THE NEED OF A NEW US. POLICY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000300180018-1
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 8
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 6, 2003
• Sequence Number: 18
• Publication Date: June 28, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

June 28, 19A0proved For Rd1.&. CUNARMIN-13084AMB0300180018-1
McCarthyism, but suddenly the democratic Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
process, under a most democratic President, sent to have the full text of the remarks
seems to bane shuddered to a halt. of the Senator from Oregon printed in
It would be quite unfair to blame Presl- the RECORD.
dent Johnson. He'is intolerant, occasionally There being no objection, the remarks
angry and demanding of agreement. He has
at his disposal the greatest and best prepared were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
forces that any free country has ever pro- as follows:
duced in time of peace, and now, in Wash- REMARKS OF SENATOR WAYNE MORSE, SANTA
ington, it is perfectly plain that he and he MONICA CIVIC AUDITORIUM, SANTA MONICA,
alone will make the decision on how these CALIF., JUNE 12, 1965
forces Will be used. Today, the American people and the world
Washington, for the only time in its his- tare being told that foreign policy must be
tory, has become a one-man city and all the 1left to the Chief Executive and his small
ministers and advisers who surround him handful of advisers because it is too com-
-~ people -to understand. W The - consensus Von
vuts114 UVLL t4'' 16 lluy a CVnSenSUS Or
THE NEED OF ,A, NEW U.S. PO our people, nor even of the community of
IN SOUTHEAST ASIA nations; It is a consensus among the State
Mr. GRUENING. Mr. President, on Department, Defense Department, CIA and
June 12, at the Santa Monica Civic Au- White House staff. Once that is act' eved,
the questions from the Congress and the
ditorium in Santa Monica, Calif., the people are hushed up with rebukes suggest-
distinguished Senator from Oregon [Mr. ing that to ask where we are going in south-
MORSE] delivered a brief but important east Asia and how we are going to get there
address which he began by stating: amount to giving aid and comfort to an
Today, the American people.and the world enemy.
are being told that our foreign policy must Fifty-two years ago it was similarly un-
be left to the Chief Executive and his small patriotic to ask questions of Kaiser Wilhelm
handful of advisers because it is too compli- and Von Moltke, Poincare and Joffre, Asquith
cated and too important for the American and Lord Grey. To question national aims
people to understand. and the means employed to pursue them has,
throughout modern history, been silenced as
He goes on to say: a service to an enemy, just as though all wis-
The consensus on Vietnam sought today is dom lay with those in office and none with
not a consensus of our people, nor even of those who must always pay for the achieve-
the community of nations; it is a consensus ment of national aims.
among the State Department, Defense De- And what a river of blood those men
partment, CIA, and White House staff. Once caused to flow across Europe. We look back
that is achieved, the questions from' the on the events of two World Wars and we
Congress and the people are hushed up with wonder how the people who suffered such
rebukes suggesting that to ask where we are terrible misery could have allowed them-
going in southeast Asia and how we are going selves to be propelled into World War I by
to get there amounts to giving aid and com- leaders who today are remembered for their
tort to the enemy. utter blindness and folly in thinking that
any of their national aims could be achieved
The Senator from Oregon goes on to by resort to war and violence.
point out how many of our leaders who
have,been guiding policy have been mis-
taken. He points out, for example, that
on July 8, 1954, the chief of the U.S.
military aid mission in Vietnam, Gen.
John O'Daniel, declared:
The war in Indochina can still Jae won
without bringing in one single American sol-
dier to fight. The Vietnamese have ample
manpower and even today outnumber the
enemy by 100,000 with superior firepower at
least in the ratio of" 2 to 1, and probably
more. And we are ready to assist them in
training an adequate national army for
the security of their homeland.
The Senator from Oregon goes on to
mention more mistaken prophecies; for
example, one by Secretary McNamara
when he prophesied that in 1965 our
military mission would be ended in South
Vietnam and we would be withdrawing
our troops.
Yet the same ominous signs of an imposed
and enforced national unity are being seen
in America today. One of the popular ex-
hibits flashed about by foreign policy officials
of our Government is a collection of news
broadcasts and published stories from Hanoi
and Peiping which express the belief of the
Communists that America is weak and di-
vided on its Asian policy as evidenced by
teach-ins, by the votes in Congress against
blank-check war, and by student disturb-
ances and rallies. No doubt the reports of
this meeting will be made in the Communist
countries of Asia and cited as an indication
that if the war lasts long enough, Ameri-
cans, like the French before us, will tire of
the struggle and give up. And there will be
newspaper stories here that will try to con-
vince the public that only Communists and
promoters of Communist causes could do
such a thing as to question the soundness
of American foreign policy as handed down
by the combined wisdom of the Defense De-
partment, the State Department, the CIA,
Senator MoRsE concludes by saying: and the White House staff.
I But what is the record of these people
This?is no longer an issue of whether an in southeast Asia? Their record is one of
American protests against the war in Viet-
having been wrong not once but consistently
Hate give aid or encouragement to the Viet- over 11 years.
cong. It is an' issue of whether southeast
Asia is going to be saved from war and On July 8, 1954, the chief of the U.S. mili-
com
niunism: by our present policy, and I say it tary aid mission in Vietnam, Gen. John
is not. We are driving Asians by the mil- O'Daniel, declared, and I quote:
lions into the arms of communism,. "The war in Indochina can still be won
The SeriI from Oregon concludes without bring in one single American soldier
to fight.
with this statement: "The Vietnamese have ample manpower
The American people must demand a new and even today outnumber the enemy by
,policy in Asia, not only one of legality and 100,000 with superior firepower at least in a
-humanity, but most important, one that ratio of 2 to 1, and probably more. And
Will work, we are ready to assist them in training an
X442.7
adequate national army for the security of
their homeland."
We banked over $2 billion on President
Diem for this purpose. And 8 years later we
consented to his assassination as a means
of removing him because he was losing more
and more of South Vietnam to the Vietcong.
14, the last 1-years, the record of admin-
istration officials has been even worse. With
each mission to South Vietnam, we were told
by the Secretary of Defense or of State that
one more increment of American funds, or
helicopters, or advisers would be the one that
would put the war effort over. We even
heard the Nation's leading expert on Viet-
nam, Secretary of Defense McNamara, tell us
a little over a year ago that 1965 was the
year when the American military could come
home from Vietnam. His chief announce-
ments today take the form of revealing new
assignments of units to Vietnam, the dis-
patching of more Navy vessels to Vietnam,
and the increase in U.S. air raids in Vietnam.
Yet these are the men to whom Americans
are told they must place complete, unques-
tioning, and uncritical confidence. I say that
aside from every other objection to such a
resignation from our duties as citizens, these
people have been too wrong for too long to
justify any confidence at all.
But I predict that they will continue to
widen and expand this war unless the Amer-
ican people rise to stop them. The next move
is not long off because the impact of the
last expansion of the war is wearing off.
We are already being prepared through the
press for another escalation. We are already
reading that while the air raids on the North
gave a great boost to the morale of the South,
the "boost" is wearing off, and something
more will be needed to bolster Saigon back
up again.
In his prize-winning account of our adven-
ture with Ngo Dinh Diem, David Halberstam
wrote:
"In the spring and summer of 1962, the
arrival of the American helicopters had given
the faltering cause in Vietnam a booster
shot. It had not altered the nature of the
war or the enemy's techniques, but they were
caught off guard by the new equipment and
the increased firepower of the government
troops."
But, he continues:
"A year after the American buildup of
weaponry and personnel had reached its peak,
it was clear that the government had lost the
initiative, that the enemy had benefited more
from the weapons than we had, that his ca-
pacity had increased more than the Army
of South Vietnam in the past year, and that
with the failure of the Government civic pro-
gram the guerrillas' tactical position was also
superior.
"The American buildup which had been
prompted by a deteriorating situation in late
1961, had lost its edge and momentum; the
Communists had learned to react, and
thanks to the outposts the enemy had been
able to use the Government as a supply
store."
The raids on the North by American
planes have gone through much the same
pattern. Great rejuvenation was reported
among the soldiers and politicians of the
South. But Sunday (June 6) the New York
Times tells us that "in the last 8 days the
Vietcong guerrillas have dispelled almost all
the optimism that the South Vietnamese
Government had been promoting for 3
months, The Communist forces appear to
have-proved, if there were doubts, that the
South Vietnamese Army fared well all spring
only by default."
