JPRS ID: 9332 TRANSLATION SOVIET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY

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H'OIt 06N'ICIAI. UtiF: ONLl' -
JPRS L/9332
6 Octob~r 1 g~0 -
Transla~ion ~
SOVIET SCIENCE AND TECHN~OLOGY FOLICY
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JPRS L/9332
~ 6 October 1980
SOVIET SCIENCE aND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
This non-seri~l report c~ntains selected translations of. Russian
articles on the planniny and administration of Soviet research
and development and tize introduction of scientific achie-:~ments
into industry.
- CONTENTS
Aleksandrov's Opening, Closing Remarks at Academy of Sciences Meeting on
Econon~y
(A. P. Aleksandrov; VESTAIIK AKAI~EMII NAUK SSSR, No 5, 1980)...... 1 -
Paton Report to Academy of Sciences' Meeting on Economy
- (B. Ye. Paton; VESTNIK AKADEMII rTAUK SSSR, N~~ 5, 1980)........... 11
Vonsovskiy Report to Academy of Sciences' Meeting on Economy
(S. V. Vonsovskiy; VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, No 5, 1980)....... 20
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- a - [I - USSR - O FOUO]
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ALEKSANDFOV'S OPENING, i.LOSING REMARKS AT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES MEE'iING ON `
ECONOMY
Moscow VESTNIK EIICADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian No 5, 1980 pp 6-12, 110
[Remarks by Academician A. P, rlZeksandrov, president of the U5SR Academy
of Sciences, to the General Assembly of the USSR Academy of Sciences: "Open-
ing Remarks by tha President of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Academician
A. P. Aleksandrov" and "C~.osing Remarks by Academician A. P, Aleksandrov"]
Opening Remzrks .
[Text] Before opening the General Assembly, I would like to say that this
is not our usual fall General Assembly where we discuss scientific and
internal academy matters primarily. This meeting will be wholly directed
_ toward the examination of the tasks o� the Academy of Sciences in connection
with the deca.sions that have been made on improving planning and strengthen-
ing the influence of the economic mechanism on increasing production efficiency
. and work quality. You are acquainted with the materials of the November
(1979) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee and with the speech to the
Plenum by the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and Chairman
of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Suviet, Comrade Leonid I1'ich Brezhnev,
in which the positive aspects and existing shortcomings in the de~,*elopment
of our economy were examinad in great detai7. and with great care.
You are acquainted also with the decrees of the CPSU Central ~ommittee and
USSR Council of Ministers directed toward increasing the effectiveness of -
production.
In essence, the Academy of Sciences has received an assignment from the
Central Committee of the party and from our government t~ join in the work
of improving planning and strengthening the influence of the ec~nomic
mechanism on production efficiency.
During the last five-year plan and the period after the 25th CPSU Congress,
our economy developed steadily and intensively. Now our country has
' achieved first place in the world in many areas, setting the pace. ror
example, our output of steel has reached 150 million tous a year; this is
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significantly greater than in th~ United States of America. In a number of -
~ other key areas our country has also occupied outstanding positi.ons. We
produce more chemical fertilizers and cenent than anyone. It would seem
I that in the basic areas that determine the pace of ~conomic development, ~
we are well off. Nevertheless, we keep feeling shortages of ferrous metal~,
cement, fertilizers, and a number of other types of industrial products.
On the one hand, this is related to the high rates of growth we are planning.
But inevitably they must be high and they must grow: our social system
provides such a possibility. On the other hand, turning our attention to
cr.ief ar~as, to the volume of products being manufactured, our planning
bodies and, I would say, our science is insufficiently concerned about pro- _
viding the economy with the kind of structure under whic:~ hoth raw materials
and the products of industry and agriculture can be utilized with maximum
effectiveness. The lack of effectiveness in utilizing raw materials and
industrial products and great w~.stes i.x~ the economy are related to the fact
that we have given too little attention to the policy of economical expen-
diture of energy resources, mineral resources, and, in general, all t}~pes
of raw materials as well as agricultur~l products.
_ Here essential changes are required and, to bring about these essential -
changes, it is imperative that scientific organizations be actively included _
in the work on increasing labor effectiveness in our industry and agriculture.
A year ago the USSR Academy of Sciences together with the Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, the USSR Ministry of Agriculture and other ministriEs
and agencies conducted a special session devoted to agriculture. It must
be stated that this session brought significant positive results: a large
amount of work is being done the corresponding programs. Yt will be
possible to become acquainted with these results later in more detail. The
present session of the General Assembly of. the Academy of Sciences is _
- directed toward iuore precisely determing the sensitive places in the economy
where it is necessary to correct the p~-oportions, to improve technology, and
to direct industrial efforts toward th~ groduction of necessary quantities
of those materials that will help rais~ the c~ualit~~ of basic indiistrial
groducts. These are, for example, alloy materials for metallurgy, means for -
protecting metals and structures from corrosion, and so fort~. Such is
the task of this session of the General Assembly.
It would be very good if we could hear from members of our academy who
coop~rate closely with the various branches of the economy. In my intro- ~
ductory remarks I will try to provoke same of our comrades to speak.
I w~.ll apeak about a situati.on that sometimes takPS place in industry and
I will show this in an example from ferrou~ metallurgy.
I have already stated that although we have an enormous production of
sreel we do not use it effectively enough. Why? First of all, because of
direct loss from corrosion, which constitutes annually about 15 million
tons of steel. This huge loss is caused by inEUfficient proteci.ion of steel -
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from corrosive processes in salt water, in air environment, and in other
types of hostile environments. If we add indirect losses, their total level
alm~st doubles; that is, about 20 percent of the steel we produce we lose
just because of corrosive processes. By applying measures for lowering
- corros~.on loss, without any especially large expenditures, we could lower
this figure from 15 to 5 million tons. This would be very substantial,
because the deficit in ferrous metals is now about 10 million tons.
The shortness of service life of steel structures and machines because of
corrosion, naturally, not only requires the i�:.~~rea.se in the scale of produc-
tion of steel, structures, and machines, but also correspondingly increases .
the burden on machine building caracities, steel smelting and rolling
equipment, and moreover it substantially increases the expenditures of fuel.
It is necessary to devalop means on a broad scale which rationalize the ~
utilization of inetal and which increase the service life of inetal goods.
We are speaking not only of protection from corrosion, but also of improving
ttie wear resis~ance, the heat resistance, and other characteristics on which :
_ depends the service life of machines, mechsnisms, and structures. Are there
such means? Yes, chey are well known. Thi~ is continually being discu~sed
at var~ous types of conventions and meetings. `1'he main thing is that we -
have the capabilities in our hands for their realization, and witY~ :.he aid
of comparatively small expenses.
The Academy of Sciences was included in the project for developing powder
metallurgy for the protection of inetals from corrosion, for increasing
machine resources, for protection from corrosive cracking, for increasing
wear and tieat resistance, and so forth, The application of these means fully -
wi11 have great signi�icance. P~wder co,rerings can protect structures for
20 to 25 years and expand machine resources by a factor of from 2 to 5.
Of c~urse, we are speaking of prolonging machine resources and structures
to their optimum length of lif.e, that is, to obsolescence.
In our machine building, the majority oF inachines are less khan optimum in
number, so here i.s a la:ge field for activity. Prolonging ttieir service
life 47111 llOi: oniy in.crease the effectiveness oP metal utilization, but will
also lead to great savings in ehpenditures for the development of '-.he
machine-buj.lding sector. Increasing the service life of machines by a factor
of from 3 to 5 woiild be the equivalent of incre2sing machine-building capacity
by tixe samr. am~~i~nt .
