JPRS ID: 8659 USSR REPORT MILITARY AFFAIRS

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i~ S~PTEl~~ER i~?9 CFOUO ~3f~9' i OF i
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JPRS L/8659
14 September 1979
U S~ R Re ort
p
MILITARY AFFAIRS
(FOUO 23/79)
FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFO~MATION SERVICE
FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY
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JPRS L/8659
14 September 1979
uss R aEpo Rr .
MILITA~Y AFFAI~S
(FOVO as/~9~
F
CONTENTS PAGE
. E
Tank N~vi a~inn Systems
~T~vxov~nr~ rt~v~aamsxorrlmE srs~r.nKx, i978) i ,
H~ndbook Explains Desi.gn, Layout of
Ta.nk Navigation Sys~ema
( TANKOVYYE NAVIf~ATSI0NIVYYE SISTENIY, i978 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Soviet Comments on U.S. F.~nployment of V~STOL A~rcraft
( M. Panin; 7~ARUBE~HNOyE VOYENNOYE 0$07,RENIYE, Ma,Y 79 12
Soviet Commen~s on Western Ant~,mine 5hip Capabilities
(A. Daniyelyan, A. Boyko; 7A,RUBE'LI~NpyE VOYENNOYE
oBOZ~nvz~, r~y 79) i6
'a' IIII -USSR-4 Fc~UO)
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TANK NAV:GATION SYSTEMS
Moscow TANKOVYYE NAVIGATSIONNYYE SISTEMY in Rusaian 1978, pp 16-34
~Chapter 1, Section 2 of book by M. I. Kuznetsov; illustra~ions noC reproduced]
(Text] 1,2. Types of Tank Navigation SyaCeme and Their Usea
F'or ehe golurion of navigation~l problems, tank and mot+~rized rifle aubunits
~nd unirs use the following types of navigaeion sysCems:
--ehe Yantgr'-Trassa tank navigaCion apparaCu3;
--the TNA-2 Cank navigaCion ~pparatus;
--the TNA-3 tank navig~tion apparaCus;
--the GPK-59 directional gyroscope. _
The equipment provided for use with the above navigation apparatus includes:
--the PAB-2A artillery director wiCh the ANB-1 azimuthal crossbeam;
--a 20- or 50-meter measuring tape;
--a milrule and calipers.
UirectionAl Angles or side angles to targets are measured by a special angle
gage mounted on the vehicle. Azimuthal indicators are used for this purpose
in ranks.
We will briefly describe the general layout and control elements of the navi-
gation systems and instruments listed above.
i ~
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1~ 2.1 'Che Y~ntt~r' -Trne~~ Tnnk N~v~.gur~.on Apparatu~
Tt~e Yntttar'-`I'rc~qgn ~~nk navig~e~.~~n appnrnCus is used ro deCermin~ the poeiC~.on
cnnrd3n~Ceg ~nd Ue~r~.ng oE c~ vehicle while ir ~.s ~.m m~~ion ~nd to racoYd an
Fi tnpo~rephicnl mnp Che paCh covered by iC.
'Pt~e Yantnr'-Traee~ apparaeus compr~.ae~: the Kl~t-2 gyroscopic caurae indlcaror,
~y p~th sensor, Che KPr2rLl courae ploCrer, ~ PM-3 converter, nn MG-12 motor-
~eneruCox gnd a nnnGrol panel.
~'he MK-2 gYrbSCOp~.C course incticaeor is used eo mensure ehe angulgr d~.aplace-
mer.e nf ehe vehicl~ and eo calculaCe ies bearing. Ie consists of a threC-f.rume
~yrrgCppe itt tt gimbnl mounC, an azimuthal correction device, g horizonCal
correction device nnd a aine-cosine resolver (sensor for eransmitting the
direcCiona~ ~ngle).
'rhe three-�rnme gyroscope maintains ~.ra outer frgme and the ~ttached roCor of
the sinc-cosine resolver motionless ~s Ch~ vehicle is turned. To incrense its
uccur~cy, ci~e interior frame consisCs of a vacuum gyro casing, with the vacuum
monitored by ~ vacuum meCer. The vacuum in Che gyro casing is maineained via
~ nozzle to which ie aet~ched a hose from a vacuum pump which is part oE the
ttppar~~tus. -
'Che gyro case cnver has a glass window for observing Che direcCion of roCAtion
oE Cl~e rotnr. The direcCinn is determined from spirals painted on the rotor
in black. If Che rotor is rotating clockwise, the observer sees a spiral mov-
ing aw~y from the center. The spiral is visible only when Che gyro is being
started or sCOpped, i.e. when it is rotaCing aC slow speed.
The azimuthal correction device is used for laCitude correction of the gyro-
sc~pe ~nd consists of a dial and weight attached to the gyro casing shaft
by a micrometer Chread in a position coaxial with the main gyroscope axis. The
dittl has 25 divisions and is kepC from turning by a screw.
Th^.}~orizonCal correction device maintains the main gyroscope axis in the
horizontal plane and consists of a pendulum wiCh electrical contacts; when
th~ main axis deviates from the horizontal plane these turn on ~n electric
motor, producing a torque in the outer frame which reCurns the main axis to
t}ie horizontal plane.
The sine-cosine resolver (SKVT) measures the angular displacement of Che
v~~hicle. For this purpose, the roCor is rigidly attached to the outer gyro-
.~�.ope frame and is held motionless, while the stator is attached Co the chassis
_ the vehicle and turns with it.
, On tt~e top cover of the gyroscopic course indicator is a knob for setting the
course, and a course bearing dial is located under the glass cover. On Che
tower part of the indicator is a knob for arresting the gyroscopE. The gyro-
scupP has rwo lights, ARREST and BRAKE, for monitoring its operation.
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'Che p~~l~ annsnr men~ur~s rhe spaed of movement uf rhn vehic~e nnd Cr~nsmiCg
i.r rn eho course p].oCrer, It con~ises of a salsyn Cr~ngmitter nnd dn electtio-
?nuqn~Cic r1uC~h.
7'he K~-2M1 course p1otC~r calculn~es Che pnaitinn coordinnCes ~nd be~ring af
rh~ vehicle and p1oCs 1tg parh on tt map,
'1'lie face pan~1 h~s ehe ~011oWirig 5CFi10~: ntt odometer, X and Y coordinaCes,
puCl~ norr~ctior~ coefficiene, m~p sc~le, nnd direction. On the lower left
corner is u~.ight which indicaeee ChgC rhe pen htts reached ehe t~dge of the
pln~ting bonrd,
On the front w~ll of Che cnee are rhe COURSE knob for setting the be~nrings,
knobs �or moving the pen c~rriage and seCting Ch~ coor.dinates, Che PATH COR-
EtECTION knob and the 5CAL~ knob for seCt3ng Che proper mAp scale. The LIGHT
rheostAt controls Che brightness of illumination of Che map. The PATH ON
switch turns on the selsyn tr~nsmitrer. On the righC wa11 is rhe umplifier
switch, And under Che cover are knobs for the AriPLIFICATION ~nd COMI'ENSATION
paC~nCiometers which control ti~e bearing angle servo system.
