthesis
by Verneuil's method of crystals of CdW04 (a compound which has a lumi-
nescence superior to that of scheelite) and of crystals of chrysoberyl.
The effects of numerous artificially introduced impurities on the lumi-
nescence properties of scheelite are being investigated.
"Extensive research by I. 5mid on the further development of avail-
able methods for growing crystals of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate in
aqueous solutions culminated in an industrial method for the production
of these crystals. Smid is also engaged in experimental work on the
synthesis of quartz from hydrothermal solutions. All these investi-
gations, in connection with which detailed work is done on the morphology
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CPYRGHT
of the crystals and processes of their gro~rL?h, have led to significant
results. There is a rapid development of the synthesis of optical single
crystals, specifically alkali metal iodides, from large quantities of
molten material (J. Ekstein)
"Work has been begun on the growin of WO crystals in the gas phase
(I. Hanzlik), of single crystals of 3.5~ SiFe ~rom melts (F. Sostak), and
of crystals of polonium amalgam (I. Kaurzimskiy and E, Filcakova). In
almost all the work mentioned, the effects of the conditions under which
the crystals glow on the physical characteristics of the crystals are
subjected to investigation.
"Much attention was paid at the conference to equipment, particu-
larly equipment for the growing of crystals. Precise methods for regu-
lating the temperature under laboratory conditions within the range from
0.1? to 1,000? were developed by Czechoslovak scientists (V. Vanicek).
Of interest are a laboratory method for the production of highly re-
fractory parts of equipment from an aluminum oxide powder in combination
with a sodium silicate binder, work on the development of sealing com-
pounds which protect the heater elements in furnaces from the action
of corrosive reagents when used together with corrosion-proof casings
of steel or nickel that has been saturated with aluminum by diffusion
(J. Ekstein and P. Grebner), and work on the replacement of metals in
crystallization equipment with resistant nonmetallic materials (V. Sip).
"Communications that are of value from the theoretical and practical
standpoint were presented in the section of piezoelectricity, e.g., a
paper on the mathematical theory of the correlation between longitudinal
and transverse vibrations of anisitropic rods (A. Arfelbek) and another
on the application of piezoelectric procedures in the determination of
the strength of packaging used in transportation (;4. Cermak).
"As far as problems pertaining to the working of crystals are con-
cerned, the following reports were presented in addition to I, Kotliar's
introd~?..ctory report: a paper on the orientation 'by means of an X-ray
spectrograph of crystal plates with a precision reaching ].' (I. Scholz),
a paper describing experiments on the production of Ahrens polarization
prisms (Z. Dragonevsky), a report on the production of technically pure
quartz glass from vein quartz (P. V~dner),~and a paper on the production
and treatment of quartz fibers (F. Vitak).
"Great interest was elicited by reports of USSR scientists on equip-
ment for syntheses at superhigh pressures, problems pertaining to the
solubility of quartz, the effect of supersaturation and temperature on
the form of crystals, the spiral growth of crystals, and industrial meth-
ods for growing piezoelectric crystals,
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CPYRGHT
"The participants in the conference thoroughly inspected the insti-
tute at Turnov and also the Higher Technical School at Librec. At Prague,
the USSR delegation paid a visit to Prof J. Kaspar's institute (chair)
at the Higher Chemical School, visited the excellent mineralogical museum,
and inspected the excellent collections of material used in the teaching
of crystallography and mineralogy.
"The work done together at th.e conference contributed to a further
reinforcement of friendly professional contacts between Soviet and Czech-
oslovak scientists."
IFOr additional information on magnetic, dielectric, semiconductor
materials, see Items No 23 and 29.]
_ 5g
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VI. ENGINEERING
Mechanical Engineering
j3. Scientific Seminar on I'neumohydraulic Automation
"Scientific Seminar o~ Pneumotiydraulic Automation," by A. I.
Semikova; Moscow, Avtomatika i Telemekhanika, No 12, Dec 57,
pp 118-1150
The Laboratory of Pneumohydraulic Automation (Laboratoriya Pnevmo-
gidravlicheskoy Avtomatiki) of the Institute of Automatics and Tele-
mechanica, Academy of Sciences USSR, organized on 28-2~ May 1957 a
seminar on pneumohydraulic automation. The seminar was led by Prof ?
M. A. Ayzerman, Doctor of Technical Sciences and head of the laboratory.
Some 175 persona attended and heard 24 reports.
5~. Shock Absorption at Greater Accelerated Motion
"Shock Absorption at Greatly Accelerated Motion," by A. Yu.
Is'~linskiy, Institute of Mathematics, Academy of Sciences
Ukrainian SSR; Kiev, Prykladna Mekhanika, No 2, Apr-Jun 57,
Pp 131-139
The author presents the following information,
To preserve apparatus transported at a great acceleration, various
shock absorbers are used.' A rather simple investigation deMOnbtrates
that in many cases shock absorption may be inadequate, and that moreover
it may sometimes lead to a deterioration of the conditions for the func-
tioning of the apparatus mounted on bodies moving at great accelerations.
The latter conclusion is valid if the braking distance of the body carry-
ing the apparatus exceeds the maximum possible shift of the apparatus
before the impact of the apparatus against the spring suppor~cs.
Thus we are led to a conclusion, paradoxical at first glance, that
the best thing to do in such cases is to attain as rigid as possible a
fastening of the apparatus to the carrying body without any shock ab-
sorbers.
The condition is different when the braking distance is short, as
in the case when boxes containing apparatus fall on a rigid base during
careless transportation.
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In such cases, as well as in those involving vibration, a correct
calculation of shock absorption is quite suitable.
To prove this principle it .Ls necessary to estimate the value of
the relative acceleration w (t) of the apparatus with regard to the body
on which. it is mounted. This estimate is given by the formula,
w (t) C ?2
tl (1)
where S is the maximum'~possible shift of shock absorption and tl is the
braking time, which can be estimated by means of the inequality
2sl
tl ~ x -
1~1
where the coefficient 7c depends on two parameters: ~, the ratio of the
full length sl of the braking distance to the shortest distance sm at
the given maximum acceleration ate,,, and ~ is 'she ratio of the initial
to the final velocity of the moving body. Inequalities (1) and (2)
lead to inequality
w (t)om ~~~x
which essentially solves the problem;, since the force acting on the
apparatus by ',.he shock absorber is expressed by the formula
2
A ma (t) _mdx
dt2
Electrical Engineering
55. USSR Building Huge Solar Electric Plant in Armenian SSR
CPYRGHT
"Electric Power Plant Using Solar Enez~gy" (unsigned article),
Bucharest, Pentru Apararea PatrLei, Jan 58, p 2~+
A great electric power generating plant, to be powered by a solar
furnace, will shortly be put in operation on the shores of a lake [un-
identifiec.] in the Armenian SSR. The furnance constructed of 1,293 large
mirrors arranged in a circle one kilometer in diameter, will direct the
rays of the sun on a boiler in the center of the circle at a height of
40 meters. The steam generated in this boiler will be able to operate
a 1.2-million-kilowatt turbine [sic].
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Miscellaneous
56. USSR Plans Atomic Aircraft ?
"Atomic Airplane" (unsigned article), Bucharest, Pentru
CPYRGHTApararea Patriei, .fan 58, p 24
CPYRGHT
Soviet aeronautical and atomic scientists, are currently planning a
commercial aircraft which will use atomic power, the article states.
The plane will be equipped with turbocompressor engines of [a total of.]
more than 100,000 horsepower and will? be able to carry 80-100 tons at
a speed of over 1,250 kilometers per hour. Initially, while the motors
are being tested, the plane will fly without a pilot, being radio-
controlled. Pending the development of a lighter-weight radiation shield
than is currently available, it is planned that the atomic motors will
be placed in the rear of the fuselage and that the passengers will be
carried in the front section.
57. Artis?~f's Sketches of an Atomic and a Vertical Take-Off Aircraft
Appear in Danish Newspaper
[Sketch] Copenhagen, Berlingske Tidende, 20 Jan 58, p 1 C PYRG HT
The caption reads: ~"Statements in various Soviet ,journals give the
mpress on hat the USSR, , or ng on a esign o an
atomic-powered airplane. According to the magazine Young Engineer, a
professor named Pokrovskiy is?supposed to have designed a passenger plane
like that appearing at the top of the picture. It is supposed to have
room for about 200 passengers. At the bottom are seen two other sketches
[sic] which have been made at the Zagi research institute. The idea is
that the craft should take off vertically and?thus not need a runway."
[SIR Note: Although the caption mentions three sketches, there are
actually only two in the photograph, the upper one being an atomic-
powered airplane and the lower one, a vertical take-off airplane. The
"Zagi research institute" mentioned is apparently TsAGI (Central Aero-
hydrodynamics Institute imeni N. Ye. Zhukovskiy).]
58. Czechoslovak Academy Member Is 60 Years 01d
"Corresponding Member of Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences :s
CPYRGHT60 Years Old" (unsigned article), Prague, Prace, 12 Jan SAS, p 1+
App
Dr Nngr Alois Myslivec, Corresponding Member of the Czechoslovak
Academy of Sciences and professor of Mechanics of Soils and Construction
Foundations of the Czech Advanced Technical School, celebrated his 60th
birthday on 11 January 1958. His participation 'in the Construction of
highways, railroads, bridges, tunnels, dams, and canals is well-known
and significant. ---- ?-- ?-- -? - ----- -- - - ----- - ------- - - .
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59? Representation of Functions of Several Variables by Functions of a
Single Variable Shown
"On Representation of Continuous Functions of Several Vari-
ables in the Form of a Superposition of Continuous Functions
of a Single Variable and Addition," by A. N. Kolmogorov
Academician, Moscow, Doklad Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 11~E,
No 5, Jun 57, pp 953-95
The article presents a brief exposition of the proof of the follow-
CPYRGHT ing theorem:
"For any integer n~ 2, there exist continuous real functions y1p~(x),
defined on the unit line segment E1 ~ [0,1], such that each continuous
real function f(xl,...,xn), defined on the n-dimensional unit cube En,
may be represented in the form
q
f(xl, ...,xn) = ,~' /~q [ ~ 1 1f J p~(x~) ] ,
9, p
where the functions xq(y) are real and continuous."
~,
Construction of the functions ~ pq and Xq is discussed.
60. Czechoslovak Academician and State Prize Laureate Is 50 Years Old
"Life Jubilee of State Prize Laureate Docent A. Svoboda," by
M. V., Prague, Slaboproudy okzor, No 9, Sep 57, p 6~+0
Docent Dr'Engr Antonin Svoboda, director of the Institute of Mathe-
matical Machinery of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences and State Prize
holder, was 50 years old on l~+ October 1957. The article gives a general
description of his past achievements as the founder of Czechoslovak
efforts in the field of mathematical machines and notes his effort in
the construction of "SAPO."
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Hematology
61. Important Results in Development of Soviet Hematology
" Mayor Results in the Development oP Soviet Hematology," by
Prof A. A. Bagdasa=ov, Active Member, Academy of Medical
Sciences USSR; Moscow, ~~ .ematolo ii i Perelivaniva
I{rovi. Vol 2, No 5, Sep Oct 57, pp 3-10
Mayor results in the field of hematology in the USSR include develop-
ments on the problem of leukosis. According to the classification devel-
oped by the Central Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, all
clinical forms of leukosis are regardel as reticulosis in ?he broad sense
of the word. Various types of anemias (iron-deficient, hemolytic, hemor-
rhagic, aplastic, hypoplastic, radiation, etc,) and methods for their
therapy are reviewed. The problem of iriimuno-hematology, cytotoxins,
pathogenesis of radiation sickness, etc., are briefly analyzed.
Experiments of special interest include ex,??erimental neurosis and its
connection with the activation of erythropoiet:ic function, and bone
marrow condition. The author finds convincing evidence for nerve regulation
of the blood system and the possibility of increasing the effectiveness of
drug therapy of anemias by bringing about changes in the central nervous
system.
62. Short Incubation of Donor's Ervthrocvtes With Reci cent's Serum
Increases Reliability in Determining Plood Compatibility in
Transfusions
___
"The Significance of Isoimmune Antibodies and the Prophylaxis
of Isoantigenic Incompatibility in Blood Transfusions," by M,
I. Dudnik, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Kiev Scientific
Research Institute of Blood Transfusion and Emergency Surgery;
Kiev, Novyy Khirurgicheskiv Arkhiv, No ~+ (208), Ju1~Aug 57,
pp 59-63
The author reviews the mechanism of blood compatibility and proposes
a new and simpler method for avoiding post transfusion reactions.
Two drops of the recipient's serum placed in a dry Petri dish are
mixed wit~l one drop of donor's erythrocytes mixed with his own serum and
with standard serum. This mixture is carefully shaken at room temperature
for 3 minutes, and blood-group compatibility is deterrlined. Then the
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Petri? dishes are lowered into a warm water bath, ~+0-42?, for 10 minutes
and the compatibility for isoimmu.-~e antibodies is determined. This is
the beat temperature to reveal the presence of isoimmune antibodi~ms.
Again the Petri dish is shaken carefully and well.
Results obtained after this second procedure are more reliable in
determining the compatibility and incompatibility of the blood of donor
and recipient during blood transfusions.