Activi.ty by the Academy of Sciences in this direction has still not brought
about satisf:actox�y real results, but they are contemplated. May I give you
an exampJ.e: in. a n.umber. of. fields, developments by the Academy of. Sciences,
ministerial ins~itut~es, and, basically, the "Tulachermet" association closely
tied to them, wher.e c:nis effort i.s directed by Corresponding Member
A. I. Manokhim of the USSR Academy of Sc:Lences, are providing substantial
results. The application of protective coverings have yielded an increase
in work life of such vulnerable structures as nozzles and loading devices
for blast f~t~rnaces. Coverings For pipes in the fire zone of steam boilers
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has led to a resource increase of a factar of from 2 te 4, and this has -
not only led to a saving in metal but has also decreased the dawn-time of
equipment and electric stations, This was also demonstrated i~i the protec-
tion from corrosion of component, of looms working in an acid environment
and in a number of other fields. In experimental procedures, good results
have been achieved by applying coverings for increased service life to heavy
trucks working in quarries.
Thus, this work is progr~ssing. Now, in Belorussia, in Minsk, through our
understanding with the Ministry of ~Iigher and Secondary Specialized Educatic:i
of the republic (which I consider very important), joint work in powde~: -
technology is also developing. In ihis, we are trying tc create an inter-
agency organization which would introduce all of these new methods into all
branches of industry. Through the understa*~ding with this republic ministry,
the following collective is being formed: the Instxtute of Problems of
Machine Reliability and Longevity of the Belorussian Academy of Sciencps,
the Physico-Technical Institute of the Belorussian Academy of Sciences,
and the Institute for Powder Metallurgy of the republic Ministry of Higher
- and Secondary Specialized Education, which was organized on the basis of
the laboratory for powder metallurgy of the Minsk Polytechnical Institute.
- This is a rather powerful organization which has already begun its operation -
and which has attractf:d the attention of party and Soviet management in
8el~russia. ' ?is has decisive significance.
A special tr:~.p to Tula was organized for familiaxization w:L~h variaus aspects
of this work (I was a participant in the trip). The following individuals
traveled to Tu13: P. M. Masherov, candidate member of the Politburo of
� the CPSU Central Committee and first secretary of the Belorussian Communist
Party Central Committee; A. N. Aksenov, chairman of the Belorussian Council
of Ministers; N. A. Borisevich, presideLzt of the Be1c~~~Gsian Academy of
Sciences; secretaries of the Belorussian Communist Party Central Committee; '
and a representative of Gospian. These individuals became acquair~ted with
the projects first hand and evaluated their significance for the development
of industry and for raising the quality of production. I hope that this
_ will lead to rapid development of powder tecl-~nology ir~ Belorussia.
A large amount of work in this direction has developed in the Ukraine. The _
institute directed by Academician V. T_. Trefilov of the L'krainian Academy
of Sciences is conducting work on the technology of making powers and pre-
paring pressed articles from them. But for the application of powders for
surface alloying and for the creation of the necessary apparatus, work is
being conducted at the instit:txte headed by Academician B. Ye. Paton. This
- work, apparently, is developing satisfactorily; it is in good hands.
Analagous work has begcin to develop in the Siberian Department of the USSR
Academy of Sciences. I was there a few days ago. Together with Academician
G. I. Marshak I ca.me to the opin~ior. that in tY~e Siberian Department these
prajects have reached a relatively high tempo and here we are finding the
right path. .
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Pro~ects have begun in Sverdlovsk, where they are headed by our Institute
' of the Physics of Metals. Of course, the scale of these pro,jects is sti~l
not commensurable with indus~.rial pro,jects, but nevertheless a rather large
- specialized laboratory is already operating there and, evidently, the
operation will be developing.
It has been decided to r~rganize the production of iron powders and high-quality
iron and alloy powders for which electric energy fr~m atomic electric stations
will b~ utilized. We have ores of unusually high quality, dnd t~ie super-
concentration of this ore has been attempted in the production of powders.
_ The powders made have been of a high grade, which today our industry has
still not achiever; and which we buy only in small quantities from abroad.
- The construction of a nuclear-metallurgical combine will be the harbinger -
of the direct utilization of nuclear energy in technology. ~
The soluti~n of the task of increasing rhe service of life of machines and
skructures by a factor of 2 to 5 is the fundamental task of inetallurgy and
machine building, and it is the duty of the academy to participate in its
solution.
I shall speak of another example in the field of ferrous metallurgy. ~aenty-
five years ago our scientists and metaylurgical engineers developed the
mear.s for continuous steel casting. This was a way to conserve metal. If
casting is not condx~cted by the continuous casting method, and the stock is
poured off, it is then necessary to cast significantly more metal because
the upper part of the casting is porous, with shrinkage cavities, and it
_ must be cut off; and this i4 about a quarter of the weight of the casting.
This metal is immediately put back into the cyc~e again. Consequently, it
is r.ecessary to consume fuel for re-heating. Continuous casting is the
correct idea, for it shortens the internal cycle of the metal, and as it
save~ an appreciable quantity of fuel, it is naturally an advantage from
the energy standpoint. .
But what has happened? In due course, this capability o� ours was highly
valuad and the decision was ado}~ted th3t all new metallurgi~al enterprises _
were obligated to create plants for continuous casting. Various modifica-
tions of such plants were developed. Now, in the USSR, at all new
enterprises systems have been created :for rontinuous steel casting. And
' still we cast only 10 percent of the steel by this method. Foreign firms
Uoaght licenses frcm us for this process, and now various cauntries and
firms make from 20 to 60 percent of their steel by the continuous casting
method. But we make 10 percent. Even though we proposed this process.
Now, new variants of this process have been developed which permit its
organization at operating enterprises raith relatively minor expense. ~f
course, this technology must be introduced rapidly; it will aid the rational
expenditure of inetal and the saving of fuel.
And sti_11 on the subject of ferrous metallurgy. Th3.s is addressed not to
techr.ical people, but to economists. This is the fact that ferrous ~
metallurgy does not pro~uce at all the broad assortment of rolled metal
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that it ought to produce. Press equipment permits the preparation cf ~
' components by methods that are practically waste-free or involve little
waste. Meanwhile, the existing structure of slwp equipment leads to the
loss of about 8 million tons of inetal a year in shavings. This is about a =
fourth of the metal being used by m:~chine-building sectors of the economy.
It is the academy organizations that should r.ave done thorough economic
analysis to achieve a change in the structure of the machine tool stock
- in operation, thereby helping to reduce the expenditure of fuel and to
eliminate unnecessary reprocessing of inetal.
Finally, it would probably be correct for the Academy of Sciences and its _
economic institutes to examine in a more complex fashion the problems of
metal supply for the whole country, after determining the rational balance
= of nonferrous metals and plastics, and also the problems o� rational
geographical distribution of capacities.
Our machines ard structures are oftei~ too heavy: we still use welded
construction relatively little in place of casting, although in the technol-
' ogy of welding, thanks to B. Ye Paton, we occupy an advanced place in the
world. We little use heat-strengthened metal, and this again leads to
overexpenditure.
Rationalization in this field is an extremely important matter for our country.
I would be very grateful to Academician A. I. Tselikov if he would speak
here. It would also be very good to hear from the director of "Tulachermet"
and director of our Institute of Metallurgy, Corresponding Member of the
USSR Academy of Scicnes, A. I. Manokhin. They are making a large contxibu-
t3.on to the improvement of the metallurgical industry.
Now, I will turn to other problems,the solution of which also depends on us
to a significant degree.
- You know--and this was noted at the session of the Gex~eral Assembly devoted
to problems in the development of agriculture--that, although we produce
the largest quantity of mineral fertilizers in the world, we pay li~tle
attention to the growth in output of herbicides and other means of plant
protection. Thi~ leads to the result that the volume of labor in our
agriculture is nc,t being reduced at the needed rate, and the effectiven~ss
of fertilizers is being reduced because of their cons~umption bw weeds.
The production of ineans for plant protection should equal from 5 to 10
percent of the quantity o~ fertilizers. It is natural that the industry
is occupied with the production of such an enormous quantity of fertilizers,
for that is where the basic capital investment goes. Production of the -
means for plant protection--with little prestige--receives insufficient
attention, and because of this, much fertilizer is expended for naught. It -
would be interesting to hear the opinion on this subject from the leading
special~:st in the field of agricultural chemicalization, Academician
S. I. Vol'fkovich.
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We have othe~ areas or little prestige that sometimes remain outside the
bounds of interest of agencies and outside the bounds of Gosplan's attention.
