JPRS ID: 9286 USSR REPORT AGRICULTURE

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JPRS L/9286 _
5 Septemt~er 1 ~9$0
USSR Re ort -
p
~ AGRIClJLTURE
CFOUQ 8%~O)
FB~$ FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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JPRS L/9286
5 September 1980
USSR REPORT
AGRICULTURE
(FOUO 8/80)
CONTENTS
~GRO-ECONOI~CS AND ORGANIZATION
_ Formulation of F~ve-Year Plan for Agricultural E4~terprises
Discussed
(V. I. Yurkin; PI~ANIROVANIYE I UCHET V
SEZ~SKOKHOZYAYSTVENNYKH PREDPRIYATIYAHI3, Jun 80)..... 1
~I
- a- IIII - U5SR - 7 FOUO~
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i~'OR Ol~'fiICIAL i15F QNLY
AGRO-ECONOMICS AND ORGANIZATION
UDC 338.109.3
FORMULATIOIQ OF FiVE-YEAR PLAN FOR AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES DISCUSSED
Moscow PLANIROVANIYE I UCHET V SEL'SKOKHOZYAYSTVENNYKH PREDPRIYATIYAKH in
_ Russian No 6, Jun 80 pp 5-11
[Article by V. I. Yurkin, director c:~f the Department of Planning ,
Methodology of the Main Planning-Economic Administration of the USSR
MSKh [Minietry of Agriculture], candidate of economic sciences:
"The Five-Year P1an of the Agricultural Enterprise"]
[Text] The July 1978 Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee noted the
necessity of significantly increasing the sc~ientific foundation of plans,
of eliminating the sub~ective approach when composing them, of continued
improvemente in planning and ia the entire system of indicators that are
the basis for evaluating the effectiveness and quality of enterprise ,
activities and for creating the conditions for the development, acceptance
and succesaful fulfillment of intensive plane.
A requirement formulated in the plenum's resolution that is methodologically
= important for developing five-year plans for agricultural enterprises reads:
"In the area of planning the procurement of agricultural products it is
essential to eliminate the numerous plane and beginning in the llth Five-
Year Plan to provide republics~ krays, oblasts, rayons, kolkhozes and
sovkhozea with a single intensive but realistic plan for the procurement
of agricultural products over a period of 5 years with a per-year break-
down" (Moscow, Izdatel'stvo PRAVDA, 1979, p 60~.
The speech of Comrade L. I. Brezhnev at the November 1979 Plenum of the
CPSU Central Committee especially emphasized that today agricultural
~ production cannoC be examined in isolation from the systems of procurement,
transportation, storage, processing and trade in foodstuffs. The system of
- plan indicators and material incentives musC be structured in such a way as
to provide workers of.-all links with the incentive to supply consumere with
the largeat amount of high-quality products. This typ~ of organization
will enable us to positively alter the planning systow and to increase the
foundation and complexity of plans.
The resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of
Ministers of 12 July 1979, "On Improving the Planning and Strengthening the
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r~un ur~r~l~l~w u~~ uivLr
_
Effectiveness of the Economic Mechanism in Increasing the Efficiency of
Production and the Quality of Work," plans to increase the role of future
' anu especially of five-year plans as the main form of planning economic
and social development. It foresees the broad introduction of a system of
scientifically-based norms. Practices that are so common today in agri-
culture, such as the lack of coordination between the volume of production
and procurement and material-technical resources, a lowering or raising of
plan indicators and other problems are related to a large extent to the
imperfection in the normative base. For this reason planning and agricultur-
al organs do not always have ob~ective information at their disposal
concerning the national-economic effectiveness of sovkhoz and kolkhoz
production. As a result the improvement of economic factors such as
prices, forms of distributing clear income and others is decelerated.
The scale on which norms are utilized in the management of agricultural
production does not meet present-day requiremente. In most union republics
they encompass only tlze upper levels of management and are utilized mainly
as a foundation for plan drafts in order to confirm needs for material and
technical resources, bypassing planning in enterprises.
The utilization of �norms in intra-enterprise planning will be accompanied
by the elimination of exis~ing shortcomings. In some republics and oblasts
certain positive experience has already been accumulated in tnis direction.
It should be utilized everywhere in compos3.ng five-year and one-year plans
for the development of agricultural enterprises during the llth Five-Year
Plan. For example, beginning in 1980, the enterprises of the ilkrainian SSR
will utilize the normative method of planning on a mass scale. In
Voronezhskaya Oblast a normative method for planning a wage payments fund
will be introduced with the aid of specialists from the Production-
Computer Center of the RSFSR MSKh.