This time the American response has been
to move American ground forces in to do the
fighting, in addition to the bombing. Sixty
thousand troops are now the legacy of Gen-
eral O'Daniel's policy that 600. U.S. military
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men could train and equip South Vietnam
to defend itself.
These people are wrong about Vietnam,
and they have been wrong for 110 years. If
we have learned anything at all there, it
must be that the United States cannot im-
pose alone its own enforcement of the Ge-
neva agreement upon Vietnam. We are
sliding ever closer to the abyss of total war
in the attempt.
If there is to be peace in Vietnam, and
if there Is even to be defeat of the Commu-
nists In Vietnam, it will have to come
through an international peace force. It is
still not too late for the United States to
seek such an international peace force either
through the Southeast Asia Treaty Organi-
zation or through the United Nations, or
possibly through the Afro-Asian peace force
suggested by Indian Prime Minister Shastri.
I am not deterred by the objection that
China or North Vietnam or the Soviet Union
is opposed to an international police force.
They are certainly opposed to our bombing
of North Vietnam but we are doing it, so it
is not opposition from the Communists that
determines whether we will follow a given
policy.
The difference is that an international
peace-keeping mission has some chance of
bringing peace to Vietnam. The United
States has not brought peace to Vietnam,
and we have not saved it from communism,
either. The terror tactics of the Commu-
nists in the villages of South Vietnam are
matched in full measure by the horror vis-
ited upon them by American napalm, straf-
ing, and bombing. We read over the weekend
that after American planes had bombed the
Vietcong retreating into the hills of central
South Vietnam, "One estimate was as high
as 500 killed by the strikes. The American
contention is that they were Vietcong
soldiers. But three out of four patients
seeking treatment in a Vietnamese hospital
afterward for burns from napalm were
village women."
The Communists murder and kidnap and
maim the villagers; we burn them with
jellied gasoline. That is some record of fight-
ing for freedom. It is interesting that the
Pentagon Building puts out careful statis-
tics of the number of South Vietnamese
killed each month by Vietcong terrorists, but
tells me it has no figures on South Viet-
namese killed in the military action of
American and South Vietnamese soldiers.
This is no longer an issue of whether
American protests against the war in Viet-
nam give aid or encouragement to the Viet-
cong. It is an issue of whether southeast
Asia is going to be saved from war and com-
munism by our present policy, and I say it
is not. We are driving Asians by the millions
into the arms of communism.
The American people must demand a new
policy in Asia, not only one of legality and
humanity, but most important, one that
will work.
TRIBUTE TO SENATOR SCOTT
Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, the
June issue of the "Republicans for Prog-
ress" singles out the distinguished Sen-
ator from Pennsylvania [Ml'. SCOTT] for
one more indication of his dedicated
service to the Republican Party. I ask
unanimous consent that this tribute to
Senator SCOTT be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the tribute
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
NEW STAR?
Senator HUGH SCOTT, Republican, of Penn-
sylvania, who has had his share of political
honors, both elective by the people and ap-
pointive by his party, is donning a new robe.
At the recent successful testimonial (ticket-
ceiling) dinner honoring Senator DIRxsEN
at $500 a ticket, the champion fund-raiser
in the Senate, Senator MORTON of Kentucky,
did nothing to lose that position of emin-
ence. But Senator ScoTT, the new vice chair-
man of the Senate Republican campaign
committee, which is headed by MORTON, was
not far behind in what, for SCOTT, is a rela-
tively new party role.
REMARKS OF SENATOR KUCHEL IN
OPPOSITION TO TITLE III (THE
RICE PROGRAM) OF SENATE BILL
1702
Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent to have printed in
the RECORD a copy of my prepared re-
marks-presented, last week, to the Sen-
ate Committee on Agriculture and For-
estry-in opposition to title III, the rice
program of Senate bill 1702.
There being no objection, the state-
ment was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
STATEMENT BY SENATOR KUCHEL IN OPPOSI-
TION TO TITLE III (RICE) PROGRAM Or S.
1702 BEFORE SENATE COMMITTEE ON AGRI-
CULTURE, JUNE 25, 1965
Representatives of our rice industry In
California have expressed their grave con-
cern as to title III of S. 1702. I completely
agree with their position. Such concern is
merited.
In the name of economy, it is proposed
to reduce by $50 million agriculture expend-
itures for foreign aid and rice price support
programs. This is to be accomplished by
the device of eliminating export subsidies
and lowering support for all rice shipped in
export to world price levels. With the
realization that such prices would be far too
low to provide sufficient income for growers,
it is then proposed to increase support prices
on rice sold in domestic markets, thus com-
pensating growers for the reduced support in
export. This expenditure would be financed
by a tax on all rice milled for the domestic
market. Such a milling tax would be
passed on to the consumers directly by mil-
lers.
Unfortunately for the consumer, as a re-
sult of these proposals, the price of rice
would be increased by 5 cents per pound.
This amount has been confirmed by officials
of the Department of Agriculture. Cali-
fornia rice now sells for approximately $9.50
per hundredweight, f.o.b, mill; thus, the
increase would be in excess of 50 percent
before the imposition of various trade chan-
nel markups prior to reaching the consumer.
The largest users of rice in many areas,
however, are those who have the lowest per
capita income. Consequently, the inflation-
ary aspects of such an increase in rice prices
on a commodity which is the basic food for
millions of people stands In sharp conflict
with the concept and purposes of the anti-
poverty program. For example, in Puerto
Rico, which is the single largest market for
California rice, it is estimated that the rice
program now proposed by the administra-
tion would cost consumers there $15 million
annually as compared to an estimated bene-
fit of only $7 million which they will secure
from the antipoverty program.
While title III of S. 1702 is advocated on
the basis of a national average consumption
of 7 pounds per capita, Government econo-
mists have failed to give proper weight to
the established fact that per capita con-
sumption is in excess of 100 pounds in areas
as Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and parts of Cali-
fornia and New York. They have also failed
to give weight to the loss of essential busi-
ness with food processors who would find it
extremely difficult to pass this increase in
cost along to consumers in competition with
ether cereals using other commodities lower
in price than rice. The result surely would
be a drastic decline In the consumption of
rice and a worsening of the market. I also
have grave doubts as to whether programs
authorized by Congress on the judgment
that they are for the general welfare such as
foreign aid programs using rice should be
financed by milling taxes levied on those
whose historical dietary habits result in a
consumption rate of rice 20 times the na-
tional average.
I repeat: Approval of this legislation will
surely result in a drastic reduction in domes-
tic consumption with the result that even
more Government funds- will be required to
handle surpluses, which will accumulate in
the long run, thus nullifying whatever short
run Government economies might be tem-
porarily accomplished.
California, in addition to being a leading
rice-producing State, is also a leading State
in consumption. My State contains in ex-
cess of 2 million citizens of Latin American
and oriental extraction to whom rice is still
a basic food. This proposed program would
thus work great hardship on many of our
fellow Americans.
I am confident, Mr. Chairman, that the
Senate Committee on Agriculture will give
thoughtful consideration to the testimony
of the rice growing and milling industry
'which will be presented in opposition to title
III. The industry has assured the Secretary
of Agriculture of their desire to sit down
withhim and work out a realistic program
which would result in economies under the
existing law. I deeply hope that this will be
done with the consequent advantage for the
taxpayers and consumers of our country.
TRADE UNION SUPPORT FOR PRES-
IDENT JOHNSON'S POLICY IN
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC AND VIET-
NAM
Mr. DODD. Mr. President, while
there has been confusion in certain sec-
tors of the American press and of the
American public on the question of the
Dominican Republic, I think it impor-
tant to point out that there was no such
confusion in the ranks of the American
trade union movement.
The AFL-CIO realized, on the basis of
their own information, that the Com-
munists were on the verge of taking
over the Dominican Republic, and that
they were frustrated only by American
intervention.
The AFL-CIO executive council, in its
meeting last month, welcomed "the
prompt and energetic measures taken
by the President to prevent the Com-
munist attempt to seize control of the
Dominican democratic revolutionary
movement and to foist a Castro-type
dictatorship on Santo Domingo."
The statement went on to say that-
"Had our Government shown such
prompt initiative in 1959, Cuba would
today be a free country, and not a Corn-
munist slave state."