63. Purulent and Inflammatory Processes May Have Therapeutic Influxice
on the Course of Leukosis
"The Influence of Infections on the Clinical Course of
Leukosis," by Prof D. M. Abdulayev, A, M. Akhundova,
Candidate of Medical Sciences; and 0, Kh. Ter-Mkrtycheva,
Candidate of Medical Sciences; Clinicohematology Depart-
ment dix?ector, Prof D. M, Abdulayev, honored worker of
science), Azerbaydzhan Scientific Research Institute of
Blood Transfusion; Baku, Azerba dzhansk:Ly Meditsinskiy
Zhurnal, No 5, May 57, p'i.~ 5??- 2
The author analyzes the clinical course of leukosis in ~'.'ive patients
who, in addition to leukosis, had infectious and purulent processes, such
as tuberculosis, pneumonia, chronic lymphadenosis, subleukemic lymphade-
nosis, etc.
Results indicate that there is evidence of remission under the in-
fluence of purulent and inflammatory processes if the foci of mature
blood and macrophages are preserved.
6~. Chinese Native Filter Paper Tested for Use in Medical Research
"T''o Application of Domestic Paper in th E ctrophoresis of
Human Plasma," by? sic Shou-hsman (~ .~j~ )and Lin
Kuo-hao (~~ ~~ ~ ) ~ Chinese Peoples Liberatior -may
Acad~~;t~y of Medical Sciences; Peiping, Chun -hua-I-n,3ueh Tsa-
chih (Na~;ional Medical Journal of China , Vol 3, No 11, 1957,
pp~51-856
In an attempt to resolve the difficulty posed by the ~;hortage of im-
ported filter paper, "Tung-chieh atandard Qualitative Filter PaperP?
thereinafter called Manchuria paper], manufactured by the Tung_chieh
Paper P1aLt (in Fu-shun), and two types of huuan paper produced in Shanghai
were tested for their applicability in the paper electrophoresis of human
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? CPYRGHT
plasma and compared with Whatman No 1 Filter Paper manufacture 'n the US.
The materials and methods used in and the results of the experiments are
presented in detail, The homemade electrophoretic apparatus used wu3 a
modification of that devised by W, Grassman and others.
The domestic papers were pretreated with 10 p~;rcent acetic acid.
It was found that the Manchuria paper excelled Whatman No 1 Filter
Paper in wet ~atrength and absorption of plasma proteins, but the latter
was superior an compactness and uniformity. Although the domestic
papers separated human plasma into five distinct zones, the electro-
phoretic patterns were not so clear as that produced on Whatman paper.
Used in quantitative electrophoretic analysis of human plasma, the
Manchuria paper showed a greater degree of error than the Whatman
paper.
The authors conclude that the Manchur a aper ma be used saLis-
factorily for clinical analyses, but that ~ha~man No 1 Filter Paper'
serves better for research purposes,: ~ ~ ,
65. Chinese Report Nc:w Method ~.n Electro heretic Analysis of human Plasma
11Microdetermination of Cholesterol and Phosphatides in ::arum
Lipoproteins " by i Ch{yen-chaff (~ ~ ) and Lin Kuo-
hao (~~ I~' ~ u ); Feiping, Chun -hua Ivhsueh Tsa-chih
(National Medical Journal of China , Vol 3, No ].'l, 1957
This paper presents a "new" method developed by the authors for
she electrophoretic isolation of serum lipoproteins and concurrent
:~easurement of lipoprotein cholesterol and phosphatides.
The authors? summary followso
"1. This article presents an improved method. for the microdetermina-
tion of cholesterol and phosphatides in human serum lipoproteins. Accord-
ing to this method, 0,20-0.25 cubic centimeter of ae~^um is isolated by
paper electrophoresis and the same strips of paper are used to detFrmine
the content of phosphatides and cholesterol in alpha and beta zones,
"2. Factors in the satisfactory isolation of serum lipoproteins
by paper electrophoresis are discussed briefly.
p3e..The ferric chloride reaction of cholesterol was used to deter-
mine the cholesterol eluted on filter paper. The color reaction obtained
by this method is five times as effectiTre as Liebermann's reaction, and
the results are comparable to those obtF~ined by the Schoenheimer-Sperxy
quantitative method for cholesterol, Yc>ungburg?s proced~ire was followed
in the determination of phosphatide in the eluent, but ferrous Sulfate
instead of phosphomolybdate was used as the reducing agent,
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" 4. When the same serum specimen was used ten times to determine the
amount of cholesterol and phosphatides in alpha and beta lipoproteins, the
results were approximately the same, The average recovery of cholesterol
and phosphatide from filter paper was 98.4' 1.8 and 95~9'~ 2.2 percent,
respectively.
"5. Domestic filter paper manufactured in Fu-shun was used experi-
mentally as a substitute for Whatman paper with unsatisfactory initial
results."
[SIR Note: Another article in this issue of the ,journal established
Lin Kuo-hao as an affiliate of the Chinese People' a Liberation Army
Academy of Medical Sciences,]
Immunology and Therapeutics
66. Anniversary Sessio?l of the Institute 'of Epidemiology and Microbiology
imeni ?~V:?..~'.? ~Garnaleya
"Session of the Institute imeni Gamaleya," by F. Barinskiy,
Candidate of Medical Sciences; Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik,
No 6 (1650), 21 Jan 58, p 1+
Some 20 reports were given at the anniversai,?y session of the Institute
of Epidemiology and Microbiology imeni N. F, Gamaleya, Academy of Sciences
USSR. They discussed 10 years of the institute's activities, The follow-
ing reports were given: Prof S, N, Muromtsev, or. results of the work of
the institute for the past 10 years; Prof V, D, Timakov, on the research
in the field of variability of microorganisms; Prof P, A, Petrishcheva,
Corresponding Member of Academy of Medical Sciences, on the problems of
the natural foci of the diseases of man; Prof T, Ye. Boldyrev, on the
activities of the Epidemiology Division of the institute in the field of
the epidemiology of enteric infectious diseases; Prof L, A, Zit?ber, Active
Member of Acadergy of Medical Sciences US~~R, on the etiology and immunology
of malignant new growths; Prof Kh. :~h. Planel'yesy Corresponding Member
of Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, "The Problems of Infectious Pathology
and Experimental Chemicotherapy?P; M, S. ~aicharova, P, V, Pavlov, and N, I.
Apanashchenko, on the search for effective preparations for specific pro-
phylaxis against acute infections of children; Professors P, A, Vershilova,
A. 2. Togu^ova, b', G, Olsuf'yev, and M, A, Morozov, on the problem oP
live vaccines; Prof M, A, Morozov, on the methods of virusoscopy and their
use in microbiology; Prof M, K, Yatsimirskaya-Krontovskaya, on the problem
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of rickattsiosis anti she prophylaxis of rickettsial infections; Prof
G. V. Vygodch~,kov on the fundamental principles of active i~nununization
oP combined preparations; .Prof V, L, Troitskiy, on the influence of
ionized radiation on infections and immunity; K, Ye. Doli.nov, on dry
biological preparations; N, V. Ploakirev, on dry bacteriological media;
and Yu. I. Milenushkin, R. I. Belkin, and A, A, Yefremenko of the
Cabinet of the History of Microbiology and Epidemiology, on the results
of the work of the cabinet. Other speakers included I. N. Vinogradov,
V. A. Blagoveshchens;tiy, A. V. Beylinsov, N. I. Kovalev, V, D. Gekker,
and I. M. Lyampert.
E7. Series of Articles Reviews Influences Exerted by Cytotoxins in
Modern Medicine
_Tsitotoksin Sovremenno Meditsine (Cytotoxins in Modern
Medicine , Kiev, 195 from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Biologiva,
No 9, 1G MaY 57, pP x+50- !}5? )
The following is information on a series of articles from the above
collection as given in abstracts from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Biologiva.
An article entitled, "The Influence of Antireticu.lar Cyt~toxic Serum
(ACS) on the Protein and Nitrogen Composition of the Blood,1? by I, V.
Savitskiy, on pages 69-71 of the collection (Abstract No 38702) states
that small doses of ACS administered following hemorrhage stimulate the
reger_eration of fibrinogen, aid in the restoration of erythrocytes, and
increase the albumin fraction and stabilize it.
A second article entitled, 1t The Influence of ACS on the Relationship
Between the Protein Fractions of the Blood of Normal and Cancerous Rabbits,
by A. S. Boyko, on pages 72-~83 of the collection (Abstract No 38703),
states that shifts in the albumin-globulin ratio (A~G) of normal and
cancerous rabbits arise following the a~,hninistration of small amounts of
ACS (0.007 ml) and that these shifts and fluctuations appear earlier in
normal rabbits than in cancerous ones.
Another article entitled, 1'General and Tissue Reactions as Results
of Increased Uoses of ACS," by Yu. A. Spasokukotskiy, on pages ~9-55 of
the collection (Abstr~:ct No 38705), rites that, in experiments on dogs
and rabbits, it has been o:~tabli.shed that intravenous administrations of
large doses of ACS (0,15-1.5 ::i~kg) cause a sh~Lrp shock reaction. The
clinical picture o:f this cytotoxic reaction is a.alogous to that of
anaphylactic shock,
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A fourth article entitled, "The Mechanism of the Effect of Large
Doses of ACS In T:1+,ravenous and Intra-Arterial Administrations," by Ye.
G. Morgun, on pages 56-62 of the collection (Ibstract No 3870h), remarks
that the administration of large desES of ACS (0.2-1 ml~kg) to dogs caused
shock and that the administrations of the beta-globulin fraction of ACS
also wE~re accompanied wtth the onset of shock; and 5 minutes after the
administration of the serum or its fraction, spasms occurred terminating
in death in about 7696 of the cases,
Another article entitled, "The Stimulating Influence of Myelo-
cytotoxic Serum on Hemopoiesis," by r', A. Fedorov and b'. E. Faynshteyn,'
on pages 246-253 of the collection (Abstract No 38716), presents evidence
that tl~e changes in the myelogram following the administration of myelo-
cytotoxic serum :.ndicate a speeding up of the maturation of the cells of
the erythroblast and leukoblast series.
"The Protective Function of I;ymphadenoicl Tissue ar,?? the Influence of
Arr~ilymphe,:ytic Serum in Infections," by N. D, Yudina, on pages 237-21+5
of the collection (Abstract No 38718), states that stimulating doses of
antilymphocytic serum were administered to rats suffering from Bartonella
anemia. The administration of antilymphucytic serum caused hyperplasia
of lymph nodes in rats suffering from infectious anemia.
Internal Medicine
68. Brucellosis From Ticks
The Problem of Brucellosis Infection From Ornithodorus
lahorensis Ticks," by M. M. Rementsova, N, F, Zenkova,
and N, F, Khrushcheva, 'rru Institute Krayevo~r Pato-
:Logii, Akademiya Nauk Kazakhskoy SSR Works of the
Institute of Regional Pathology, Academy of Sciences
Kazakh SSR), Vol 2, No 3, 1956, pp 37-39 (from Refer-
ativn Zhurnal -- Biolo~i~a, No 17, 10 Sep 57, Abstract
CPYRGHTNO 7 4 51, by M. V. Pospelova-Shtrom)
"0. lahorensis ticks infected in the laboratory with brucellosis
(Br. mellitensis) by feeding on guinea pigs and kept at 1+-6? C, preserved
the Brucella in their organisms for 27 months. At the end of this time,
a m.~n who was feeding infected ticks on a fresh guinea pig was infected
while changing, with his bare hands, filter paper impregnated with fluid
excreted from the ti~:ks. '"he guinea pig was infected through this process,
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but growth of seedings from its organs was slow, and sero-allergic re-
actions were absent. Only successive passages of the culture restored
its virulence and agglutinogenic properties. The man became rather
seriously i11. Fluid excreted from O.lahorensis ticks can serve as a
factor in the transmission of brucellosis to humans and animals."
69. Four,Decades of Soviet Research on Plague
"Four Decades of Work by Soviet Scientists in the Field of
Plague Research," by N, N, Zhukov-Verezhnikov and G. N~
Lenskaya, Moscow, Zhurnal Mikrobiolo ii E idemiolo ii i
Ymmunobiologii, Vol 2 , No 11, Nov 57, pp -91
This article surveys Soviet work on plague during the past ~0 years.
It deals with endemicity of the disease, prophylactic measures, studies
of the pathogen, and mechanisms of its action on human and ani:ne,1 organ-
isms; reservoirs, and extermination of rodents, particularly si~,rslik~,
The author notes that the first successful eradication of plague in a
large focus took place in Astrakhanskaya Oblast and that susliks were 'later
exterminated by various methods in other parts of the USSR (1933-1941).
Among studies of different forms of plague, pulmonary plague has been
of particular interest. The author mentions that Soviet aid was given to
China and India during 1911 epidemics in those countries. He traces
expansion of facilities for study and therapy of plague, beginning with
the only large laboratories in existence before 1917 (at Kronshtadt and
Astrakhan) and the Saratov Institute, opened in 1919, after which a net-
work of antiplague stations and hospitals was set up,
The modifiability and dissociation of B, pestis are d.iscuesed. A
series of conclusions drawn from the results of research on the plague
and rodent pseudotuberculosis pathogens are given which substantiate
the assumption that these organisms are separate and distinct but gene-
alogically related. The author notes that pseudotube+~^ulosis strains
obtained by Bezsonova and Lenskaya from aging strains of B, pestis have
not undergone reverse modification in 20 years,
He reports investigation of methods of culturing B, pestis and
notes that antiplague bacteriophage was first isolated in the USSR by
Pokrovskaya, at which time it was also found that when both B, pestis and
its bacteriophage were present in the same rodent organism, B, pestis
could not be cultured on synthetic media,
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Extensive studies of the antigenic structure of B. pestis which
have facilitated the development of live vaccines are discussed.