The aforementioned resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR
Council of Ministers foresees the evaluation of the results of fulfilling
the five-year plan at all l~vels of economic management beginning at the
start of the five-year plan; and of the results of the one-year plan--at
the beginning of the year.
At the present time industry is making the transition to new categories for
evaluating their activities. An indicator of pure prodsction is being
introduced,determined by deducti.ons from the cost of each article and
calculated or_ the basis of comparable wholesale prices. Material
expenditures are determined by the cost of raw materials and materials that
complete the articles, i.e. everyt'hing that is the result of the work of
other enterprises. The time has come to prepare a proposal on the more
ob~ective evaluation indicators in agriculture. Already at the 25th
CPSU Congress there was discusaion on improving the system of plan
indicators, of strengthening their effect "on raising the technical level
of production and production quality, on accelerating the pace of growth of
labor productivity, on a more economic utilization of fixed capital,and
material and financial resources."
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The new planning order foresees raising the level of plan balance. To
strengthen the role of the five-year plan balances of material and labor
resources, production capacities and financea will be elaborated each year.
It is true that such balances were elaborated previously, but their quality
left something to be desired. Evidently, planning-economic subdivisions of
_ agricultural organs and economists must develop more interrelated
indicators of five-year and annual plans.
It is essential to note still another special feature of this resolution--
the social direction of the pldns. It has been deemed expedient to
include all divisions that include the entire complex of ineasures in the
area of social development, that encourage improvements in labor
conditions and in living and cultural-consumer conditions and that raise
the skills and professional mastery of workers in state plans for the
economic and social develoFment of the country, rep~iblics, ministriee,
associationa, enterprises and organizations. Moreover, these measures must
be related to tasks involving production development, capital building
and improving its effectiveness. .
Annual plans will be composed on the basia of the goals and economic
s*andards of the five-~ear planr and their devc~lopment must come from
below--from enterprises and agsociatior,~. Here attention is given to the
necessity of widespread participation of labor collectives in the realiza-
tion of these measures and in controlling their fu1f311ment.
_ At the present time tha country's kolkhozes and sovkhozes are making
preliminary summaries of their activities in 1976-1980. The goals of
economic and social development for the llth Five-Year Plan are being
developed. In organizing the development of five-year plans in agri-
cultural enterprises we should use the aforementioned resolutions of the
party and state as a reference point.
The USSR Ministry of Agriculture has prepared, confirmed and sent out to
the ministries of agriculture of union republics a new formula for the plan
of economic and social development of enterprises in 1981-1985 together with
short, metl?odological instructions on developing the plan. The
dist{nguiehing feature of the tlank is that it is eaYmarked not only for
kolkhozea and sovkhozes, but for inter-farm enterprises as well.
For the first time, the new farm of the five-year plan includes a division
for social program, and the f~ve-year plan itself is called a plan of
economic and social development of.agricultural enterprises in 1981-1985.
Because of this the social program is becoming an integral part of the plan.
The plan includes a section on the need and supply ix~ enterprises of cadres
from the leading professions,. on the main di.rections for improving the
education and special t;:aining ot.worke.re. Here there is a specific plan
for the nwnber and profeasional compoeition of.trained cadres according t:,
the y ear of the five-year plan. Here there is a form ref~.ecting annual
measurea on work education and profeseional orientation for youth. There is
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a form for wage payments enabling us to compare the average monthly
. wages of workers in the main professions. An impruvement in regiments
and sanitary-everyday working conditions is planned.
- There will be a more complex planning of ineaeures on the development of
private enterprise--selling young animals and poultry, feed, seeds,
herbicides to the populatioa~ and providing help in cultivating land, etc.
The planned measures must be financially supported by the income and
outlays of the enterprise.
The aforementioned measures will be reflected,in annual plans according to
the same system.
The preparation of the forms wa+s preceded by extensive work perfoYmed by the
ministry to develop plan indicators of social development. These questions
were discussed in the VDNKh USSR [Exhibition of Achievemer:ts of the National
Economy of the USSR]with the participation of a large circle o~ workers
from agriculture and scientific inetitutions.