The Inter-American Regional Organ-
ization of Workers-ORIT-an organi-
zation which embraces most of the im-
portant labor unions in the hemisphere,
adopted a resolution, couched in similar
terms, supporting American interven-
tion :
We must point out that the unilateral ac-
tion of the U.S. Armed Forces in this grave
Dominican conflict has, on the one hand,
served to save thousands of lives and, at
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Appendix
Focus on Project Hope
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOHN B. ANDERSON
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, June 28, 1965
Mr. ANDERSON of Illinois, Mr.
Speaker, I believe two stories under the
joint title, "Focus on Project HOPE,"
which appeared in a recent issue of the
Rockford, Ill., Register-Republic, pro-
vide some of the best insight in print to
date on this humanitarian program.
In one story the dramatic history of
Project HOPE-from its early days when
it struggled under the guidance of HOPE
President Dr. William B. Walsh to its
present, worldwide activities, is well sum-
marized.
In the other account, the observations
of a dedicated opthalmologist, Dr. Ver-
non C. Voltz, are recorded. I believe his
comments on HOPE's work-in the new
Republic of Guinea illuminate the health
problems of emerging nations in West
Africa, and the rest of the world.
Mr. Speaker, I include the Register-
Republic article in the CONGRESSIONAL
RECORD :
FOCUS ON PROJECT HOPE-ROCKFORD EYE
DOCTOR HEALED AFRICAN NATIVES
Among the more than 700 American phy-
sicians, dentists, nurses, and auxiliary per-
sonnel who have served aboard the hospital
ship, SS Hope, Is Dr. Vermon C. Voltz, Rock-
ford ophthalmologist.
Dr. Voltz was one. of three eye doctors to
serve with Project HOPE during its first tour
at Conakry, Guinea, in west Africa during
October 1964.
Dr. Voltz classified them as amateurs doing
ocular surgery, but he said they were eager
to learn.
They knew how to straighten eyes, and
they worked daily in their local clinics and
on the ship.
The goal was to turn over to them various
duties after these duties had been demon-
strated to them. The goal has not been
reached yet, Dr. Voltz said, but there is hope
for success, and progress is being made.
Their big need is to improve technique, he
said. _
Dr. Voltz left New York October 13, 1964,
with the other doctors for the trip to Dakaar,
Africa. From there, the group went to
Conakry, a city of 80,000 on the west coast of
Africa:
GETS TO WORK
The new Hope staff was given 1 day to ad-
just to its new environment, and then went
into its medical program.
Hope personnel were confined to the coast-
al area away from the Congo or other threat-
ened areas.
Dr. Voltz described the people of Conakry
as timid but friendly, and they liked to have
their pictures taken, except for certain adults
who had some sort of superstition about
cameras.
The city itself has many modern buildings
and facilities, but much of it is Russian.
This is evidenced by a modern hotel, a
modern school, an athletic field and many
Soviet freighters tied up at the wharf.
But the Soviet influence is waning. The
modern Russian facilities are unused because
there are no Russians to use them or Guin-
eans who are able to use them.
The city's presidential palace is considered
beautiful by Dr. Voltz, and the architecture
of the hospital in which he worked is modern
by any standard even though it looks like a
slum because of poor maintenance.
The water holes in Conakry are slushy and
are used for taking baths as well as for
washing dishes and for drinking.
SQUALOR ABOUNDS
The system used in Africa differed some- There is squalor and poverty. The place
what from that of previous missions. is very primitive; just as in the storybooks,
Each doctor, nurse, and technician from Dr. Voltz said.
America had an African counterpart with He described health conditianss in Con-
whom he or she worked closely, teaching akry as poor and unsanitary.
skills and the effective teamwork necessary Postoperative conditions were horrible
to modern medicine. and showed a great lack of administration.
The intensive training was done through Dressings would be rotten and saturated
on-the-job treating of thousands of sick and with discharge. And a patient would pile
afflicted. his dirty clothes in the anteroom to the
Necessary diagnosis and training were done operating room before surgery, and then put
mostly in the clinic; some was done in the on the same dirty garments when leaving.
classrooms, but at all times the emphasis There would be more than one patient in
--' ----- her inflicted children; meningitis was de-
STAFF HOSPITALS plorable; childbirth complications lasted as
Dr. Voltz said most of the staff worked long as 4 or 5 years; and malnutrition was
at the 2 hospitals in Conarky in the morn- a major problem, even in some of the eye
ing, attending about 25 patients per day. In cases.
the afternoon, the staff worked on the ship Dr. Voltz said Guinea has only 80 M.D.'s to
helping as many as 40 patients per day. serve its 3 million people.
All the time, the counterparts were there He said language was no real problem.
learning and doing. Translators from many sources were used
In the eye department of the hospital, much of the time. They usually came as
where Dr. Voltz spent most of his time, there Peace Corps volunteers, aid program workers,
was one doctor in charge of teaching four and families of Embassy personnel. French
assistants. and English were used most of the time.
The assistants actually did much of the There wasn't much professional contact
work, including eye surgery, normally done with fields other than ophthalmology except
'Only by a qualified doctor of medicine, even in a consulting capacity, Dr. Voltz said.
though they had had no formal training. But, he said he did get involved with a full
range of ophthalmologic diseases. Problems
were similar to those at home except they
usually were more advanced.
He said the most impressive part of his
tour was the reaction he got from his first
cataract patient.
The man was so elated at being able to see
again that after he found he could see again,
he grasped the doctor's hand and shook it
vigorously, stood back and threw him a sa-
lute, and then grabbed his hand and kissed
it.
But more descriptive of an acute case
cured by Hope physicians was the large face
tumor of a native man. His face was swollen
to twice its normal size with one eye pushed
near the other. He had gone this way for
some time, but only 2 weeks after surgeons
had removed the tumor, the man's face was
back to normal and he hardly could tell he
had been inflicted.
Dr. Voltz said he also was very impressed
just with having had the opportunity to be
associated with such a remarkably profes-
sional. group. They were alert, cooperative,
congenial, frindly, and professionally dedi-
cated.
"They were a fine group; a close group, I
would very much like to return," he said.
But like any trip, he said he was glad ti)
be home.
OLD SHIP BRINGS "HOPE:" TO NEEDY
A dream became a reality in 1958 when a
U.S. Navy ship was taken from the mothball
fleet and rechristened the SS Hope,
Project HOPE-Health Opportunity for
People Everywhere-is the principal activity
of the People-to-People Health Foundation.
This independent, nonprofit corporation
formed by the American people bring the
skills and techniques developed by the
American medical, dental, and paramedical
professions to needy people in newly devel-
oping areas of the world.
HOPE began in 1958 when President Eisen-
hower asked Dr. William B. Walsh, a prom-
inent Washington heart specialist, to ini-
tiate a project aimed at international good
will and understanding through person-to-
person contact.
The plan Dr. Walsh submitted was for the
world's first peacetime hospital ship, a recon-
verted, 15,000-ton veteran of World War II
and the Korean war.
The SS Hope first sailed from San Fran-
cisco in September 1960, with a crack medi-
cal staff chosen from thousands of appli-
cants.
Its destination-Indonesia.
Its mission-to spread good will to the
people of this nation and to show them the
skills of American medicine.
Its methods-to cure some of the acute
cases, to instruct indigenous medical per-
sonnel in modern medical methods, and to
show all the people of this country the
general good will of the American people.
FIGURES SHOW
Figures alone could show the success of
the SS Hope in Indonesia-200 doctors and
300 nurses trained, 1,000 lectures and semi-
nars held, 18,000 patients treated, 700 oper-
ations performed, and thousands examined
or X-rayed.
But the real story is revealed by the mayor
of the Indonesian Island of Sumbawa in re-
marks made to Dr. Walsh as the ship de-
parted:
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX June 28, 1965
"This is the first time foreigners came to
Sumbawa who did not come to steal our rice.
I do not know where the United States is'nor
had I seen the flag of your country until this
great white ship came to us, though I am an
old man. But hear me: We will never forget
what you have done."
The next port was Saigon, South Vietnam,
in June 1961.