Pokrovskaya, it is reported, has also investigated pathogenesis and
immunogenesis in plague by the cytomorphological method, The follow-
ing four live antiplague vaccines which have been tested during the
past 30 years are described briefly:Zhirar (EV) Otten; Pokrovskaya (AMP),
and ZVR. Animal experimentation revealed that the EV strain produced the
most satisfactory results and was therefore employed for mass inoculations.
In 191+1+, the "1-17" vaccine, a bivalent vaccine consisting of both con-
tinental and oceanic strains, was found to be as effective as the EV strain.
Some attention is devoted to attenuation of vaccine strains by X rays, im-
provement of vaccination methods, and possibilities for obtaining new
live vaccines,
The question of clinical treatment and new methods of therapy for
plague is considered, Much of the credit for clinical description and
diagnostic procedures is given to Rudnev, It is pointed out that only the
bubonic and cutaneous forms of plague had been treated with some degree
of success before 191+5, at which time Zhukov-Verezhnikov, Ivanovskiy,
Uroda, and Fadeyeva proposed a new plan of therapy for pulmonary plague,
i.e., consistently positive results were obtained from the intramuscular
administration of sulfapyridine, which has been ad,juvenated by methylene
blue, combined with antiplague serum. Streptomycin, first used for ex-
perimental plague in laboratory ~~nimals in 191+7, afforded favorable results
in human plague patients in 191+8 and constituted a significant advance in
pulmonary plague therapy,
In connection with the epizootology of plague in various species of
rodents, the interepidemic preservation of the pathogen is attributed
largely to fleas, The work of Ye, N, Pavlovskiy is considered the theo-
retical basis of decontamination of focio A number of works on the epida~-
miology and epizootology of plague are referenced. Achievements in the
ecological-geographical investigation of natural foci are discussed.
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70. Experimental Work on Salmonelloses
"Experimental Investigation of Gaertner's Salmonellosis
in Mice After Oral Infection," by M. Smirnova, Kishech-
nyye Infektsii. VoPros Bakteriolo ii Immunolo ii i
I~liniki Bryushnogo Tifa i Dizenterii, Intestinal Infec-
tions, Problems of Bacteriology, Immunology, and the
Clinical Treatment of Typhoid and Dysentery), Leningrad,
Medgiz, 1956, pp 68-72 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal --
Biologiya, No 1~, 10 Sep 57, l~bstract No 73107, by M. Ya.
CPYRGI~arskayaj'
"Mice were infected orally with washings of a one-day agar
culture of Gaertner's bacillus (PG; Dublin variant) in physiological
solution in doses of o*~e billion and ZO million microbial cells.
During the first 2 days after infection, PG was seeded only from the
intestinal contents, the walls of the colon, and the mesenteric and
submaxillary lymph nodes. Microorgan~.sms were observed in the liver
and spleen from the 3d to the ~+th day, The majority of the mice
infected with the large dose of the culture died 5-6 days following
infection (at the height of general infection),~but many of the
animals infected with the smaller dose remained alive. Abunds,nce of
PG seedings from internal organs decreased on the 19th-22d day, and
PG were observed in small quantities in the mesenteric and submaxillary
lymph nodes in several mice on the 26th day after infection. The mice
that survived infection were free from PG by the ~+Oth day, Morphological
changes in their organs underwent reverse development, The infection
process in mice was similar in nature to the typhous form of salmonelloses
in the human."
"Experimental Investigation of Gaertner's Salmonellos:is
in Mice Following Intraduodenal Infection," by A, M.
.Smirnovzl, Kishechnyye Infektsii, Vonrosy Bakteriologii,
Immunolobii i Kliniki Bryushnogo Tifa i Dizenterii
(Intestinal Infections, Problems of Bacteriology, Immu-
nology, a.nd the Clinical Treatment of Typhoid and Dysen-
tery), Leningrad, Medgfz, 1956, pp 73-75 (from Referativn
Zhurnal -- Biolo i a, No 17, 10 Sep 57, Abstract N! o
CPYRGH~10 ~ by M, Ya. Boyarskaya)
"Two experiments were performed on ~+4 mice with different doses
of Gaertner's bacillus (5 and 500 million), A culture was introduced
into the duodenal lumen with a syringe. The mice became ill within
different periods of time after infection, During the first 2 days
following infection. with a small dose, bacilli were seeded from the
intestinal contents, the wall of the colon, and the mesenteric lymph
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nodes, and microorganisms appeared in the blood and in all internal organs
on the 3d day. Abundant seeding from the internal organs continued until
the 9th day -- the last day of the experiment. The mice died from the
5th day after infection on following generalization of the infection
process. On bacteriological investigation of mice infected with a large
dose, Gaertr~er's bacilli were observed in the internal organs on the
first day, and their numbers had increased considerably by the 3d day.
The mice were sluggish and died from the first day of infection; changes
were observed not only in the liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes,
but also in Peyer's patches. Facility of seeding the bacilli and mor-
phological changes in the submaxillary lymph nodes were observed only
upon oral infection, and did not appear upon intraduodenal infection."
"Experimental Investigation of Gaertner's Salmonellosis
in Rats," by A, M, Smirnova, K_ishechnyye Infektsii. Vo rosy
Bakteriolo ii Immunolo ii i Kliniki Br ushno o Tif i
Dizenterii Intestinal Infections. Problems of Bacteriology,
Immunology, and the Clinical Treatment of Typhoid and
Dysentery ), Leningrad, Medgiz, 1956, pp 76-80 (from Refer-
ativniy Zhurnal -- Biologiya, No 17, 10 Sep 57, Abstract
CPYRGH~f 73109' by M. Ya. Boyarskaya)
"A one-day agar culture of Gaertner's bacillus was fed to 12
rats with white bread in the first series of experiments, and the same
culture was introduced intraduodenally with a syringe to 30 rats under
ether anesthesia. No observable external manifestations of disease
were noted for 12 days .following oral infection, but the development of
a general infection process and penetration of Gaertner's bacilli through
the membrane of the oral cavity and the pharynx into the submaxillary
lymph nodes appeared bacteriologic~:tly and histologically. General
infection, proceeding without external manifestations, terminated with
complete recovery in 2 weeks after parenteral infection. Gaertner's
salmonellosis in rats is distinguished by a cyclic course. The infection?
course in rats infected orally and intraduodenally is manifested mor-
phologically by the development of a gx'anulomatous reaction in Pet'er's
patches and in the mesenteric lymph nodes. The character of the infection
process in rats infected parenterally with Gaertner's bacillus can be
compared with the typhous form of salmonellosis in the human,"
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7 1. Hungary to Establish Institute of Gerontology
CPYRGHT
"An Aged Man Is Not An Old Man," by Andras Turi, Budapest,
Esti?Hirlap, 20 Sep 57, p 3
The hospital on Benczur Street, Budapest, which is under the direction
of Dr Miklos Gondos is to become Hungary's first institute of gerontology.
Today, the hospital treats mainly aged patients sent there suffering
from incurable cancer The hospital has been successfully treating these
patients with blood transfusions combined with doses of Domagh-type E-39.
The hospital has also achieved considerable success in the treatment
of aged patients who are physically incapacitated. The two drugs used
in these cases are vasolastin and novocain. Vasolastin has proved effec-
tive against cardiac and circulatory disturbances, while novocain in-
hibits the aging of cells. Paralyzed limbs are reactivated, and the
tinnitus which accompanies arteriosclerosis disappears.
Pharmacology and Toxicology
72. Investigation of the Toxic Effect of a New Insecticide
~~
Toxicological and Hygienic Characteristics of a New Insec-
ticide -- chlorten," by Go A. Voytenko, Institute of Labor
Hygiene and pccupational Diseases, Moscow, Gigiyena Truda i
Professionalnyye Zabolivaniya, No ~;?, Jul-Aug 57, 51-53
The author states that the purpose of tY~is investigation was to
determine the toxicological effect of chlorten on warm-blooded animals
and to establish the sanitary hygiene requirements necessary for agri-
cultural workers who may come in contact with this insecticide during
the course of their work in the fields.
Two samples of chlorten (sample No 1 was obtained from NIUIKh in
195+ and contained 65.5 chlorine, sample No 2 was obtained in 1956 and
contained 6~+.5~ chlorine) were used in experiments on white mice, rats,
rabbits, and cats. The experimental data showed that internal adminis-
tration and external application to the skin produced approximately the
same toxicity in the animals as DDT or hexsochlorocycloliexane; however,
introduction into the respiratory organs made it move toxic than the
two afore-mentioned insectisideso The same results, the author added,
were not obtained from both samples, thus indicating that the production
of chlorten has not been standardizedo
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In Pield tests, whEre chlorten in various concentrations was sprayed
fron an sirplare, a hand spray, and other apparatuses, it was found to
persist for 2 hours. In connection with this, three cats which were exposed
to a 0.002 mg~l chlorten aerosol, died in 18 to ~+5 days.
Agricultural workers, the author concludes, should use extreme
caution when working with chlorten and should take special care to protect
the respiratory tract?
73. First All-Union Conference on the Hygiene and Toxicology of
Insectofungicides
----?--
"The All Union Conference on the Hygiene and Toxicology of
Tnsectofungicides," by A, B, Fratkin, A gronomist-Entomologist,
Moscow, Lashchita Rasteni of Vreditle i Bolezney, No 5,
CPYRG-Oct 1957, pp o_ 1
"Between 25 and 29 Jame 1957, in Kiev the first A11-Union Scientific
conference on the Hygiene and Toxicology of Insectofungicides was convened
under the auspices of the Ministry of Health USSR, More than 250 rep-
resentatives from scientific research institutes, public health, agri-
culture, the chemical industry, the civilian air fleet, and other organi-
zations took part.
"Opening the conference, L. I, Medvedev, chairman of the committee
for the control of agricultural chemical poisons of the Main State
Sanitary Inspectorate of the USSR, presented a report on the results and
tasks of scientific investigations involving the hygienic and toxological
evaluation of insectifungicides, Prof N. V. Lazarev (from the Leningrad
Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases) presented a report
on problems In hygiene and their connection with the task of searching
for new insectofungicides and herbicides, Prof N. N, Melnikov (NIUIF)
presented a report on the present state and tasks of scientific research
in searching for chemical substances for the protection of plants and
for the fight against weeds. P. V. Sazonov (VIZ~R) presented a report on
the present status of and prospects for the development of chemical methods
for protecting plants in the US:iR. D. M Paykin and P, N, Galakhov
(VIZR) presented reports on the results and tasks of the work on new
chemical poisons for agriculture.
"In addition to these, series of reports were heard at the conference
concerning the toxicology of chemical poisons in agricultural; labor
hygiene during their utilization; hygienic evaluation of food products
_ 7~ _
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CPYRGHT
obtained from p1.1nts treated with insectofungicides; the clinical picture
and therapy of the toxic effects of chemical poisons; and new methods for
toxicological in~vestigetiun of insectofungicides, including methods of
utilizing tracer atoms, etc?
"According? to the material presented in the reports, it is clear that
the following substances were subjected to toxicological and hygienic
evaluations organochlorine insecticides (DDT, hexachlorane, chlorinated
turpines, chlorothen, polychlorpinen, and others), compounds of the diene
synthesis (chlorodan, hepthachlor, aldrin, dialdrin and others), the
organochlorine acaricide (ether sulfonate), organophosphorus chemical
poisons (thiophos metaphor, carbophos, mercaptophos?, octamethyl, metacystox
preparations M-81, M-82, and others), organic fungicides (mordant seed
material), mercury compounds (granizan), copper compounds (copper trich-
lorphenylate), chlorine (hexachlorobenzol); the herbicides, 2,~+-D, IFK
(isopropylphenylcarbamate), and certain other preparations.
"Especially intensive research was conducted on two basic groups
-- organophosphorus and organochlorine tnsecticideso The work of S, G,
Serebryanaya, Ye< Aa Antonovich (Ukrainian Food Institute), and others
indicated that such organochlorine insecticides as nDT 9nd hexachlorane
possess apparent cumulative properties and, when sprayed on warm-blooded
organisms, can produce chronic toxic resultso In connection with this,
the maximum permissible amount of these preparations?'for food products
was determinede For example, with fruits, since the utilization of DDT
in the form of a mineral-oil emulsion leaves a large amount of residue,
it is very important, in orchards (after flowering), to utilise a sus-
pension of DDT (instead of an emulsion, thereby lowering the residue of
DDT on the fruit to permissible limitso Investigations also showed i;hat
the gamma isomer of hexachlorane possesses less toxic cumulative properties
than hexachlorane itself, As opposed to orgai,.ochlorine insecticides,
phosphorus compounds, phosphorus containing poisonous chemicals, are more
toxic to warm-blooded animals and are more dangerous to handled However,
if they fall on the exterior or e~~ter a plant, they are quickly de-
compos~~d and transformed into nontoxic productse On the basis of his
,studies involving the connection between the structure of the organo-
.phosphorus poisons and their toxicity, Yu, So Kagan (Kiev Institute of
Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases) reported that chemical poisons,
such as metaphor, carbophos, metacystox and M-81 and M-82 compounds are
less toxic to warm-blooded animals than, for example, diaphos and
mercaptophoso
1'The investigation of the mechanism of the action of mercury, organo-
phosphorus chemical poisons, and arsenic containing insecticides on warm-
blooded animals permitted developmeu~ of antidotal compounds (unithiol,
pentaphane, and others )o At the conference, the chemical industry was
sharply criticized for failing to mass produce the gamma isomer of hexa-
chlorane and organophosphorus chemical poisons (except thiophos) in the
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CPYRGHT
face of an acute need fer these preparations in agriculture. In addition
to this, shortages were noted in thF production of the followings grano-
zan, mercuran, copper trichlorpherolate, and the herbicide 2,1+-D. Produc-
tion of the new fungicides hexachlorbenzol,TM'.PD, and others, and the her-
bicides, 2M-4 Kh, IFK, and others has not even been organized.
