JPRS ID: 9308 USSR REPORT PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS

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POR OFFI('1:11, IiSP. U~il.l
JPRS L/9308
19 September 1 ~80
USSR Re ort
p
_ PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS _
CFOIlO 8/80)
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JPRS L/9308
19 September 1980
USSR REPORT
PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS
(FOUO 8/80)
CONTENTS
ACOUSTICS
Principles of Ultrasonic Physics 1
CLASSICAL MECHANICS
Gyrostabilizers of Inertial Control Systems S
LA~~E~S AND MASERS
A Flashlamp Pumped Iodine Laser With an Optically Thick
Medium 14
The Plasma Parameters in Discharge Afterglow in a Copper
Vapor Laser 27
The Spectral Dependen~e of the Absolute Quantum Yields of
the Formation of I(2P1f2) and I(2P3~2) Atoms for the Case
of the Photolysis of Organic Iodides: II. CF3I, C2F5I,
C3F~I, CF3CFICF3 and CF30CF2CF2I������~�����~~�����~���~���� 35 -
The Characteristics of a CW Electrical Ionization CO2 Laser
With a Cooled Working M-i_xture 55
A High Effici~ncy Pulse Periodic Laser Using Concentrated
Neodymium Phosphate Glass 65
Laser Sys~ems 70
Many-Photon Ionization of Atoms 73
Re~~ombination Luminescence and Laser Spectroscopy 75
SUPERCOAIDUCTIVITY.
Problems of Applied Superconductivity 77
� - a- [III - USSR - 21H S&T FOUO]
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~
rc,f; c~Ferr,r;~i, tr;r c~vi
ACOUS'I'ICS
PRINCIPLES OF ULTRASONIC PHYSICS
Leningrad OSNOVY FIZIKI UL'TRAZVUKA in Russian 1980 signed to
press 12 Oct 79 -
[Annotation and table of contants frvm z textbook by Vladimir
Aleksandrovich Shutilov, Leningrad Univeraity, 3269 copies,
280 pages]
[Text] This book considers the propagation of ultrasonic waves
in liquids, gases, and solids, which are treated as continuous
media with different elastic properties. Problems having a
direct relationship to specific ultrasonic characteristics are
presented systematically; possibilitie~ of generating direc-
tional plane wave beams, high-intensity ul;:rasonic radiation,
etc. In the book most of the attention is focused on difEerent
aspects of the propagation of plane waves: their general char-
acteristics, damping, scattering by inhomogeneities, reflec-
tion, refraction, transmission through layers, interference,
diffr.action, analysis of nonlinear phenomena, pondermotive
forces, and edge and other effects in bounded beams. Attention
is also paid to spherical waves which are formed by pulsed vi-
brations of spherical bodies, in the far zone of small radia-
tors, and in ultrasonic focusing systems. Most of these pro-
blems are discussed in regard to longitudinal waves in media
having bulk elasticity and for other types of wa~es, in partic-
uTar, for ahear waves in liquids and solids; additional atten-
tion is given to problems involving theix specifi~c proper-
ties. This includes boundary and nonlinear effects in solids,
transformation of waves, their dispersion, surface waves, and
the relationships between sonic velocities and elastic modulj
in crystals, including piezoel~ctric crystals,
This texbook is designed for students in rhe upper grades and
for post-graduate students in the physics clepartmenCs of uni-
versities and institutes, and it will be useful also for sci-
entista and technicians spPcializing in different branches of
ultrasonics.
1
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~'U!: c)1~ T' i C 1:~L iJSF: ONLY
TABLE OF CON'.~ENTS 3
Foreword 7
B asic notation
Chapter I. Basic Equati.ons of ~lastic Theory 9
1, Equilibrium and deformed states of a body 15
2, Stress tensor 1~
3. Equation of motion
4. Relationship between deformation and stress. Gen- ZO
eralized Hooke la~a 23
5. Elastic deformation energy
6. Simplest deformations and relatior.ship between 25
different moduli of elasticity
Chapter II. Propagation of Ultrasonic Waves in Liquids
- and Gases 29
1. Acoustic characteristics of an ideal fl.uid 31
2, Equatians of hydrodynmaics 3~
3. Equation of sta~e for liquids and gases
36 -
4, Wave equation 38
5. Plane waves 39
6. Speed of sound
Chapter III. Plane Sinusoidal Waves of Infinitesimally
Small Amplitude 44
1. Equations of a plane monochx'omatic wave
2, Basic lineir rinaan~ultrasonic wave~caWaveadrag
ties chang ng 45
and acoustic impedance
3. Energy characteristics of an ultrasonic field. 70
Ultrasonic intensjty
Numerical examples. Logaritttmic scale of 52
_ intensities and amplitudes 53
4. Absorption of monochromatic ~iltrasonic waves
5. Shear waves in fluids. Viscous losses at the 6Z
boundaries of ultrasonic beams
' Chapter IV. Plane WaonlinearitermsAin1hydrodynamic
1. F.stimate of n 66
_ equations
2. Exact solution of a syatem o� nonlinear hydro- 68
dynamic equations for nondissipative media
3. Rate o~ pro~agation of a wave of finite amplitude.69
Nonlinear characteristics of the medium
4. Relationships between acoustic parameters in the 74
second-order approximation
5. Distoztion of the shape of a wave of finite 75
ampli*ude during propagation
2
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~~,~i, :~i~ i~~ ~:~i. ~~.;i~ ~~yi
6. Spectral analysis of a ~aave o~ finite amplitude 81
7. Intensiry of distorted ultrasUnic waves o~ finite
amplitude a6 _
8. Absoz'ption of plane waves of finite amplitude 37
Chapter V. Force Constants in an Ultrasonic Field
1. Radiation pressure 1~4
2. Radiation pressure forces acting on obstacles 109
3. Force constants affecting suspended particles in
an ultrasonic field 114
4. Ultrasonic wind 117
Chapter VI. Ultrasonic Cavitation
1. Tensile strength of. a liquid 123
2. Cavitation strength of a liquid 125
3. Collapse of a cavitation cavir_y 130
4. Dynamics of cavitaCion cavities in an ultrasonic
wave - 134
5. Acoustic properties of a cavi_tating liquid 138
Chapter VII. Reflection, Refr~~ction, and Scattering of
Ultrasonic Waves
1. Transmission and reflection o~ plane waves at the
3nterface between two media 141
2. Standing plane waves 147
3. Interference between oppositely traveling waves
under normal incidence in an absorbing medium 151
= 4. Reflection and refraction of a plane wave under
oblique incidence on a plane tnterface between
two media 153
5. Interference of plane waves under oblique inci-
dence. Quasistanding waves 158
6. Scattering of ultrasonic waves in an inh~mogen-
eous medium 161
Chapter VIII. Transmissioa oE Plane Waves through Layers.