For example, medic.ines. In many instances we buy medicines from abroad,
- and this is completely un~justified, because tfie le~el of development of
- the corresponding fields of chemistry and microbiology is substantially
higher here than in those countries from whom we buy the medicines. It iE -
the same way with reagents, means for anaJ.~sis, and other products of
_ small-quantity production.
Such types of problems require much attention from the Academy of Sciences. "
Explanation of the significance of these problems and assistance in organi-
zing correspondirg plants and in assircildting progressive technology, it
seems to me, can lead to our making substantial contribution to the develop- -
ment of our economy and to the improvement of its structure.
Now I would like to turn your attention to certain aspects of the program
for developing the productive forces of Siberia that were proposed by USSR
Gosplan to the Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences. -
This program is very interesting and has improtant significar.ce. However,
it seems to me that the Academy, not only the Siberian Department but the
Academy as a whole, and the Academy of Agricultural Sciences still have not
determined the ways to solve some of the most important t~sks. There is the
opinion that to increase the productivity of Siberian agriculture we must
inc;ease the area under cultivation. Without denying the important signifi-
cance of inereasing tt~e area under cultivatiun, it is evident that, first
of all, we ought to try to increase the production of agricultural products
per hectare of land already under cultivation; this is significantly more
achievable. The harvest of grains in Siberia is now around 1,100 kilograms ~
per hectare. Laiid in the cultivated areas of Siberia are roughly similar
to those in the Baltic Area and Belorussia. Some time ago in Belorussia
the yield also was 900 to 1,100 kilograms per hectare. Party organs c:f the
republic gave a large amount ot attention to agriculture and just ir, the
last 10 years the yield in the Belorussian SSR has been raised to 27,60~
kilograms per hectare, that is, almost to the level of the Baltic Area and
- the Ukraine.
Such a solution is also possible in Siberia--there, already, there are a
- number of farms where steady yields up to 30,000 kilograms per hectarQ are
- achieved and, according to initial data, these far~?s are not particularly
outstanding either in land or in work force. In them, the administration
is civiliz ed and responsible; in them, there is ehcellent self-discipline
and there are few losses. It is a matter of people, of self-discipline,
and conscientious work!
Should we not, while increasing the area of cultivation, turn special -
attention to raising output per hectare and to diffusing the experience
of the bes t farms? This could have great economic signific~nce, The example
of Belorussia is before our eyes. And here the opinion of the Academy of
Sciences, of economists, is important: which variant to implement, where
and how much investment is needed, and not some time in the f~ture, but
right in the coming fivE-year plan. The time is now coming to make these
proposals.
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The second problem on Siberia is that there is a sharp lack of protein in
- the feed balance. There are two possible ways to solve this task. One
alternative is to increase the groduc~ion of plant proteins, but this requires
planting legumes and soy, and these can be grown well only in Amurskaya
Oblast and in the southern part of Krasnoyarskiy Kray--these are the two
regions where good yields can be counted on. The other alternative is to _
develop the production of microbiological proteins by utilizing methane
from local natural gas; now, in the institute headed by Academician
- G. K. Skryabin, jointly with the microbiological industry, such technology
has been developed. This would be a rational utilization of gas near the
place of extraction as, for example, in Toms'~caya Oblast. Now, good outputs
of protein are being achie~ed from methane. But microbiological protein _
can be achieved not only from methane, but also from methanol or from ethyl
spirits which, in turn, can be obtained from natural gas, condensate, or
from wood wastes that are now uselessly burned in wood cutting areas. This
problem also must be solve~ on the basis of economic analysis. Such analysis
- up to now has not been done. It is necessary to do it and I call Siberian
economists' attention to it.
You well understand that we r~ave rather a large number of such problems and
I consider that the Academy of Sciences, through careful development, must
influence the decisions of Gosplan and make corresponding proposals to the
USSR Council of Ministers and to the CP~U Central Committee, the better to
promote increased effectiveness of our economy.
I shall speak of still ano~her matter that much disturbs me. At one time,
on the basis of developments by the Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute
and the All-union Electrotechnical Institute, proposals were made for a
direct current transmission line. This electric transmission line was
already well proven and has a large ~xperimental background. Since these
proposals were made, the Ministry of Power and Electrification and the
Ministry of Power Machine Building have conducted further improvements in
the transf~rmer equipment which have reduced losses and have lowered the
cost of such lines.
The dtrect current electric transmission line from Ekibastuz to Moscow should _
have been constructed, but its construction was delayed for reasons that are
not understood. No means whatsoever were allotted to it. And now attempts -
are beino made to find a way out of the situation by forming short~r segments
of alternating current line. But there is a strong need for introducing a
dire~t current line into our energy system: it would substantially increase
the ~tability of the whole energy system. This is precisely the significance
that the Ekibastuz-Moscaw direct current line had. It was looked upon as
the first line for obtaining large-scale engineering experience so that it
could be further disseminated to an electric transmission line in the Kansk-
Achinsk Basin. This is a serious matter and, if we put off the construction
ot a direct current line now, we will fall into a rather s~rious situation
in the future. It is very important that Comr.ade L. I. Brezhnev, at the
November (1979) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, called attention to
the intolerable delay in implementing the decision on the construction of
this line. It seems t~ me that the Academy of Sciences must take this firm
position. It would be good if Academician V. M. Tuchkevich, director of the
Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute, would address this issue.
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I have touche~i on only a few of the large number of problems, but you can
well imagine that they do not cover the fields in which our economy awaits
assistance from the Academy of Sciences. I would ask that all departments
of the Academy, the affiZiates, and the republic academies strengthen work
directed toward aiding industry and the whole economy. It is especially
important to hasten the development of those fields in which our science
- and industry are excessively dependent on supplies from abroad. I can -
absolutely decisively state that tfiere is no field of science, engineering,
or technology which we are not capable of developing ourselves at a fully
modern level. And the solution of this is the important and ncble task of
all sc.ientific coilectives.
It wouid be very desirable if our comrades that are concerned with to~ics
or other branches of industry, and especially economists, would speak here
so that we could more ~-ully formulate the decisions of the meeting.
Permit me to open this session of the General Assemi,ly.
~losing Remarks
It seems to me that our meeting has been very interesting. Many important
considerations and practical proposals were stated and, particularly, in -
my opinion, the thought was very important on the necessity for strengthening
the utilization af economic levers for improving the structure and raising
= the effectiveness of our economy. This is one of the chief tasks that was
well and clearly formulated.
The exchange of opinions showed that we have real and achievable possibilities
for sub:.tantially aiding our economy and raising its effectiveness. And I
call upon those who have made one or another proposal here, dnd our depart-
ments and institutes, to give special attention to this and to prepare
programs for the realization of their proposals. By the way, it seems to
me that work in one or anotherf.ieldof science is the responsibility not
only of academician-secretaries of departments but of all Academy members,
because the people chosen to be members of the Academy are precisely the
= 1_eading sci~ntists in d~fini.te fields of science. Therefore, I ask that _
all members of the Academy actively join in the developme:~t of these programs.
Until now, the world economy and world economics in general have not felt
shortages of raw nat:~rial resources. In any event, if this danger did arase
somewhere, it was not decisive and only in some particular instances did it
put any pressure on economics and politics in some or another direction.
:Zow, for the first time, the mo~t powerful Western countries have fallen
i.nto a very heavy general energy crisis, National reserves of many types
of raw materials tiave become very limited in industrially advanced countries.
in general, a very tense economic situation has come about, which could
lead to all sorts o� excesses and to any kind of attempt to contro3. sources
cf energy resources and raw mlterials. At the same time, our country finds
it~elf in a favorable positaor~: we have sufficient resources of our own.