"In a resolution the conference acknowledged that it would be neces-
sary to petition the Ministry of Public Health USSR for the establishment
of la~uratories which would work on the toxicology and hygiene of chemical
pois,~ns, r:long with a petition for newer equipment and apparatuses, and
the r.onstruction of special laboratories for developing methods of detect-
ing ~,ma11 quantities of chemical poisons in the air and in food products.
Me:~tion was also made of the importance of increasing the sanitary super-
vision of the correct handling of chemical poisons, of the mass production
of protective material for indi?riduals, and of the release of insecticides
and fungicides in small packages for wide sale to the public.
"The realization of these resolutions will permit the chemical method
of protecting plants to rise to a higher plane>",
71+. Rauwolfia From India Grown in the USSR
"A Valuable Medical Plant," Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik,
CPYRGan 58, p 1
"Batumi. At the experimental section of the Kobulet zonal station
of the A11-Union Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, the firs~t?
Rauwolfia fruits, the seeds of which were obtained from Bombay early 1~ast
summer, have ripened. This valuable medicinal plant grows well iri the
subtropic climate of ~^.dzhar.
Rauwolfia was firs*. described by a medical doctor and traveler,
Roland Rauwolf, in 1958 and was subsequently named after him. The Indians
utilized this plant medicinally on snake and scorpion. bites. They also
planted Rauwolfia around their homes; snakes avoid ii.;S thin stalks and
shiny leaves. In addition, they obtained a medicine fro?:! this plant which
had a sedative and sleep-producing effect.
Not long a,go it was discovered that an effective substance against
~ypertonia could be obtained from the roots of Rauwolfia, This substance
was extracted in 1952 by Swedish scientists and called serpasil. In our
country, a preparation called reserpin is obtained from Rauwolfia and is
used against high blood pressure."
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75. New Soviet Antimyasthenia Drutt Sent to Norwa
" Galantamin, Khrushchev's Medicine for Myasthenia," (un-
CPYRGed article), Oslo, Aftenposten, 21E Jan 58
Ampules of the new drug Galantamin, developed in the USSR and employed
in cases of myasthenia, have been received at the National Hospital
(Rikshospitalet), Oslo. Prof Sigvald Refsum of the National Hospital
states that, according to information accompanying the drug, Galantamin
has the same effect on the disease as drugs hitherto used in the treatment
of myasthenia.
On a request directed to Party Secretary Khrushchev, the drug was
sent to Norway for the treatment of a patient in the town of Sarrsborg.
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Fh~iology
76. Pancreaticocytotoxic Seru*n Prololgs Muscle Chronaxie
"Change of Muscle Chronaxie in Dogs Unuer the Effect of
Pancreaticocytotoxic Serum," by A. V. Malchan'ko and Ye.
M. Pyatltin, Tr. Mosk. Ve,t. Akad. (Works o~ Moscow Vet-
erinary Academy , 195 , No 15, 377?-381 (:prom Referativnyy
Zhurnal -- Biologiya, No 10, 2.5 May 57, Aostract No +3077,
p ~'~-
Muscle chronaxie was studied on dogs. Pancreaticocytotoxic serum
was administered subcutaneously, in an exnerimen?t, to dogs in 0.3-m1
quantities, given twice with a 3-3ay interval. Control dogs received
similar doses of normal ser~~m.
Under the influence of two doses of pancreaticocytotoxic serum, mus-
cle chronaxie was significantly urolonged, and this prolonged chronaxie
was sustained for a month. No change in muscle chronaxie was observed
in control dogs.
The authors conclude that changes .in chronaxie under these experi-
mental conditions point to the effect o:r pancreaticocytotoxic serum on
the central nervous system.
Public Health, F.ygiene, and Sanitation
77. New Apparatus fez? utura in P,ir Polution
"Apparatus for Tnves~:igating Air Dust," by Yu. Ye. K1yu'~.in,
Novosibirsk Institute of Transport Engineers Moscow,
Zavodskaya Labore,toriya, No 12, 1957, 1515 1;16
CPYRG`~-
"In the sedimentation method of investigE~tion, dust catching is
ordinarily conducted on glass discs.~~laced in the atmosphere under invpa-
tigation. The discs are first cove~ed w~_~,>~ a sticky substance? For
this purpose, Liesengang's 2ppa..?atus or its modifications as developed
at the Institute of General and ;;ouununai. Tlygiene in ?9~+6 are used.
However, even the latest model lies some %leficiencies . "
For the investigation of atmospheric ~.~ust, tyre authors propose a
technically improved apparatus consisting oi' ~, Tr_JV;inrz p~,ri; or wind vane,
star wheel with spokeG; adapter, and supports.
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A sleeve with two vanes moves on ball bearings on a vertical shaft
so that the vanes can be set to any desired angle and secured with a set
screw. Two adapters are fastened to rods one above the sleeve, the
other opposite the vane on the siQeve. These are used to mount glasses
20 x 20 mm and ~0 x ~+0 mm. The adapter connecting pieces have stop
screws with which they can be fixed on the horizontal rod (opposite the
vane) face up, and on the vertical rod with the face side toward the air
stream. The sleeve with the vanes and adapters fastened to rods rests
on the upper part of a support shaft and can rotate freely in a horizon-
tal plane. '.t'herefore, the movable part of the apparatus adjusts itself
to the direction of the wind. like a wind vane. A sprocket with eight
radical spokes serves to orient the apparatus. It can be set with a set
screw so that the spoke with a painted tip points north.
78. Soviet Research on the Biological Effects of Eloise
"Noises and 'Noise llisease,"' by Prof Ye. Andreyeva-
Galanina, Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, No 95, 26 Nov 57,
CPYRGHT p 3
"Noise is a by-product of modern technology and is encountered not
only in industrial plants, but also on the stxeets of all cities. Con-
stant exposure to noise enhances the possibility for developing neura-
sthenia and functional disturbances in the nervous sys~"em9 particularly
in the higher branches of the nervous system. Results of an exhaustive
research by T. A. 0?lova, the Moscotir hygienist, prove that point.
"Control of noise, therefore, is a communal hygiene problem. This
problem, however, cannot be properly solved without the paxt:~,cipation
of engineers and physicists trained in acoustics.
"The problem of noise ccntrol was, for many years, approached from
the viewpoint of its effec+,s on the organ of hearing.
"It w~~uld be unfair to censure such an approach. The level of
t;nreshold c>f audibili; y afforc:~s an ob~e~~tive indication of the effect
of no~.se cn the cochlear analysor. Even now only such an approach can
establ',sh noise pathology, although additional examinations ma.y be
necessa 'y before a diagnosis of 'noise disease' can be reached.
"Fatigue of the organ of hearing depends on the intensity of noise
and the iturati,~n of its action. Noise of various spectral consistency
has its ~~wn 'ciitical intensity.' In other words, there is a minimum
amount of loudness which may not lead to depression in the sensitivity
of the auditory ~ralysor. This may serve t,~mporarily as a starting point
for medical standG~x?dization of noises .
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"Changes in the central nervous system occur in association with
the changes in the auditory analysor. It has been demonstrated that
e].eclric activity in the brain undergoes changes both in poople and ani-
mals if they have been exposed to noise of great intensity. Researchers
have called attention to the fact that intensity of noise and duration
of exposure to it is reflected. in the depressions on an electrc::~cephalo-
gram and in the appearance of an asthenic condition. Disarrangement of
the rhythm of the curves was observed in rabbits exposed to extrapowerful
sounds. ~'pasms and confused movements, w9.tY., fatal results, were observed
in mice. The frequency of confusion and spasms is directly dependent on
the intensity of noise. All noises of high intensity, between 120 and
130 decibels, appeared to be dangerous. Noises of intensity bett~en g0
and 100 decibels, depending on their spectral composition, may lead to
functional disturbances of cortical dynamics. The fact that symptoms
appear much sooner in the nervous system than in the or~;a.?t of hearing
must not be overlooked.
"Noise affects mental activity and may cause fatigue, headache,
insomnia, and fear sensations. Exposure to noit~~e for a long period of
time at work may result in loss of she power of concentration. There
is no doubt that noise affects the entire organism, not the organs of
hearing alone.
"A number of researchers have demonstrated that noise may cause a
fall in blood pressure. In some instancesy development of arrhythmia,
changes in the tonus of the coronary vessels,, and manifestat9.on of an
anginal group of symptoms were noted. Noise affects the func-
tions oi:' the endocrine glands. Hyperfunction of the suprarenal
giancls and increase in the number of eos inophils in the anterior lobe. a:C
the pituitary body may be due to noise. The role of endocrine glands
in the processes that take place in the osseous tissue is well known.
The function of the adrenal cortex becomes disrupted and secretion of
the corticotrophic hormone i~r altered. The amino acid content in the
labyrinth liquid decreases leading to a change in the microphonic ef~-
fect of the cochlea. The motor activity of the stomach and the intes-
tines, as well as secretions in them;, become abnormal as a result; of
no;.a e .
"Noise, therefore, produces reactions i~,i the entire organism and
in many of its organs and sys}ems . Furthermore, any disturbance that
may take place depends on the intensity of noise, its spectral charac-
teristics, and the duration of its action. Noises of high frequency
lead to rapid development of a pathologic condition. There are defi-~
nite groups of symptoms which ^orrespond to this condition. Just, as
'vibration disease? is caused by vibration'noise disease' is caused
by noise. Its syr^,ptomatology consists primarily of disruption of the
motility of cortical p*.~cesses and distr. rbanee of vegetat~ivF functions .
the functions of analysors, and secretic7~s of the endo~^rine and other
glands . Attention of hygienists and nc:ct: ~a,tional pathologists must be
directed toward clarifying t~.he forms and symptoms of 'noise disease.'
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"I?t is well known that the noise :factor is not so apparent in some
industries as it is in others.. Tt is connected. with mechanical oscilla-
tions, t,~c~ frequencies of which may be lower or higher than sound.
Ultrasonic vibrations and vibrations that are transmitted through solid
conductors or through the air belong to these oscillations. Until re~-
cently these three groups of. frequencies were considered mechanical oscil-
lations, distinct from one another.. This wa..; a mistake and must be
corrected. Examples of combined action of noise and vibration are numer-
ous. Examples of a connect;Ion between noise and vibration are: breaking
up hard coal into small pieces, operating a pneumatic drill, a.nd working
with multifrequency vibrators (particularly when used in condensing con-
crete or performing other indust~ria~. operations). Biological reactions
to those two factors are analogous. It is very possible: that they mu-
tua]l.y intensify one another because of their common characteristics.
"A large number of publications have appeared in the past few years
discussy.ng the effects of previoLS7.y unheard of ultrasonic oscillations
a.nd the: sources of their origin. The possible influence of ultrasound
on the organism was denies for a long time But now, since a method of
detection of ultrasound has been de~;aloped, such a view seems to be
groundless.
"MEtny apparatuses, including those found in industrial establish-
ments, are sources of inaudible sounds. These pieces of, equipment have
been widely used in detecting defects in meta,7.s and other matc~ria::..
There are frequent instances when a,t lE.~st t?wo raxiges of sound fr~quen~?~
cie:~ coexist: sonic and ultrasonic.
"Recent sc^ientifie resea,reh bears out the fact tha?~:; ultrasound is
of great hygienic significance. Ultrasonic: oscillations having a .fre-
quency of 80,000 cycles damages both tissues and bones; a freguen~:y of
one million cVC].es can destroy the deep struc:t;ures located on the bor-
ders of the cranium qr.~.u the Jura. mater. Intensive ultrasound produ.c?es
pathologic changes in the organic; cubst.r.ata, of tissues, causes a de.r.:~-ease
in the function of thy. anterior lobe of the pituitary body,, and disa:. so~?~
sister some amino aci~~ leading to changes in immunobiologic:al propert,ie
o.f proteins . However, more has been learned about effect of ultrr~ ound
on the organs of hearing than :i.ts effect on any other organ.. Fro^:es:~ee
that take place in the organs of hearing d.ue to sounds tha7? canno~r, ba
heard are similar to those whit.h arise a.s t?esult of high frFgueLicy n.oise.s?
Differences do Fxist, iVothir~g has been found in the lit~e:ra.ture: to
show that o+~osclerosis can develop be.ca,use of noise,, but enough mate.r.ial
has been found to prove chat Yntensive ultrasound may cause it..
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"In the light of all this, a survey conducted of the New York City pop-
ulatirn by A~~.canetarsp~cia'L~s~tB deserves attention. Tt was found that there
was a considerable decrease i.n auditory sensitivity among residents of
the city of New Yorls. The Amrricizn physicians concluded that this was
due to conditions created by an increase in the ultraso.xnd background
in that city.