Electroacoustic Analogies. Radiation of
Plane Wavea
1. Transmission of plane ultrasonic waves through a
plane-parallel layer 171
2� "Ref:tection-reducing~" lmatching) layers 17b
3. Acoustic modes of ~ilates 180
4. Method of electroacoustic analogies 183
S. Oscillatory Q~stems without dampin$ 184
6. Modes~ of elE~ctric, mechanical, and acoustic oscil-
latory systems with damping 186
7, Forced osciZlations. Resonance 191
8. Radiation of plane waves. Field of a realistic
plane ultrasonic radistor 196
3
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~ ;~F�~ i;: ~ ~~t. i _;i: ~~~i
Chapter IX. Sphericsl Waves
l. Wave equations for spherical waves 2~2
2. Manochromatic spherical waves 203
3. Intensity of a spher~.cal wave 204 _
4. Radiation of spherical waves by a pulsating sphere 206
Chapter X. Ultrasonic Propagation in an Isotropic Solid
1. Wave equation for an infinite solid 209
2. Reflection, refraction, and transformation of
ultrasonic waves at the boundaries of solids 214
3. Reflectance at the boundary of a solid with
oblique incidence o� the wave 21$
4. Surface Rayleigh wavps 229
5. Love waves 231
6. Geometric dispersion of sound in rods 233
7. Nonlinear elasticity and the principles of non-
linear acoustics of solids 236
Chapter XI. Propagation of Ultrasound in Crystals
1. General acoustic equations for crystals 240
2. Relationship between elastic moduli and rates
- of propagation of ultrasound in crystals 243
3. Cubic crystals 244
4. Crystals of lower--order symmetry 252
5. Piezoelectric effect on the elastic properties of
crystals 26~
Bibliography 27U
Subject index 2~4
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo Leningradskogo universiteta, 19$0
[166-9370]
9370
CSO: 1862
4
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[
CLASSICIAI, MECHANICS
GXROSTABILIZERS OF INERTIAL CONTROL SYSTEMS
Leningrad GIRO5TABILIZATORY INERTSIAL'* pR~ in the case where
p 0.4 � 1014
quanta/(cm2 � sec~j; at the reference points, nh~ _(0.2 - 1.3) � 1014
quanta/(cm3 � sec). The mixture of CF3I-C02 captures the NO molecules ~
when it is frozen with liquid oxygen [16]. For this reason, check experi-
ments were run to determine the percentage of NO ca;~Lure, which, as it
turned out, does not depend on pN~. Based on these experiments, the
corresponding corrections were introduced into ~he measured values of
~NO~ Where the value of these corrections was small (4.5 -?.8% where
PRI = S to 90 mm Hg respectively, p~p2 = 200 mm Hg).
~
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C~FSI. The experimental conditions are shc~wn. in Table 1. There is no need
to introduce T02 for the thremalization of C2F~. A correction of 5%
(p~2FSI = 4.5 mm Hg) ta 24% (pC2F5I = 60 mm Hg) for NO capture during .
freezing was introduced inta the value of ~NO�
C3F~I, CF3CFICF3, CF30CF2CF2I. The condition.s were as follows: pRI =
= 4 to 30 mm Hg; nh~ >_0.7 � 1014 quanta/(cm3 � sec); at the referenc~
points, nh~ _(0.15 - 1.5) ~ 1014 quanta/(cm3 � sec), p~p~2 = 0- 300 mm Hg.
No NO capture was detected during freezing. ,
The data shown in Figure for the measured spectral functions ~I*(a) dose
parens +~I(a) = 2~Z (a) along with the RI absorption spectra which were
measured previously ~13] and in this work make it possible t~ determine the
spectral functions of the partial absorption cross-sections corresponding
to the transitions to the RI states, which dissociate into R+ I*, R+ I
as we11 as via channels different from (1) and (1') (~IZ(a) is nat equal
to 0.5 at all quanta ener~ies, Figure 4). From these data, in turn, one
can compute the integral absolute quantum yields: ~
= J~ �HJ (~l ~ (~l d~ ~ ~ ~.~R f (7~)d"n,
i i~,.
(al and a2 are the boundaries of the absorption band) of the RI photodis-
sociation products, the ~scillator strengths of the corresponding
transitions f, the splitting energy ~E between the e_-cited RI states in
the equilibrium configuration of the ground state (Table 'L).
TABLE 1 ~ -
The Experimetal Conditions for the Measurement of the Spectra.l
Dependence of the Absolute Quantiim Yield of the Formation of
I(~P1~2) During the Photolysis of C2F5I
!a� l0-t~. PR,T� PCp~� I rth~� 10~' I cp J.
~'n~ K08HT/~C~l1�C) I MM PT. CT. I MM pT. Ct. KBBHT/(CM~��~)
255 4,^_ ~ Ag10 ~ 0 ~2~ 0,7 1,00�0,06
265' 6,6 4,5 - 7,~ 0- 200 0,6 - l,l 0,98
275 9 6,2 0 0,8 ~,~3
285 9 15 0 1,3 0,~6
295'" 9,7 16 - 30 0- 400 0,7 - 1,3 0,78
305 IO 60 0 0,9 0,73 � -
Note: Data obtained where nh~ ? nhv and pobshch ' P~r are given for the
reference points
Key: 1. I~ � 10-14 quanta/(cm2 � sec);
2, nh~ � 10-1~, quanta/(cm3 � sec).
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c~r~~lci~i, u5t. c~Ni~~~
FigurE 3. The spectr~il curves for the absolute
s�--` quantum yield of the formation o� I(2P1~2) during
T the photodissociation of RI (the measurement. _
O,d ~1 error does not exceed 6 percent).
qs 4 Key: 1. CF31;
- 2. C2F5I;
o,r 3. C3~~I;
~ 4. CF3CFICF3;
140 260 280 d00.t,,r~1 5. CFgOCF2CF2I (the spectral resolution is
about 4 nm).
From our point of view, the interpretation of these data (see Figure 4
and Table 2) can be of great interest. If L-he mechanism of iodide
photodissociation is understood, then one c~n attempt to predict the
value of ~I,t for the photodissociation of iodides which have not yet been
studied or not as yet synthesized, and whicti are promising for any reason
for utilization in FIL's. This is a complex question and has been given
very little treatment in the literature. Till now, it has not been
established which factors - molecule symmetr.y, radical ionization
potential as some authors assume [6, 7] or :~ome other factors - are
responsible for the probability of transitions to states which correlate with
R+ I* and R+ I. It is likewise unclear wtiat the mechanism is for the
influence of these factors.