A ~~lo~eing board is provided for posirioning the map in the plotter.
'ThE Prt-3 converCer supplier Chree-phase alternating current ut 220 Hz und
65-75 volts to the gryo moCor of the Kri-2 course indicator.
'1'h~ r~c-12 motor-generator supplier 500-Hz alternating current at 110 V to the
calci~iAting nnd resolving components.
Tl~e Yant~sr'-Tr~ssa apparalus is controlled from a control panel in the vehicle.
The control panel of a command nnd staff vehicle is shown [not reproduced).
1.2.2 The TNA-2 Tank NavigaCion Apparatus
The TNA-2 apparatus determines the positional coordinaCes and bearing of the
vehicle while it is in motion. The appai~atus comprises a GPK-52 gyroscopic
co~irse indicator, a paCh sensor, a coordinator, a control panel, two course
indicators fcr the driver-mechanic (some types of vehicle may have only one)
and a PT-200Ts11 converter.
The GPK-52 gyroscopic course indicator measures the angular displacement of
ti~e vehicle and calculates its bearing angl~. It consists of a gyroscopic
unit in gimbals, an azimuthal correction device, a horizontal correction de-
vice, a mechanism for setting the initial bearing and a selsyn tranGmitter for
the angular servo system.
The gyroscopic unit consists of a three-frame gyroscope, to the axis of whose
inner frame is attached a bimetal compensator and whose gyro case (inner frame
of th~ gyroscope) has a compensating screw which is used to adjust the gyro-
scope at the p].ant.
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The nzimuthal correcC~.on unir cons~.sCs of a eorque motor and two poeentio-
met~rs located on the contro~ p~ne1. One nf Cha potienti~.ometers ht~a ~ acn1~
grudu~e~d from 0 ro 90 dngre~e of ~aeiCude, w}~11.e rhe oeher is ~ correctinn
poCen~iometer for fine ~d~ustment Co Che 1aCitude in which tlie ~ppar~tus ig
being used,
The hnrizonCal corr~cCion appar~rus consises of a liquid pendulum switch nnd
u torque motor fdr horizontnl correction.
Tt~e inirial be~ring ~ng1e seGC~ng mechunism ittcludes an elecrric motor and
a~ear bnx wieh ~ high gear rt~eio which conne~ts ehe moeor ro ehe rotor of ehe
selsyn rr~nsmirter. The moCor is conerolled by a poteneiometer, whose COURSE
S~TTING knob is locgred on the coordinator.
'Che roeor of the selsyn rrnnsmitter is rigidly attnched to the outer fram~ of
ehe gyroacope nnd Clie atator is nrCached to the chassis of rhe vehicle, mak3ng
iC ponsi.ble ro me~sure angular displacemenC.
The pue}i sensor megsures the speed of Che vehic~.e.� IC includes a selsyn trana-
mitCer gnd n shafr with a gear box, which is connected by a flexible ahafe eo
the speedometer.
The conrdinaCor continuously calculates the position coordinates and be~ring
:~ingle of ehe vehicle and indicates them. The front panel includes sc~les Cor
Che X nnd Y coordinate regisCers, a burConfor setting Che initial coordinates,
a COUR5E scale wirh n scnle division of 1.00 for a coarse bearing readouC,
scale wiCh a division of 0.01 for a fine readout, and Che COURSE CORItECTION
di~l. On the front wall of the coordinator case are a knob for seCting the
puth correction coefficient, a knob for seCting the course (bearing angle) nnd -
a swiCch for setting Che X and Y coordinaCes.
~n the control panel are the CONV. switch, which turns on the converter and
starts up the gyro course indicator, the SYSTEM switch, which turns on the
power to the calculating and resolving devices, and the azimuthal correction
(l~;:itude ad;iustment) potentiometers.
The course ~ndicator also gives a duplicate coarse reading of the bearing angle
from the coordinator. It consisrs of a selsyn receiver to the axis of which is
atCached a needle, a fixed dial showing direction and a movable ring with an
index scale.
Th~ PT-200Ts11 converter supplies th~ee-phase AC at 400 Hz and 36 V to the gyro
course indicator and the calculating and resolving devices.
1.2.3. The TNA-3 Tank Navigation Apparatus
The TNA-3 apparatus determines the position coordinates and bearing angle oF
. the vehicle while it is in motion, the direction Co the destination and the
distance to it along the coordinate axes. The apparatus comprises the MAYAK
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bearing sysrem (gyrnscopic cnurse indicntor, conrrol panel and PT-200Ta1~. con-
verCer), u pnth sensor, a noord~n~ror nnd ~ cours~ ~.nd~caCor~
7'he TNA-3 ~ppnY~atus can operaCe in ewo modes: -
--solution aF ehe first and aecond navig~tion problems for g mnving
vehicle;
--built-in tesC mode, ~1lowittg gysC~m operation and ~ccurncy nf solurl.on
oE problems to l~e deCermined,
'rl~e TNA-3 dif�ers from ehe TNA-2 in irg use of pulse (digital) calculating
~?nd resolving devices to solve rhe navigation probleme.
T}ie gyroscopic course indicaror menaures the nngular displncement of Che
' vehicle. IC consiats of a Chree-frnme vacuum gyroscope, azimurhal and horizon-
Ctt1 carrection units, a two-channel servo-selsyn sysCem which Crncismits the
bearing angle, and a heating syaCem which goes into operation when the sur-
roundi.ng Cemperature fn11s to 5� C or below. -
'rhe u~e of a vucuum gyroscope wiCh high rotor speed, a high-accuracy selsyn
transmitCer and a system for heating the gyro casing give the MAYAK system
considerably gre~eer accuracy Chan the GPK-52 gnd KM-2 gyroscopic coursc
indicators.
The conCrol panel is used for ad;jusCing the bearing sysCem. Under a cover
ar~ Cwo azimuChal correction potenCiometers: the laCitude porentiometer with
n dial graduated in degrees of north latitude (0-90�) and an ~L. B. [elecCrical
compensaCionJ potenCiometer whose two-sided scale hAS 200 divieions and which
i:; used for fine latitude correcCion.
The path sensor ~s a digital speed sensor which produces (with allowance for
tk~e path correction coefficient) one pulse per meter driven by the vehicle,
rhe rate of the pulses thus being proporCional to the speed of the vehicle.
In addition, the course sensor emiCs pulses which indicate the sign of the
speed (forward or backward).