Even In the midst of increasing Communist
guerrilla attacks, Project HOPE was able to
teach native doctors new ways of administer-
ing medical treatment, to treat 10,000 pa-
tients, to perform 500 major operations, and
to conduct oral surgery-to say nothing of
After 4 months in Vietnam, the great white
ship left for San Francisco.
It was no longer an experiment without
precedent. It was now tried and proven un-
der the most difficult of circumstances.
In the spring of 1962, the SS Hope sailed
for Trujillo and Salaverry, Peru, in' South
Anierioa where in 10 months its services
reached 80,000 persons directly and several
hundred thousand in
TEAM FORMED
The new 210-bed Trujillo Hospital now has
a team of "Hopies" assisting the native staff
and a team of 25 nurses, technicians, and
physicians is at the University of Trujillo
School of Medicine.
Another ship and shore-based medical
teaching services were in Ecuador where the
medical and nursing professions of Ecuador
and the faculty of the University of Guaya-
quil worked with Project HOPE staff members
to learn new and better methods of caring
for the sick.
Also, outpatient clinics were established at
Quito, Cuenca, and Duran.
These two areas in South America have
been hotbeds of anti-Americanism and fer-
tile ground for Communist propaganda, but
the people soon were affected by the compas-
sion and friendship that emanated from the
great white ship.
Slum clinics were set up to treat many and
to screen those for admission to the ship.
The Hope operating rooms were connected to
classrooms by closed circuit TV, and aver-
aged 12 operations per day.
Immunization programs for children were
established and public health measure initi-
ated by HOPE teams.
Everywhere the ship goes the emphasis is
on teaching and training conducted through
actual hospital procedure, classroom lectures
and discussions, motion pictures, and film
strips, and special Saturday night medical
symposiums aboard ship.
Teaching is stressed because it enables
Project HOPE to have a more enduring effect
on local health conditions than would result
by merely giving widespread treatment to the
inflicted.
This plan enables HOPE to upgrade the
local capabilities to diagnose and treat sick-
ness. Local people, in turn, become able, to
teach others, and thus the impact of HOPE
grows and spreads.
HOPE hopes to raise the standards of these
new medics to at least the equivalent of a
trained military medical corpsman.
ALL HELP
Helping to make this program work are
physicians, dentists, nurses, anesthetists,
paramedical, and technical personnel includ-
ing physical therapists, dieticians, dental
hygienists, medical technicians, X-ray tech-
nicians, medical secretaries, records librarian,
pharmacists, and ancillary personnel.
SS Hope is a complete and very modern
hospital with all the latest equipment avail-
able.
The Need for Victory in the War in
Vietnam
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. STROM THURMOND
OF SOUTH CAROLINA
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Monday, June 28, 1965
Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President, I
call to the attention of Senators two out-
standing editorials on the subject of the
need for victory in the war in Vietnam.
One was published on June 19 in the
News & Courier, of Charleston, S.C., and
is entitled "Needed: A Victory Goal."
The other editorial was published on
June 24 in the Nashville Banner, of
Nashville, Tenn., and is entitled "Air
Power for Victory: Red Showdown in
Asia, a War We Must Win." The edi-
torial in the Nashville Banner refers to,
and quotes from, some very pertinent
comments recently made by Gen. Mark
Clark, an outstanding and distinguished
South Carolinian, who has achieved
much fame as an educator, a diplomat,
and a military commander and strat-
egist.
I ask unanimous consent that these
editorials be printed in the Appendix of
the RECORD.
There being no objection, the edi-
torials were, ordered to be printed in
the RECORD, as follows:
[From the Charleston (S.C.) News & Courier,
.. June 19, 19651
NEEDED: A VICTORY GOAL
Use of B-52 intercontinental bombers
against Vietcong targets in South Vietnam
introduces a new element in the Far East
conflict. But we doubt that it will de-
termine the outcome of the war. More-
over, the U.S. military goal is still unclear.
Bombing with conventional weapons has
yet to win a war. Neither the Luftwaffe at-
tack on Britain or the U.S. fire raids against
Japan were decisive. Only the use of an
atomic bomb brought an end to World
War II. -
A strong case can be made that strategic
bombing with iron bombs is not effective.
What the soldiers need is close aerial sup-
port a hundred yards ahead of them dur-
ing an attack. Bombs dropped 500 miles
away from the front have only long-range
economic importance. A war has to be won
on the front where men are fighting, not
in the rear areas.
President Johnson is to be commended
for not agreeing to the left-wing demand
that he practice appeasement of the Com-
munists. But Mr. Johnson apparently Is
without a well-defined military objective in
southeast Asia. Sending in large numbers
of U.S. troops is no substitute for a clear-
cut goal.
The way to halt an aggressor Is to de-
stroy his military power. This truth is as
old as warfare. When armies are used mere-
ly in an effort to frighten a foe, then armed
power is misused in a dangerous way. Ener-
gy is frittered away, and the enemy is left
free to gain strength. This was Germany's
mistake on the Russian front. The Ger-
man armies were used simply to cover ter-
ritory and convince the world that they were
victorious. But they failed to move in de-
cisive fashion to destroy the Soviet forces
in the field and to seize the most strategic
bits of territory. The United States may be
making the same mistake in southeast Asia.
For a number of months, the United States
has used its forces in less than efficient
fashion. Marines have been deployed as
airbase guards. Land and sea-based fight-
ers have been ordered by Washington to at.
tack targets far from the battle front. It
would be tragic if American lives were wasted
away In a piecemeal, fragmentary effort in
South Vietnam. If American forces are to
be used in southeast Asia in large numbers,
they should only be used in a campaign
that has a major military goal that will ad-
vance the security of the United States.
[From the Nashville (Tenn.) Banner, June
24, 1965]
AIRPOWER FOR VICTORY: RED SHOWDOWN IN
ASIA, A WAR WE MUST WIN
It still is true, as when the late General of
the Army Douglas MacArthur stated it in
April 1951, that, once war is joined, "there
is no substitute for victory." Events have
underscored it, notably in Asia-where the
war occasioning that warning was not won.
The substitute contrived in the retreat from
realties there was the futile sacrifice of
thousands of American lives, and an uneasy
truce which directly paved the way for fu-
ture Communist aggression as in South Viet-
nam.
The truism applies today. It is significant-
ly related to what another American com-
manding officer in that war of the 1950's, Gen.
Mark Clark, said Wednesday concerning the
necessary steps for victory in Vietnam. Point
1 of that Is to hit the enemy with the
full weight of our Air Force and naval avia-
tion powers.
It would be preposterous, and militarily
suicidal, to propose a manpower swapout in
fighting on the ground. As General Clark
warns, the United States must continue to
bomb North Vietnam or face "another
Korea." And emphasis belongs on the col-
lateral point as well: that in this strategic
course we would be employing forces of
unquestioned superiority, hitting the enemy
where he is weakest, and depriving him of
the advantage of choosing weapons and
battlefield.
America's military authorities know the
necessity for that. There must be no hesi-
tancy in the policymaking circles about act-
ing in the light of that knowledge; for the
chips, discernibly, are down. The enemy
sneers at proposals for negotiation. Con-
fident of security in a privileged sanctuary,
both Hanoi and Peiping rattle the sword, and
launch new forays from bases they deem (by
precedent) immune to attack.
The knockout blows to win this war must
come from the air-and they must not be
delayed indefinitely if the free world is not
to suffer a humiliating and avertable setback
there, where scores of thousands of Ameri-
can fighting men already have been com-
mitted.
Yes, Red China could be directly in the
line of fire-by her own choice, as the insti-
gator and particeps criminis of Communist
.conspiracy reaching for all Asia. Military
authorities need no reminder, surely, nor
realists in the policymaking circles, that a
major opportunity was overlooked to de-
molish the Peiping threat when squeamish
timidity made its decision just under 15
years ago to back down in the face of it.
Red China has manpower in the millions
it regards as expendable. But it also has
extreme vulnerability to American strength
In the air. Those shuddering at that tactic
on the ground of possibility that It would
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bring Soviet Russia into the conflict are
resting timidity's case on the same hypothe-
sis that crowned the Korean affair with de-
feat and disaster. The Banner is among
those doubting that the Soviet would join
its needling partner in a gamble of that
magnitude; or risk a world war to rescue it
from a folly of its own making.
One thing is sure=a showdown with com-
munism must come sometime if it is not, by
piecemeal aggression, to gobble up the earth.