The theoretical aspects of the spectroscopic properties of halides
were worked out in the 1930's by Mulliken [26-33]; paper (34] can also
be cited. There is insufficient space here to allow us to deal with all
aspects of this theory which concern the case of large spin-orbital inter-
action (Gund's case e[35]). We will note only that of the types of
bonds ascertained by Mull.iken, the case of the SZ-w bond [28, 30, 36J or
the C bond with distant nuclei [27, 28, 30-34, 36J have a direct bearing
on the question considered here. The spin quantum number loses its mean-
ing in all of these cases. The mixing of states with identical quantum
numbers A, S2 (St-w bond) or SZ (C, type I, II) , with identical parity (g
or u) and identical symmetry properties rel.ative to inversion or
leads to the removal of inhibitions from the transitions which are forbid-
den in the case of the A-S bond. The mixing of the 3II1 and the 1TI1 states
(in the terms of the fl-S bond) of a HI molecule is explained by the
marked probability of the transition 3n1 X1Eg [30, 37]. Ta explain the
y ~
relatively large oscillator strength of the transi- IIo ~,Y~ (or
t~ )ri u ~
�
Ou + G+ in the terms of the C bond) in the. I~ molecule, it is necessary
to assume that the ground state of I2 (ag~ru~r46u - 2440 0+) mixes with
the 2341 Og state lyi+g at 4.1 eV above it, gwhile the ~2431 Ou state
mixes with the 1441 Ou and 1342 Ou states [33].
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r~~,r. ~~rrri;T Al, t~~,T~: ~tiNl.~'
31G~9pr Z
~ 4 Gf3? ~ 4 CFdCf?Cf3
6 ~
L
. ~
4~ -
_I 1
~ Z3 3
~ d ` d z
;:�IO~CN1
8~ CZFS? r y Cf,OCfrCfz~ Figure 4. The partial absorption
4 ~ ~ cross-sections, 6i, corresponding
6~, ~ to t:ransitions to states which
~ ~ r dis~~ociate into R+ I* (2P1/2) (1),
4; 'r g+ I(Zp3~2) (2) and via other
~ ~ channels (3), as well as the total
~ cross-section, 6tot ~4) (the
~G ? 3 ~ Z 3 measurement error in csi is no more
than 8 percent of ~tot ~ the
d(b) 31 3E 40 vr0 ,CN
6~~0'`�cr' d~e~ spectral resolution is 6i = 4 nm.
2.` y CJ f~J
~ ~
6=
f
4~
~ ~
1' t
r
~ -
37 36 4O U�~O_jCPI-~
� Cc~
A group theory analysis shows that among the lowest excited states of the
I2 molecule, only 3II~u correlates with I+ I*, while the remaining ones
corr3latelwith3two I 3atoms in the ground state (for HI, these are 3n~ .
and T[p, T[l, nl and n2 states respectivelv). The value of ~I* during
_ the photolysis of these molecules is determined both by the type of bonci
and the interaction of the indicated states between each other and with
other states. The existing experimental data are in good agreement with
the representations of theory.[36, 37]. -
Mulliken proposed that the nature of the transitions in alkyliodides was ~
the same as in their biatomic analogs [29, 38]. With the absorption of
a light quantum by a CH3I molecule, the transition ...(5p~rie)3Q*a}~3E +
f(...Sp~rle)4 lAl is obse~rved in the first band, in which case the 3E
state, because of the presence of a strong spin-orbital interaction is
split into E+ E+ A2 + Ai, of which only A*1 correlates with CHg + I*
_ [29, 39 (p 295), 40, 41]. The nature and the similarity of the absorption
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TABLE 2
L
s
~ - i
. R~ ,A g 3 II n~g , o o c~i 4n QQ' O 4
. ~ ~ ,
� A I ~ : : W
g 9 ~1. ~ ~ 4
CF,J (0.94~p~p~10.96~0.~10,98�p~pgI0.91yD.03I ~ ~~~5 I5.3t1.51 O.l I~~OGOI0.959I 0 I0,969
C*F~J I0,94~.p~I0.98�p.09~~~~�0.D91 { - I5.0�1,51 0.2 I-30()OI0.96410.OObI0,959
I
- C,FfJ i^.8g�0.MI0.98 O.p~10.68�0.pgl 0.99 ( t0782 (b.~t~l.5I0.9�0.31 -800 I~.961I0.238~0.752
CF~CFJCF, I0,51f0,05I0,99�p~pgI0,52t0,09I tp pq I - I2.S�O,SI2.2t0,7I -0 IO.SBOI0,140I0.440
CF~OCF,CF,J I0.98�q.07I0.99�0:0710~~9~p,~ - I - 15.~t1.5~ 0.05 (-35DOI - I- I-
Note: The confidence level is > 0.90; in calculating the relative error
in the determination of the quantities fI* and fi, it was assumed
that the accuracy in the measurement of the RI absorption factor
was about 20%.
spectra of alkyliodides makes it possible to assume that the transition
of the 5p~r~e ele~tron to the antibonding orbital o'*al leads to the
formation of repulsion states, in which case the a*al orbital is localized
at the C-I bond. All of this made it possible for Mulliken to classify
the lower excited states of the alkyliodides as components of a Q-complex,
1Q~ 3Q~~ 3Q1 and 3Q2, similar to the lII, 31I~, 3Ii1 and 3II2 states of the
biatomic molecules (for CH3I, these are the E, Ai(0+), A2(0'), E, E states)
[39, page 25]. It followed from the data of [42] that the more intense
shortwave component of the complex absorption band of CH3I corresponds to
the transition to the state 3Q~. The type of bond in CHgI is close to the
"C type I+ type II". We will note that all of the considerations of
Mulliken cited above are justified to the same extent for the perfluoro-
alkyliodides,
We shall attempt to explain the fact that the probability of a transition
to a CF3I state which dissoci~tes to CF3 + I* (in following Mulliken, we
_ shall call it 3Qp) is much greater than to a state which dissociates into
CF3 + I(we shall call it 3Q1) (the 1Q1 state, according to Mulliken, is
located in the shortwave port3on of the first RI absorption band) close
_ parens (see Figure 4a, Table 2). We shall analyze what is responsible for
the change in the relationships of the probabilit~es of transitions to the _
3Q0 and 3Q1 states when R changes.
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r�c~h ~~Hr7r,r~?. c~~t~; n~i,~~
By studying the perturbati.ons of the components of the Q-complex in
hom~onuclear (I2) and heteronuclear (HI) molecules, one can hypothesize
that the intensity of the transitions to the states of the given complex
in the CF3I molecule is determined by the nature of the interaction of
these states with higher Rydberg states, the intensity of the transitions
to which is almost two orders of magnitude greater. Tf the observed
distribution of the transition intensities in the absorption spectrum of
this molecule were due to the disturbance of the ~Qp state from the other
component of the Q- complex having a"singlet" nature in a zero approxima-
tion, i.e., 1Q1, t-hen this state should be manifest rather strongly in
the CFgI absorption spectrum. With an increase in the perfluoroalkyl
radical, the ratio of the probabilities of transitions to the 3Qp and
3Q1 states changes, something which entails a change in the quantity fiI*.