The coordinator calculates the currenC coordinates and bearing angle of the
vehicle, the direction to the destination and the remaining distance on r.he
coordinate axes, and also moniCors operation of the sysCem componenCs.
On the front panel of the coordinator are indicator and control devices: two
dials for the X and Y registers, two dials for the disCance remaining to the
destination (Q X and [1Y), a course bearing angle scale and a movable scale
to show the angle to the destination, a dial for fine bearing angle readings,
a path correction dial, a SYSTEM switch to turn on the entire system, an
OPERATE-TEST switch for mode of operation, a START butt~n which starts the
test mode, a switch which sets the scale of the X and Y registers at 1 or 10
meters, a CCUItSE SETTING knob for setting the original bearing angle, a COR-
RECTION 5ETTINC knob for setting the path correction coefficient, switches
for setting the original X and Y coordinates, a switch for setting the
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disCnnce coordinnt~s QX~~gCinneion ~nd ~Ydcg~inatian~ and ~ kn~b fnr getti.ng
X, Y, oX und ~Y loc~te on rhe 1rCt ~~acw~i~. o� ~he conrdinaeor,
'rhe cnurse indi.c~ror dup~tcares ehe coarse bearing ~ngle diul, It hna a fixed
clial wiCh ~ needl~ showing Che bearing of the veh~.cle and ~ movnble ring with
~n inclex to shaw Che aesigned dirention of movemene.
1.2.4. The GPK-59 D~rectional Gyrocompass
Tl~e CPK-59 direcrional gyrocomp~ss is ~ navig~Cion~l gyroscopic course indi-
cuenr which is designed to agsisC in driving a vehicle over ~ apecified course
under ditficult orienratinn conditions. The direcrional gyrocnmpass comprises
tt CPt;-59 gyroscopic course indicntor and a PAG~-1F converter.
'~he main component oE the gyroacopic course indicnCor 3s a Chree-Erame gyro-
scopc~, on the auter Erame of. which is a gradu~ted compass dial. On Che glass
hnusin~ of Che GPK-59, which is rigidly fastened ro the vehicle, is d vertical
indic~Cor mark which is used to determine ehe direction of movement of the
vehicle.
Tt~e numbers on the di~l aie hundredths of an angle gage division (e.g. the
number 15 represents a course of 15-00). In addiCion, Ctie dial shows the
direclion~ north, south, east and west. `
On r}~e front panel is the know for the caging device which is used to arresC
t1t~ gyroscope. Screwed into the front panel is a screwdriver witl~ is used Eor
1aCitude adjustment of Che course indicator. ~or Chis purpose, it is
unscrewed from the pAnel and inserted into a recess in the panel, whfch is
cavered by ~ plug, when the bearing is zero.
cOPYRiCHT: VoyenizdaC, 19~8.
8480
Csu: 8144/1814
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~ .
HANDBOQK EXPLATNS DESIGN, LAYOUT OF TANK NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
I~oscow TANKOVYYE NAVIGATSIONNYYE SISTEMY in Russian 1978 si~ned Co
preas 2 Mr{r 78 pp'l, 2, 3-4, 16, 36-37
[TiCle page, annotation, introduction, and excerpts from book
"Tankovyye Navigatsionnyye Sistemy" by M. I. Kuznetsov, V. K. Preanov,
and L. I. Surat]
[Excerpts] Title Page:
Title: TANKOVYYE NAVIGATSIONNYYE SISTEMY
(Tank Navigation Systems)
Publisher: Voyenizdat
P3.ace and Year of Publication: Moscow, 1978
Signed to Press Date: 2 March 1978
. Number of Copies Published: 14,000
Number of Pages: 120
Annotation: This handbook describes various types of navigation sys-
tems uged in Che army. The book gives their specifications and ex-
plains how to use them when tank subunits are performing tactical
- , missions.
The handbook is designed for officers, engineering-technical personnel,
, and specialista of the Soviet Army whose work in the service involves
practical application of navigation equipment and also for cadeCs at
military schools and college students who are studying armored equip-
ment.
Table of Contents: '
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
7
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ChnpCer 1. Tank NavigaCion Syatems ~ . . , . . ~ . ~ . . . . . . . . 5
J..1. Principles of Solv~.ng Navigation Problems 5 ' t
1.2. Types of Tank NavigaCion Systems and,Thei.r,Designationa. 16
]..2.1. The Yantar'-Trassa Tank Navigation Apparatua ..16
1.2.2. The TNA-2 Tank Navigation ~pparatus . . . . . . 23 '
1.2.3. The TNA-3 Tank Navigation Apparatus 29
1.2.4. The GPK-59 Directional Gyroscope 33
1.3. The Cap~biliCies of Tank Navigation Systems When Per-
forming Tactical and Fire Missiona . . . . . . . . . 31
1.4. The Accuracy of
C~ordinate Determination Using ,
Ground Navigation Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Chapter 2. Procedure for Determining Initial Data 47
2.1. Determining the IniCial Coordinates'X and Y...... 48
2.2. Determining the IniCial Directional Angle of the
Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.2.1. Determining the Initial Directional Angle
by Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S2
2.2.2. Determining the Initial Directional Angle
of the Vehicle by Artillery Compass 59
2.3. Determining Initial Data When Vehicles with Navi-
~ gation Apparatus Are aC the Motor Pool 65 �
2.4. Determining the Route Correction Coeff~cient K..... 67
2.5. Determining Error in Setting the Initial
Directional Angle and the Route Correction
Coefficient by Errors in Determining Coordi-
~ nates at A Check Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.5.1. Determining the Coefficients a and d..... 75
2.5.2. Determining the Coefficients b and c..... 75
2.5.3. Calculating Change in Initial a and K..... 75
Chapter 3. Using Navigation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 '
3.1. Preparing Navigation Systems for Use . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.1.1. The TNA-3 Navigat~.on Apparatus . . . . . . . . 77 ,
3.1.2. The TNA-2 Navigation Apparatus . . . . . . . . 85
3.1.3. The Yantar'-Trassa Navigation ApparaCus 88
3.2. Using Tank Navigation Systems While on the Move 95 ,
3.2.1. Working with the TNA-3 Apparatus 96
3.2,2. Working with the TNA-2 Apparatus 98
3.2,3. Working with the Yantar'-Trassa Apparatus 98
3.3. Using the GPK-59 Directional Gyroscope . . . . . . . . .100
3.3.1. Using the GPK-59 Directional Gyroscope
on the Move . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
Chapter ~i. The Use of Tank Navigation Systems to Support the
Combat Actions of Tank or Motorized Rifle Subunits ..104
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4~1. The Use of Tank Navigarion Systems on Ch~ March 104
4.2. Planning t:he Use of N~zvl.gaCion Equipment on
the March . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . ~ . . , . iii
, 4,3. The Use of Navigation ~quipmenC in Offensive BatCle 114
4~4. Navigation Support for the Action~ of Reconnaissance
SubuniCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . , 116
, 4.5. Navl.gation Support for the Actions of Repair
and EvacuaCion Subunits , . . . . . . , . , . . . , 117
Introdu~ation
The Communist Party and Soviet Government devote considerable attention
to atrensthening the country's defense capabi].ity and supplying the
Ground Forc~s with the latest miliCary hardware. The combaC performance
and maneuverab~.lity of modern tanks have improved greatly in recent
years. Under conditions of modern battle tank subunits and units make
broad use of maneuvering along the front and in depth to perform Cheir
combat missions, which increases the role of marches in troop combat
actions. Troops carry out movements primarily aC night or in conditions
of limiCed visibility, usually on unfamiliar terrain.