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- As a result of the energy crisis now thruughout the world, the tempo of -
economic. develo~ment is retarding, but we do not need to all.ow such retarda-
tion of tempo in our country's development. We have no basis for retardation.
We need relatively uncomplicated organizational measures to ir_crease the
tempo of development, and we scientists to a great degree are responsible
to see that measures be proposed for the economy that are more economical
and more achievable in form. I ask our institutions not to lose time but -
to concentrate all their efforts on this direction as responsibly as _
possible.
We must prepare concrete, economically weighed programs which, jointly with
the State Committee for Science and Technology, we will need to bring about
as rapidly as possible.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka," "Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR," 198C~
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UDC 001.83(477)~-669.1
PATON REPORT TO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES' MEETING ON ECONOMY
Moscow VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian No 5, 1980 pp 50-57
[Report by Acad~mician B. Ye. Paton, president of the Ukrainian Academy
of Sciences, to the General Assembly of the USSR Academy of Sciences:
"Science and Production"]
[Text] The 25th CPSU Congress designated the all-out hastening of scientific
and technical progress as one of the central problems of the Soviet economy
at the preaent stage of development. It is here that great potential lies -
for increasing the effectiveness of civil production and quality of work `
in all of the sectors of communist construction.
The decree of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers
"On Improving Planning and Strengthening the Influence of the Economic
Mechanism on Increasing Production Efficiency and Work Quality," enacted in
fulfillment of the decisions of the Congress, orients the workers of science
toward accelerated realization in the economy of scientific and technical
_ discoveries and developments that are directed toward raising the growth
rate of labor productivity and quality of products.
~he solution of these tasks is inseparably linked witY: the broadening and
deeper~ing, first of all, of fundamental research, al~ng with the further
development of applied research, and also experimental, planning, and design
work.
- It is fundamental research that establishes the scientific base for technical ~
progress, for advancement forward along the entire front of science, and
for raising production to a new qualitative level. It is therefore under-
standable that the party has given so much attention to the development of
such research.
The whole history of the developu:ent of science convincingly demonstrates
that the most revolutionary changes in engineering, technology, and
economics takes place on the basis of fundamental research. This research
shows the way for practical exploitation of the most profound and general
laws of nature. It is not regulated strictly by the demands of the day
but warks toward the :future.
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Thus, the study of the structure of the ztomic nucleus, leading to the
discovery of thermonuclear synthesis and disintegrative chain reaction, _
gave mankind conceptually new sources of energy. Fundamental research on
radiospectroscopy of gases has led to t~e appearance of optical-range lasers.
Their application has introduced revolutionary changes in a number of
technolog:ies .
Scientists of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences are giving a large amount ,
of attention to the development of fundamental research. Projects fulfilled
by them in recent years have -resulted in the creation of large scientific
works as well as important discov~ries. Their results have made possible
the explanation of many phenomena of nuclear fission, the attainment of
conceptually new states of matter with predetermined characteristics, the
deciphering of the str~cture of complex chemical compounds, the creation
" of certain scientific nreconditions for the control of heredity and ' -
variability of living organisms, and others,
Applied research and technological development are a necessary link which
- ties science to technology and production. Their significance consists of
the search for the sk~ortest and moat rational wa.ys to utilize the laws of
the objective world that have been apprehended by fundamental science.
This research represents an important factor in transforming science into
a direct productive force. Precisely here lie the foundation and general
outlines of the technology of the future.
Applied research unites information flowing both from fundamental sciences _
and from production and engineering. In the process of this research the
information is transformed and refined into applied knowledge, which becomes
the immediate basis for the development of new technologica.l solu~ions and
- new forms for organizing production.
Under present conditions, fundamental and applied research are drawing
closer to one another. The establishn,ent of an optimum relationship
between them is one of the most important tasks of planning in the field of
science.
On the basis of applied science achievements, engineering and technological
prototypes are developed and their introduction into production is begun.
. During the developmental sta~e, science is directly united with engineering
- and is embodied in it, and neur engineering and technology are included in
production. Because of its special characteristics, development is a very
complicated and laborious lir_k in the system of science-engineering-production.
On it directly depends progress in the production of new types of products. -
- An indicator of the functional effectiveness of the system science-engineering- _
production is the tiaie during which discoveries and the achievements of
fundamental and especially applied research become property of production.
The tendency toward shortening this segment of time is quite obvious. Today
it is not centuries and not even decades but a few years that separate many
fundamental discoveries from their introduction into production. For example ~
whereas from the time of the discovery of radio and electron tubes until
their assimilation into production it was more than 30 years, less than 3
years elapsed from the creation to the practical application of solar
batteries and masers.
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But things do not always happen this way. As experiencQ shows, with the
current swift progress of productive forces, the len~;th of life of new '
engineering and technology does not exceed 6 to 8 years. After this they
become obsolescent. This is roughly also the lifetime of technical ideas. ~
- If the later are not realized during this time, as often still happens,
technica? innovation is significantly retarded. Hence arises the urgent
_ necessity for finding the forms of relationships between science and
_ production that will substantially shorten the time from the birth of an
idea to its practical embodiment.
The Ukrainian Academy of Sciences gives a large amount of attention to
questions relating to the hastening of the utilization of the results of
~ scientific research in the practice of co~munist construction and to the
search for new and improved existing forms of relationships with production.
The efforts of scientific collectives are dire~ted toward the further
broadening of applied research and development, the creation of conceptually
new technology on the basis of fundamental achievements, and their rapid
- transfer to the economy.
In this work, we proc~:ed from the decree of the 25th CPSU Congress in that
the practical introduction of new scientific i.deas into production is today
= as important a task as their development.
In the Ukrainian Academy r~f Sciences there are many examples where the
- results of profound scientifi~ search for important technological solutions
have been xealized.
Thus, the study of kinetics and the mechanism of the processes of liquid-
metal and slag melting and the properties of substances in a wide range of
temperatures and in various sets of conditions, even including plasmas,
has r.esiilted in the development of electroslag technology, which has
received worldwide recognition, This technology has become the basis for
the creation of such special production processes as electroslag remelting,
casting, welding, and fusing and has given rise to a new branch of industry--
special electrometallurgy.
Highpressures have a powerful infiuence on the physical, chemical, and
= mechanical parameters of matter. Their utilization has opened up broad
opportunities for creating new materials with unique combinations of
properties and for studying many important processes and phenomena relating
to solids .
On the basis of research done at the Institute of High Pressure Physics of
the USS R Academy of Sciences, the scientists of our academy have developed
the technology for the synthesis of diamonds and cubic nitride of boron
authorized for industrial production at many specialized plants. Instru-
ments and other items prepared through their application are permitting a
~ substantial increase in labor productivity and a sharp improvement in the
quality of products .
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Research on the realtionship between electronic structure, chemical and
phase composition, and physical-technical parameters of matter have created
the conditions for making materials with predetennined characteristics,
Technologies have been developed in the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences :in
cooperation with scientists of other ministries and agencies of the cou,*ry,
for obtaining highly plastic refractory metals--molybdenum, chrome, beryllium,
and a whole range of heat-strengthened alloys and super-hard materials with
� high technological parameters. These technologies, widely being used by
industry in our coL*~try, substantially exce~d those abroad.
The study of the basic laws of the di~persed state of matter and surface _
; phenomena has created scientific possibilities for attaining various forms
' of dispersion systems. In particular, a new technology has been developed
for pneumatic dispersion. Its application has provided substantial improve-
ment in the technolog~ for the production of glue compositions for printing,
which is extremely necessary for the economy, coverings for artificial
leather and film, polishing compositions for optical electronic devices,
- carriers for biologically active compounds, and fi~lers for polymers.
The theory of digital automatic machines and algorithms, which was developed
by our scientists, provided for the creation of a conceptually new indigenous
technology for producing means for mathematical support for computing tech-.~
nology, which permits the replacement of individual work of programmers with
an industrial process for creating whole classes of programs.