The symmetry selection rules, even ~n the C~v group provide nothing to
explain the observed transition probabilities. It is obvious that the
explanation of the observed effects should take into account both the
nature of the interaction in the Q-complex and the interaction of the
states participating in the transition with other states of the IR
molecule. Apparently, the latter interactian changes little when R
changes, something which is indicated by the practically unchanged
oscillator strength of the first absorption bands of the RI molecules.
(We will also note that~when R changes, the position of the f irst and
subsequent absorptian bands changes Iittle [13, 43] an.d the leng~h of the
C-I bond almost does not change at all [44, 45]). Based on what has been
said, the conclusion can be drawn that the ratio of the probabilities of
the transitions to the 3Q~ and 3Q1 states, and consequently, also the
value o� ~I~ when R changes are determined by the interaction in the
Q-complex.
The decrease in ~I* in the CF3I-C3F~I series (we shall treat the
CFgOCF2CF2I molecule below as a separate special case) is accompanied
by a reduction in the energy separation between the 3Q~ and 3Q1 states.
It is logical to assume that when these states come close together, they
interact with each other (such intera.c~ion is permitted even in the C~y
group by the rules for perturbation selection), In the case of the mixing
of' the 3Qp and 3Q1 states, the aum of the oscillator strengths for
the transitions to these states remains constant,whereas there is a
gradual transfer of oscillator strength from the state with the greatest
f to the state with the least f[46].
The amount of splitting between 3Qp and 3Q1 depends on the length of the
C-I bond. It can b e anticipated that at certain values of the spacing,
the potential surf aces of the indicated states can come closer together, _
leading to their intersection or repulsion. As we assume, it is specif-
ically this case which is realized in the CF3CFICF3 molecule. We noted
earlier [14] that the phenomenon of oscillation of the partial absorption
cross-sections of this molecule can be explained in principle by the
48
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oscillatory excitation of the CF3CFCFj radical as ~t is separated
from the iodine atom [47, 48]. However, in this case, the
more probable mechanism is illustrated in Figure 5. We shall assume
that the oscillator strengths for the transition to the noninter.-
acting states 3Qp and 3Q1 are approximately the same, whil e the potzntial
surfaces of these states in the region of the vertical transition come
close together and repe7. each other.
Then the spectral curves for the partial absorption cross- sections in
the 3Q~ and 3Q1 states wi11 have the forni shown in Figure 5. The con-
clusion concerning the low probability of the diab atic pro cess, i.e.,
the transition from a to b and from e to d, does not contradict
existing notions of the mechanism of the interaction of electron states.
In fact, in the first case, the interaction of the given states is
permitted; in the second case, the surfaces draw closer together at a
small angle, since the energy of the vertical transition is markedly
greater than the energy of the dissociation of RI into R+ I* and R+ I,
and thirdly, the region of the RI potential energy surfac e, on which
the radiation transition is realized, belongs to approximately the same
range of energies as tY~e approach re6ion. A.11 of this, which
is in accordance with the Landau-Zener model [49, 50~, should lead to a
high probability of adiabatic transitions (from a to d~and from c
to b), i.e., to strong repuls ion of the surfaces.
It can be assumed that during the photodissociation of CF 3I-C3F~I, t}~e
drawing together of the repulsion surfaces of RI, which lead to their
strong interaction, is absent since their absorption spectra are broken
down into two bell curves, where the long wa.ve band corresponds to the
lower limit of RI dissociation; it also takes place in HI [30, 37] and
apparently, in CH3I [8J.
The change in the amount of splitting DE between the stat es of the Q-
complex with a change in the radical can be explained in the following
manner. It is well known [51) that spin-orbital interaction in atoms
depends greatly on the charge or the nucleus Z and the value of tt~~
principal quantum number h:
~ES~-~Z'/h'.
The constancy of spin-orbital splitting (~E = 0.6 eV) in the Rydberg
RI series [43] is explained quite well by the fact that it is due
for the most part to the unpaired 5p electron of the iodine arom, which
remains with the excitation of the other 5p elec:tr~n in the ns, np or
nd orbitals. For the molecules studied here, in the region of the
Franck-Condon transition, ~F. < 0.5 eV, i.e., it is Iess th an ~E in the
Rydberg series. SInce the first RI absorpti.on band is due to the n-> a*
transition, the value of the spin-orbital interaction, and consequently,
49
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~ V1? l 1Vl.(\~a U?L ~/~~L+L
tiie splitting of the Q-complex can be
~~5~ rR_J determine~i by how much the excited _
d RtJ I Q* orbita:l is localized around the I
. re atom and na~ a 5p nature, i. e. , by how
Q " much the excited electron neutralizes
~ ~ ~i the spin density of the unpaired 5p
i I ~ electron .
i~
For the purpose of ascertaining this
j~ ~ hypothesis, we undertook the calcula-
; tion of the CF3I, C2F5I, C3F~I and
CFgCFICF3 molecules using the MO LCAO
SSP method in the semi-empirical
Figure 5. The inf luence of a quasi- ~NDO~BW variant [52J. The data on the =
intersection of excited geometry of the molecules were taken
repulsive RI states on from [44, 45~. A few changes were
the form of the partial made in the parameterization system as
cross-sections oI~(a) compared to [52J. The biatomic reso-
and QI(a). nance integrals ~,qE were computed frum
the f ormu La sAg = 0. 5 ( S,~ + Sgg) ,
where and Sgg are the resonance
integrals given in [52~ for a homonuclear bond. Since we do not have the
possibility of go ing into a complete analysis of the molecular orbitals
(MO) within the f ramework of this paper, we sha11 cite only the conclusions.
- In each of the computed compounds, with the exception of CF~CFIC~'3, one can
single out the MO of an unshared pair Q� an I atom (in the following,
the n-MO), consisting basically of 5pX and 5p.y atomic orbitals. Given in
Table 2 is the total contribution of the SpX and the 5py atomic orbitals
of iodine to the n-MO (qn). After the transport of one of the electrons
fr.om the n MO to the first free orbital of the compound, something which
- corresponds to the n-~ a* transition, the population of the 5ph-and
- 5py atomic orbitals of the I atom changes by the amounts q6~, which are
given in Table 2. Thus, a portion of an electron ~q with unpaired
spin (see Table 2) rer~?ains in the SpX and 5py orbitals of iodine. As can
be seen from Tab le 2, the trend towards a change in the size of ~q
coincides with the trend the change in the spin-orbital splitting ~E.
Thus, within the framework of this calculation, the increase in the 5p
nature of the Q* orbital, i.e., in the time for finding a o* electron
near an I atom actually leads to a reduction in the quantity ~E3Q0 -
- 3Q1. It stands to reason that these considerations are of a qualitative
nature. We will note that such an interpretation of the observed effects is
in agreement with the proposal of the authors of [6, 7] that the size of
~r~ is greater, the greater the ionization po~tential of the radical R.