For this reason the control of subu,nits and units to see that they reach
their destination on time is much more important. TY~e usual technlc{ues
for orientation on the terrain under complex conditions (nighCtime,
� fog~ wooded and steppe terrain, poorly developed road networks, and the
like) by comparing terrain ob~ects and landmarks with their representa-
tions on a map creates difficulties and does not always insure exact
orientation and timely performance of combat missions.
Under such r_onditions the best way of orientation on the terrain is to
use the ground navigation systems that have been supplied to subunits
of tank and motorized rifle forces.
The availability of navigation systems enables commanders and staffs
�tio do the following:
a. confidently scout the enemy to great depth;
� b. lay field roads for troops over unfamiliar
; terrain;
� c. know the posi.tion of the subunits on the march
and their battle formations in offensive and
defensive fighting at any moment;
d. determine evacuation routes and repair points ~
when organizing tank technical services during
battle.
Thi.s t?andbook reviews the principles of solving navigation problems,
shows the capabilities of the types ,;f navigation apparatus available
9
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to th~ troope and how to uee them in solving tact~cal probleme, and
gives practicnl racommenderions on woxk with the appar~tus in the �ield.
A knowiedge of the capab313Cies of the apparatue ~nd a~ thnde of u~~ '
wiil help commanderg and etaffs of subunits and units ~ontrol their
" Eorc~~ mdre ~ccurat~ly under the complex conditiona of modern baetle.
,
'Che book ie designed for officers ~nd sergeante who are familiar with
the layouts of the navigation apparatua to th~ extent of exieting
man~als and reguiatinns.
The present handbook is the firet attempt to set forth ways of using
tl~e navigation apparatus, so the authors will grat~fully accept all
~ conwenta and suggestions for improving the conrent and preeentation of
the material.
~ 1.2. Types of Tank Navigation Syetems and Their Designatione
Th~ following types of navigation systems are used in tank and motorized
riEl~ subuni.ts and units to solve navigation problems:
a. the Yantar'-Trassa Cank navigation apparatus;
b. the TNA-2 Cank navigar.ion apparatus;
c. the TNA-3 tank navigation apparatus;
d. the GPK-59 directional gyroscope.
T'he aet of equipment in the tanks includes the folloaing articles for
working with this navigation equipment:
a. the PAB-2A artillery director with an ANB-1
azimuthal crossbeam; .
b. a measuring tape 20 or 50 meters long;
c. a milrule or caliper.
.
Directional angles or side angles to targets are measured by a special
rngle gage mounted on the ~~ehicle. Azimuthal indicators ar.e used for
*tiis purpose in tanks�, '
We will briefly describe the general layout and control elements of the
navig~tion systems and instruments listed above.
io
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T~bla 1~1
' Volum~ ot Novf~selon Deea Co~ponene~ oE App~e~~u~ Tls~ at TL~
Contlnuou~ N~ed~d
Coocdlnete~ Couraa Direction Rosd Courra Comput- Nep- Oper~tlon To
~ X~nd Y (Dlrec- to Derti- 9~aneor (Direc- ing Unit bn~rd ~lthouc Rendr
eionsl neeion tion~l Raarien� Eor Uu
~~~1e Mgl~) lulon
n) 8enror
Y~ntrr'� X~nd Y with Aough ~1~cRro- D~raction- 81~c- Combined 7-8 hr~ 1s-10 �tn
ten~~~ me~n quad- Eor o~ eKChan- ai Cyro tromeeh- vlth
e~tic arror 8x~ct ic~l (tW-2)~ anicai~ Plocter
oE 1~Sx of for otf Orift oE Brror for Mapr
dietance 0~ Runnin~ 16~ d~u~ Not Mnre on 9calee
eovargd !n p Oaar !n 7 hra Than O,Z of ZS~000~
7-~ houre Paen~ne 50,000 and
100~000
TNA-4 and X and Y vith " " CFK-S2 " " 3-~.S hr~ 10-1s ein
CPK-S9 eean Arith- Dlraction-
meeic Error sl Gyto~ ~
1.9t of S DriEe of
!n ~-~~S hro 20 d~u~
in JO sin
CPK-
CPK-S2 Aough - CPK-S9 D!r- 1.0-i~S hr� 5-10 ~la
fnr ~ctional
~~p 6yeo and
PAC-IF Con-
varcor~ Drifc
of 40 d~u~ in
30 ala _
COPYRICHT: Voyenizdat, 1978
.
11176
CSO: 1801
11 ~
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SOVIC'C COMM~N'rS ON U.S. EMPLOYFf~NT 0~ V/STOL AIRCRAFT
Mo~cow 2ARU~E211NdY~ VOYENNOYF OB02RENIYE in Russian No 5, May 79 signed to
preg:~ 4 May 79 pp 5~-62
~Areicle by Co1 M. Panin: "Viewg on Ut3lizaCion of VTOL Aircraft"]
- (Text~ Th~ U.S. Navy, plac~n~ priority emphasis on ~ncreasin~ the navy'~
combnr 9trength, d~votes cone4dergb3e attentiion Co the development of naval
aviation, and in particular to the development of a V/STOL nircraft. In
the opinfon of U.5. militatiy specialists, such an ~ircraft can be used to per-
form th~ following misgiong: close air support of amphibious l~nding furccs,
~tti~cking ~urface ~hips, conducC of tactical air reconnaissance, and per-
formance of ASW and antiaircraft dpfense of convuys and task forces. Adop-
tion oE such an aircraft will make it possible to atandardize the force of
embarked aircraft, to place aircraft on ahipg of various typeg and to ter-
min~te further construction of co~tly large aircraft carriers, to faciliCate
g~r~i~in~ gnd mgintenance, ~ubgtantially to reduce preflighting time and to
1e~s~n the dependence of flight operations on weather conditions.