The results of fundamental research done by the Ukrair~ian Academy af Sciences
in creative cooperation with the USSR Academy of Sciences, republic academies
~ uf sciences, and ministerial scieatific research establishments, permitted
the creation of more than 300 new technologie.s of various level and scales
just from 1974 to 1978. The introduction of these technclogies provided
and increase in the level of inechanization and automa.tion oE productive
processes, the quality and reliability of products, a decrease in the amounts
of materials used, and helped in the improvement of the environment.
_ Acknowledgement of the high level of the technologie3 being created at the
Ukrainian Academy of Sciences is the sale of 42 licenses for them in -
industrially developed countries. _
In orienting natural-science and technical insti~utes toward the development
of fundamental research as a.ba~is for the newest technology, we understand
- that this basis may be the fundamental researcfi and discoveries of other
organizatiuns. Fundamental scientific ac?~ievements, as a rule, become
public property. They can an.d must be used for creating conceptually new
technologies. It is known that from the scientific or the scientific-
technical point of view, this work at times is more complicated than some
fundamental research.
Organizational measures in developing a technological plan are invariably
strengthened by corresponding financing and provision of supplies and
equipment. We strive to effect a financing policy that favors the maximum
development of progressive technology. Although we make optimum distribution
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' of state allotments for science, we also attract funds from interested
ministries and agencies. This hastens the creative process, especially
- the introduction of ~onceptually new technologies into production, and
h~lps bring science closer to production. -
2he presidium of our academy constantly gives a large amount of attentiori
also to providing scientific institutions with modern exper~mental facilities,
instruments, machines, and necessary materials as an effective factor in
further increasing the ef.fectiveness of fundamental research and rapid
- realization of scientific results in highly effective progressive technologies.
Enterprises with an experimental-production base have a large role in
creating the conditions for developing fundamental research, in insuring a -
high degree of folloar-through in applied developments, and in bringing them
up to the production level.
In our opinion, only with the aid of auch a base can fundamental science -
really be developed, can its ties with industry be s~rengthened, can its
achievements in new technologiPs be realized in greater output and, in the
final analysis, can scientific-technical progress be significantly speeded
up.
The Ukrainian Academy of Sciences utilizes vazious forms of ties with industry '
for the transfer of new fiechnologies to the economy: participation in pro-
jects provided for by state plans for the economic and social development of -
tne country and the republic; the fulfillment of decrees by directive bodies
which have prepared on academy initiatl~~e; the organ~zation o.f ,joint work
- by the academy with separate republican and national ministxies according
to complex plans for scientific research and innovation; the conduct of
projects for associations and large enterprises according to comglex
scientific-technical programs; the organization of laborato~ie.s for branches
o� the economy; and agreements with enterprises for socialist cooperation.
The broadening ~f creative cooperati~n between academy institutions and
ministries ancl agencies is an important factor in raising the technical
level of corresponding branches of industry and of the indicators of their
economic activity.
_ In light of the measures laid down by the party and government for improving _
planning and strengthening the influence of the ecor.omic mechanism on
increasing production efficiency and work quality, we should dwell a bit on
the important tasks that face scientists in such leading branches of industry
as metallurgy and machine building.
' As is known, these are the foundation of our economics. We are all acquainted
with the successes and achievements in these branches. In recent years our
country has firmly held world leadership in the production of pig iron, steel,
and rolled metal. The Soviet Union has equipped the world's largest metal-
lurgical systems: super-capacity blast furnaces, unique complexes for
smelting and continuous casting of oxygen-blown converter steel, and modern -
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rolling mil~s. We mine more iron o_e and coking coal, magnesium, and
chrome ore than any other country. The production of machinery is growing
from year to year. Tfiese are the quantitative indicators of our economy
in these fielCS. Unfortunately, the qualitative cfiarac~pristics are not -
_ always favorable.
For each ton of rolled metal w~ use almost 1.5 tons of sr.eel, whereas in
the U.S. it is about 1.3, and in Japar~, even 1.2. Our as~ortment of rolled
metsl suffers a serious defect: *_he very small proportion of ho~-rolled
- and cold-rolled sheet steel.
= The Soviet Union, althougr the birth place of continuous steel casting,
unfortunately seriously lags a number of other countries in the application
of this progressive technology. Next year, the proportion of steel poured
into continuous casting macfiines will reach about 11 percent of the stock
_ in this country, while in the Federal Republic of Germany more than one-
third of all steel was poured using this technology and in Japan, about
41 percent. We still have insufficient production of shaped hot-rolled
, and cold-pressed pipe, heat-treated rolled metal, sheet steel with metallic
and polymer coverings and so forth.
For some years, I have been participating in the work of a sp~cially created
group of scientists and specialists who are authorized annuallv to conduct
an analysis of the status and plans of future ferrous metallurgy development.
In our conclusions we frequently pointed out that questions relating to
the productio~i of pig iron, steel, and rolled metal must be examined not
independen~ly, not in isolation, but in very close relationship with the
problem of inetal consumption. -
We cannot expand the production of steel without any restraint nor can we
travel the route of. extensive development. We must persistently pursue the
pazh of optimum, more rational utilization of the products of ferrous
metallurgy in metal-consuming branches of the economy, especially iz~ machine
building, ~ut also in industrial and transport construction.
_ We cannot help being disturbed, for example, that during the last decade
the coefficient of rolled steel utilization in machine building stabilized
at a level of about 0.7 and there are no signs of its improving. Today, we
produce substantially less finished products from each ton of inetal than
does the U.S., Japan, or the Federal Republic of Germany, The x.easons for
this alarming phenomenon are well known. On the one hand, they are related
to the unsatisfactory structure for producing metal products, including also
those of nonferrous metallurgy (it is clear to us, for example, that there
is insufficient rolled aluminum), and on the other hand, they are related to
the serious lag in preparational production for machine building. We have _
too great a volume of inechanical processing. The quantity of shavings during
the last 10 years has grown by a factor of 1.5 and now exceeds 8 million
tons a year. In this connection, there is quite an insufficient volume o�
forge-press processing, which differs significantly from shop processing in
having less metal losses. Meanwhile, from year to year we have growing
production of inetai-cutting machine tools; at the same time, we do not have
enough forge-pres~ equipment.
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If very energetic measures are not taken toward bas~c improvQment in the
structure of preparational production in machir.e building on the basis of
the newest wear-resistent and wear-prc~of techno~ogies, we are not satisfying
t~e needs of the economy for metal.
It is necessary also to state that in developed capital~stic countries, the
output of steel casting is constantl~� going down in relation to the production
of rolled steel.
In Italy, for example from 1960 to 1974 the ratio of steel casting output
to the production of rulled metal decreased f�rom 1.3 to 0.8 percent, and
in 1976 already was 0.6 percent.
Analogous tendencies are characteristic also for other countries, including
the U.S., although there the structure of inetal consumption is improving
more slowly than, for example, in Japan and the Federal Republic of Germany.
Unfortunately, in our country the share of steel casting is exorbitantly
great, which er.tails an un~ustifiably larger loss of inetal.
The decree of the party and government that we are discussing opena new
possibilities for our whole economy. The duty of materials scientists and
economists is to take a very active creative part in realizing these
possibilities. It should be noted tbat scientists have already actively
participated in working out the basic lines of development of a riumber of
very important branches of the country's economy up to 1990 and up to 200Q,
including prospects for the development of ferrous metallurgy. Envisaged
are the further improvement of the assortment of ferrous metals and improve-
ment in their quality and in the characteristics of interest to the consumers,
which will provide a fuller and mor.e effective utilization of inetals. -
_ Such a path in the development of the metallurgir..31 industry will provide
the possibility of lowering the relative expenditure of inetal at all
stages of allocation and of reduc~ng capital investment in the extraction
~ of raw materials and fuel.