The data of Table 2 show that in terms of its photodissociative properties,
the CF30CF2CF2I molecule is closest to the CF3I motecule. In light of
50
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'r~il: iJFFI.CIaI. US~: ~;N1,1'
the considerations put forward here, it is nat difficult to link this _
to the presence of an oxygen atom in the C-O-C-C chain. tn fact, the
presence of an oxygen atom in the chain, which has a grelter affinity
for an electrun, should reduce the time for finding a 6* electron near
an iodine atom.
A comparison of the values of ~I*/(~I~ +~I) from Table 2 with those
obtained in papers [6 and 7] reveals marked differences, which are especi-
ally significant for the CF3CFICF3 molecule. Tlie differences can be due
to the reasons discussed earlier [13, 14], as well as the fact that the
maximum in the radiation spectrum of the lamp used in [6, 7J possibly falls
in the region a< 250 nm [53]. This fact markedly improves the agreement
of our dara and that given in [6, 7] (see Figure 3). The calculations
likewise show that under the experimental conditions described in [6, 7],
it is necessary to take into ar_count reactions (5) and (8). Neglecting
them leads to an increase in ~I,~, which is greater, the higher k5/kg is.
We will note 1n conclusion that it follows from the data cited here
that using molecules in FIL's which have larger radicals than does C3F~I
does not lead to an increase in the e~iantity ~I*. One can anticipate only
that the:e will be a slight positive effect because of the change in the
ratio ks/kg in this series.
The authors would like to express their deep gratitude to T.K. Rebana and
G.A. Skorobogatov for their useful discussions.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
l. J.V.V. Kasper, G.S. Pimentel, APPI,. PHYS. LETTS., 5, 231, (1964).
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I
~ l~~~It c)l~ f~ L(: f ~U. l lti?? ~)NI,1'
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4, 889, (1977).
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15. L.S. Yershov, V.Yu. Zalesskiy, V.I. Sokol.ov, KVANTOVAYA ~LEKTRONTKA,
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1977, p 233; VESTNIK LGL [BULLETTN OF LENINGRAD STATE UNIVERSITY],
No 4, 39, (1979).
~ 20. V.N. Kondrat'yev, "Konstanty skorostey gazofaznykh reaktsiy:
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. . , . ,
26. R.S. Mullike~i, REV. MOD. PHYS,, 2, 60, (1930).
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29. R.S. Mulliken, PHYS. REV., 47, 413, (1935).
30. R.S. Mulliken, PHYS. REV., S1, 310, (1937).
31. R.S. Mulliken, J. CHEM. PHYS., 8, 382, (1940).
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33. R.S. Mulliken, J. CHEM. PHYS., 55, 288, (.1971).
34. J.H. Van Vleck, PFIYS. REV., 40, 568, (1932). -
35. G. Herzberg, "Spektry i stroyeniye dvukhatiomnykh molelcul" ["The Spectra
and Structure of Biatomic Molecules"), Mascow, Tnostrannaya Literatura
Publishe.rs, 1949.
36. J.A. Coxon, MOL. SPECTR. CHEM. SOC. (L), 1, 177, (1973).
37. R.D. Clear, S.J. Ri1ey, K.R. Wilson, J. CHEM. PHYS., 63, 1340, (1975).
38. R.S. Mulliken, J. CHEM. PHYS., 3, 506, (1935).
~
39. G. Herzberg, "Elektronnyye spektry i stroyeniye mnogoatomnykh molekul"
["The Electronic Spectra and Structure of Multiatomic Molecules"],
Moscow, Mir P~blishers, 1969.
40. L.B. Nikol'skiy, OPTIKA I SPEKTROSKOPIYA, 29, 1049, (1970).
41. M. Dzvonik, J. Yang, R. Bersohn, J. CHEM. PHYS., 61, 4408, (1974).
42. D. Porret, C.F. Goodeve, PROC. ROY. SOC., A165, 31, (1938).
43. R.A.. Boshi, D.R. Salahub, MOLEC. PHYS. 24, 735, (1972). �
" 44. A.L. Andreassen, S.H. Bauer, J. CHEM. PHYS., 56, ~i802, (1972).
45. L.V, Vilkov, V.S. Mastryukov, N.I. Sadova, "Opredeleniye geometriches-
kogo stroyeniya svobodnykh molekul" ["The Determination of the Geomet-
rical Structure of Free Molecules"], Leningrad, Khimiya Publishers,
1978, p 125.
46. C.A. Nicolaides, D.R. Beck, CHEM. PHYS. LETTS., 53, $7, (1978).
53
~
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FOR OFFICIAI. iTSE (1NLY
47. J.A. Beswick, J. Jortner., CHEM. PHYS., 2~+, T, (1977).
48. R.T. Pack, J. CHEM. PHYS., 65, 4765, (1916).
49. Ye.Ye. Nikitin, USPEKHI KHIMTI IPROGRESS IN CHEMISTRY], 43, 1905, .
(~9~6).
50. M.S. Child, MOLEC. PHYS., 32, 1495, (197C).
51. E.V. Shpol'skiy, "Atomnaya fizika" ["Nuclear Physics"], Moscow, Nauka
Publishers, 1974, Vol 2, p 299.
52. R.J. Boyd, M.A. Whitehead, J. CHEM. SOC. DALTON TRANS., 1, 73,
(1972).
53. Yu.G. Basov, S.L. Boldyrev, L.I. Larionov, A.S. Doynik.ov, G.Ye.
Tsvilyuk, KVANiOVAYA ELEKTRONTKA, 2, 1840, ~1975).
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye radio", "Kvantovaya elektronika", 1980.
[165-8225] -
8225
CSO: 1862
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ruk orricrni, ~ISr: c�~~i~
UDC G21..373.826.038.823
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CW ELEC'TRICAL IONI7,A'TION C02 LASER WITH A
COOLED WORKING MIXTURE
~ Moscow KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA in Russian Vo1 ~1, No 5, May 80 pp 1U67-1073
manuscript received 21 Nov 79
[Paper by N.G. Basov, Ye.P. Glotov, V.A. Danilychev and A.M. Soroka,
the USSR Academy of Sciences Physics Institute imeni P.N. Lebedev, MoscnwJ
_ [TextJ It is shown that p�reliminary cooling of the
working mixture in a CW electrical :ionization C02 laser
permits a signif icant boost in the optimum working
pressure ~by a factor of 5 to 10) aud the specific
volumetric energy output (by a a far_tor of 3 to 5). A
- configuration is proposed for a laser set-up, in which
the refrigeration unit is placed inside the gas dynamic
circ~,it. This configuration permits a significant re-
duction in the overall dimensions of laser installation.
1. The electrical ionization method makes it possible to provide for
stable and homogeneous pumping of active volumes at high pressures in
a wide range of pumping pulse widths, right up to the CW mode [1J. How-
ever, CW electrical ionization lasers (NEIL) at the present time operate
at pressures not exceeding 0.1 atm [2]. This is related to the high
threshold pumping power at atmospheric pressure and room temperature.