The measures that were taken enable us to plan the complex development of
agricultural enterprises, to more fully satisfy the needs of kolkhozes and
sovkhozes for trained cadres, to improve the forms of organization and
wage payments, to purposefully improve the labor conditions of machine
operators, livestock farmers and other workers, thereby keep3.ng them in the
villages, and finally to raise the effectiveness of the agr~.cultural branch,
As for the production section of the five-year plan, here f.or the first time
indicators on the cooperation of kolkhozes and sovkhozes will be included.
In developing a precurempnt plan each enterprise must begi.n with the
necessity of more fully utilizing production and cam~i~dity possibiliries
with the aim of increasing the sale to the state of products, the
significant portion of which is utilized for production needs (grain,
potatoes, meat, milk, eggs and other products as well as seed). To
derermine the sales quantity balances are being worked out for gross
resdurces for all years of the five-;~ear plan. Here the balances for
farm products are composed for the agricultural year; those for animal
husbandry--for the calendar year. It should be kept in mind that the
production sales volume to the state in the balance must be foreseen with
a consideration of the expected difference between the physical and
test weight over a period of several yeara.
For the first time in a five-year plan a table will be available to
reflect the quality of agricultural products ~hat are earmarked for sale to
the state.
In planning the volume ~f better-quality produc~s it is essential to refer
back to GOST requirements and to the conditions for the sale and for
bonuses and additions to existing state procurement prices. Plan indicators
must be determined according to the achieved production level of past years
and to measures on improving production quality.
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For the information of beet-sowing enterprises, with the purpose of
improving the quality of production beginninQ ~n 1980 it is planned to pay
for the sale of beets to the state according to their sugar content. The
activities of the enterprises will be evaluated, in addition to this, by a
7 consideration of the account weight of the products delivered to the sugar
plant.
In the accelerated development of agricultural production output a
significant role will be played by scientific-techr.ical progress. During
the new five-year plan the form reflecting these questions has been
altered basically and expanded. This section includes goals on
introducing new varieties and hybrida of agricultural crops into production,
on the effective means :,r atoring products, on the upkeep of livestock
and poultry and on indicators for production output in animal nusbandry in
complexes, poultry factories, mechanized farns, etc. In plan development
a volume and schedule for its introduction should be established. They
should be based on calculations of material-financial and labor expenditures
and the supposed economic effects.
The development of a five-year plan must be based on a t.horough and .
overall analysis of production conditious in recent years, on an ob~ective
evaluation of preduction developmentt on a more complete elur_.idation and
utilization of existing internal resources and material r~sources received
from the state, an~i on the continued development of intraenterprise -
specialization.
On the basis o~ balance calculati~ns the plan for the development of the _
animal husbandry branch must be coordinated with the development of other
branches of production in accordance with a scientifically-based system of
economic management. Depending upon the epecialization of the enterprise,
there should be a plan for further increaeing the production of grain,
feeds, sugar beets, cotton raw matarials, flax fiber, seeds of oil-bearing
crops, veget.ables, fruit, grapes and ~ther ~ypes of products on the basis
- of intensive factors primarily--improv~ng the quality of farming, the
effective utilization of agricultural lands, fixed production funds,
- material and labor resources, an~i the development of inechanization,
reclamation and chemization. The development of srain and feed production
must proceed at a rapid rate.
The pl~r.ned volume of production in farming must guarantee the fulfillmant
of the state plan of procurement in the established assortment and to meet
intraenterprise needs--the procukement of aeeds with a consideration of
emergency and exchange funds, the creation of a atable feed base for
livestock farming in accordance tpith accepted rations, the sale and
distribution of products to reimburse labor, etc.
The most important condition for the growth of production outpuC is
improving the utilization of agricultural lands, primarily plowland. Under
intenbification conditions this question must acquire priority significance,
especially in the rayons of irrigated farming. For this reason the plan
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must foresee the possible expansion of repeat, consolidated, mixed and
intermediate crops in order to produce two or mr,re harvests per year, the
sowing of preliminary crops on improved feed lands, the sowing of crops
in the interrows of orchards and occupied fallows, the undercover sowing
of perennial grasses and others in accordance with the accepted system of
economic management and with the recommendations of scientific-research
institutes and the experience of leading workers.
Land resources include not only the lands that always belong to an
enterprise, but those that are used for the long-term or the short-term as
well. Long-term cultivated pastures are included in the ::otal area of
pasture regardless of their condition and what type of land they are located
F
on.