Outlined for the period up to 1990 is a significant broadening of the more '
economical, heat-resistant types of finished rolled metal, including that
from alloy and low-alloy steel, and also with various coverings. There wiZl
be aii increase in the varieties of shaped, bent, a~d thin-walled types,
~aide-bar beams, calibrated steel, cold-rolled ribbon and draran wire.
The most important trend in improving the quality of carbon steel for
general purgo~es will be the improvement of its uniformity and purity,
_ degree of surfa^e finishing, and precision of geometric measurements�.
Rolled metal from such steel will bP sugplied with consideration of the
consumers' requirements for proces~ automation, which will permit reduction
in the expenditure of inetal and increase in the eifectiveness of production -
in the metal-using branches of the economy.
Industry will assimilate several hundred new grades of steel and alloys.
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Special attention will be given to the more progressive means of producing
steel, particularly to smelting in electro-slag, vacuum-arc, vacuum-induction,
_ electron-beam, and plasma furnaces.
The quantity of rolled metal from metal made by special electrometallurgical
methods will increase by a factor of abcut three.
But if we are speaking of economic utilization of inetal, then we must
strengthen the work of academy institutions in creating, on.the basis of _
, fundamental theoretical and experimental research, conceptually new tech-
_ nologies for obtaining and forming metal stock with~ optimum predetermined
characteristics. Before us stands serious and heavy work in creating a new
system of planning the production of. metal products which will be devoid
of large defects peculiar to such criteria, f or example, as weight and cost
in evaluating production output. Probably, a good way of accounting for
actual consumption values of products would be to introduce a plan indicator `
' such as the coefficient of inetal utilization or the degree to which steel
is replaced by nonmetallic materials, aluminum, composition board, and so
forth.
Success in this important national state matter depends to a significant
degree on the achievements of indigenous science, on the operability of
introducing the results of fundamenta~. research into production, and on
their realization in progressive technological processes and new technology.
Existing technological developments by the USSR Academy of Sciences,
republican academies, and ministerial institutes already now permit the ~
beginning of an engineering and technological rearmament of certain branches
of inetallurgy. This will be done by reconstructing and modernizing enter-
pLises, by putting into operation new powerful metallurgical plants and -
replacing obsolescent technology, and also by fuller utilization of
production capacfties and improvement in the structure of production. _
At the sa~ne time, scientists muat 3evelop and introduce conceptually new
progressive processes into metallurgy. It is time to undertake intensive
deveiopment of direct recovery of iron from iron-ore concentrates and
further new reconversions of it. The development of an industry for direct
recovery is appropriate today because of the curtailment in production of
coking coal, successes with mine-concentration techniques, and for a number
of other reasons. Ihe method of direct recovery requires significai~i.ly less
capital investment and at the same time permits achieving steel with minimum
content of h~rmful impurities. It is necessary that by 1990 the productivity
of direct recovery plants reach the productivity of blast furnaces: 8 to -
10 thousand tons of raw meta3 a day.
In conclusion, please let me speak briefly on the question of powder
metallurgy. L. I. Brezhnev, speaking at the Novemenber (1979) Plenum of the
CPSU Central Committee, stressed the necessity ~or faster and bolder develop-
~ ment of this branch of inetallurgy, which can do much for our economy.
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- Statistice ahow that the use in ma~hine building of 1 thousand tons of
components made from powder frees from 2 to 2.5 thousand tons of rolled
metal or cast metal, about 80 units of inetal-cutting machine tools, and
- 190 workers. In terms of money, for a thousand tons of products there is
a saving of about 1.5 million rubles.
Powder metallurgy methods are creating conceptually new materials for atomic
energy machine building, cryogenic technology, space technology, and fiigh-
pressure technology. Conceptually new machine;;, mecfianisms, and instruments
prepared from these materials are efficient in extreme conditions. The
utilization of powders of steel, alloys, and refractorq compounde as
carriers of wear-resistant coverings and coverings with special pro~erties
is providing an i.ncrease by a factor of 10 tTie durability of inetal construc-
tions, machine components, and instruments and a sharp decrease in metal .
~ waste.
In our academy powder metallurgy is given a large amount of antention. The
Institute for Problems of Materialr~ Science of the Ukrainian Academy of
Sciences is the head institute in tbis field. It cuordinates the activity
of 130 scientific research o~ganizations and industrial enterprises in the
coun~ry and works on fundamental trends together with the Institutes of
Physical Chemistry. Chemical Physics, High Pressure Physics, High Temperatures,
and Metallurgy of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
In this field scientists still face many questions, the solution of which.
is necessary for bold and confident development of a future industry--powder
metallurgy.
~ One field of production has been sufficiently examined here to be used as
an example to show wha*_ great potential there is in various branches of
our economy and how much work still remains for scientists in order to put
this potential into the service of our people.
Scientists of the Ukrainian Academy of Scie.:ces, as all the workers of
science in our country, have accepted for steadfast fulfillment the tasks
that stem from the decree of the CPSU Central Committee and USSR Council
of Ministers "On Improving Planning and Strengthening the Influence of the
- Economic Mechanism on Increasing Production Efficiency and Work Quality,"
and will do all they can to make a worthwhile contributior. to their realiza-
tion, for strengthening the economic power of the country and raising the
well-being of the Soviet people.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nau'~.a," "Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR," 1980
9645
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UDC 001.83(470.5)
- VONSOVSKIY RRp^.i TO ACADII~IY OF SCIENCES' MEETING ON ECONOMY
- Mosc~~: VESTNIK AT~IDEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian No,S, 1980 pp 58-64
[Report by Academician S. V. Vonsovskiy, chairman of the presidium of the
Rural Scientific Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences, to the General
Assembly of the USSR Academy of Sciences: "The Complex Development of the _
Productive Forces of the Urals"]
[Text] In my speech I will address the chief questions facing science in
the Urals and the complex programs for the development of our economic
region that have been developed by the Ural Scientific Center of the USSR
- Academy of Sciences.
In recent years, scientists of the Ural Scientific Center have completed a `
_ number of fundament~l research projects in the fields of mathematics and
mechanics, solid physics and chemistry, ?~igh-temperature electrochemistry, -
the theory of popul~.tion ecologys materials sciences, and the theory of
metallurgical processes; a large amount cf wark, has been conducted on the
geological and geophysical study of the Ura1 geological province and on
problems connec~:ed with increasing the effectiveness of civil production
and optimum geographical distribution of Ural productive forces.
Raising the effectiveness and scientific level of research, the collectives
of scientific institutions of tfie Ural Scientific Center of the USSR Academy
of Sciences have striven to deal harmoniously with the fulfillment of funda- -
- mental research pro~ects, broadening the ties between science and production,
and have directed their efforts to the study of the chief economic proble:.is
of the Urals. The output of Ural academic science has been significantly
raised by its orientation tuward meaningful final practical results and by
its utilization of effective forms of cooperation for the most rapid intro-
- duction of developments into production. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan,
the economic et:ect from utilizing the results of scientific research in
cases of innovation alone was 44.3 rubles, and for the last 3 years it was
greater by a facCor of three--150 million rubles.
The Center has significantly Expanded its ties with economic sectors.
Today, it is tied by long-term agreement-programs with a family of mini~tries
that includes the USSR Ministry of Nonferrous Metallurgy, the RSFSR Ministry
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of Geology, and the RSFSR Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized
Education. Th~ se programs determine the main lines of development for
long-term cooperation hetu~een institutes of the Ural Scientific Center and
enterprises of tfie branches of the economy.
The agreement with the RSFSR Ministry of Geology has allowed the coordination
- of the activities of seven territorial-geological administrations, five
academy institu tes, a number of higher educational institutions, and
scientific researcfi institutes of various branches of the econamy. The
agreement with the USSR Ministry of Nonferrous Metallurgy, in which 25 enter-
prises and scientific organizations from the industrial side participate,
provides the po ssibility to introduce the results of joint developments
not only with participation by ministerial scientific research institutes,
but also by direct ties between academy institutes and industrial enterprises.