"~11 efforts to control noises must be expanded rnd increased.
There are a number of mechanical devices in use which alleviate the
harmful effects of noise. Acoustic engineers have already accumulated
some experience in that field. Medical efforts consist mainly in pro-
tecting the organ.4 of hearing. The time is ripe ~to legalize and enforce
some preventive measures. P' `, periods must be made compulsory for
workers in factories and slio, ,and facilities must 1 .provided where
those workers car. rest in soundproof rooms . Lunch periods must also
be spent in rooms where the walls and ceilings are made of soundproof
material.
"In any case, if i;, is in,~possible to reduce noise, noise-excluding
ear muffs should be used. Soviet industry has not yet started to manu-
facture them.
"It is regrettable that no practical method to protect organs of
hearing has been decided on. Professional selection of workers and
preventive medical examinatio:,4 have :aot yet been introduced, although
it is more or less evident that emplo;vment ~f a certain type of people
in noisy industrial establishments is not advisable.
"Individuals must undergc preventive medical examinations conducted
by otolaryngologists, ne~aropathologists, and therapeutists once or twice
a year. It is desirable that audiometric examinations be made available.
"The time has long since arrived to inaugurate measures protecting
h,.unar:s from the harmful effects of both audible and inaudible sounds and
the vibrations encountered both in industrial establishments and else-
where."
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79. Soviet Conference on the Biological Action of Ultraviolet Radia-
tion Scheduled for May 195 ?
"Conference on the Biological Action of Ultraviolet
Radiation," (unsigned article); Moscow, Gigiyena i
CPYR ' taxi a, No 12, Dec 57, p 80
The Academy of Sciences USSR, the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR,
the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences imeni V. T. Lenin, and
the Ministry of Health RSFSR will convolte in Leningrad from 27 to 30 May
1958, a conference on the biological action of ultraviolet radiation.
The :>rogram will consist of problems concerning the study of the
mechanism and laws governing the biological action of ultraviolet radia-
tion, ultraviolet solar radiation and its prophylactic and therapeutic
uses, new artificial sources of ultraviolet -radiation, ultraviolet ir-
radiation of humans and agricultural animals in order to supplement
ultraviolet deficiency, therapeutic use of ultraviolet irradiation, and
the measurement of ultraviolet radiation.
An exhibit of new sources of ultraviolet radiation, irradiation
equipment, measuring instruments, and photographs of existing and func -
tioning installations will be shown.
Reports will be accepted no later that 15 April 1958 and should be
addressed to Moscow, 8-71, B. Kaluzhska,ya, 33, Institute of Biophysics,
Academy of Sciences USSR; or Leningrad, P-101, ul. Mira, D. 6/0, Insti-
tute of Radiation Hygiene.
Radiology
80. Clinical Picture and Treatment oi' Chronic Radiation Sickness .Analyzed
"Clinical Picture and Treatment of Chy~nic Radiation
Sickness," by P. M. Kireyev; Moscow, Meditsinskaya Radiol?-
o~iya;., Vol 2, No 5, Sep/Oct 57, pp 72-79
The author presents a rather detailed description of first, second,
and third stages of chronic radiation sickness with regard to changes in
the peripheral blood system and secretory and motor functions of various
endocrine glands and systems.
Treatments are recommended for each of the three stages of chronic
radiation sickness; these include whole blood, and erythrocytemass trans -
fusions, high caloric diet, large doses of antibiotics, vitamins, and
symptomatic means of therapy.
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81. Decrease in Free Cholesterol and Ascorbic Acid Earl Symptoms of
Ionizing Radiation Tn uries
"Choles~texol and Ascorbic Acid Cor,.tent of Ract Adrenal
Cortex Following Effects of Ionizing Radiation," by K.
A. Tret' yaltova (Moscow) , A11-Union Institute of Experi -
mental Endocrinology (director, Prof Ye. A. Vasyukova),
Moscow, Problem Endokrino7.o ii i Gormonotera ii, Vol 3,
No 3, May Jun 57, pP 72-7
The purpose of the present research was to clarify certain discrep-
ancies in literature concerning the period and the extent of changes in
the chemical composition of the adrenal cortex. White rats were sub-
jected to total irradiation by 700 r of x rays. These animals were sac-
rificed at various periods after irradiation.
Results indicate that fall in cholesterol content was evident one
hour after irradiation (-33.60, although the greatest fall (-39.3`0
occurred 5 hours after irradiation. There was a slight rise in this
content ( ~0.8y6) 72 hours after irradiation.
The level, fall, a:ld rise in ascorbic acid content varied with
seasons (spring and summer), but the greatest decrease was evident
one hour after irradiation; i.e., the level of ascorbic acid was 3.98
mg/g adrenal cortical tissue, as compared with 5.37 mg/g in the controls,
in spring; and 3.30 mg/g as compared with ~+.~+6 mg/g in the controls,
during summer. Ascorbic acid level then gradually rose toward normal.
The author concludes that the decreased content of free cholesterol
and ascorbic acid in the adrenal cortex is connected with changes in the
functional condition of the adrenals and is an early inc.',ex, although not
a specific one, of the effects of ionizing radiation a;~ an organism.
82. Reliable Apparatus for Monitoring Protection From Gamma Radiation
Described
"Apparatus for Monitoring Protection From Gamma Radiation
(HB-DKZ)," by V. A. Petrov; Moscow, Meditsinskaya Rad:iolo-
giya, Vol 2, No 3, May/Jun 57, P 85
An apparatus simpler and more reliable than the regular DKZ type
is described, and its photograph and cross section accompany the arti-
cle. It contains no dry cells. It consists of (l) an outer casing
wh:;.ch serves as its ionizing chamber, (2) a crossbar attached to a wires
electrometer whose movements can be traced in a microscope of small
magnification, (3) a microscope whose projecting tube is well insulated,
~+ a projecting charging point, (5) a small window t.o admit light, and
~63 a small mirror located at the base of the apparatus to reflect the
light into the microscope tube.
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The volume of the ionizing chamber is about 3 liters, and the elec-
trometric system and the connecting electrodes measure about 40 cm. When
the filament moves one division, the potential decreases 10 V. Due to
the high potential of this system, constant high tension is guaranteed.
It is possible to measure dose rates starting with one micro r/sec
and higher.
83. Conference Held in Moscow, November 1956, Discusses Sequelae Attrib-
uted to Ionizing Radiation
"Conference on Sequelae of Injuries Caused by the Effects
of Ionizing Radiation," by Z. M. Karelina; Moscow, Med-
itsinskaya Radiologiya, Vol 2, No 3, May/Jun 57, pp-SZ-Bg
A conference was held in Moscow, 20-21 November 1956, on the subject
of Sequelae of injuries caused by ionizing radiation. The following are
some of the 23 reports heard.
M. S. Lapteva-Popova, Doctor of Medical Sciences, reported on
changes progressing in the blood due to chronic effects of small doses
of X rays. Research was conducted on dogs subjected to daily doses of
5 and 10 r. Four periods of chronic radiation sickness are described:
first, characterized by lability of hemopoiesis; second, by a cer-
tain inhibition of hemopoietic functions; third,~by a temporary adapta-
tion of hemopoietic processes; and fourth, by profound pathological
changes in circulation.
V. V. Sokolov reported that fast neutrons cause microcytosis in
erythrocytes.
Analogous data were reported by each of I. K. Petrovich, !,. A.
Kanarevska, and S. Yu. Posherstnik on changes in peripraral ~.,lood due
to the administration of various doses of radioactive subsi,;ances (Sr89,
Sr90, Po~-0, Rn, and 8Th), and the products of uraaiium fission. Changes
occurred in the number of leukocytes, erthrocytes, reticul~~cy+es, and
thrombocytes. In 16 months the number of leukocytes was 5u~ of the orig-
inal.
S. M. Mikhaylovich reported on protein and lipid metabolism in dog,
under the effect of intravenous administrations of radiothorium in ab-
solutely lethal doses. His findings included decreased blood cholesterol
and increased urine protein.
R. Ye. Libenzon talked on decreasir}g amounts of nucleic acids in
various organs of dogs irradiated by Co
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A. P. Noviltova reported on two forms of chronic radiation sickness
(complicated and uncomplicated resulting from peroral administration of
uranium fission products.
L. L. Vannikov presented material on changes in the glia cells of
dogs' brain, at remote periods after the onset of acute radiation sick-
ness.
V. V. Shikhodyrov reported on changes (destructive and regenera -
tive)in loose connective tissue in chronic radiation sickness follow-
ing single and repeated small doses of fast neutrons and administration
of Sr89 and po210,
Ye. J. Erleksova reviewed her studies of changes in organisms, at
remote periods after injuries by radiothorium administered intravenously
(0.001-0.0005 mjllicuries/kg body weight). Destructive changes were re-
ported in the liver, heart, kidneys, lymph nodes, etc.
N. N. Litvinov reported on histological changes leading t~ bone
sarcoma, due to the effects of Sr90 and Y91.
N. Ye. Trusova; S. P. Voskresenskiy, A. P. Novikova, and T. A.
Ivanova reported ~n the effects of ionizing radiation on sex glands
and on offspring.
V. S. Kushneva analyzed inj~~ries caused to animals (rats) by the
combined effect of silicon dioxide and radium.
L. 1~ Burykina's re~or?i; on the effects of administering orally 0.2
microcurie per kg of Sr 9 to dogs pointed out that ionizing radiation
results ir. inhibition of leukopoiesis, persistent absolute lymphopenia,
decreased absolute number of bone ma~?row cells, and increased permeabil-
ity of skin capillaries.
Ye. N. Klimova reported on chronic effects of uranium fission (1 x
10-9 to 1 x 10-10 c/kg) products. These included genera] exhaustion,
broncho-ectopic diseases, general underdevelopment, decreased resistance
leading to susceptibility to infections, etc.
A. I. Osipovskiy gave proof of anomalies of development of offspring
irradiated by gamma rays (198, 360, and 520 r).
N. S. Boyko reported on changes in electropotentials in the stomach
of offspring of dogs subjected to injuries by products of uranium fis -
sion. The electromotive force was one half that of the control isolated
stomach.
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The conference adjourned with the clear understanding that accumulat-
ing experimental data indicate significant biological effects at remote
~~Eriods after the onset of injuries caused by ionizing radiation. These
injuries-become evident in the offspring also.
8~. Two Radioactive Cobalt Machines Set up in the USSR
CPYRGHT
"Joining the Service", by NI. Deshin; MOFCOW, Meditsin-
skiy Rabotnik, 3? Dec 57, p 1+
"A Department of Teleradium Therapy was opened in the Tul'skaya,
Oblast Oncelogical Dispensary. Here, in a special instaLl.ation, two
gamma-apparatuses were set up for the therapy of neoplasms by radio-
active cobal?L? . "
Surgery
85 ? ComaPlex Method Combining Gang'Lis~n-Blockin Narcotic and Neuro-
plegic Agents Produces Hypothel,mia Body Temperature 3-7 C
".Application of Chemical Hypotherm~.a During Surgery.,"
by Prof G. P. ZaytRPv, Chair of General Surgery (head,
Prof G. Ps ZFA,ytsev) of Pediatric Faculty of Second Moscow
Medical Institute; Kiev, Novyy Khirurgicheskiy Arkhiv,
No ~+ (208) , Jul /Aug 57, PP 51-55 -~?-
The author describes a c~~mplex method Pmploying narcotic, ganglion-
blocking, neuroplegic, hypoten,~ive, and relaxing agents to arrive at
true hypothermia (body temperature at 3-7oC). Under such conditions,
arterial blood pressure decreases 'to 70/35 to 50/25, and oxygen require-
ments and metabolism in gene-a7. are very :Low.
The author lists chemical substances causing hypotYsF~rmia and classi-
fied them with regard to their pharmacological effects and clinical symp-
toms into four groups; i.e., antiadrenalin, antiaaety].choline, ~tihistamine,
and curare-like. A number of Soviet preparation! are mentioned.
Details for using chemical hypothermia as a method of anesthesia
a:^e presented, and 56 operations using chemical hypothermia prove its
s~iperiority over other prevalent i~,cthods of a~testhesia. "''1e med:'.c;al
history of a pai~ient e2 years cold and her opera;,ion usin~ chemical
hypothermia are reviewed.
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Veterinary Medicine
86. International Conference on Tuberculosis in Cattle Held in Czecho-
slovakia ,
"Conference on Tuberculosis in Cattle" (unsigned article),
CPYRGF-k~'ague, Zemedelske Noviny, 12 Dec 57, p 3
A 2-da,y conference on tuberculosis in cattle openeci in Prague on
11 December 1957. Among those attending were Prof Dr J. Brill, Warsaw;
Prof Dr E. V. Goerttler, East Germany; Academician R. Maninger, Budapest;
and Prof Fr N. Plum, Copenhagen.
At the conference papers were read co.~cerning the incidence of?tuber-
culosis in cattle thxoughout the world and the procedures which would be
necessary for its complete eradication.
Military Medicine
R7. Czechoslovak Military Medical Academy Engaged in Research on Defense
Against Weapons of Mass Destruction
"Facts About the VI.~A" (unsigned article), Hradec Kralove,
CPYRG hoden., 1+ oct 57~ P 3
The Hradec Kralove Kra,j Committee of the KSC (Communist Paxty of
Czechoslovakia), claims that the VLA (Voienska lekarsks, akademie J. Ev.