The plan should foresee the improvement of the structure of sowing areas,
determined with a consideration of the introduction and assiA~ilation of
crop rotations. Priority is given to those crops which under the given
conditions are most productive and which ali~~w the enterprise to increase
production output with minimal expenditures of labor and resources. -
Also important is the constant sesrch for resources to additionally expand
the sowing area in grain crops, especially in rayons with sufficient
moisture. Nevertheless, the expansion of such crops should in no way be
planned at the cost of weakening the feed base. In determining the
structure of the sowing area a consideration should also be made of
expanding the most productive grain crops by cur~ailing those of low e
productivit.y. '~n particular, in enterprises where spzing wheat is
significantly inferior to grain forage crops (barle;~, oats) in yield,
the area of the former should be limited to a size that will guarantee the
- fulfillment o.f the established plan of procurement and of intra-enterprise
needs and priority should be given to other crops.
. No less attention should be given to expanding the area of groats crops--
millet and buckwheat--as well as of corn and pulae crops. Among feed crops
_ it is essential to determine the most expedient ratio of corn, root crops
and grasses with a consideration of the maximal production of high-protein
feeds.
The growth of production output in farm{ng must be secured mainly by
~ rais~ng the productivity of agricuitural crops. Its level is planned on the =
basis of materials from the economic evaluation of lands, the analysis of
this indicator over the last 5 yeare and the planned material-technical
resources for the coming plan period, of available fertilizer, capital
investments, as well as the introduction of a complex of progressive
measures into production--soil-conservation cultivation, liming ac:~~dic ,
soils and gysuming solonets soils, the use of herbicides, increa~ing water
supplies of irrigated lands, sowing perennial grasses in furro*,?s, eliminat-
ing sparseness in perennial plantings, etc. The effectiveness of specific
measures (factors) is determined in accordance with the norms or recommend-
- ations of scientific institutions and with the data of ~tate variety plots
and leading experimental enterprises.
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The achieved growth in the productivity and gross yield of a given crop is
added to average annual values for these indicators during the base period
to produce their levels during the coming plan period. 1o check the
correctness of productivity arrived at in this way it is expedient to
compare it to the average annual productivity of the same crops in state
testing plots during the last 5-10 years, while simultaneously comparing
the level of agrotechnology according to factors.
It is important to keep in mind that the gross yield from repeat crops is
calculated separately and their area is not included in determining the
average productivit} of a given crop. The average productivity of vegetable
crops is calculated in a similar fashion--exclucled from total gross yie ld
is yield from protected ground.
It is important to have a stable ~feed base in order to increase the
production output of animal husbandry. The feed resources of enterprises
arise from two sources--their own and those received from without. Feed
for livestock muat be supplied mainly from the former. This includes feed
' crops raised on plowland, natural feed lands (including improved), feeds
received from other branches of the enterprise (grain, potatoes, etc.),
by-products of fartning (straw, haulm, stems, non-standard products, was te,
etc.), and feeds procured by the populaticn on non-ag~icultural lands
(on right-of-ways, the verges of roads, in forests, etc.).
The increase in production output and the increase in the productivity of
feed crops as well as the output of feeds on natural lands is determined
on the basis of ineasures that are elaborated in each enterprise, o:f an
analysis of these indicators during the preceding period and of per-fac tor
calculations. -
In planning the production of siLqge, haylage, grasa meal and green fodder
the gross ~yield of crops raised for these purposes (silage, including corn,
annual and perennial grasses) is determined in green masa. In addition,
_ it includes the green mass from repeat and intermediate crops. In dete rmin-
ing the output of feed from natural feed lands we consider the area of
haylands and pastures according to the purpose for which they are used--for
hay, grazing, green fodder, haylage (in hay or green mass respectively).
Not included in the total area of haylanda and pastures are haylands that
~ have been radically improved and cultivated pastures.
Planned production output in farming on irrigated and drained lands is an
integral part of the total production volume and one of the factors
affecting its iaicrease in per-factor calculations. For this reason special
attention in the plan muat be given to raising the effectiveness of
utilization of these lands. To do this their area must be coordinated with
the actual availability and planned vol~e of new reclaimed lands to be
introduced during the yeara of the plan period. The plan of reclamation
work must foresee their complex aesimilation.