~ffort~ to develop a V/STO:. ~ircraft, which began in the United States im-
m~diately after World War II,~rn continuing today. At Che beginning oE
the 1950's a U.S. companx Convair, designed and built an ~xperimental model
~f the XFV-1 "Poga" aircrafc, which had vertical takeoff capability. The
delta wing~ and two cruriform rail fin surfaces carried ghock struts. The
tirst v~rtical tak~aff (~o a height of geveral meters above the ground) took
plac~ tn August 1954. The aircraft made a total of only approximately 70 take-
c~ffs and landings. Further d~velopment of the aircraftwag subsequently
terminated due Co C~chnical difficulties.
~fany different V/STOL aixcraft designs developed by leading U.S. and other
airrraft companies and corporationg did not advance beyond the experimental
stMge. Only [hc British-developed P.1127 Kestrel ground ateack-reconnaissance
aircraft attrac:ted the attention of the U.S. military (the United State~
purchased six aircraft) and was submitted to testing for evaluation in navy
squadrons in order to determine the possibilities of its utilization as an em-
bnrked aircraft. It made its first landing on a moving aircraft carrier in
1966, but it made a rotal of only 22 flights from the aircraft carrier
"Independence" and 11 from ehe arophibious assault ship "Relay."
~
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'I'~y;: r~~u1tH conEirm Ch~ opinion of U.S~ mi.].i.t~ry ~xperep CI~~C Ch~ K~~erc1
w~w ~apabl~ nF np~r~ting from tih~ deck of ~~hip ~nd w~~ ~neiraly compaeib].~
with eh~ ~xi~e3ng ~irer~fr ~quipm~ne of air~r~f~ carri~r~ gnd oCh~r RirerafC-
cnrrytn~ yhip~~ A~ i~ norQcl in ehe for~ign pr~~~, however, du~ to it~ poor
p~r~orm~nce chnr~cr~ri~ti~~ iti wA~ not adopt~d @ith~r by rarrier aviaCion nr
by M~rina aviation~
Ln Gre~e ~rit~in th~ Gt~.l~ Harrier aircr~f~ w~~ dev~loped from rh~ K~~erel
aircr~ft. U~S. navgl aurhoriCi~g rook an inCer~~t in thig n~w nircrafC.
They ord~r~d 12 Hgrrierg for eh~ Marin~g (which w~r~ giv~n rt~~ U.S, d~~ign~-
tion AV-8A).~ in April 1971 th~s~ aircraft w~r~ d~livered to H~aufort Air
~~g~ (Soueh Cnrolina), gnd by y~ar'~ ~nd 11 Mgrin~ piloeq had been erain~d
ro f1y tl~em~
tn rhe �all of 1971 the U.S. Navy proceed~d to C~9C ~nd evaluate ehe ~f-
~~ceiv~ne~~ of rh~ AV-8A, ag well ~s ta dev~lop Caceics of clog~ air suppore
of inEantry~, ~ir combat, and flighr operarions from ~hipboard~
tn Uctob~r 1971 C~qCg w~re cnnduct~d ar Chin~ Lgk~ (Cnlifornig) tn dee~rmine
the ~ircrnft'y effeeCiv~ness in perfermence af the cloye air supporC mi~sinn.
Aceording to information in ehe U.S. press, in a period of 7 hour~ ~nd 12
minuteg six AV-8A aircraf.t flew 37 bombing snrtie~, demon~rrnting, in th~
opinion of U~S. naval ~uChoritie~, fairly high mobility, wht~h w~~ ~cht~ved
primarily by shortening aircraft combat mis~ion turnaround tim~.
~'roc~dur~~ fnr ~L[~~ operarions from ~nequipped landin~ area~ (highw~ys, dirr
~erir~) wer~ d~veloped in January and March 1972.
AC th~ sr~me time they were testing the po~qibiliev of employing Che liarrier
in n fi~hCer v~rsion. At thp beginning of 1973 t~sr flights were flown at
point Mugu (Californig) Co d~termine the Nerrfer's combat cepabilitieg in an
~ncounrer with enemy fighters. As wa~ noted in the �oreign press, out of
16 air engagements with the ~-14 Tomcat fighter, the Narrier won six, whfle
seven were standoEfs.
'Ce~t Elight~ began in January 1972 from the deek of the amphibious gs~aulC
ship "Cunm," to work out problems of combat employmcnt of aircraft-currying
shtps dn r~ speciel program (employmettt of V/STOL aircraft simultaneously
with helicopC~rs). 'fhes~ tests rnntinued up to 1974. The result was thc
conclusion rhat flight nperarions by Harri~ and helicopters were entirely
compntible and that all problems connecred with servicing, maintenance xnd
Control in the performanc~ of various combat mi~sions could be easily
r~solv~d.
Sevcral ~peciEic fcatures in th~ operations of the deck crew were noted
during th~s~ Ces~s. ~dt` example, in vie~t of the fact that the jet exhaust
frnm the ~z~gine of the AV-$A is directed downWard, personnel employed long
pa1e:~ to position wheel chocks.
~-3
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Str.ktn~ ra deman~tri~g~ rh~ vc~rg~eiliry, r~li~biliey ac~cl c~mli~e Gnp~biliCy
dt thig ntrCr.~nfe, Che ~nd df ig~6 ehe U.S. N~vy preqane~d a demon~ernttan
_ di te~ p~rEor~nan~e Ch~racC~ri~ric~ and comb~~ ~npabiliei~a. A gqu~dron nt'
eh~s~~ airct�~fe (l.~), b~~~d on eh~ ~irerefe ~grri~r "rrnnklin U. [tooaev~le,"
trnnqE~rr~d Cd eh~ amphibidug ~~~au1t qhip "Guam" (borti ghip~ w~r~ m~mb~rg
nt ~h~ Sl.x~ti h'l~~e, s~a~idn~ci ~tt ~tt~ Meclirerr~n~~n), nft~r wl~irh Ch~ ].c~rt~r
pr~~~~d~ed ~o thc tndi~n dc~nn (thr~ugh Che 5u~r. Cnnn1). Uurin~ rhis
vnyt~ge the airer~fC fl~w variaug tr~ining mi~sion~~ Wti~n Ch~ ~mphibi~u~
~?~q~~~1e ~}~ip r~.~~hed el~e ~hor~~ af ~:~~e AfrieB, rh~ ~ircr~ft f1~w Co ~n
~ir~t~ld i~ K~nya, m~d~ ~ deman~Cr~Cion dv~rfli~he ~ver N~irobi, and tihcn
r.eturned ta the ~nmphibinus ~q5gU1L' ghip, whiCh ge~empd bnCk ed th~ M~diC~r-
r~n~~.hii. 'The Hr~u~dre~n eh~n r~rurned to iCg nircrafC carrier.
t~ubttrizing ehiy ~,~d0 kilomet�er cruisp and drnwing pareicul~r att~ntion ro
th~ vireup~ of. rhis ~ircrafe (including rhe ~b~~nce of s~rious malfunctiong
durtng eh~ eneire vdy~g~), Ch~ U.S. pr~~s ~e ehe sam~ Cime nnted rh~ eom-
plr.xiey of its nper~tion and m~ine~n~ne~ ~nd str~gs~d rh~ f~Ct thae rh~re
w~r~ yom~ degign d~ficiencieg which, aLongqid~ difficulei~s in rontrol, ~r~
the pCLI1C~pFIL C~Ug~S of numerous air mishaps. Judging from mgeerials in Che
}3ritish journ~l ~L~GHT IN'T~RNATIONAL, for Exgmple, 32 air mishapg, claiming
11 lives, occurr~d during op~r~eion of AV-8A Hnrri~r aircraft by th~ U.S.