The huge effect iveness of this latter type of relationship is illustrated
also by another fresh example.
On the initiative of USSR Academy of Sciences President A. P. Aleksandrov,
the Institute of the Physics of Metals of the Ural Scientific Center was
entrusted with the development of a special magnetic system for feeding
yarn in a spinning machine (tfie absence of an appropriate device is one of
the most serious shortcomings of modern spinning technology, which leads
to machine breakdowns, to large losses of yarn, and to a large waste in the
physical labor of spinners). Within the framework of ~he agreement between
= the Ural Scient ific Center and the RSFSR Ministry of t'he Textile Industry,
a large project was undertaken in which participants included the Insti~ute
of the Physics of Metals, the Yakovlevskiy Linen Combine, and the Special
Design Bureau for Textile Machine Building. Special magnetic systems werP
developed and c reated in which magnets with very high energy w~ere used that
were previously developed at the Institute of the Physics of Nietals. These
systems were installed in the spinning machines of the Combine.
Experiments and subsequent industrial trial on a broad basis demonstrated
the high effect iveness and reliability of the devices developed. During ~
1979 the Institute prepared around 30,000 magnetic systems that were handed
over to the Yakovlevskiy Linen Combine to be fitted to operating spinning -
machines. After these devices were put into operation, labor productivity ,
of spinners increased by 30 percent and, according to assertions by the
Combine management, will in time approach 100 percent. It is saving more
than 10 percent of the raw material. The annual economic effect for the
whole Combine is over 1 million rubles and the amortization time tor the
magnetic devices is 7 months. No less important is the social effect of
the sharp unburdening of the labor of spinners. There is an urgent need to
diffuse this means to the whole textile industry of the Soviet Union.
The .1u7y (1979) decree of the CPSU Central Committee and USSR Council of
Ministers again stressed the necessity for concentrating efforts and resources
on the development and realization of the most improtant national technical,
economic, and social programs and also programs for the development of
individual regions and territorial production complexes.
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The Ural Scientific Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences has developed
a long-term program directed toward the complex and e~fective utilization
of the natural riches of the Urals. This program is the resulr of a large
amount of research which is embodied in tfie prognestic report of the Ural
Scientifi.c Center, "The Development of the Productive Forces of the Ural
Economic Region for the Period up to 1990 and 2000 (with Consideration of
- Adjacent Regions)." It reflects the chief scientific results of Ural
scienrists' research and outlines proposals for the development of the
productive forces of the Urals.
During the period of prognosis, the Ural Economic Region first of all must
develop as an important economic complex which includes fuel-energy and
raw-material sectors, sectors for the production of the means of production
and for consumer products, and also ~he development of agriculture. As
scientific research has shown, the further development of the economy of _
the Urals dependa to a significant degree on the solution of a number of
practical problems. Included among these, for example, are improvement in
- the base of raw-material sectors and development of fuel-energy and water
resources. In particular, the Urals are experiencing a sharp deficit in
hard fuel. In connection with this, it is important to spend same time on
the question of the possibility of delive.ring higfi quality coking coal from _
the Pechora basin to this area. -
One of the most important scientific problE.ns of our economic and social
development is the problem of reproduction and regional utilization of -
labor resources. For the Urals the problem is particul~rly complicated and
many faceted. Thus, while during the period from 1966 to 1970 the population -
of the country increased by 5.2 percent, the population of the Urals decreased
by more than 0.5 percent. And this tendency continues.
The further increase in effectiveness of a13 branches of civil production
also must be put in the category of urgent sc~entific and practical tasks.
For each problem, the above-mentioned report provides an economic analysis
and introduces considerations of the basic lines of development, the priority
tasks, and the sequential steps for their solution.
The most essential contribution to the generalizing materials of the report
and in the substantiation of proposals for the development of the economy
and culture of the Urals was made by the ~nstitute of Economics of the Ural
Scientific Center of the USSR Academy of Science. This work was led by
the Institute's director, M. A. Sergeyev, a corresponding member of the
USSR Academy of Sciences.
An important landmark in the scientific substantiation of the economic and _
social problems of the Ural region and in the development of the "Ural"
program was the All-union Scientific Practical Conference on the De~~elopment
of the Productive Forces of the Urals, which took place in Sverdlovsk.
Participants included the Ural Scientific Center of the USSR Academy of
Sciences, the Commission for the Study of the Productive For~es and Natural
Resources of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Scienc~~, t~he Council for
the Study of the Productive Forces of USSR Gosplan, and the Gentral Econumic
Scientific Research Institute of RSFSR Gosplan.
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WY.at chief problems are reflected in the "Ural" program? ~
First of all we must speak about the question pertaining to the intensification
of_ industrial production in the Urals--the reconstruction of operating e*~ter-
prises, industrial centers, and settyements. In the Ural region this pr~~blem -
is sharper, perhaps, than in other regions of the country, becaus~ the Urals
- have been developing as an industrial region for more than 250 years. Here,
old factories with lagging tecfinology sit side-by-side arith modern giants
_ of i.ndustry, and old cities and towns side-by-side with modern industrial
centers.
- This circumstance calls for the development here of fundamental and applied
research and development related to the creation of conceptually new techno-
logical processes for the complex reconstruction of enterprises and related
to mech.~nization and automation. This is one of the most important directions
_ of scient~fic and technical progress in the Urals. Related also to recon-
struction are solutions to social tasks of the future Urals region.
- A leading link in our regional programs is also the proble~ of providing
Ural industries w:tth mineral and rxw~material resources. Earth resources -
here have been intensively worked for more than 2 I/2 centuries. The pro-
cessing capacity grows uninterruptedly, but the extraction of ores is
~ falling. Thus, from 1965 to 1975, the production of pig iron grew by a
fac~or of 1.5, but the extraction of commercial ores fell by 5 percent. At
present, the metallurgical enterprisea of the Urals are working on the -
basis of imported raw materials. The complex scientific research program
of the Ural Scientific Center, "Ural Mineral Resources," foresees large
joint geological-geophysical and economic researcfi pro~ects directed toward
raising tlie effectiveness of exploration and toward tfie accumulation in the
_ Urals of ores of ferrous and nonferrous metals and other useful minerals.
The geological-economic evaluation of the mineral and raw material bases
of the Urals will be the basis for the development of the mining industry
_ ~nd for determination of the main directions of geological expl.oration work
up to the year 2000. Geophysicists from the MoscoG~ area are developing
scientific bases and technical means for locating dep~sit:s at depths of_
, more than 1 kilometer, as ore deposits in the Urals have been worked only
_ from the surface or to depths of not more than 500 meters.
. The program "Ural Mineral Resources" gives special attention to launching
, the industrial assimilation of useful minerals from the North Urals, as
the undeveloped region closest to the industrial Urals, and a region which
has many types of natural riches. In recent years, the volume of research
done t~y the Ural Scientific Center and other scientific institutions of
the region that relates to the North Urals has sharply increased and will -
continue to increase. Moscow geophysieists have ~iscovered very large
anomolies there that promise, if their ore content is confirmed, to provide
rich depo~its of iron ores. Geologists have found a large barite deposit
(Khoyvinskoye). We think that it would be advisable to establish a Far
_ North Territorial Production Complex to develop the Vorkuta coking and
fuel coals, the iron ore of the Shchuchinskoye Synclinorium, the water
resources of the Ob' , and so forth.
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ScientisCs of the Ural Scientific Center consider that the riches of this -
huge area will bring new fame to the Urals, no less than the fame of the
ore stores of the Central and Southern Urlas. In this connection, a"North"
program has been created that envisages tb.e systematic economic development
of the North Urals.
The Urals, as before, will remain the rich storehouse of useful minerals,
including i~ron ore. But these ores are complex; they contain, along with -
the iron, other components which, on the one hand, raise the value of the
ore and, on the other hand, complicate its utilization by traditional methods.