Purkyne, she "J. Ev. Purkyne" Military Medical Academy) in Hradec Kralove
conducts research along three main ~.ines, including defense against
weapons of mass destruction, surgery, and study of the higher nervous
system.
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Miscellaneous
CPYRGH
88. Scientific Council of the Ministry of health in the USSh
"Scientific Council of the Republic Ministry" (unsigned
article), Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabo+nilc, No 7, 24 Jan 58,
p 1 CPYRGHT
The Scientific Council of the Ministry of Health of the un9.c:z re ub-
lics is a sc en - c cons a ive and operational organ t:~rouhh w:aich
e m~.nYS ry p ans , organizes , a-~ coor ina es s c en Z c wog k . Its Pun! ~ --
tions include the study of progressive experiments, the active support
of medical i:znovatcrs, the wide popularization and introduction into
practice of contemporary methods of prophylaxis, diagnosis, and treat-
ment. The Scien#;ific Council is also charged with the direction of the
activities of scientific societies and medical publications."
After the reorganization ~f the ministries of health in which all
the vuzes (higher educational institutions) and most of the scientific
research institutes have come u~:der the direction of the mit~~stries~
the .scientific councils now have e~Ten more responsibilit;tes. They are,
in ac!.dition to the above, charged with i;he supervision oi' researchl work
done by institutes subordinate to the ministries.
8y. New Medical Periodical To Be Published in USSR
"Kazan Medical Journal" (unsigned article), Moscow, Med-
itsinskiy Rabof.;~ik, No 6, 21 Jan 58, p i.
CPYRGftT
Ka,zanskiy NIeditsinskiy Zhurnal, a long-e:;tablished medical period-
ical will once again be published. Tt is to 'oe the organ of the
Ministry of Health Tatar ASSR and of the Cou~icil of Scientific Medical
Societies. The periodical had been discontinued after being published
for 85 years, It will contain scientific article4 in the fie7.d of
therapeutics, surgery, hygiene, etc.
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g0. China Moves to Drs:w Up New Medical Research Programs
"On Reviewing she Execution of the 1957 All-China
Med?tcal Res;~:~xch Plan and formulating the 1958 and
Second Five-Year Medical Research Plans," unsigned
article, Peiping, Chung-hua I~-hsueh Tsa-chah (Na-
tional Medical Journal of China , Vol 3, No 11,
1957 pp 937-93a
This news item reporl:s action taken by the central government of
the People's Republic of China to ensure tl.at the national plan will be
ready by the beginning of 1958 to guide medical scientists in their re-
search activities of the year.
A summary of the article follows:
Pursuant to r~ recent directive of the State Council's Planning Com-
mittee for Sc9.:.ntific Development, the Medical Davison of this committee
has organized five subdivisions to investigate the fulfillment of the
1957 national plan for medical research. These subdivisions will review
tY.e state of Chinese rese~;.rcr: an Western and Chinese traditional medicine
wyth respect to five key areas of concern, namely, schistosomiasis,
Japanese B encepha.lat.Ls, dysentery, s ilicosas, and cardiovascular diseases..
Thot;e medical researches which do not fit under any of the afore-mentie~ied
areas of concern ~ ill be reviewed by pe~~sons appointed by the agencies
which conducted the studies. Written repor~cs should be submitted before
20 September 1957 to the State Counc1's Planning Committee for :~caen-
tafic Development, whose business office is located in the offices of
the Commal:tee on Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Peiping.
The purpose of this investigation is to ensure the successful execu-
tion of the 1957 plan and to collect data for use in formulating and re-
vising the medical rese~.rch programs fc~r 1958 and the Second Five-Year
Plan.
Steps in drawing up the J y58 plan have been mapped. oi:t. A docu-
mr... enti-sled "Rough Draft of 1958 and Second Five-Year, Plans for Re-
search in Medical Sciences" was dra:F'ted by the Committee ~.:n Medical
Research of the Ministr;- of I:ealth; and in September 1957, Copies were
issued to l"hana's 38 me.dica'.. colleges, as well as t : a;~l federa:i., pro-
vincial, an~3 municipal organization[ whi;;h engage in medac~, research
and/or the treatmznt r~.nd prevention of d~..:~ea.se. Each organization ~.s
to select its own future research topics; ga~r:ing due conside~atian to
the information c~:~tr~,:ined in this rough arQ.ft, to the extent to ~;?:hich
:i't} was able to carry ~~.a its 1857 plan, and +o prevailing local co~zdi-
tions. Their propos~sci research topics will be entered on ''Scientific.
research Topic Cards'' designed. es~~ecially for that purpose. Each com-
pleted card i^ to be discussed. bye the scien?;ific committee of the
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originating unit, approved ry the controlling agency for that unit, eaid
submitted before 1 October 1957 to the Medics]. Division of the State
Council's P1.anning Committee for Scientific Development. The Medical
Division will prerare a report from the data on the cards received.
There are well-defined requirements for a research topic which may
,,~ incorporsted into the national Z~lan. Tn general, such topic must
either be related to the five talks of national scientific development
and have great theoretical and practical significance, or be unrelated
but ha?:*e some theoretical an;,. practical s ignii icance . Tn addition, each
must sa'~isf'y onF; of the following conditions: (1) be concrete and clear
in its conten';; (2) be fees ible with respect i;o method, personnel, mate-
riel, and bas.tc conditions required, and attainable with respect to
bas is completi.~n or initiation in 195E; (3) research topics which are
repeaters must be backed by scientific theory 'and evidence of practica-
bility; and (~+) contributing to the advancement of Chinese native rried-
icine, praeti~~Pl in content, and attainable with respect to ba;;ic
completion or ,.nitiation in 1958. Research topics deali:~g with Chinese
characteristics, China's geographic location, or the specialties of
Chinese scientists will be given due consideration as to their possible
place in the national plan.
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IX. METALLURGY
Ferrous Metallur~r
91. New Tsoto?pe Laboratory at University
"Radioisotope Laboratory in Miskolc" (unsigned txticl.), Buda-
CPYRGI-~~t, Ujitok Lap~a, 20 Dec 57, p 11
A radioisotope laboratc,ry has been established a;c the Department of
Ferrous Metallurgy of the Technical L=1iver~ity of Her~,yy Industry, Mislcolc.
The radiation meter and most of the ether instruments havF already ax-
rived. A large part of the equipment was made availably ay the :Lsotope
Utilizing Committee of the National Atomic Ener~}r Commission (Orszagos
Atomenergia Bizottsag isotopalka~na,;asi szakbizottsag).
The experiments which are to be conducten at t~~c: ].abora+.ory will en-
sure conti>~u.ty of t3v~F?1 1~roduction.
1`? . 3exrous Metals . t~.r? Metals
93 ? Soviets Cast Rhenium Meta], on Experim,~nta~`.i. Sctu.e
Mechanical Propertie3 of Cast Rheni. um, " by Ye . '-:. ~? ;-i t skier
and M. A. Tylkina, Tr~ud,Y. Inst? tuts Metalltr.~gii in~zr~i ~,. .A. Ba~_
kov, No 1, 1957, PP 15~-1~1 ----"-
CPYRGF~''e article reads as follows:
"Rhenium belongs to the little investigated rare metals. The liter-
ature in general describes its chemical properties, methods o~ _,xtraction
from the ore, and the production of its sa,],ts and metallic pc,wdes~. Data
on the mechanical properties of rhenium were published only recently. :Cn
1955-1956 works were published concerning the physics]. and mechanical prop-
erties of rhenium obtained in compact form by the powder metallurgy method.
In the present work, performed in 1951+, efforts *aere made to establ~isi~ the
possibility of obtaining compact [solid] rhenium by mee,rls of casting and
to study the effect of temperature on mechanic~.l properties (hardness acid
ductility at compression). At present the authors are continuing the in-
vestigation of the structure and properties oi' rhenium alloys with molyb-
denum and other high melting metals (titanium, zirconiiur-, chromium, cobalt,
manganese, and n:ickel).
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CPYRGHT
"From 50 to 100 gr of an initial sample oi' powdered rhenium (metal-
lic) was compres~;,;,L into briquettes 20 mm in diameter and 10-15 mm high.
The briquettes wire either melted directly or were sintered [first] at
l,?00 C for 1-2 hours in vacuum. `.Chia was '.o assure degasification and
sufficient strengthening, th,;s permitting handling without special pre-
caution. The melting of unsintered briquettes was complicated by the
evolution of gases durinh; heating and melting; therefore, their tirelimi-
nary sintering should be considered a necessity. The melting of bri-
quettes was conducted irz an a:rc furnace with a tungsten negative elec-
trode in the depressions of the water-cooled copper bottom of the fu:r-
z~ace in an argon atmosphere at a pressure: 200 mm Hg.
"Before the melting of the rhenium, a sample of titanium is melted,
which serv:~s in this case as a gas absorber and purifies the argon.
"The temperature of the cathode spot was approximately x,000?C, and
the melting of the briquettes took place rather fast (voltage 30-35~v,
do current 600-700 a).. For the purpose oi' thorough melting of the whole
sample it was turned over in i*s melting depression and remelted again.
Rhenium melts easily and posse-:sses sufficient fluidity and does not re-
quire more than two or three remeltings. The surface of the cast rhenium
is shiny, specular and resem'ules. i~~ its outer appearance; cast platinum.
~~'igure 1 shows a sample of cast rheniwn magnified 2.5 times. 'L'he samples
of oast rhenium were subjected to spectroscopic analysis to determine
whether the sampleE~ were contaminated by tungsten from the electrode.
Table 1 shows data of the analysis of the initial rhenium powder and two
cast rhenium samples, of which sample No 2 was melted more carefully.
Table 1. Spectral Analysis of Cast Rhenium Samples
No 1 No 2
Powder of Sample Sample
Elements Initial Cast Cast
~.lna.]-yzed ~i;.ienium Rrenium Rhenium
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CPYRGHT
No 1
No 2
Powder of
Sample
Sample
Elements
Initial
Cast
Cast
Analyzed
Rhenium
Rhenium
Rhenium
Cu
~
{
Wet~.k traces
Si
~
~
{
Ca
~~
~~
~!
~
~{
Ti
_
_
Na
,~
_
_
contains 0.1 to 1.0~, ~ contains 0.01 or 1F:ss
"As teen t~?om Table 1 the contamination of rhenium by tungstan is
very slight, and is absent altogether in sample No 1. The appearance of
titanium can be expl.~ned by the mechanical entry in the form of droplets
during its melting as a gas absorber. The quantity of other impurities
present in tze initial powder (Na, Al, Fe, Cu, ;~2n, Ni) is reduced in the
cast rhenium, so that at high temperatures there occurs a partial refine-
ment of rhenium.
"Fe-!? the sake of comparit.on, tramples of ?rhenium metal were obtained
by the powder metallurgy me~hod. Tne powder was pressed at a specific
pressure c~' ^~ 3 ton~can2 into briquettes was sub j~ected to in-step sintering
in vacuu~. at slow heu:;ino uF to 1,200bC and holc,~ing for 2 hours, and then
subjected to sintering; at 2,000?C for 3-~+ hours. The specific weight of
the sintered rher~;.um under these conditions was 1~3 gr~cm3 (porosity l~~) .
'!.'he density of the sintered r3ample was obviously too low. The microstruc-
ture of rher_ium was revealEd by etching with concerat~~ated nitric acid.
''Figure 2 a. shows the microstructure of cast rhenium, magnified 100
timee, which has a coarse crystalline structure, t~~hile the grains have
7~olyr;onal shape .
"It should be noted that the specific conditions of ;.asti.ng and
coo] "ng (cooled copper bottom) result in the formation of a :!~:terogeneous
mass, with respect t~ the size of the grains for various portions of the
casting. The sintered rhenium has small gr~zi.n str?.zcture and is porous.
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CPYRGHT
nThe hardness of rhenium was determined in ?~he temperature, range
from -191E? ico +1,150? with a special device. Tests at high temperatures
were conduct;:d in a stream of argon. The temperature of -191E? was ob-
tained by a cooling of the samples in liquid n3.trogen. Iiaxdness was
detex7nined by impression of "pobedit" indenter (cone) at 200-Icg load, and
for 1,,000? and 1,150? at 100-kg load for 30 sec. The results of ?the test
are ahown in Tr~ole 2 and Figu~.;.~e 3.
Table 2. Effect of Temperature on the Hardness of Rhenium
Tem eratuxe Hardness
?C~ ~Hk ? kg/~2)
-19~ ~+oo
r20
27~
Temperature Hardness
(oC) H lsg /r.-,in2 )
X800 20~.
~l, 000 1~1+
r~1~150 13~+
_....:.
200 ~+oo Goo 800 1, o00 ~., 200
~ -200 0
Temperature, ?C
Figure 3. Effect of Temperature or. the Hardness of Rhenium
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CPYRGHT
~~The ductility of rhenium was determined by compression at room temper-
ature and at 1,000?. A special shape wa,s not imparted ?L-o the test speci-
mens, but half pieces of the cast samples were sub;Jected to prei~sin~;. These
test specimens had the shape of semicircles with an area of 160 mm2 and were
6.5 mm thick. The compression of the test pieces was conducted at room tem-
perature by the method of static compression on a 35-ton pre~~s. Compression
at 1,000? was done on a vertical press. The samples were heated in ?L-he ar-
gon atmosphere and were quickly transferred to the anvil of the press. The
coarse crystalline structur,~ of the cast rhenium is detrimental to its duc-
tility. The fracture follows the grain boundaries. The amount of contrac-
tion during compression at 20? is 25q~ to 30~; the compressive strength is
more than 200 lcg~mm At 1,000? the contraction in compression was 60~ (a
crack visible on the side surface).