~t~~rincy (~a oE nctnb~r 1978). ~ts poor p~rformnnc~ charncterisCics are nlso
noec~d tnU1~) (not translated: e~ble contains characteriqtics nf the r~ir-
r.r,~Ct reEerred to in ehe C~xrJ.
[n c~nnection with thiq Che United SCaCe~ d~veloped, on the b~sis af rhe
1t~rrier, ~ de~ign of a V/STOL ~ircraft, Chc AV-8~. 'Two ~xperimental mndc:lq
h~ve be~n built up tn Ch~ present time, flight t~sts on which commenced in
- Novembe r 1978.
According to inf.ormation in Che U.5. press, the AV-8B has better performance
charar_teristics than the AV-8A (see table). Its payload and range were in-
crea~ed hy employing new materials and redesigning certain assemblies and
equipment. in addition, its ~lectronic equipmene and armgmenC have been
n~odernized, plus other changes cohich increase the aircraft's reliability
and facilit~te operation nnd maintenance.
.Judging from the latesr reports in the foreign press, how~ver, ehe future of
the AV-8~ i:~ doubeful, in connection with development of the A-18. The
project failed to receive continued development approrriations for 1980.
Accurding to reports in the Western military press, ground tests ttre
presently being conducted in Che United States on Che X~V-12A V/5'TOL air-
~raft (developed on a Navy contract in a fighter-attack aircraft version).
lt differs in design from existing aircraft of this type. Its aerodynamic
cte~ign is of A"canard" type ~~tth semi-delts wing (see figure) (figure
omitted~. it is powered by a Pratt & Whitney ~401-PW-400 turboEnn engine.
~t i5 de~igned to reach ~ top speed in excess of Mach 2. This aircraft's
pr~ItC~~A1 specificuCions and performance characteristics are listed in tl~e
Ctlhle�
1~
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!~N IH nht~~tl in Chr ~nr~.ign pr~~s, eh~ :{F~V-12A ~mploy~ c~ n~w prl.ncipl~ d~
generaein~ li~'e ciurin~ vert~c~1 ~nk~off W~C}1 et� aid df un e~~nCor yy~e~m
Cnnqiyeing af on~ a~~Ctnr ~nd ewn diEFugor f~~p:~. A~er~~m o~ h~e gFiy~.y
frnm ehe ~ngin~ anCerg Che f~~p chnnnelg ~nd, ~nssing through rhem, iy
~,~~er~d ehrdugh nozxles intd g1n~s b~Cw~en Che f~,apg. An ar~~ of r~duc~d
hre~yur~ iq cr~ati~d abovc~ Che upper surEace~ of eha wing ~nd Cs~.l. Th~
,j~t cxh~uyk ptir~~m iq d~fl~cCed downward with Che ~id o~ diffusor flaps,
ct~rrytng blong ~mbi~nC gir, and g~ner~C~s 5n~; more lift Ch~n is gener~e~d
by ~ngin~ thru~r.
[C iy r~pnrt~d in Che U.5. pregs tihnt Ch~ U.S. N~vy is ytudying Ch~ pn~-
qibiliey of r~plgcing by ehe end o~ rhe 20eh eenCury eh~ currenC ~mbarked
~i.rcr~ft, even helicopCers, wirh a n~w V/STdL nircr~FC to b~ devel~ped in
rhe C'nllowing ver~ions: A-- ~ subgonic: mulei-ro1~ aircraft c:ap~bl~ ot
r~pl~cing Che E-2, S-3, C-2, A-6 fix~d-wing aircraFe ~nd Che CH-4~ heli-
copeer. It wnuld p~rform missions of ldng-r~ng~ radar d~CccCion, nnti~ub-
m~~rin~ w~rf~r~, tr~nspnre, mid-nir refu~ling, Carrying M~rine ~7ssnule
tr~op;~ ~ghnre, reconnxissance, eCc. B-- a supersonic fighe~r-~CC~Ck eir-
cr~7Et to replnce th~ C-14, t'-18, A-6, AV-gA ~nd H, C-- ~n ASW aircr~fe which
will b~ ~mplo,yed in p1~c~ nf LAMPS h~licnpCery.
~'OOTNOT~S
~'or more deCail on Che Harrier aircrafC and the possibiliCies of iC~
combaC employmenC see zARUBEZHNOY~ VOY~NNOYE OBOZRLN2Y~, No 7, 1974,
pp 54-59 ~d,
2. At the present Ctme, according Co reporCs in the U.S. press, Marine
~vintion is operating 80 AV-8A Eigrrier aircrafC ~d.
COPYRIGHT: "Zarubezhnoye voyennoye obozreni~~e", 1979
3024
r.so: Lsol
~5
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SOVTCT COMMEN'TS ON W~ST~ItN AN'rZMINE 5HIP CAI'A13ILITI~S
Moscow 2ARUAEZHNOYE VOYENNOYE OBOZ1t~NIYE in Russian No 5, May 79 signed Co
press 4 May 79 pp 63-68
[Article by Capti 1sC Rank A. Daniyelyan and ~ngr-CapG 2d Rank A. Boyko: "Anti-
mine Ships"]
j'Textj As a rule the shipbuilding programs of the ma~oriCy of capitalist
countries specify modernization of obsolete and conseruction of new antimine
ships.
Accor.ding to informatiion in the foreign press, in designing new ships of Chis
type efforts are made to achieve a substant3al decrease in the level of tl~eir
physical fields, eo increase the resistance of hulls and equipment to the
effect~ of explosives, to provide excellent maneuver capabilities, to in-
cre~se course stabil3.ty against wind and current, and Co decrease Cendency eo
yaw aC speeds of from 1 to 6 knots. Toward this end fiberglass hulls and
stabilizers are employed, supplemenCary low-noise electric propeller drives
and water 3eCs are developed, sophisCicated navigation systems are in-
stalled, and combat informaCion-control systems are adopted.