Under these conditions, light fluxes which considerably exceed the maximum
beam loading of modern reflectors J~ = 1- 2 KW/cm2, operating in the CW
mode, are needed to provide f.or a sufficiently high effeciency of the
laser, n [2]�
The specific energy input power in the case oi a fixed electron beam
current in the adhesion mode is proportional to the pressure p, and in
the recombination mode, it is proportional to p3~2, ar~ for this reason,
increasing the gas pressure leads to a significant increase in the beam
- utilization efficiency. Th.is is especially important, since the electron
beam current density is limited because of the overheating of the separat- '
ing foil at the 10 uA/cm2 level (in the plane of the cathode) [2].
55
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l~Ull ur~r'LC1.A1. Utit; l)NLY
It was experimentally shown i.n paper [3] that_preli.minary cooling of the
laser mixture to.a temperature of T= 200 �K improves the performance of
pulsed C02 lasers by a factor. of 1.3 to 1.5. This is related to the sharp
reduction in the relaxation rate of tlte upper 00~1 lasing level when the
tcmperature is reduced. It is shown in this F~aper that the preliminary
cooling of the gaseous mixture in an NEIL perntits an increase ot 3 to 4
times in the lasing power, something which is determined primarily not by
the increase in the efficiency, but rather by the considerable boost in
~he working pressure of the laser mixture. TYie fact is that modern devices, -
which are used for circulation (fan, compres:>or) provide for a volumetric -
gas rate of flow independent of the pressure, and for this reason, the mass
rate of flow, and consequently, also the output lasing power wi11 be pro-
portional to the working pressure.
2, We shall consider the flow of the laser mixture at an initi.al velocity
up through a rectangular channel with an active length along the optical
axis L. The specific pumping power Q is chosen from the condition that
the intensity of the laser radiation nowhere exceeds the limiting beam
load on the reflectors, J,~, The formulation of the problem cor.responds tc,
the maximum permissible output power of an NET.L with a constant electron
beam current density along the f7.ow. The system of gas dynamic equations
which describe the flow af the laser mixture rhrough the active region in
this case has the form:
P~i=Pouo~ P= R PT~
p-~- pu` = po ~ Pouo, Q~x) = Qo P~x~ ,
^ V ~ pU dx l R� u dz 1-~1~) Q~x) ~ ~ 1)
where all of the variables with the zero subsc:ript are referenced to
the input into the discharge volume.; p, u and T are the density,
molecular weight and temperature of the gas; Y is the adiabatic exponent;
R is the universal gas constant; r1~ is the physical efficiency of the
laser. The energy input power Q is written in the form shown here, since
in the adhesion mode which is characteristic of NEIL operation, the
el.ectron density does not depeTid on the gas dEnsity (the ioniza.tion rate
q and the electron extinction rate are propor.tional to p), while the
drift velocity is proportional to p-1. �
At subsonic velocities, the characteristic dimension, for which the laser
characteristics are established, is small as compared tn the characteristic
dimensions for the change in the gas dynamic quantities along the flow. For
this reason, in the system of equations which describe the lasing one can
neglect the spatial derivatives and write it in the form [4]:
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FOR OFFICIAL iJSE ~NLl'
_ ~l~~L ~Q. - (~~.-n, - n~p) 6~r~ T~ = 0,
h' Q-;- `',4 -1- (n. - n, - ~t~n) 6.9c T' _
, _ ~
L
~il:- /11-711P) 2Los~ = ln - ~ ,
r1rZ
Here n2 and nl are the nonequilibrium populations of the upper (00~1)
and the lower (1'00) lasing levels; rt1 is the quantum efficiency; r1Z is
the fraction of the energy ~oing for the excitation of the vibrational
levels of the N2 and the 00 1 level of the C02; hv is the laser quantum
energy; Qst is the cross-section of the stimulated transitions [4]; T2 =
= T2(T) is the re'laxatxon time of the 00~1 level (a sharp function of the
gas temperature [5]); K and T1 are the fractions of the energy going :~or
the excitation and the effective relaxation time of the lower lasing level,
taking into account the O1`0, 02~0 and 0220 levels; r1 and r2 are the
reflection coefficients of the mirrors; E1 is the effective excitation
energy of the lower lasing level, averaged with respect to the O1'0, 0220
and 0220 (sic] levels.
Because of the f act that the fraction of the energy going into the
radiation usually does not exceed 10 to 20%, the quantity 1- rl~ can be
considered cons~ant and equal to 0.85. Then the system of gas dynamic
equations (1) ceases to depend on the parameters of the laser:~radiation
and its solution is written in the form:
~,~"o - Y( ~ 1 1 " y T' 1
X 0,85Qo ~ y-1 , yMo I,n uo y~ i I, uo ^ '
l, ~
T _ u (1 -1'Mo~ ua- 1
0 0 ~ ( 3)
where Mp is the Mach number at the input to the discharge chamber. Knowing
the distribution of the gas dynamic quantities, the distribution of the
laser parameters along the flow can be calculated:
K Eiv \ _ l
~~x~ = 2Lrl~~ls I Q~x) 1-- zl`j' l~ Q* ,
]n (1 /rir2) ~ [ 1 - 1 ,4'r~/iz ( ~li~ls i ~ J (4)
where the value of the maximum light flux, Jm = Jmax~x) is related to the
beam strength J* by the relationship Jm = J*(l+rl). The value of the
threshold energy input power Q* is given by the expression:
57
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i~Ul: UFFTCIAL USL? (1NI,1'
_ I In~ 1 ( in (l;rlr_) y 1 ~5)
~I1~1: T~ I- I,4T1;SZ ~ 2LQ9~ ~ lY~~ I
J
At pressures p greater than about 0.1 to 2 atm (depending on the
composition of ttie mixture and the intial temperature), the maximum
light flux Jm is already aahieved at the input to the active volume.
This is related to the fact that at an energy input power on the order
_ of the threshold value, the rise in Q due to the rar~faction of the gas
along the f low is smaller than the increase in Q* due to heating. In this
case, Qp is determined from the condition Jp = Jm. At l.ow pressures of
p< 0.1 atm, the threshald pumping power at the input is Q*(0) � Qp. For
this reason, the initial rise in the energy input, which is related to the
reduction in the gas density, becomes a decisive factor and leads to the
initial rise in the level of the light flux doc~nl stream with respect to
the f1ow. However, in having reached the maximum, J(x) thereafter falls
off sharply because of the later strong rise in Q*(x). The quantity Qp
is determined from the transcendental equation:
2LT~li1! Tl (zra).`TZ (xm)
Jn' In (l;rlr,) ~Q ~Xm) f 1 ~ ~ 1,4Tt ~Xm)/Ts ~xm)] -Q* tXm~}, ~6~
L
where the point at which the maximum light flux .im is achieved is found
from the condition dJ/dx = 0.