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The plan must reflect the planned quantity of supplies of mineral fertilizer
and other chemization means as well as the delivery and accumulation of ~
organic fertilizers. The indicators are placed in the forms on the basis
of supplementary calculations during each year of the five-year plan. ~
In distributing mineral fertilizers priority allocations are made for crops
on irrigated and drained lands as well as for seed-farmi.ng crops. The
sowing standard is coordinated with the planned level of productivity.
The plan must consider the growth in supplies of mineral fertilizer and
stipulate increased doses for grains and feed crops as well as for natural
f.eed lands that have been radically improved.
The planning of chemization must be based on existing need standards -
for fertilizers, liming and polymer materials with a consideration of crop
structure, soil fertility and planned productivity. In addition to this
' data from the agrochemical survey of soil and recommendations from
scientific-research institutes for a given zone are utilized.
Animal husbandry production output should be planned with a consideration
of existing as well as of the most effective planned specialization and
intensification of each branch and of the introduction of a progressive .
technology for maintaining and feeding livestock and poultry.
The plan for the development of livestock farmi.ng must reflect all existi.ng
reserves and possibilities for increasing production output, especially that
of ineat. For this the calculations should foresee the very rapid pace of
_ development of the meat sector (livestock raising, hog raising and poultry
raising). .
, The composition of the plan is preceded by a careful analysis of all
branches of animal husbandry and by work to determine the specialization
of individual subdivisions in the enterprise, the necessity to build
complexes and large specialized farms that are completeiy supplied with
feeds produced internally.
The recommended norms can be made more specific for each enterprise if
necessary.
In determining the volume of production output in animal husbandry we should
keep in mind that its growth is achieved by raisi.ng the productivity of
livestock as well as by increasing the herd by the necessary number. Here
we cannot tolerate a disproportion between the size of the herd and the
availability of feed and facilities. The plan must foresee the realization
of a complex of ineasures on further improving the reproduction and structure
of the herd, the conditions for maintaining and feeding livestock as well
as for improving the pedigree and productive qualities of animals. The
planned volumes of production output must secure the fulfillment of
state procurement plans by the enterprise as well as satisfy the needs of
the enterprise itself.
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The products of r.aising (in live weight) are cal~ulated according to the
balance method--a l:erd turnover is established for each type of livestock
and poultry and the total weight of animals is determined, including
meat that is subject to sale that is delivered to other enterprises for
fattening, that is sold for b reeding purposes through Plemzhivob'yedininiye
[Animal breeding association] and breeding trusts of Ptitseprom [Poultry
- industry associationJ or to the population, and including the increase in
herd weight per year. The weight of the purctiased livestock is excluded
from the products of raising. Indicators on sales to the state, slaughter
in enterprises and other slaughter are included in sales for meat.
In the sale of livestock that is earmarked for meat purposes, the highest
nutritional category is determined (large-horned cattle, sheep, meat and _
bacon hogs, heavy calves of large-horned cattle).
The weight of one head of livestock on the average per herd (at the start
and end of the year) and that sold for meat ae well as the output of
_ progeny per 100 brood cows are determined on the basis of data over a
period of a.number of years with a consideration of raising them during the
- plan period by improving the herd's pedigree composition, its f.eeding and
= upkeep .
Milk production is calculated for each year of the five-year plan according
to the average annual herd size of dairy cattle and the average milk yield
per cow. Meat cows and wet-nurse cows whose milk is utilized to wean
suckling calves are not included in the average annual herd count of dairy
cows and their milk is not planned. Milk production fram other types of
animals (goats, sheep, camels, mares) is determined separately and is
included in the total quantity according to enterprise. -
Wool output is planned according to its type (fine, semi-fine, semi-coarse
and coarse) based on the indicated size of the herd at the beginning of the
year and on the average wool yield per sheep. The amount of "normal"
production in total production is determined for sales to the state. The
volume of wool production according to fleeciness is determined by
considering the exi~ting relationshipe and planned changes in sheep farcning. -
The production of large eggs is calculated according to the average annual
size of the chicken flock and the planned egg productivity of one chicken,
the level of which is determined on the .basis cf achieved productivity and
the planned improvement in feeding and upkeep. The output of eggs fram
other types of birds is determined according to the indicated number of
females at the beginning of the plan year and to productivity. It is
included in total production, with the separation of eggs of the first
category.
Production plaazning for karakul and astrakhan fur proceeds on the basis of
the indicated progeny of astrakhan sheep minus the lambs that are left
as replacement animals for ewes and rams that are no longer capable of
reproduction and that secure the planned growth of the br~od herd. First
class production is singled out from total karakul production.