ACCOrding to NATO member naCion naval experts, wood, which long was con-
sidered Che principal nonmagnetic material for building minesweeper hulls,
possesses a number of shortcomings. They include in particular poor sound-
absorbing properties, as well as considerable cost connecCed with fire
s~fety and maintenance in the process of extiended use. Fiberglass, although
comparatively expensive, is considered to be the most promising material.
In the last decade Che navies of the capitalist nations have been building
primarily mine-hunting minesweepers which, in the opinion of foreign ex-
perts, are versaCile antimine ships capable of destroying mines of any type.
In addition, they ~re more effective in shallow water than conventional
minesweepers. Therefore the majority of NATO countries are converting some of
the minesweepers built in the 1950's into minesweeper-minehunters, and are
also building new ships of this type (Table 1).
~6
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`t'~bl~ 1~ Principd~ Sp~c~.tic~einns of Mine~w~~p@r-Min~hunCr.ry of eh~ NA't'U
NaCion Nav~.es (Accordirig ro "J~ne'g I~'~.ghtiin~ Sh~.p~," 1g78-197g)
Cl~~~(Ye~r Quanti- D~A- principa~. Propul- Fu11 Crew Armnmene
r~uiie) ey place- Uim~nsions, s~.on Speed, Com-
ment, m~e~rs: L-- P1anC, Knol~ p~e~
Cong L-- length Horse- ment
t3 beam pow~r
b draft ~
Un~.Ced SCae~s r
Mine~eep~r- 19 2200 L-- 73 6800 18 Ap-
mtnehunrpr ~ ~.3.5 prox-
design b 3.4 imate-
~ (construc- ~y
rion ~ched- 100
ul~d Cn
b~gin in
1980) Grege Brieain
"Brecon" ~ 12 ~ 725 ;i. 60 3540 17 i4b 40 mm gun; ~
(2 under ~ ~ ;8 9.9 j I1~3M sonAr;
congCruc- ~ ' ~U 2.2 pAp-104 self-
tion) '
i , ; propelled
I j ~ ~ remote-conerol-
I ; ; , led underwat~r
I ` ~ unies con-
? ~
~ ~ ( tact, ncou~ti.c
! ~ and electro-
i ! ~ magneCic (nnn-
� ~ ~ ~ conC~ct ) ;~weeps
Wtlton ~ 1 I 480 L--46.3 3000 16 37 40 mm gun;
~ly~~~ I E 8�8 193M sonar;
i ( ti-- 2.5 contact and
, I acoustic saecps
~ShoulCon ) ~
1953-1957) i 15 ! 425 L-- 42.7 3000 15 29 Same
i ~ 8.8,
~ i ~ti 2.5 ~
"i.eigh" ~ , i
(1953, 1955): 2 ~ 164 iL 30.5 700 ( 13 15
~ ~ ~9 6.5 '
~ D 1.1
F rgnce
"~ridan" 15 544 L-- 49.1 2280
(keel laid ~ 15 ~22-45 ~20 mm guns;
$ " 8�4 ~bUBM-21A sonar;
in 1976, D-- 2.5 ' ~two PAP-104
' scheduled j ~self-propelled
for comple- ~ ~remote-con-
rion in ' 'Itrolled under-
1981) j Iwater units
' ' i
~7
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~Oit 0~'FICIAL US~ ONLY I
't'~bl~ 1 (cone ~ d)
. ~
C1~~~ (Year QuanCi- Di~- ~ Princ~p~l Propul- ~v~l Craw Armam~nr
Huitt) ey p1~C~- 1)imension~~ eion Spe~d, Cnm-
m~nti, meCers: Plant, Knots ple-
Cons L-- l~ngth Nor~~- ment
~ beam power
D draEe
~ranc~ (conC' d)
"Circ~"
(lh7z-1573) 5 ' S10 ~ L-- 50,9 1800 ' 15 48 ~Sxme
~~--8.9 ( -
! U 3. ~i
"H~rn~vxl" 13 780 I L-- 52.1 160Q 14 5A 40 mm guns;
(;~~v~n shipy ~ ~ 1A.7 pUBM-21A ydnur;
conv~rted U-- 3.2 two PAI~-104
~inc~ 1975) self-prop~lled
remoe~-con-
I ! ~ erolled units;
conCacC ~nd
acousCin swe~ps
~RG
"Ltndgu" ' 12 ~ 420 ' L-- 49.7 ' 4000 16, 5( 46 ' 40 mm gun, tcoo
(under con- ~ I B-- 8.3 ~ C 20 mm ~uns;
version ~ ( D-- 2,5 ~ 193M sonar;
~ince 1975) ( f two PnF~-104
yelf-propelled
~ I remoC~-con-
~ ( Itrolled under-
i ~ ~ Iwater units
Italy
~tine- 10 470 L-- ~,9.9 � 1600 ~ 15 39 40 mm gun;
ywceper- B 9.4 , ;AN/SQQ-14 sonar;
mine- D-- 2.5 i !two i'AI'-104
hunter ~ (self-prop~lled
d~siRn I remote-con-
(construc- ~ trolled ur~der-
tton of 4 ~ wuter units;
ships has ~ contact sweep
been con-
tr~cted) ; ~ ~
. ~
'Che U.S. Navy has gone over almost entirely to helicopter sweeping, based on
t}ie positive results oE antimine activities in Vietnam waters and in the
Suez Canal. At the present time the U.S. Navy has only three minesweepers in
line servi~e, while 22 are in reserve.
Stnce the mid-1970's the United 5tates has be^n developing nntimine ship~
oE a new type, designed primarily to combat deep mines. They will be
equipped with antimine helicopters and improved equipment for minehunting ~
and sweeping. Appropriations for construction of the first ship of Che new
18
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FOR O~~~C~AL U~~ ONLY
e1n~H ~r~ eo be ~?11oe~rc~d in ehe 1979/80 fi~c~1 y~~r, wikh ~ppropri~tidn~
~r~r ~d~r addieienal ghip~ in 1981/82 ~nd 19~2/83 fi~enl y~arg. ie i~
~im~C~d th~e con~~ru~Cian of en~ ~uch ghip wi.11 cose ~pproximately ~00 mi1-
lian dd~l~r~.
'Ch~ Uriei~h N~vy cnneaing 18 minesw~eper-minehuntere of ~he "Wil~on" (1),
"L~igh" (2), ~nd ("Shoulron") (15)elag~~~, plus 21 conv~neianai minesweepere
af ehe ("Ton")(18) and ("Kh~m") (3) c~~g~~g.