"F`igure 2 b shows -the microstructure of the sample compressed at 1,000?C.
A strong fracturing of grains and their ?plastic flow are visible. Rhenium
has ~~ high tendency 'toward wok hardening. The hardness of deformed
rhenium rises to X00-520 lcg~mm , i.e., cold work hardening reaches
^' 80~.
"By means of microstructural and X-ray methods it was established that
the temperature for the beginning of recrystallization of cold deformed
rhenium is approximately 1,500?0. Figure 2 c shows the microstructure of a
sample recrystallized at 1,550 .
"Conclusion'
"The work conducted established the poss9:nility of obtaining cast
rhenium. The values for its hardness at variou~t temperatures from -19~+
to ~1 150? and for its ductility, by the method of compression at 20? and
1,000b, were obtained. The high degree of worlr hardening; of pure rhen:;.am
was established. The beginning temperature of recrystallization of rhenium
is approximately 1,500?."
93? Soviet Scientist Discusses Ideal ICBM Nose Cone Materials
"These Are the Meta,l.s of the Intercontinental Rocket," by V. Par-
fenov, Rome, L'Unita, 27 Nov 57
The special qualities demanded of the materials making up an ICBM --
refractory and heat-resistant -- and some of the materials being used both
in the nose cone and interiorly are described by Parfenov, Soviet scientist.
Among these he mentions tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, chromium, gold.,
columbium, and rhenium. Of tY~esz, .he sativs that rhenium is "tY,e ideal metal."
However, he cites its high cost and the difficulty of extraction as a ;~ro-
hibition to its widespread use. Columbium is another metal which has aroused
"great iaterest.'~
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Inasmuch as the problem of material for missile nose cones cannot be
completely solved by refractory and heat-resistant metals, the epoch of
rare metals (exotic metals) wi11. soon be a thing of the past and the age
of heat-resistant ceramics and metaLloceramica will begin. T~`v'en these
have their failing in that they are friable and not able to withstand the
vibra,tiona and impacts of particles and s,tmospheric dusts they will en-
counter. This difficulty is met, he states, by alloying t'he oxides with
other materials.
Breif mention i8 also made of the materials used in motors, combus-
tion chambers, fuel tanks, lines, valves, and no~zlea.
[For additional information on ferrous metallurgy, See Item No 29.]
_~111oys
9~+. Stability of Titanium Boride--Niobium Boride Alloys to Oxidation
in the Aar
"Tnvestigation of the Stability of Titanium Boride - Niobium
' Boride Alloys to Oxidation," by V. S. Neshpor and G. V. Samso-
nov; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 30, No 11,
Nov 57, pp 158-1588
Tnvestigation of the stability of metal-like compounds of transition
metals to oxidation at high temperatures is of importance, because these
compounds retain their hardness up to very high temperatures (of the order
of 1,500-2,000?) and can be used as refractory materials. Investigation
of TiB2-NbB2 alloys in the range of 0-100 TiB2 at the temperatures ~+50-
1,000? showed that the alloy having the composition 50 mol ~ (37.t~:~o by
weight) of TiB2 exhibits the highest resistance to oxidation in t'he air.
This resistance was determined on the basis of the increase in?weight due
to formation of oxides: the alloy of the composition indicated showed
the least increase in weight.
95? Stability to Oxidation of A11oys Containing the Intermetallic Com-
pounds NiAl
"Investigation of the Oxidation of Alloys Containing the Inter-
metallic Compound NiA1," by Ye. I. Mozzhulthin, L. Kh. Plvovarov,
and Ya. S. iJmasislciy, Moscow Steel Institute; Moscow, Zhurnal
Prikladnoy Khimii, Vol 30, No 11, Nov 57, pp 1593-1599
The compound NiA1 is homogeneous in an extensive range of concentra-
tions and has the highest melting point within the system of nickel-
aluminum alloys; it is therefore of definite interest from the standpoint
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of applications in reiractory alloys. The refractory qualities of sing].e-
phase alloys consisting only of NiA7. and of two-phase alloys consisting of
NiAl ~ Ni qA]. were investigated. These alloys were compared with electro-
lytic Ni ~.nd CoAl. The following results were obtained:
It was established that the nature of the oxidation of NiAl depends
on the composition of the alloys. When an excess of Al atoms is present,
a dense oxide film is formed. Tn the presence of an excess of Ni atoms
there is separation of the Ni Al phase with the result that the protective
effect of the film is impaire~ and oxidation accelerated. The same re-
lationships with regard to oxidation apply to NiAl powders the particles
of which are covered with an oxide film. When the protective effect of
the film on powders is no longer exerted because of damage to the film,
the rate of oxidation of the powder decreases rapidly in time because of
reduction of the surface of the particles. The compound CoAl oxidizes
more readily than the compound NiA]..
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Nuclear Physics
g6. 301utions Given for Magnetohydro c Equations for Gas DiscY~arge
Plasma -
"On the Problem of Pulsations of a Plasma Column," by A. G. Ku-
likovakiy, Moscow State University imeni M. V. Lomonosov; Moscow,
Dolclady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 1t4, No 5, Jun 57, pp 984-987
CPYRGIF~cTcerpts from the article foLl.ow.
"The problem of pulsations of a plasma column arose in connection
with experiments on high-current gas discharges (L. A. Artsimovich and
others, Atrnnnaya Energiya; No 3, 1956). An approximate solution of this
problem was given by M. A. Leontovich and S. M. Osovets (~.oc. cit.). A
certain class of exact solutions for the equations of magnetohydrodynamics
is proposed here. The class includes, in particular, periodic solutions.
"We shall consider one-dimensional axially symmetric motion of an un-
bounded gas with infinite conductivity. The well-known equations of mag-
netohydrodynamtcs are written as follows in Lagrangian coordinates:
~t ~ ar err r ~~ r
e ~ ro fro
~r r '
P = Po ~ ~ A
0
r is the moving coordinate of the particle; r.'? Pa, po, and H? are, re-
spectively, the coordinate, density, preasrre, and magnetic field inter-,
sity of a particle. The magnetic lines of force are assumed to be closed,
concentric circles.
"The first equation expresses particle acceleration; the second, ~th.ird,
and fourth represent the laws of conservation of mass, entropy, and magnetic
flux. A11 solutions here are found with uniform deformation, i.e., such
that
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CPYRGHT
where ? is independent of r. Therefore,
L-
i.e., velocity is a linear function of the radius....
"The solution is given by the formulas
p ~ po,~ 2;
P = Po~U2~~
= H o ~2, where p, i s an arbitrary
(ro
- ~ J po r' `3r?
_ 8~B r? o r3
r? 0 ~? f
~~
A, B, N, and M are arbitrary constants...."
An interpretation of the equations for different values of the con-
stants is given.
"The solution obtained here is easily generalized to the case Wien
the magnetic lines of force are helical. In this case, the term -
~H 2 must be added to the right-hand side of the first differential Q
equation. Hz is the component of the magnetic field, parallel to the
axis of symmetry and H in the equation wi11 denote the component of the
magnetic field, perpendicular to the axis of symmetry.
"The following two formulas must then be added to the five solution
equations already given:
xZ
r,
= 8nD (~, ro ~o
OJ
D and L are arbitrary constants...."
~cpressions for (~G in both cases are also given.
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97. Equations Given for Gas-Discharge Plasma With Consideration of
Gravitation
"Oscillations of an Infinite Gas Cylinder With Self-Gravi-
tation in a Magnetic Field," by I. M. Yaborskaya, Moscow
State University imeni M. V. Lomonosov; Moscow, Dokladv Akad-
~mi1,: Nauk SSSR, Vol 1.1~+, No 5, Jun 5?, pp 988-990
The one-dimensional, unsteady-state motion of a gas, "such as occurs
in problems of the motion of cosmic masses under the influence of magnetic
fields," is considered. It is assumed that the electrical conductivity of
the gas is so great that the magnetic lines of force may prF,ctically be
considered "frozen" in the medium. The radial motion of a gas with cylin-
drical. symmetry under the influence of Newtonian gravitation and internal
magnetic fields is also considered. The velocity is assumed to be depend-
ent on the distance from the axis of s,~mm~etry.
A solution to the differential equations for the system is discussed
for various values of the parameters.
98. Chemical Method Given for Measuring Si30 (p,~~)Si3i Reaction
"Radiochemical Investigation of 5330 (p,n ~)Si31 Reaction," by
S. Sekerskiy and A. K. Lavrukhina, Institute of Geochemistry and
Analytical Chemistry imeni V. I. Vernad~kiy, Academy of Sciences
USSR, and Institute of Nuclear Research Polish Academy of Sci-
ences; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol L1.7, No 1, Nov
57, pp 61-6~+
A radiochemical method for detecting a Si30(p, TT1~)Si3i reaction is
described. The relation between the formation cross section of Si3i and
the energy of the bombarding particles was studied in. the 120-660 Mev
range to prove the existence of the above, reaction.
CPYRGI~ fO~-O~~ description of the method is given.
A 60-80 mg sample of spectra~l.y pure powdered silicon wrapped in
two layers of aluminum was irradiated for 1-2 hours in the internal beam
of the synchrocyclotron of the LaborB,tory of Nuclear Problems of the
Joint Insitute of Nuclear Research. The silicon was then dissolved on a
3M solution of NaOH and put through a paper filter to separate the silicon
particles that Bid not go into solution. 2M HCl and several milligrams
of BeCl2 and D4gCl2 were added to c'tie filtrate, which was then evaporated
until dry. The residue was ~reated with concentrated NCl, washed three or
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four times with the same acid, then dissolved in a 3M solution of NaOH.
After the addition of Be and Mg salts, all operations were repeated
twice. On the last time, concentrated H2S0~, was used in the evaporation.
The Si02 precipitate was separated and baked at 900o for ~+5 minutes and
weighed. The chemical yield of silicon was 20~. The separation required
~+ hours .
The activity of the silicon was measured over ?_~ hours at intervals
of l-2~~hours. The decay curve was then plotted. Silicon beta-radiation
that was absorbed in the aluminum was also measured and found to be 1.~7
Mev. The Si31 formation cross sections were calculated. The energy of
the proton beam was determined on th basis of the activity of Na
formed in the reaction Al~7(p,3pn)Na2~.
The Si31 cross sections for various proton energies are given in a
table. The effect on the results oP reactions with deuterons and neu-
trons is discussed.
It is noted that the above method was not successful in studying
the (p,-R f) reaction in heavier nuclei such as germanium and bismuth.
99? Conversion Spectrum of Hoi6o Analyzed
"Conversion Spectrum of Ho160," by ye. P. Grigor'yev, Corres-
pondin~; Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR; and B. S. Dahel-
~pov, A. V.. Zolotavin, B. Kratsik, B. K. Preobrazhenskiy,
and I. S. YaY~chevskiy,~Physica Institute, Leningrad State Uni-
versity imen3. A. A. Zhdanov; Moscow, Dokla 'Akademii Naul~
SSSR, Vol 117, No 1, Nov 57, pp 53-5
The conversion spectrum from the g,160~ Ho 160 x,160 transition
was studied. Adouble-focusing spectrometer was used to conduct measure-
ments with a 3~ relative half width of the lines.
It is noted tha~ the conversion spectrum is the same in both frac-
tions, i.e., the E~- 0 frac~ion does not give conversion electrons; all
electrons belong to the Hol 0 fraction.
The following observations on the results are made.
The 60-kev transition lines LI { LII LIII, M, and N were ob-
served in Ho1.60. The relative intensities of the lines was determined
as LI : LII : LIII M N c 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.x+7 0.1 by resolving
them into their components.
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The ratio LI : LII : LIII~was determined as 0.2 .: 1.1 1.0 for the
861+-kev transition.
The line Ee 99.3 kev was identified as the L-line of a 107-kev
transition. A K-conversion line of the transition was found.
The 298-kev conversion line in the K she11 was a narrow doublet with
Q E1 kev.
The K-conversion lines oi' the 310, 361, and 391+-}:ev transitions; and
K- and L-lines of the 1+07 kev transition; and the L-l~Cne of the 511+ kev
transition were observed.
K-lines of the 755 and 765-kev transitions were observed between the
strong K- and L-conversion lines of the 730-kev transitions.
Comrersion lines corresponding to 880 and 967-kev transitions were
doublets with a p E equal 7 and 3 kev.
Fourteer_ lines and 11 different transitions were found in the hard
region of the conversion spectrum.
100. Relation Between Shower-Particle Production ana Atomic Number Studied
"Relation Between .''~ru.ssion Frequency of Shower Particles and the
Atomic Nvmber of the Disintegrated Nucleus," by Zh. S. Takibayev,
Physicotechnical Institute, Academy of Sciences Kazakh SSR; Moscow,
Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 111+, No 5, Jun 57, pp 980-983
Aluminum and tungsten screens embedded in thick photor~raphic emulsions
were exposed at 28 krn for several hours. The probability for the formation
of shower particles was observed to be more than twice as great in plates
with the tungsten than in those with aluminum. Tt is noted that fast
7?-mesons are generated in tungsten nuclei with a greater probability than
in aluminum, but that the probabilities for ~ -meson. generation do not de-
pend as strongly on the atomic number of the disintegrated nucleus as do
those for the generation of shower particles.