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1 VLL VJ1'1V1{1L Vul'J V1YLl
Inciuded in the quantity of karakul and astrakhan fur, in addition to
that from slaugtitered animals, are the skins of stillborn lambs~dead animals
which still have a good appearance ae well as karakul obtained from
= the slaughter of pregnant femalea that have been removed from the herd.
The production of bee honey is calculated on t;ie basis of the nimiber of ^
bee families each year of the fi.ve-yea~ p1an at the beginning of the year "
and of the plan norm for commodity honey'(with deductions for that left
for feed) .
The p roduction volume in livestock-raising complexes and poultry factories _
is determined in accordance with the availability of existing capacities
and their planned introduction during the plan year.
The interfarm ties of enterprises are reflected in the forms on the
movement of livestock and poultry. They foresee the transfer of ].ivestock
to interenterprise assoc~ations and special farms for the production of
_ animal products as well as the purchase of calves for fattening from
reproduction enterprises and the purchase of heifers arid primapara heifers
f rom special fattening enterprises.
The most important condition for the growth of production output in animal
husbandry and of livestock productivity is ttie creation of a stable feed
" b ase. The plan must coardinate the dem~~nd for feed according to type with _
the supplies from all sources on the basis of balanced ccalculations.
The balance is developed according to groupa of feed (concentrated, coarse,
succulent, green and others) based on the consinnption norm per unit of
livestock production and the planned production volume. For work livestock
expendiCure norms per head of liveatock are utiilized.
- For the llth Five-Year Plan the Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR in
accordance with USSR Gosplan has developed approximate standards for feed
consumption per production of a unit of product with a consideration of the
level of productivity of livestock and the structure of feed rations
according to the type of animale and birds in various zones of the country.
' These standards can be corrected according to the specific conditions in
_ each enterprise. With this goal the economically most advantageous crops
are determined according to~:the output of feed units per 1 hectare and i:he .
cost of 1 quintal of feed units as well as according.to protein content.
In determining annual norms for feed consumption per unit of production or
per head of livestock it is essential to consider the actual consumption
over the last 5-6 years, the possibility of eliminating losses and over-
coneumption, the planned productivity level of animals and poultry, -
- improving tt~e type of feeding, improving feed quality and raising the total
nutritive value of the ration.
In addition to feed demands for publ~c livestock raising the plan should
foresee the replenishment of emergency resources and their allo~ation to
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livestock under private ownership. The siza of emergency resources is -
determined in consideration of zonal characteristics and types of feeds
_ (for concentrated--8-10 percent of annual requirements; for coarse and
succulent--15-20 percent depending upon the duration of the stall upkeep
period).
The calculated requirement for feed and feed un3.ts for each type of livestock
and poultry in accordance with the annual structure in enterprises is then
translated into natural indicators according to the coefficients of the
_ nutritive value of feeds. The content of digest3.ble protein in the feeds is
- then determined. The nEed for the latter is eatablished in accordance with
, recommended norms for upkeep on the basis of a feed unit for various types -
of products and of the productivity of animals.
The shortage of protein for ruminants can be partially offset by the inclusion
in the ration of carbamide concentrates and other chemical additives.
The five-year plan foresees the continued improvement in the level of
complex mechanization of production procesaea (for cultivating and
harvesting agricultural cnops, post-narvest cultivation of grain crops, in
feed production and in animal huebandry). The g~rowth of technical aupplies
for all branches of agricultural production is planned through the increase
in deliveries of machines, and through the introduction of new and modern
technology. The calculations must determine the volume and schedule for
completing mechanized operations, the average daily productivity of tractors,
combines and agricultural equipment (with a coneideration of their effective
use) and the amount of technology that is written off.
The norms for the utilization of the machine and tractor fleet and the
schedule for completing the work are dete ruiined on the basis of standard
technological mapa, recommendations of acientific-research institutions,
the achievements of production leaders and the potential of the enterprise.
The need for tractors, combines and agricultural machinery is determined -
according to the work volume during the most intensive period. In making
this determination it is necessary to observe the conditions that secure
the most effective utilization of teci~nology in the course of the entire
plan period or agricultural season.
Enterprises are supplied with transportation means in accordanc~ with
_ plans for production and capital building using the managerial method, for
work involving the care of livestock,and the servicing and repair of -
technology and for everyday and munic3pal needa.