It must be defeated somewhere-and de-
feat is not achieved by tactics of defeat and
policies of surrender.
It takes a will to win, backed by the
strength that is there, ready and waiting.
And that is the opposite of the purblind no-
win policy mysteriously contrived and too
long countenanced.
President Johnson knows those realities,
as preliminary steps have indicated. He
deserves the backing of the Nation, in a
showdown that can determine-with full
courageous followthrough-what sort of
world we are to live in. America itself de-
serves that, whose sons are fighting and dy-
ing where they were sent. The Chief Execu-
tive, with the awesome burdens of respon-
sibility, certainly deserves better than the
sniping of policy critics, and professorial
"teach-iners," propagandizing a theme of
ideological blind man's buff, and shouting
"negotiate" as the ipse dixit of peace with
freedom's enemies.
,Dquglas MacArthur was right. There is
no substitute for victory.
Gen. Mark Clark is right. As did Mac-
Arthur, he hates war. He has seen it, off and
on, through most .of a lifetime in his coun-
try's uniform. He knows that when one
comes it must be won.
It is time the American people understood
this, which is the only course for Lyndon
Johnson.
Medical Libraries and Medical
Research
EXTENSION OF REMARXS
Or
HON. JOHN E. FOGARTY
or RBODE ISLAND
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, June 28, 1965
Mr. FOGARTY. Mr. Speaker, under
leave to extend my remarks I include a
,speech which I delivered at the John
Shaw Billings Centennial, National Li-
br,~ary of Medicine, Bethesda, Md., on
Julie 17, 1965:
MEDICAL LIBRARIES AND MEDICAL RESEARCH
(By the Honorable JOHN E. FOGARTY, U.S.
Representative from Rhode Island)
Ladies and gentlemen, we are here today to
honor an individual whose great life and
work helped materially in diverse ways to
organize and advance the cause of medicine.
The debt to Dr. John Shaw Billings is not a
debt only of physicians and others in the
health sciences. It is a debt of the entire
Nation. Dr. Billings' achievements in help-
ing to consolidate and focus the progress of
medicine through its literature have bene-
fited.the lives of all of us, even today, 100
years later,
it is most proper for us to recognize also
that it was Dr. Billings, who, through the
National Board of Health, actually made the
first Federal grants for medical research. In
the 1880 Annual Report 1 of the Board, Dr.
1 House of Representatives, 46th Cong., 3d
Bess. Ex. Doc. No. 8. Annual Report of the
National Board of Health, Government Print-
ing Office, Washington, D.C., 1880.
Billings, In his capacity as vice president,
writes to the Honorable John Sherman, Sec-
retary of the Treasury, to which the Board
was answerable. Dr. Billings' letter speaks
to the importance of medical research and
cites the commendable work of the British
Government in supporting such research.
His report points out that the costs of re-
search exceed the funds available to private
investigators and emphasizes that the assist-
ance of the Federal Government is therefore
necessary, Sounds like 1965.
His report then lists out the types of
projects the National Board of Health was
supporting. These include:
Studies of the air, a forerunner to our pres-
ent air pollution research; studies of the
adulterations of food and drugs, matters.
about which we are still concerned; sanita-
tion.; yellow fever; disinfectants; diphtheria;
and still other fields.
I have been extremely pleased to learn that
my own State of Rhode Island was included
in the research work flnanded by the old Na-
tional Board of Health under Dr. Billings'
direction. The annual report of the Board of
1882-83 years ago--contains a report of in-
spections of health resorts and under that a
"Report on Sanitary Conditions in Newport,
R.I." It is a very fascinating document in-
cluding many maps, drawings, and illustra-
tions including these three [unfolds three
large illustrations]. One of these is a map
of the city of Newport and the other two are
graphs showing occupation figures and na-
tionality figures in ward 3 of the city.
Beyond the question of sanitation the re-
port is concerned with the city's water sup-
ply; and I believe the remarkable farsighted-
ness of Dr. Billings is illustrated by the fact
that the report contains extensive informa-
tion on different types of analyses carried
out on the water.
I am happy to say that the report about
Newport was a very good one and I will il-
lustrate this if I may by reading the first
sentence of the report: "Newport has always
been. considered, and unquestionably is, nat-
urally, an exceptionally healthy place."
Naturally I believe it still is.
From this particular locale here today it is
easy to see and feel the importance of Dr.
Billings' work-in the dignity, power, and sig-
nificance we in America have given to medi-
cine, and which in turn is serving to give us
healthier, longer, more'jsroductlve and hap-
pier lives. We stand on the steps of the
world's greatest medical library. Next door to
our north is the world's finest medical re-
search organization. Across the street is the
great National Naval Medical Center, and
only a short distance from here is the Walter
Reed Army Medical Center and the Armed
Forces Institute of Pathology.
If there were a pinnacle of the world of
medicine at which we could stand, this would
be it.
It is a world as yet unfinished, however.
We have not defeated disease, disability,
birth defects, and premature death. These
problems continue to challenge us to the lim-
it of our abilities. At the same time, we seem
to have achieved, at long last, the oppor-
tunity at least for almost total victory. It
would seem to be within our grasp to at-
tain an entirely new level of mental and
physical health for mankind and perhaps
witness the eradication of disease entirely.
We are living in the midst of dramatic and
far-reaching changes in the concepts of bio-
medical research, with the employment of
new knowledge, new techniques, new ideas,
new instrumentation, and, indeed, new types
of personnel, such as mathematicians and
physicists. The influence and effects of the
biomedical research effort are becoming wider
2 Bowditch, E. W., report of an inspection
of certain health resorts. In: U.S. National
Board of Health. Annual Report of 1882.
Washington, 1883. App. C, p. 153.
A3353
and its character is changing. There is am-
ple evidence that the biomedical achieve-
ments of the near future may be dramatically
more significant than any in the past. I
have in mind particularly a new spectrum
of work in human reproduction and human
development; molecular biology and genetics,
and the new light they promise to throw
on work in many other biomedical disci-
plines; and the extensive work in virsuses,
in relation to cancer and other diseases. In
recent testimony before Congress, Dr. James
A. Shannon, the Director of the National In-
stitutes of Health, pointed to new progress in
understanding the relationship between
psychology and physiology. He said: "The
line between the medical sciences and the
behavioral sciences is disappearing." This
is as it should be.
In this place, on this day, at this partic-
ular point in history, it is difficult to avoid
a sense of happy anticipation about the new
hope being offered us by the health sciences;
and it is proper that we again recognize Dr.
Billings' work in having begun this great
Institution, this library where this new
knowledge resides for man's present and
future use.
However, let me read something to you:
"Unless major attention is directed to the
improvement of our national medical library
base, the continued and accelerated genera-
tion of scientific knowledge will become
increasingly an exercise in futility.' 13
The statement is from a section-headed
Communications for Research, from volume
I of the report by the President's Commis-
sion on Heart Disease, Cancer, and Stroke.
Let us consider carefully what this state-
ment means. It is saying that the great
potential benefits of medical research which
I have just been talking about may not be
improving the health of our Nation as they
might. It indicates that the financial, hu-
man, and institutional investments we are
pouring into research, to bring about better
health for the American people, may be
wasted or lost for the want of better facili-
ties and methods to house, manage, and dis-
seminate the medical literature.
This is indeed a curious commentary on
the Nation which leads the world in its con-
cern for health and medicine; and it could
be a tragic commentary if the vast sums the
Federal Government spends for medical re-
search, education, and practice, were being
rendered less effective because we are not
willing to spend a few more dollars, rela-
tively, for the medical libraries which serve
as the communication centers for health sci-
ence information.
Just how much money are we talking
about?
If we talk only of research, the Federal
Government is spending well over $1 billion,
and private sources are spending another
$600 or $700 million. Last year, out of the
$1 billion provided in Federal funds, less
than $1 million, under present legislative
authorities, could accrue to the benefit of
the nongovernment medical libraries. That's
about one-tenth of 1 percent. If we try
to make a comparison to the total budget
of the Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, of $51/a billion, the comparison be-
comes even more ridiculous. The Federal
Government is simply not paying its share
of the Nation's costs for medical commu-
nications, even though it has helped to in-
tensify the problem by its emphasis on, and
support of, medical research.