The distributions of the radiation
~,rrBm/c~z KW/cm2 intensity along the flow are shown
2
in Figure 1 for a laser mixture of
~ , C02:N2:He = 1:5:4 at values of
2 ln(r1r2)'1 = 1 and L= 2m. Since
1
~ / the maximum light flux is limited
i`3 by the quantity Jm, the maximum
volumetric specific energy output
0 10 7D d0 r,cM is determined by that size at
cm which the lasing is broken off.
Figure 1. The distribution of the Curve 1 corresponds to the optimum
pressure of p= 0.05 atm at an
laser radiation intensity along initial temperature of Tp = 300 �K
the flow; the gas velocity at the (curves corresponding to Tp = 300 �K
input is up = 100 m/sec.
and pressures of p= 0.1 atm (curve
3) and 0.2 atm (curve 4) are shown
for the sake of comparison). In this case, the lasing breaks off at a
distance of Z= 13 cm. When Tp is lowered down to 200 �K (curve 2), the
optimum pressure is increased up to pp = 0.4 3tm, and the dimension of the
lasing region is increased up to Z= 37 cm, while the maximum specific
energy output, which is determined by the area underneath the distribution
curve, more than triples. With a further. red~iction in the initial temper-
ature, the values of the optimum pressure and the volumetric specific
58
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energy output rise even more. However, at a temperature Tp
When TX = 300 �K, TD = 200 �K, n~ = 0.25 and r1X = 0.25. The technical
efficiency nT, reaches about 20% in this case.
In laser systems where the optimal lasing temperatures are substantially
lower than room temperatures (foa' example, those using CO), it is possibl.e
to combine adiabatic and isothermal compressj.on: below room temperature,
the compression is accomplished adiabaticall}, an~i thereafter, isothermic-
ally.
4. To sum up. It is shown in this paper that cooling of molecular laser
mixtures leads to a significant improvement in the specific l.asing power
oL an NEIL by virtue of the increase in the working pressure. In the
case of C02 laser, cooling the gas down to T= 200 �K makes it possihle to
boost the pressure by a factor of 8 and incrFase the specific volumetric
energy output by a factor of 3.5. In this case, there is a substantial
increase in the utilization efficiency of the electron beam. A fundament-
ally new configuration is proposed for a laser, in which the refrigerator
~ is realized inside the gas dynamic loop. This circuit permits a signif-
icant reduction in the overall dimensions.
We would like to express our gratitude to V.N. Koterov and S.G. Perlov
for. their useful discussions.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. V~A. Danilychev, O.M. Kerimov, T.B. Kovsh, in the book, "Radiotekhnika"
["Radio Engineering"], Moscow, A11-Union I:nstitute of Scientific and
Technical Information, 1977, Vo1 12.
2. N.G. Basov, I.K. Babayev, V.A. Danilychev, M.D. Mikhaylov, V.K. Orlov,
V.V. Savel'yev, V.G. Son, N.V. Cheburkin, KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, 6,
772, (1979).
3. D.H. Douglas-Hamilton, R.M. Feinberg, R.S. Lowder, J. APPL. PHYS., 46,
3566, (1975).
4. B.F. Gordiyets, A.I. Osipov, Ye.V. Stupochenko, L.A. Shelepin, UFN
[PROGRESS IN THE PHYSTCAL SCTENCES], 108, 655, (1972).
S. M.M. Maslennikov, Yu.I. Shal'man, "Aviatsionnyye gazoturbinnyye
dvigateli" ["Aviation Gas Turbine Engines"], Moscow, Mashinostroyeniye
Publishers, 1975.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye rad3,o", "Kvantovaya elektronika", 1980.
[165-8225]
8225
CSO: 1862 ~
64 -
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i~01< (~FFTCIAI. IJSE C1N1,},
Unc 621.373.826.038.825.3
A HIGH EFFICIENCY PULSE PERIbDIC LASER USING CONCENTRATED NEODYMIUM
PHOSPHATE GLASS
. Moscow KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA ir: Russian Vel 7, No S, May 80 pp 1120-1122
manuscript received 14 Dec 79
[Paper by A.G. Avanesov, Yu.G. Basov, V.M. Garmash, B.I. Denker, N.N.
I1'ichev, G.V. Maksimova, A.A. Malyutin, V.V. Osiko, P.P. Pashinin, A.M.
Prokhorov and V.V. Sychev, USSR Academy of Sciences Physics Institute
imeni P.N. LeUedev, MoscowJ
[Text) A highly efficient p~~lse periadic laser using concen -
trated Li-Nd-La phosphate glass has been built which operates
in a free running mode with an efficiency of up to 4%. An
. average output power of 14.5 watts was obtained at a pulse
repetition rate of 8 Hz.
At the present time, ?asers with YAG:Nd active elements occupy a dominant
position in pulse periodic and CW systems. 7'his is explained by the suc-
cessful combinaticn of a number of parameters in YAG:Nd : the high value
af the lasing transition cross-section, Q, and the comparatively long life-
time, something which assures a low lasing tt~reshold. The high thermal
conductivity of garnet crystals ~eads to a rather efficient specific heat
removal, however, the low concentration of neodymium and the narrow
absorption bands make it possible to use only a small portion of the
radiation spectrum of the pumping lamps 7%), something which limits
the actual efficiency in lasers of this type to a level of 1 to 2%. In
standard neodymium glasses, just as in silicate and phosphate glasses,
despite the low neodymium concentration, the wide absorption bands tnake
it possible to more efficiently utilize the pumping radiation spectrum.
A high efficiency, about 4%, has been successfully attained in them, but
only in rath~r large active elements, where the effective absorption in
the wide bands is assured by the thickness of the sample. However, by
virtue of the low thermal conductivity coeff.icient, such systems can
operate either in a single pulse mode, or at very low repetition rates.
The development of highly concentrated neodymium phosphate glasses [1, 2],
in which intense and wide absorption bands assure efficient pumping
65
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absorption at very small thickness~:s, ha; opcned up the pos5ibi l ity Eor
' the dcsign of laser systems with high efficienci.es where small active
elemenCs are used. In this case, despi.te the low thexmal conducCivity
coefficient of the glass, it proves possible to provide for a rather
high specific heat renloval because of the sma.ll dimensions.
The first experiments [3 - 5] wir.h concentrated Li-Nd-La phosphate ~l.ass
(KNFS) soon demonstrated its promise for use in pulse periodic lasers.