During planning the introduction of electrical energy must be foreseen
not only in agricultural groduction for the purpoae of complex mechanization
and automation in animal huabandry and farming, but also in the sphere of
_ cultural and everyday services for the population. Electrical energy needs
for production are determined according to norms that have been confirmed by
the USSR Ministry of Agriculture or by meana of the computation method,
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. multiplying the capacity of current consumers (electrical motors or other
electrical equipment) in kilowatts by the annual sum of hours they are in -
use. Rated capacities are utilized as the capacities of current cons~ners
and their quantity is planned on the basis of the planned growth of the
saturation of enterprises with electrical equipment per standard year of
the five-year plan.
_ The need for electrical energy for municipal-living purposes is a function
of the number of village resident~ ueing electricity and the annual
consumption norm per person.
The installation of electrical motors and a need for them is planned on the
basis of developed measures concerning the introduction of electrical energy
into agricultural production. -
In developing a five-year plan on capitai investments it is essential to
first make an analysis of the effectiveness of utilizing them and fixed
capital in all dj.rections during preceding years and after this to dete~?ine
the real need for them. In doing this it is essential to start with the
solution of important priority problema regarding the creation of a
material-technical base for an enterprise to accelerate the growth of
production of the baaic types of agricultural products.
The plan volumes of capital investments must be coordinated with the
potential of building organizations.
The building of production and non-production structures, their distribution
and the building of farm houses are foreseen in accordance with a general
plan in coordination with planned production volume and the developed
scheme of specialization and concentration.
The total volume of capital investments including resources for the
preparation of planning and budget documentation and building-installation
work is established: in sovkhozes--by a higher organization (according to
rank); in kolkhozes--by the enterprise itself with a consideration of
potential and limits. It is planned in the 1969 estimates with a
consideration of wholesale prices for equipment introduced an 1 January 1973
and of the lowest coefficients for building-installation work, effective
since 1 January 1976.
In planning capital investments for structures having a production purpose
- the foZlowing must be foreseene the building of livestock-raising and
poultry-raising far~s, complexes, rep~air shops, hothouses, greenhouses,
garages, points for technical services, gas stations, tents for storing
technology, electrical lines, communications and radio structures,
auxiliary enterprises, storehouses for products, roads within enterprises
ax~d other production structures used for agricultural purposes as well as
schools; the acquisition of technclogy (~tractors, trucks, agricultural
machinery) and equipment that are not in~luded in estimates for capital
building; putting in perennials and care for young plants; establishing
vineyards on espaliers; cultivational and counter-erosion measures.
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The indicators for the plan of capital investments for non-production
structures includes the building of residenttal housing, children's pre-
school facilities (including nurseries, pioneer camps), structures for
cultural-everyday and municipal purposes and sports facilities.
The introduction into operation of fixed capital, the indicators of which
are reflected in the estimated costs of the corresponding years, must be
coordinated with the plan for the introduction into operation of
capacities strictly for specific purposes.
In addjtion to the aforementioned ind3.cators, the five-year plan for
agricultural enterprises calculates other factors: in kolkhozes--a
calculation of gross income, the distribution of gross and clear income;
_ in sovkhozes--summary calculations of profits.
A complex table reflecting the development of agriculture according to
years and on the average for 1981-1985 in comparison with the ninth and
lOth five-year plans includes a calculation of the basic economic
indicators. It reflects the dynamics of the cost of gross production in
comparable 1973 prices, the average annual ntmtber of workers, the wage
fund, the average monthly wage, the average annuai cost of fixed production
capital, the power-worker and fund-worker ratios, gross productian output
and clear income (profit) per 100 hectares of agricultural lands and per -
one worker working in agriculture.
_ In developing a five-year plan we should begin with the need for a~xational
efficient coordination of the development of public and private enterprises.
The latter wi11 encourage a more complete utilization of existing labor
resources and natural feed lands. .
The plan must also include: the allocat3.on ~f lands for private plots,
~ collective orchards and gardens, grazing cattle and the procurement of
coarse fodder; the sale (issuance) to kolkhoz farmers and sovkhoz workers
of seedlings, piglets, baby birds, feeds; the issuance of credit; rendering
aid in the cultivation of land, the protection of crops and plantings
from pests and diseases and in selling production surpluses.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "KOLOS", "Planirovaniye i uchet v sel'skokhoz-
yaystvennykh predpriyatiyakh", 1980
8228
CSO: 1824 END
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