N~v~?1 ~xp~rt~ cun~id~r it Q~g~nCi~l to ~xp~nd eh~ min~~w~ep~r-min~hunt~r
El~~r by building ~ gerieg of ~ntimine ghip~ of eh~ "dr~con" Gl~~g, dev~lop-
m~nt of which ig bas~d on the degign of the ~xp~riment~l mine~w~~per-min~-
huntar "Wilton," commi~~ion~d in July 1973. irs huii i~ of gingl~e-ply
Eib~rglas~. U1a~t-re~i~tanc~e t~gtg showed ~h~t ~ hu~ll of ~ingl~-p1y pi~~ti~
i~ consid~rabiy ~trong~r tl~an a l~min~t~d hul]., To b~ tru~, it ea~~ 439~
mor~ than a huii of wood or ~luminum a11oy. ~xp~reg b~li~v~, how~v~r, ehee
20X 1e~~ work will. b~ r~quir~d tn m~ineain a fiber~lag~ hu11 Ch~n ~ wo~d~n
huii, and ~he 1S-year gervice life of a fib~r~las~ hull ~v~ns aut with th~
coaC of buildin~ hull~ of boeh rype~.
Con~.chrir~; dr e~rtence of constru~~ion and op~re~ion oE th~ min~sweeper
"tJtl,ton" (it ronk part in clearing mineg from th~ Suex Cann~), th~ k~el oE
rl~e Eirst uniC of a new cla~g was laid in 1g75 the min~hunt~r "ilr~con"
(ln~inrhed in .1une 1978). in Mav 1977 congtruction be~an on th~ gecond unit
nf t~�~ clarsg the "L~dbury." 'Th~ hu11s of the~e ghip~ ar~ b~ing fabricatcd
nf fih~r~l~s:~, cmploying th~ technique developed for th~ "Wi1Cr~n."
t~1~n~ call fdr installing a 193M soner for ~~eking nnderwat~r obje~ty, nnd ~
twn ~r~nch-mad~ pAp-104 self-propelled r~mote-rc~ntroJ.led und~t~,?at~r unirs
Eor finttl classi�icatidn and destruction of min~s.* Th~r~ Wi11 also b~ ~
capability to equip the ship with one conract and tao noncontact sweeps
(~coustic and magnetic), which will make it possible to employ the ship as
a cnnventional mineswe~per. In snme CA3@5 min~s can b~ dpstroy~d by combae
~wimm~rq.
Aa Fotlowa Erom darn published in the for~ign press, in arming th~ min~-
sweeper-minehunthr~ under consCructinn~ naval ~xperts huve given pt~f~r~ence
to th~ ~rench ("5kuber Mor") min~ ~earch and deseruction gy~tem.
on rhe ingtructions oE th~ Brirish Admiralty, congtruction began in the
19h0'q of min~qwe~pers ba~ed nn air-cushion vesse~s. Tn the courg~ of
te~ting the Eollowing advantages of rhese craEt over Water-displgcing min~-
sweepers were revealed: a high degree of blast r~si~tance, insignificant
acoustic and magnetic field~, high speed of travel to the ~Weep ar~a,
~tmplified servicing~and maintenance because the minesae~p~r Can go c?n shore
under its own power. buring test sweeping naval expertg devot~ particulAr
attencion to the question of placing nnd removing sae~ps Witl~ rh+c c?id of
* See ZAaUBEZHNOY~ VOY~NNOY~ OBOZttENtY~, No 1, 1977, pp 87-92; No 4, 1975,
PP 80-82 Bd.
~9
FOR OF~ICInL USE O~JLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100090018-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100094418-2
FOR C~FFICtAL U~C ONLY
d~ nr~;~ntC cryuipmche, toeii ~g p1~GCm~ne nf gwe~ping g~ear en Ch~ Hhtp'~
yupcratrucCurc�~
'1'1~~ ;~It.N4 ~1k4 ~Ir-cu~t~ihn m[n~~w~~p~r (length ~9~7 m~terr~, h~am 7~.~ meecrH,
w~ t~ht ~x(1 tcih~, w~t~he of ~w~~~ equipm~nr 35 ton~, Hh~~cl und~r n~-wind nnJ
r..~tmaw,~~ci~� c~i~nci t t t~ny ~9 knnt~) ip ~quihped wteh an ("nrdp~~a") nd?~k~et ww~~p,
nn r.1~Ctram~ti~netiC ~nd ~cdug~ic ~crenr, gwa ~id~-vi~wing sonarg and ~ 20 mm
~;un tar d~yerdyin~ ~urf~cia~ min~~~ ~ndur~nr~ i~ 9.3 hour~ on 40 ron~ ~f
tuel ~~nd ~{R1U~tatlptlUq ap2r~eion of ehre~ 3,8d0 1~orsapaw~r ~ngin~g. te iH
r~~nread in ~hr f~r~ign pr~gp eh~~ priar t~ h~~ding nuC for qw~~p oper~rinn~
aweep hquipment iy ~q~embl~d on the b~~is ef ~h~ dggi~n~c1 mi~gion ~nd i~
~~~k~in ~n bnnrd in the farm nf modul~~.
`t'!ie Sft.N4 ~ir-cu~l~ion vc~~ga1, utiliz~d a~ a min~~w~~p~r-minehunr~r, t~aH
~rr~~xt~,.~teiy eh~ ~eme ap~cificaeidng ~s eh~ SR.N4 Mk4. Wei~ht dC iey 4W~'C~1
~quipm~~it Ctwn qid~-vi~wing ~onar~, ~ flUBM-40 ~on~r, ~ i'AP-104 underwater
unft, ~hargtng unit, we11 six buoys wiCh t~1~vi~ion ~urv~ill~ne~
y~n~nrq) t~ 1~.5 tdng.
~ttnc ht~n~ing ~mr1 ~wepping c~n be p~rform~d in ro~gh g~~q. Swe~ping tnwin~
nc� mtnehunting gpeed d~pends on ~h~ typ~ ~f ~w~~p or yonar, ~g w~ll ~s
en the wetgh~ nt th~ 8ir-cu~hian min~gw~ep~r. ~or exam{~le, ~id~-viewin~;
wnn.~r tdwing :~pe~d (with thr air-eu~hion v~s~ei weighin~ 181 ton:~) i~
2n kn~it~ ~t ~h~11ow d~pth and 16.5 knotg at grpat~r d~pths, th~ ("Orop~za")
dcep-submerged contact ~weep (air-cughion vesg~l weighing ~84.9 rona)
ti kndtw, ~nd ~lecerom~gne~ic (19U.4 ton~) 8.5 knots.
+1n nn-hn~rd n~vig~ei~n sy~t~m canEeining a~pecial comp~t~r i~ utilixed in
aweepin~ ~nd min~hunttng. tt eucomerir~ily control~ the air-cushian
r~ineww~~epcr under certain weath~r ~ondieion~. Thc ship's position i~
determined an the b~sis of navigation ref~rence points.
ttirict~h n~v~t rxpcrts cldim that in sptte of poor endurance, ntr~cuyhion
v~~~:~~1~ c~n bc qu~ceg~fully employ~d a~ minesWeep~r~, mineswecper-minehunter~,