We must remember that the medical li-
braries, as the prime storehouses and dis-
tributors of health science information, are
feeling the pressures of all of our national
U.S. President's Commission on Heart
Disease, Cancer, and Stroke. Report to the
President; a national program to conquer
heart disease, cancer, and stroke. Washing--
ton, 1964, vol. I.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX June 28, 1965
activities in relation to health and medicine,
both private and public. All of the tremen-
dous increases in health and medical activi-
ties have an impact on the medical libraries.
All research papers, journals, pamphlets, re-
ports, conference proceedings, handbooks-
nearly every printed document, in fact, which
grows out of our concern for man's health,
becomes something the medical libraries
must acquire, store, and disseminate to those
who need the information. Then these mas-
sive health activities generate greater de-
mands on the medical libraries for services.
As a measure of these demands, let us take
due notice of the fact that all public and
private health and medical expenditures In
the Nation today total more than $35 billion.
If this is a measure of our health concerns,
we have failed very seriously-I hope not Ir-
reparably-to recognize and tend to the fun-
damental requirements for medical informa-
tion and particularly medical libraries.
My special concern here today is for the
medical libraries in relation to the promise
held for us in medical research. Medical re-
search is impossible without an adequate in-
formation base, without the resources and
services of medical libraries. It has been
said-and I believe this must be true-that
all medical research begins and ends with the
medical literature. If this is so true, then
why are we jeopardizing our own purpose by
scrimping when it comes to giving the medi-
cal scientist the library tools he needs?
Sir William Osler, who was a close friend
of Dr. Billings, once said: "To study the
phenomena of disease without books is to
sail an uncharted sea, while to study books
without patient@ is not to go to sea at all." 4
My friends.in medicine tell me that this
applies today as it did at the turn of the
century.
The literature constitutes an integral part
of the process of studying human biology
and human diseases. To limit its usefulness
Is to limit the scientist and to limit man's
chance for the new level of health I talked
about earlier.
Today it clearly isnot enough to say that
medical scientists need information. The
real question, instead, is just how do we meet
their information requirements? We long
ago recognized-or we shotad have recog-
nized-that the production of books and
journals was not enough, and that putting
these books and journals in libraries was not
enough. br. Billings saw this 86`years ago.
He Instituted control and access to the liter-
ature by producing the first comprehensive
index to medical articles in 1879. This has
been acknowledged by many to be America's
greatest contribution to medicine in the
19th century.
But the quantity of the literature for some
years has so overwhelmed all of our informa-
tion-handling concepts as to render them
obsolete. The worldwide production of bio-
medical literature is now estimated at more
than 250,000 articles or 5 million pages per
year. That many pages would constitute a
stack higher than the Empire State Building.
It obviously` is of no help to the medical
scientist to expose him to 5 million pages
of literature in a year's time or a half-mil-
lion pages or even 100,000 pages, unless you
want him to do nothing but read the litera-
ture; and that Is not what we want him to
do. In fact, it would be impossible for him
to read it in the time available, We want
him to fulfill, to the most effective level pos-
sible, his capacities and opportunities for re-
search, and if he is to do this his own effort
to acquire information must be among the
less time consuming of his concerns. He
4Osler, Sir William: Sir William Osler
aphorisms froth his bedside teachings and
writings. Collected by R. B. Bean; ed. by
W. B. Bean. New York, Henry Schuman,
1950. 159 p.
must have ready access to those parts of
the literature relevant and pertinent to his
scientific pursuits.
It is interesting to note that the problem
is not new. Dr. Vannevar Bush in 1944 said:
"The summation of human experience is
being expanded at a prodigious rate, but
the means weuse for threading through the
consequent maze to the momentarily im-
portant item is the same as was used in the
days of square-rigged ships-the modern
great library is not generally consulted; it is
just nibbled at by a few." Libraries must be
made more attractive and more functional so
that bigger bites of information are taken
by those who need it.
The quantity of the literature, however, is
not the only problem. Our achievements
have been such that the whole character of
biomedical research has changed and out of
this change has come a -transformation in
the structure of the health sciences. The
particular classification of the sciences-nec-
essary for their organization in teaching and
research-has been outmoded. The divisions
between disciplines have faded and new dis-
ciplines have been formed. Some, as we
have noted earlier, have been found to have
significance in nearly all other biomedical
disciplines.
In 1962, Dr. Robert R. Wagner had this to
say: "In the future, organization of basic
science departments as separate disciplines
will lose all validity. This eventuality is a
natural concomitant of the centralization
of biological thought. Even today, a visitor
to a medical school can distinguish one
department from another only by the let-
tering on the office doors of the depart-
ment chairmen." 6
So the problem of the scientist is not only
one of tremendous magnitude in the litera-
ture but one also in which the disciplinary
guidelines have ceased to have their form-
er meaning. The complex interrelationships
of the vast amount of data with which he
is confronted may be such as to keep him
from knowing just where to look; and cer-
tainly these two situations of quantity and
complexity conspire not only to consume
the time which he should be spending at his
bench, but possibly also to bring confusion
and frustration into his efforts. Physicians
and scientists need Information specialists
to help them in the some way they need and
use laboratory assistants and coworkers. We
must begin to train these new types of
librarians in abundance, and as soon as pos-
sible.
Also we need research in the field of in-
formation science. In 1960, Dr. Don R. Swan-
son said, "The sheer abundance of recorded
knowledge and the growth rate thereof seems
to foreshadow a crisis in inundation. The
implied dearth of scientific information
might be forestalled by engineering break-
throughs, but such breakthroughs may de-
pend on first acquiring a deeper understand-
ing of the conceptual nature of the prob-
lem itself." E
Before we can develop the systems and
mechanisms to provide information to the
scientists even before we can conduct truly
effective research in this area-we must
know what information the scientist must
have.
And he very well may not know what it is
he wants. Since 70 percent of the medical
literature is published in foreign languages,
he may not be aware of what is going on
elsewhere.
He is not expected to be an information
Wagner, R. R.: The basic medical sci-
ences, the revolution in biology and the fu-
ture of medical education, Yale J. Biol. Med.
3$: 1-1,1902.
Swanson, D. R.: Searching natural lan-
guage text by computer. Science 132: 1099-
1104, 1960.
expert; and as a man whose life is devoted
to uncovering new knowledge, he cannot be
expected to anticipate fully and accurately,
If at all, what information he is going to
need to relate to his work on a day-to-day
or week-to-week basis. However, he should
have quick access to all information when
he is able to identify his needs.
During World War II there used to be
jokes about high-ranking military officers in
the Pentagon pounding their desks and say-
ing, and I quote: "I don't know what it is
I want, but I know I am not getting it."
The biomedical scientists of the Nation
today strike me as individuals who can hon-
estly and justifiably cry out in this manner.
NLM has begun to meet this urgent need
through the use of computers. Medlars
(medical literature analysis and retrieval
system) provides a fast method of recover-
ing bibliographic citations in any medical
discipline or any combination of disciplines.
However, Medlars' tremendous searching
power has not yet been decentralized across
the Nation as it must be soon. It is the only
system of its type in the world and its estab-
lishment in a research library is a spectacu-
lar achievement.
Still we must learn more about the scien-
tist's habits of using information and his
requirements for urgency, variety, and vol-
ume. We must know his needs for sec-
ondary publication forms, such as indexes,
abstracts, data compendia, critical reviews.
There are library functions and they need
to be supported considerably beyond the
current level.
These studies necessarily must be related
to concurrent studies in medical terminology
and classification, machine indexing and
new techniques, systems and equipment for
processing, storing, retrieving, and distribut-
ing health science information.
In addition, the whole scheme of bio-
medical librarianship as it is now practiced
must be studied and reevaluated-the object
being to meet fully the users' needs.
We must immediately begin to develop
medical libraries with a new concept of serv-
ice responsibilities to the medical scientist.
These libraries must have the flexibility and
versatility to be active-not passive-part-
ners in the research process. They must be
staffed with people of imagination, advanced
training and special skills necessary to as-
sist the research scientist in every possible
way. Certainly these libraries must have the
resources in books, journals, equipment, and
people necessary for them to fulfill their
missions.
Just 2 months ago volume II of the report
by the President's Commission on Heart Dis-
ease, Cancer, and Stroke was released. It
contains a section entitled "A Program for
Developing Medical Libraries." It was pre-
pared by the Subcommittee on Facilities of
the Commission, and it tells a truly alarm-
ing story of the state of disrepair of the
Nation's medical libraries. I think I should
state frankly that we, the American people,
have permitted this unfortunate condition
to develop.