101. Neutron Yield From Various Radon Sources Measured
Neutron Yield From Rn~B, Rn~C, Rn~CaF2, Rn~Mg, Rn{Al, Rn~Si,
Rn~Si02, and Rn~Grani.te Sources," by G. V. Gorshkov and V. I.
Matvl.yenko, Radium Institute imeni. V. G. Khlopin, Academy of Sci-
ences USSR, Moscow, Dokl.ady Akademii Nauk,SSSR, Vol 116, No 2,
~P 57, PP ~--212
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The neutron yield and other characteristics of radon neutron-sources
were studied. The sources were cylindrical in r~nape, 20 mm in diameter,
and ~+0 mm in length. The number of neutrons way determined in two ways:
with an aL1-wave boron counter and by readings frem the density distribu-
tion of slow neutrons in a water tank.
Results are shown in a table giving neutron yield relative to a
Rn~Be source, relaxation length, and neutron enerar.
102. Hungarian Nuclear Physicists Travel to Belgrade
"Hungarian Nuclear Physicists Leave for Belgrade" (unsigned ar-
CPYRGHT title) Budapest, Nepszabads 21 Nov 57, p 8
Pal Lenard, deputy director o:r the Central Physics Research Institute
(Kozponti F`izikai Kutato Intezet), is in charge of an eight-member dele-
gation which left for Belgrade on 20 November 1957 to examine Yugoslav nu-
clear physics research as conducted in the Boris Kidric Institute. The
delegation wi]1 spend 10 days in Yugoslavia.
Atomic and Molecular sits
103. E~cuation for Diffusion of Plasma Particles Given
"On the Diffusion of Charged Particles in a Homogeneous Electro-
magnetic F`i.eld," by Kh. R. Khristov, Sophia State University and
Moscow State University imeni. M. V. Lomonosov; i~?oscow, Doklady
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 116, No 2, Sep 57, pp z1.3-216
The introductory paragraphs follow.
CPYRGHT
"In recent works we considered diffusion oi' molecules, r~eutr~~ns and
shower particles. We wrote the equations and gave approximations for the
probabilities V..(s, g, u, t, r, v)dr dv that a particle of type i with po-
sition Band ve~t~city u at time '3 creates at time t a particle of type ~
with radius vector between r and r ~ dr and with velocity between v and
v ~ dv. Using this notation, we shall wri-t~; the equation for the function
V and-give a method for the approximate so:.utior~ of the equation when the
particles whose diffusion we are seeking are charged and in a homogeneous
and unchanging medium which is in a homogeneous electromagnetic field.
"We shall assume that the particles are identical and that, in adui-
tic~n to being scattered in co1.7.isions with molecules of the medium, they
aliso are absorbed and. generate new particles. Tt is further assumed that
the motion of each particle between collisions is ai'fected only by the ex-
ternal electromagnetic field and not by the fields of other particles.
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"Such a process occurs, for example, in a weakly ionized plasma in a
stationary state, where ions of a given type collide with one another and
with other ions and gas molecules and not on1.y are scattered bu.t recombine
and generate new ions through impact ionization."
It is noted that the diffusion expression and method of solution are
applicable to nonstationary as well as stationary processes in an ionized
medium and can be used to calculate the transfer coefficients of the me-
dium.
10~+. Hungarian Atomic Research
"The Situation in Hungarian Atom3.c Research," by Dr Marlt KLinko
and Otto 0ltvanyi; Budapest, U it~lt La~,ja, 20 Dec 57, pp 10-11
Dr Lagos Janossy, professor, renowned expert on cosmic radiation, says
that the 2-megawatt Hungarian reactor will. probably be ready to operate on
a trial basis during the second half of 1958? It will. be used to make in-
vestigations in neutron physics and radiation chemistry and to prepare
radioactive isotopes.
The third function of the reactor will be to promote the training of
physicists and engineers who will participate in the construction of the
atomic power plant which is to be built later. As a resul~~ of the help of
the USSR, Hungary will. soon be able to make atomic energy available to its
e conom~ .
The Central Physics Research Institute, owing to its cooperation with
the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research near Dubna, has had access in its
investigations to the 680- and the 10,000-iMev synchrocyclotrons of the
latter institute. These irnrestigations were concerned primarily with the
evaluation of (photographic) plats which had been irradiated by the syn-
chrophasotron, and study of high-energy nuclear interaction. The Central
Physics Research Institute will also take a ve~^y active part i1 the inves-
tigation now being conducted in Dubna by means of the bubble chamber tech-
ni que. The Central Physics Research Institute currently has a staff of
120 physicists, some of whom are doing research in nuclear physics.
Academician Dr Sandor Szalay, director of the Nuclear Research Insti-
tute ~f the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, says that the most
interesting work done at the institute was that of C,yul:a Csikay, who con-
structed a Wilson-type cloud chamber which operates on low-pressure hydro-
gen. With the aid of the cloud chamber, Csikay was able to photograph the
decomposition of the isotope of heli;am--6. Cat~zful measurements also
made it possible to calculate the iu~pulse, i. e., mass and speed, of the
neutrino which was disr;harged from the helium atom together with the electron.
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The institute has completed most of itd wont in the field of uranium
geochemistry and medicine and will now concentrate on the physical inves-
tigation of the fundamental atomic nucleus and on the practical uses of
atomic power in Hungary. For this purpose, the institute will construct,
entirely from its own resources, a small, homogeneous boiling water re-
actor.
Szalay and Denes Berenyi, a colleague, recently made calculations
concerning the possibility of harnessing the energy produced by the fusion
of the heavy isotope of hydrogen into helium. The results of the calcula-
tions were negative.
105. Activities at Czechoslovak Atomic Reactor
CPYRGHT
"The First Success in Rez-Husinec," (unsigned article), Prague,
i?race 2 Nov 57, p 3
The first Czechoslovak atomic reactor will soon be turned ovEr to the
Czechoslovak Academy ore Sciences (Ceskoslovenska Aka~.emia Ved).
As of 1 November 1957, the reactor had completed about 170 hours of
operation The most varied samples have been successfully irradiated in
the E~:tperimental channels. These samples are needed by the Institute of
Nuclear Physics (Ustav ~ader:ia fysilsy) for further research. Samples of
rare earths were tested througYl the nuclear spectroscope, and the charac-
ter:;.stics of plastic materials under radiation and the effect of gamma,
radiation in the sterilization of foodstuffs (edible fats, butter, grease,
rape oil, and sunflower oil) and gelatine were tested. There is even prep-
aration of experiments with test animals.
Theoretical Physics
106. General Expression for All Problems on Diffusion of Radiation in a
Semi-Infini+,e Medium Given ?
"Diffusion of Radiation in a St__~-Infinite N.edium," by V. V.
Sobolev; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 116, No 1, Sep
CPYRGI-~~~ pp ~5-~+8
"The problem of diffusion of radiation in a semi-infinite medium is
met in astrophysics in studying steli,ar and planet atmospheres and in
geophysi~:s in studying water basins. Particular cases of this problem
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are usually considered individually. 4ie shall show in this article that
the solution of all problems on the diffusion of radiation in a semi-
infinite medium where the distribution of radiation sources is different
may be expressed by the same function. This function depends only on the
optical dept;z .
"We shall assume that radiation spattering is isotropic in the me-
dium, whereupon the probability of quantum survival in an elementary
scattering act is equal to ~ To determine the radiation field in a
given medium, it is necessary only to solve the following integral equa-
tion for a function B (~)
0
(l)
where g ('L') is the distribution function of the radiation sources. If
B ('C') is known, then the radiation intensity at an optical depth 2' and
at an angle 1~ to the normal is given by
I(T'~ "U) = ~ B(Z"~) e-~T-~sec'~seca9 d `r (~ C n~2) (2)
T '
I('f"~ ~) - O J B(~') e- ('r - T )sec'9 sec ~1/ d 2` (~ 7 T-~2)
"The formal solution of (1) has the. form
where f' (~",T) is the resolvent kernel Thia may be determined by the
equation
which yields for T' ] ~
(3)
(5)
...
l
(~ (~~ 0 ) is denoted by (~ ('[`).
107
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GO
J =
(9)
e-mT"
1 - ---
20 ~ ( l ) 1 { T~}1
1'he inverse of the Laplace transform yielde the following asymptotic
formula for (1~ ('r) for large ~C
-~ 1 1--~- k = 1.
~t gl - k
'~ C~ ('L') is given by the integral equation
1
for ~ ('r ) ... .
Applying the Laplace transform
~:
"From (10) it is possible to obtain exact and approximate formulas
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"Tr,us the def.ermination of the radiation field in a semi-infin~.te
medium for arbitrary radiation soaxces reducett to findin the ~'unc?tion
C~ (~C ). If this function is lcnown, then formula (6~ gives the
resolvent lcernel ~"' ('t~ , 'j' ), formula (~) give~t the function B( 't' ),
and formulas (2) and (3) give ?the radiation intensity I(~ , ~) . ~'
Three particular cases with different r( T-) are discussed.
Radiophysics
107. New _Tnstitute of Radio hysics and Electronics Opened in Siberian
Branch of Acader-~y of Sciences USSR
"Siberian Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics," by Yu.
B. Rumer, Doctor of Physicomathematical Sciences, and G. V.
Kz'ivoshchekov, Moscow, Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, No 10, Oct
57, pp 108-110
An Institute of Fadiophysics and Electronics (Tnsti?tut Radiofizilsi
i Elektroniki) has been opened under the Siberian Branch of the Academy
of Sciences USSR. The institute was organized on the basis of the Divi-
sion of TechnicFil. Physics (Otdel Telchnicheskoy FYzilci) of the hest Si-
berian Affiliate of the Academy of Sciences USSR.
Luminescence
[See ItE:n No 27. J
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xI. Mrsc~? ~ous
108. Vacancies Available_for Active and Corres ndin Members of Si-
herian Br~ancla of Academy of Sciences USSR
"From the Academy of Sciences USSR" (unsigned article), Moscow,
CPYRGHT Izvesti,ya, 28 Jan 58, p 1+
Vacancies for the position of Active and Corresponding Members of the
Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences USSR, in the following fields P,se
given: mathematics -- two Active and ?L-wo Corresponding Members; pY~ysics
-- one Act?tve and three Corresponding Members; chemistry -- no Active and
six Corresponding Members; geology and geography -- three Active anal ten
Corresponding Members; biology -- no Active and one Corresponding idember;
mechanics -- tyro Active and two Corresponding Members; automatics -- no
Active and one Corresponding Member; electrical engineering -- no Active
and two Corresponding Members; heat Engineering -- no Active and one.Cor-
responding Member; mining and mPtallur,~ -- no Active and two Correspond-
ing Members; economics and statistics -- ~no Active and two Corresponding
Members.
All sponsoring orgaa:izat:ions must have data on their candidates sent
to the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences USSR, Moscow, Leninskiy pros-
pekt, 11+, no later than 15 March 1958.
10y. Czechoslovak Academicians in Hungar~r
"Foreign Scientists Arrived in Hungary for Study Tour" (unsigned
CPYRGicle), Budapest, N_ ?nSZabadsar~, 12 Pic 57, p 1
Dionyz I:Lkovic, Corresponcling Member of the Czeehoslovalc Academy of
Sciences, and Viliam Thurzo, Corresponding Member of the Slovak Academy of
Sciences, arrived in Hungary for a study tour.
110. Czechoslovak Scientists Visiti # Poland
"Delegation of Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in w~arsaw" (tus-
aigned article), Warsaw, Trybuna Ludu~ 11 Der. 57, p 2
On 10 December 1957, a delegation of the presidium of the Czechoslovak
Academy of Sciences arrived in Warsaw. The delegation included Prof Vilem
Laufb2rger, deputy chairman of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences; Prof
Andr2j Siraelcy, cheirman of the Slovak Academy of Scier^es; and Engr Milo-
slay Svoboda, representative of the foreign department of the Czechoslovak
Academy of Sciences. This delegation has started talks with representatives
of the Polish Academy of Sciences to establish a plan,for scientific coopera-
tion in 1958 between the interested academies.
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17.1. Hungarian Academician in USSR
"Trips Abroad by Academicians" (unsigned article), Budapest,
CPYR'~~~'zabadsag, 27 Nov 57, p 5
Laszlo L~dey, Academician, left for Moscow to attend a scientific con-
ference.
112, Hungarian Academician in Poland
"Trips Abroad by Academicians" (unsigned article), Budapest, Ne?c-
CF~~~bad~ 27 DTov 57, P 5
Kezso Bogner, Academician, went on a study tour to Poland.
713. Soviet_Professor Visits Hu arian Central ysics Research Institute
"News" (unsigned article), Budapest, 1VeBszabadsaa. 5 Dec 57, p 8
CPYRGHT
M. A. Markov, Soviet professor, visited the Central Physics Research .
Institute (:tozponti Fizikai Kutato Intezet) where he lectured on problems
related to particle research.
11~. Soviet Scientist Ends Visit to S],ovalcia
n ^ ~\~~r NeTs" (unsigned article), Bratislava, Praca, 30 Nov 57, p 2
Prof N. S. Arzhanikov, Soviet scientist, who was in Slovakia by invi=
tation of the Czechoslovak Society for the Furthering of Scientific and Po-
1.ttical Tnf~rmation, left Slovakia on 28 November 1;57.
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