Billions of tons of iron-titanium are in the Medvedevskoye and Kopanskoye
deposits lie untouched because none of the existing structures can recognize
the expediency of their development. dnly the titanomagnetites of the
Kachkanar type are being exploited, but in the process, some hundreds of
thousands of tons of titanium are lost each year in "tails" and slags. -
The complex processing of ores continues to be impeded by persistent
administrative barriers. Thus, the ores of the Vysokogorskaya mine, which
is under the USSR Ministry for Ferrous Metallurgy, contain much copper.
It could be recovered as a by-product, an3 thus more cheaply also, than -
at working enterprises of nonferrous metallurgy. However, it is sent Co -
dumpa. The managers of the dumps themselvee do nothing with it.
During the existence of the North Ural bauxite mine, many tens of millions
of tons of iron were mined together with the bauxi~e. Where is it now?
In the sludge of aluminum production. But the iron contained in it is no
less than in industrial ores.
Workers of industrial enterprises clearly understand that it is unprofitable
to limit the extraction of basic components of ores with great losses of
other components. They are in favor of production without waste. But for _
this they need well-developed technological processes, finished projects,
and allocations for their realization. Is it that these developments do
not exist? But they do exist. The Institute of Metallurgy of the Ural
Scientific Center has created more than 10 new technological processes
with equipment designs that foresee practically complete processing of ore
without waste. But all this requires experimental-production trials. The
enterprises themselves have no experimental bases, and the ministries are
not rushing to create them.
We are acquainted with the opinion of party ar~d soviet workers of the Urals:
they all agree in the opinion that the solution of the problem is hampered
by inertia, and at times deep opposition, on the part of ministries in -
attempts to organize complex production of intersector significance. But
~ the ores of the Urals, because of their content, cannot be put within the
framework of any one sector and their processing must be undertaken from a
nor~agency position. A way must be found to boldly transform enterprises -
that process multicomponent raw materia?s into intersector non-waste
complexes. In the Urals this applies to the overwhelming majority of non-
ferrou5 and ferrous meta?lurgical plante. It is necessary that the ministries
responsible for scientific and technical progress actively promote such
progress, that they case to divide ~roducts into "ours" and "theirs," and
that they manifest real stats concern for the processing of raw materials.
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~
USSR Gosplan and USSR State Committee for Science and Technology have an
important role in this. Long ~go it was time to plan the development of all
facilities neceseary for full ut~lizaCion of raw materials ~~thout waste, for
those enterprises that process multicomponent orea. It is also very impor-
~ tant to attract the economic interesta of collectives in obtaining a
larger number of elements and to raise the level of their extraction. It
is extremely desirable to hasten the development of the experimental base
for experimental-production testing as recommended by scientists.
Ural treasures need to be taken into account. And if this account is
justified and is fully borne out in production, it will certainly yield
great advantages both to enterprises and to the state.
The Urals are a great machine-building area. We have therefore given a
_ large amount of attention to its development. The program "Ural Machine
- Building," developed at the Ural Scientific Center of the USSR Academy of
- Sciences, is directed toward the optimization of the process for creating
~unique mechanisms, machines, and complex machines for leading sectors of
the country's economy~ An example of a large scientific and technical
problem being solved in a complex way within the framework of this program
- is the development of a conceptually new metallurgical line which combines
smelting, casting, and rolling of inetal. The organizer of this work was
the Department of Machine Build.ing, which was recently created at the Ural
Scientific Center and is directed by Corresponding Member G. L. Chimich of
the USSR Academy of Sciences. The solution of the task involved scientists
from the Institute of Metallurgy, the Institute of the Physics of Metals,
the Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics, and also specialists from a
number of inetallurgical and machine-building enterprises. The concept lying
at the base of the new metallurgical complex is profoundly changing established
technology and promises a huge economic effect on a country-wide scale.
Sufficient to say, the output of rolled metal per year will increase by a
_ factor of 1.5. We seriously need assistance in strengthening this machine
building-cell, the only one of its kind in the USSK Academy of Sciences
system.
Unfortunately, such examples, where academy science participates from the
very beginning shoulder to shoulder with production specialists in solving
_ important practical tasks, are still few. One should think that it will not
cause an argument to state that initiative here must largely come from
producers. Managers of enterprises are supposed to know thoroughly the
status of their sectors and to quickly react to economic inquiries.
' For many enterprises this requirement for technical progress has still not
become an organic necessity. It is obvious that the economic mechanism
- is still insufficiently effective from the point of view of industrial
assimilation of scientific and technical innovations, and therefore the
fate of innovation frequently depends on the personal qualities of the
economic manager and on his desire or lack of desire to take on himself
the "unnecessary" dickering. Unfortunately, this is not a rare phenomenon.
- Here is a characteristic example. We have intended, in contact with practical .
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metallurgists, to engage in the solution of a number of powder metallurgy
problems and in the development of technology for producing iron without
blast furnaces, using the Alapayevsk Metallurgical Combine as a base. But,
unfortunately, we received no support from the managers of the "Uralche*_�met"
- association. It was not that they rejected it. No, they did not doubt
the importance of the task arid all of them, at 1e~st in words, were "in
favor." But no practical steps ever ensued. Meanwhile, the Alapayevsk
Metallurgical Combine b�dly needs renovarion; participation in this matter
by scientists obviously would be very useful. And moreover, the Ural
' Scientific Center would gain a good scientific-production base.
~ A large amount of attention in the "L'ral" program is given to the utilization,
preservation, and renewal of natural resources. Thus, the complex
scientific research program "Ural Biosphere" is devoted to the development
of ecological bases for rational utilization of natural resources in the
Urals and is one of the most imporCant regional research programs. The
results of projects in this program have great meaning not only for bringing -
about other programs devoted to problems of the Ural region, but also for
the development of plans and forecasts for the development of the productive
forces of the Ural economic region.
The study of natural resource utilization in the Urals has enormous interest
both from the scientific point ~f view (inasmuch as we are involved with a
complicated, unique combina~ion of natural ~onditions and anthropogenic
influences) and from the practical point of view, inasmuch as the Ural region
is one of the basic industrial regions of the country. The high level of
urbanization and industrial concentration, the high degree of natural resource
~ utilization, the pollution of the environment, and the negative balance of
labor force migration make research on nature, habitation, and natural
resource utilization especially urgent not only in relation to the regional
problems of the Urals, but also within the framework of man's relationship
to the biosphere as a whole.
Unfortunately, time does not permit addressing a number of other programs
developed by scientists of the Urals such as "New Materials," "The Physics
and Chemistry of Condensed MaCter," "The Physical Chemistry of Surfaces,"
"The Material and Spiritual Culture of the Urals," and others. Incidentally,
the latter is a~oint program of the Ural Scientific Center and the RSFSR
Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education, with which we
recently concluded a general agreement on joint scientific research and
training.
It is obvious that the successful fulfillment of such large-scale programs
as the "Ural" program decisively depends on the realization of the whole
complex of ineasures foreseen in the recent decree by the party and govern- -
ment on the futher improvement of planning and management. Required
particularly are new forms for coordinating the activities of all ministries
and agencies and the optimum combination of sector and territorial manage-
ment, including disassociation from ministries and agencies.
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- AnoCher topic pertains to the status the coordination council that stands
at the head of the progr3m. At present, this council is an authoritative
nongovernment body, Although this authority is large, it nevertheless is
clearly insuff.icient for managing such a complicated and large-scale matter.
" The council should have all the necessary rights, including the right to
distribute financing. We must think about the future sources of financing
and huw to bring facilities together. It should also be essential to find
ways of overcoming the administrative barriers in this matter. The future
lies precisely in such forms of work.
In conclusion, I would l~ke to stress again that "pure" science and science
for the sake of science do not exist today and cannot e~;ist. Scientific
work is closely interwoven with organizational ~~ork. And to develop science
means to improve all of the mechanisms of its relationship with practice
and with production. This is the principle that determines all of the
activity of the Ural Scientific Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka," "Vestnik Al~ademii nauk SSSit", 1980
9645
CSO: 1861
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