Let me read from one part of the report:
"The cutting edge of the country's medi-
cal research program may be blunted by the
growing inability of scientists to gain quick
and easy access to biomedical data they need.
Teachers and students are hampered in their
educational pursuits. Of direct and imme-
diate importance to the health of the Nation
are urgent needs of medical practitioners of
all types for more ready access to the growing
body of new medical information. Ineffi??
ciency in the medical library network cre??
ates an insidious ignorance which neither
science nor the practice of medicine can con-
done. It results in the unplanned and un?.
necessary duplication of research efforts. It
postpones the application ofnew knowledge
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 June 28, Yftroved For fi&8RU7 001 8001 8-1
.Brawley was Executive Dlrectcx of ti~11 ,e
Senate.Bost Dike andCivil,Seryice Commit.-,
tee staff, ffpm 18 9 111141 19ej, wpen he be-
came Depputy' Postmaster General He had
many political contacts in Washington, and
was regarded as-one of the best informed
on post ofllcq and civil service matters.
While Day's request to J. Edgar Hoover
for an FBI investigation,primarily was aimed
at the question of whether Brawley re-
tained his stock while a Post Office official,
Day, also q~yestioned , the propriety of Braw
ley's a.cquisltion'of stock in any mail-order
house that had such a great stake in legis-
lation dealing with parcel post and other mail
rates.
,OMMON PRACTICE
On the question of the propriety of buy-
ing the Spiegel stock while on the Senate
committee staff, Brawley stated "It has been
common practice at the Capitol for employ-
ees to make such investments and "there is
no law to prohibit it,"
"There are always a lot of tis floating
around the Capitol,',' Brawley said.* He esti-
mated that "there must be 50 Senators"
who, are constantly Investing in tips that
are vailable, ire added that , in 'ills opinion
the problem of a possible conflict is much,
more acute for Senators than for st'aff' inelu=
bers who do. not vote.
Brawley said he obtained his stock tip
from some of the, Spiegel officials and that' he
borrowed, two-thirds of the $10,000 purchase
price fror a South Carolina bank In.which
one of his, relatives is an officer.,
A Spiegel official had told him the firm was
Installing electronic computers and other
laborsaving devices and was due for a move
forward, Brawley said. He said the stock
was priced at only about $10 a share but was,
paying $1 a share in dividends.
- "The. increase was sensational," Brawley
said. "I hoped it would go up, but I had no
'idea it would pay like it did."
Brawley contends that much of his trouble
came from a "former friend," Cyril T.. Ander-
son, whom he introduced to Spiegel officials
and recommended for a job as lobbyist for
Spiegel.
Anderson said he was not sure that it
was Brawley who.-introduced him ,to Spiegel
officials, and did not know if Brawley had
recommended him as a Spiegel lobbyist.
Anderson said he had some, ,differences of
viewpoint on legislation with Brawley in
1961 and .1962, but that he considered this
"normal". since he represented a firm that
opposed the Kennedy administration's large
mail rate increase.
Day told the Register. that he "heard some
disturbing reports concerning Brawley.11
",I passed the information on to the proper
law enforcement , authorities for investiga-
tion," Day said.
ONE OF THE REPORTS
Brawley said the reports had included a
story that he had received a $10,000'political
contribution and bad split it with two mem-
bers of the White House staff.
Brawley said he made a telephone call to
-a Washington representative of a business
publications organization and arranged for
the $10,000 contribution.
He said that he was 'able to demonstrate
that the money was delivered in cash to
Matthew McClosllgy, then the treasurer of
the National? Democratic Party, for a box
seat at, the 1961 gala to pay off the 1960
campain debt.
Brawey said McCloskey had written a note
for the'-file ,whici~, showed that he had re-
Celved the iiaoney for the box seat.' $rawley
said 'tile man who delivered the cash to
McCloskey had a witness with him. Braw-
ley said he had no contact with this money.
Since leaving the Post Office Department,
Erawle said he has invested in the stock
of the National Hank of Commerce of Fairfax
County, Va.
Brawley said he is it director, of the recently
organized bank that received Its charter from
Comptroller of the Currency James Saxon
on August 13, 1963. ."He ggaid, ltis his. only
present investment.
The records of the Comptroller of the
Currency Office also list Brawley as the
senior vice president of the National Bank
of Commerce.
Support for the United Nations
SPEECH
OF
HON. JOHN R. HANSEN
- I OF IOWA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, June 24, 1965
Mr. HANSEN of Iowa. Mr. Speaker,
celebrated tie 20fh.tann ve United of Nations
the
signing of its charter in San Francisco.
Our President was present for that occa-
sion and delivered an eloquent and
timely restatement of this country's
faith in the United Nations. The action
of Congress in passing Senate Concur-
rent Resolution 36,._was...important,.in
adding to the support given by our Na-
tion to the N.U. Congressman CLAUDE
PEPPER'S leadership in the House of Rep-
resentatives in this important area was
extremely important.
All of us know the tribulations under.
which the United .Nations has operated
in this past year. We have seen first
withdrawal by a country of its member-
ship in the political aspects of the
United Nations. Many have wondered
if this was a repeat performance of prob-
lems of the League of Nations and pon-
dered as, to whether', or not . tl is would
signal a breakup of the still quite young
United Nations.
It was important for the President to
express the support and faith we Ameri-
cans have in the United Nations at this
crucial time, , We. are fully aware that
without this common ground for dis-
cussion and action many world crises
would not have been eased or averted.
The possibility of an all-out nuclear war
would be multiplied a hundredfold.
All of us are concerned about a peace-
ful world. We see the United. Nations
as an alternative to the power struggle
between nations and a resulting nuclear
war. But we should, not expect more
than is reasonable .from this young or-
ganization. The United Nations is still
in its formative years and has much
growing to do before it has reached full
maturity and strength. We need to give
it our full support so that we do not drag
it to the ground and ourselves with it.
As the United Nations grows in re-
sponsibility and strength, we hope to
see it equipped with the tools to enable
it to avoid the conflicts and pitfalls of
the Congo, Vietnam, and the Dominican
Republic. More. than that,, it may show
us through cooperation the way to eradi-
cate hunger, disease, and ignorance. Let
us join those who call for a strengthened
United Nations through vigorous U.S.
support.
A3377
To Get the Best Takes Money
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, June 28, 1965
Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, a
very timely and thoughtful commentary
on a major domestic problem was written
by Mr. A. T. Burch in the June 18 edition
of the Chicago Daily News. Since Mr.
Burch is a respected journalist whose
objectivity is above question, I feel his
words deserve careful consideration:
To GET THE BEST TAKES MUCH MONEY
" By' A: P. Burch]
In 1954 the U.S. Supreme Court decided
that .legally enforced segregation of public
schools violates the equal protection provi-
sions of the U.S. Constitution.
It struck down the Court's previous ap-
proval of "separate but equal" provisions for
Negro education. It asserted that separate
school systems are inherently unequal.
On several occasions, the Reverend Martin
Luther King has asserted that the Court had
declared de facto segregation, arising from
neighborhood residential patterns, to be un-
constitutional. This might seem to be im-
plied in the proposition that separate educa-
tion cannot be equal. Nevertheless, the Su-
preme Court has not actually said that de
facto segregation in the schools is illegal.
In at least three instances, it has refused
to reverse decisions by U.S. Courts of Appeals
which had held that the neighborhood school
system, which oftens results in some actual
segregation, is not unconstitutional in itself.
These courts approved the neighborhood sys-
tem provided it arises naturally from the
facts of population distribution, and is not
the result of a prior purpose to create segre-
gation.
The Supreme Court has not made any
extended declaration of its own on this sub-
ject. It merely refused to review the decision
of the lower courts.
It has not, however, said exactly what the
Reverend Mr. King says it has-not yet, at
least.
One inference some people appear to have
drawn from the Supreme Court's 1954
opinion is erroneous in fact and mischievous
in its practical results.
The dangerous inference comes in two
parts. The first is that, since the Supreme
Court 1W held separate education to be un-
equal, integration by itself will raise the
achievement of underprivileged children to
equality with the achievement of children
of well-educated parents and stable homes.
White or black, the children of well-educated
parents will generally have an advantage over
those of illiterate parents, in any school.
The second part of the fallacy is the as-
sumption that integration, by producing
"equal" education, will by itself produce
good education. This, by itself, it will not
do. The content of the curriculum, the size
of the classrooms, the training, skill and dedi-
cation of teachers and their personal rap-
port with the children-all these things are
important. To get the best takes money,
much money.
To be sure, very exceptional children in-
spired by any influence with a determination
to improve themselves can sometimes achieve
distinction despite poor schools, poor teach-
ers, or none. Abraham Lincoln went to
school 1 year in his whole life; Thomas A.
Edison 3 months. But such self-starting
geniuses are rare.
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 'A3378
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD APPENDIX June 28, 1965
For the vast majority of us, good school-
ing is necessary if we are even to hold a
passably good job. And the outer bounds of
the physical sciences, important today not
only to ordinary industry but also to national
security, can be reached only through inten-
sive, specialized, formal education.
Fortunately, the notion that integration by
itself will make good schools seems to be
fading. Increasing emphasis is being placed
on. special teaching, as individualized as pos-
sible, to compensate for deficiencies In the
home environment. Educators, among them
Chicago's Superintendent Benjamin Willis,
are emphasing the need for preschool,
compensatory, and remedial education.
Still, the myth that integration by itself
will do everything apparently lingers on.
Otherwise how explain the total lack of
involvement of recent demonstration leaders
in Chicago in the effort to get a substantial
appropriation from the Illinois Legislature
for compensatory education? Future educa-
tion in Chicago faces a real educational crisis,
not in heaps of people blocking traffic at
State and Madison Streets, but at Springfield.
I do not recommend that hundreds of
people sprawl over the statehouse steps or
block traffic at any intersection of downtown
Springfield. The effect would be negative.
But there are dignified and appropriate
methods by which responsive 'friends of
better education can communicate with State
senators.
Even if one assumed that integration, by
itself, would produce better education, a
realistic observer would have to note the
difficulty of achieving it, totally, in other
big cities.
Washington, D.C., is a city where the school
administration interpreted the 1954 Supreme
Court decision as a call to abolish defacto
segregation as well as legal segregation.
After 11 years, its schools are the most
segregated in the Nation, outside the South.
In 1954, about half of Washington's school-
children were white, Now the proportion of
Negroes in Washington schools is about the
same as the ,proportion of Negroes in Chi-
cago's public housing--not many points away
from 100 percent and getting closer all the
time. Still, a clergyman from Washington
has participated in the recent Chicago dem-
onstrations-to teach us what?
New York tried hard, on the same principle,
with results which the Allen Commission re-
ported last summer amounted to less than
nothing. Each year the ' number of segre-
gated schools in New York grows. New
York's superintendent has been fired, and
the president of the school board has re-
signed. What next?
I consider it educationally desirable that
white and Negro children should get to know
each other. But the organization of any big
city school system so that the numbers in
every class reflect the exact racial propor-
tions of the school age population is not
merely difficult. It is plainly impossible.
Twentieth Anniversary of the United
Nations
SPEECH
OF
HON. RODNEY M. LOVE
OF OHIO
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, June 24, 1965
Although many imperfections still
exist and its effectiveness is particularly
in question now owing to disagreements
among the major powers, the United Na-
tions still remains the greatest hope
mankind has against the scourge of war.
My hope would be that the Congress
and the Nation, in our desire for peace
and justice to men everywhere, will find
expression through cooperation with one
another. The United Nations gives us
F-Y
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ABRAHAM J. MULTER
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, June 28, 1965
Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, I com-
mend to the attention of our colleagues
the following editorial from the New
York Herald Tribune of June 27, 1965.
. The Vietnamese Communists cannot
be whitewashed. Their brutality and
immorality should be obvious to all.
The editorial follows:
THE NATURE OF THE ENEMY
Those who regard war as immoral, or
American involvement in Vietnam as im-
moral, will consider the slaying of an Ameri-
can prisoner by the Vietcong and the bomb-
ing of a Saigon restaurant as a natural con-
sequence of the military actions of the
United States. But most Americans, we be-
lieve, will draw different conclusions.
War is, from its very nature, a brutal busi-
ness and revolution is more brutal still. In
South Vietnam, North Vietnam is waging
war through revolution. It should not be
forgotten that the division of Vietnam was
intended to make a rough (very rough) geo-
graphical separation of Communists and
non-Communist areas, and that many non-
Communists left their homes in the North
for sanctuary in the South. The free na-
tional elections specified in the Geneva
Treaty were rejected by the South be-
cause Communist rule in the North would
have made any countrywide "free" election a
mockery. So the North, and the Communists
still in the South, undertook to subvert the
South by propaganda and terror.
This process was well advanced before the
United States fired a shot. When it did so,
the Americans observed the rules of war; they
tried, and are trying, to attack only military
targets and to spare the civilian population
as much as is humanly possible under the
conditions. The Vietcong observe no such
inhibitions. They bomb, for shock effect, in
civilian centers, just as they terrorize the
farmers of the countryside. And when their
agents are executed for specific acts of trea-
son and terrorism, they retaliate against an
American soldier who has fallen into their
hands as a prisoner of war.
It is a curious moral obliquity which can
justify the acts of the Vietcong and find
nothing but condemnation for those of the
United States; which would have this coun-
try abandon South Vietnam to a system that
began the war with terror and proposes to
Mr. LOVE. Mr. Speaker, on this 20th unify Vietnam with terror. That is the na-
anniversary of the United Nations, I ture of the enemy we are fighting-and
should like to add my voice to those of whatever hard choices the United States may
other Congressmen in the praise of this face in southeast Asia cannot be obscured by
international organization. whitewash.
On Presidential Disability and Succession
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOHN BRADEMAS
OF INDIANA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Friday, May 28, 1965
Mr. BRADEMAS. Mr. Speaker, last
week House and Senate conferees agreed
upon a much-needed Presidential dis-
ability and succession amendment to the
Constitution. The author of this pro-
posed amendment is my distinguished
colleague from Indiana, Senator BIRCH
BAYH, who has provided outstanding
leadership in meeting this important
problem.
This week the conferees' report will
come to the floor of both houses for con-
sideration. I know that this is a matter
of serious concern to all Members of
Congress and, therefore, I, under unani-
mous consent, include in the RECORD two
editorials which appeared in the South
Bend Tribune this month: "No Time To
Stall," June 7, 1965, and "At Last" June
25, 1965:
No TIME To STALL
Both the U.S. Senate and the House of
Representatives have approved a constitu-
tional amendment dealing with presidential.
disability, but the amendment is in danger
of never reaching the States for ratification.
because the two Houses of Congress can't
agree on one small point.
At issue is the question of how long Con-
gress would be allowed to take in deciding
who is President when a Vice President chal-
lenges the right of a once-disabled President
to resume office.
The Senate version of the amendment
imposes no time limit. Senate tradition
holds unlimited debate to be an all-but-
sacred privilege and the thought of even a
constitutional deadline on any Senate de-
cision apparently appals the members of the
world's most exclusive club. The House.
which has a more practical attitude toward
debate, put a 10-day limit in its version of
the amendment.
There are reports that House conferees
are willing to stretch the limit to 21 days.
but they won't remove all limitation. And
we don't blame them. It Is hard to imagine
Congress requiring even 10 days to make
such an urgent decision as deciding whether
a President may reoccupy his office.
Such a period would be difficult enough
for the Nation to weather without congres-
sional stalling and indecision. A time limit
Is in order, and the shorter the better.
Let the Senate swallow its "unlimited de-
bate" mystique on this important issue so
that the States may get on with the business
of ratifying a vital constitutional amend-
ment.
AT LAST
The agreement of House and Senate con-
ferees on a constitutional amendment for
the determination of presidential disability
and succession is most welcome.
The agreement gives Congress 21 days to
decide the issue when the Vice President con-
tests the right of a once disabled President
to resume office. The earlier House version
of the amendment imposed a 10-day limit.
The Senate, with its strong feelings for un-
limited debate, set no limit.
It is to the credit of the Senate that it
swallowed its pride on this vital question
and accepted a time limit. Obviously, a mat-
ter of such importance to the Federal Gov-
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