- A comparison of the lasing chara~teristics of KNFS with YAG:Nd under
similar conditions (optimized for YAG:Nd) [6] confirm the possibility of
substituting active elments of KNFS in a number of laaers for the YAG:Nd
crystals which are labor intensi~ e with respect to the fabr.ication tech-
nology; this substitution, aiong with reducing the cost of the lasers,
al.so allows for an improvement in their r.adiation output parameters. At _
tt-~e present time, the efficiency of domesti.ca.lly produced lasers operating
in a pulse periodic mode and using neodymium glass does not exceed 1%
at repetition rates of 5 to $ Hz ar_d the maximum output power is 5 to 8
watts [7, 8J . OF the foreign laser {~lasses, Q-88 has the greatest ~
efficiency (about 2%) in the pulsed mode [9). The destruction of the ~
active element with an increase in the pumping power, as well as thermal- ,t4
optical effects in the acti.ve element which lead to substantial distor- -
tions of ~he resonator impede the achievement of high output powers.
fd~�~M The utilization conditions for KNFS
~F ~ � in pulse periodic lasers are optimized
~Eout' J in this paper, something whic~l has made
~ it possible to design a highly efficient ~
~ laser using this glass, which operates
Z~ in a free lasing mode.
i
Active e"lements oE KNFS were used with
i E J a neodym ium ion concentration of about `
g' 8� IOZ~ cm 3 and dimensions of 5 x 70
� mm and 6.3 x 100 mm in diameter. The
. ZO a0 60 60 E�.~7,r luminescence decay time constant in
Figure 1. The output energy as a this glass is 180 microseconds. The.
function of the pumping energy, end faces of the active elements wexe
not transilJ.uminated. The side surfac:e
was etched to a depth of 50 to 100
micrometers to imrove the heat resistance. The pumping was accomplished
using an ISP-2500 flashlamp. The discharge circuit was formed by a
c:apacitor of C= 200 ~~Fd and an inductance of L= 50 uHy. The current
pulse wavef.orm was close to a be1Z shape with a width at the base of
about 300 microseconds. A quartz monoblock with a si.lver coating served
as the reflector. The active element, the flashlamp and the monoblock
wer.e cooled with distilled water. The ultraviolet portion ofthe spectrum
= was not eliminated from the pumping flashlamp radiation.
66
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t~01: U1~P'ICIAL USE ("~Nl.l
pout'Watt
~~,dm
~s L
i ~
r y ~J
~ 6 ~
Figure The av~rage output power as a
F j
fun^tion of trequency at pumping energies of
25 (1) , 42 (2) , 50 (3) , 56 (4) , 64 (5) ,
~ 72 (6) and 100 J/pulse (7).
f /
~'''s f, H.'. ?
aC~~
J a s ~
For an active element with dimensions of 5 x 70 mm in diameter, the laser
resonator was formed by a spherical mirror witrr a radius of curvature of
S m and a ref lection f actor of about 100% and a plane mirror with a re-
flection factor of about SO%. For tr: active element with dimensions of
_ fi.3 x 100 mm in diameter (a portion of the acrive elements 60 mm long
was illuminated with the pumping radiation), the resonator was formed by
a spherical mirror with a radius of curvature of 5 m and a reflection
factor of 60% and a plane mirror with a reflection factor of about 100%.
The length of the resonator was 250 mm.
Shown in rigure 1 are the iasing energies as ~ function of the pumping
energies for activ e elements with dimensions of 5 x 70 mm in diameter (1.)
and 6.3 x I00 mm in diameter (2). The maximum dynamic efficiency for the
active element 5 x 70 mm in diamter is 4.5% while the maximum absolute
' efficiency is 3.2%. With a pumping energy of about 100 J, the curve for
the output energy as a function of the pumping energy has a bend which is
apparently related to the mismatching of the flashlamp radiation spectrum
and the absorption spectrum of the active element. We will also note the
fact that at a pumping energy of.. about 100 J, the active element lased
at its own end faces. For an active element with dimensions of 6.3 x 100
mm in diameter, an absolute efficiency of 4.1% was achieved. The effic-
iency of 4% was achieved at a pumping energy af as low as 60 J.
F^
An active element 5 x 70 mm in diameter was studied in the pulse periodic
mode. The family of curves which show the output power as a function of
the pumping pulse repetition rate is shown in Figure 2. The energy of
the pumping pulse is fixed along each of the curves. Special measures
were not taken to correct the thermal lens which ari5es in the active
element during the transition from single pulses to a repetition mode.
At the same time, the maximum pulse repetition rate of 8 Hz corresponds to
a lasing efficiency which is l.5 to 20% less over all than in the single
pulse mod.e, something which attests to the rather good thermo-optical
characterist; cs of K~IFS .
67 ,
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In a frequency range of 5 to 8 Hz, a laser uul:put power of 15 + 0.5 watts
corresponds to an average pumping power of 50~) watts. Right up to the
pumping power close to the threshold of destriiction of the active elements
(about 600 watts), the rise in the radiation output power is practically
linear.
The type of flashlamp and the pumping pulse w.idth, the geometrical
dimensions of the monoblock and the active element as well as the
reflection factor oE the output reflector were varied in optimizing the
laser. We will note that the parameters obtained for the laser markedly
exceed the values achieved in a similar system using Q= 88 glass [9~
and in a system based on the best domestically pruduced phosphate glasses ~
with dimensions of the active element of 10 x 130 mm in diameter [10].
The fact that despite the rather high specific pumping power and the
lack of f iltering of the ultraviolet portion of the pumping spectrum,
there was degradation of the laser parameters after about 105 bursts is
extremely promising. The attainment of ~ high eff.iciency in the system
considered here and the obtaining of rather high output characteristics _
of the laser with extremely moderate loads on the flashlamp as compared
to its nominal rating demonstrates the possibility of sharply increasing
the service life and reliability of such systems.
The studies performed here convincingly demonstrate that KNFS's open -
up new possibilities for the design of highly eff icient pulse periedic
laser systems and can find the most widespread applications in the
immediate future.
BLBLIOGRAPHY
1. S.Kh. Batygov, Yu.K. Voron'ko, B.I. Denker, A.A. Zlenko, A.Ya. Karacik,
G.V. ;faksimova, V.B. Neustruyev, V.V. Osiko, V.A. Sychugov, I.A.
Shcherbakov, Yu.S. Kuz'minov, KVANTOVAYA ~I~EKTRONIKA, 3, 2243, (1976).
2. Yu.K. Voron'ko, 33.I. Denker, A.A. Zlenko, A.Ya. Karasik, Yu.S. Kuz'minov,
G.V. Maksimova., V.V. Osiko, A.M. Prok:iorov, V.A. Sychugov, G.P. Shipulo,
I.A. Shcherbakov, DAN SSSR [REPORTS OF THE USSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES],
227, 75, (1976).
3. K.L. Vodop'yanov, B.I. Denker, G.V. Mal~simova, A.A. Malyutin, V.V. Osiko,
P.P. Pashinin, A.M. Prokhorov, KVANTOVAYA FLEKTRONIKA, 5, 686, (1978).
4. B.I. Denker, A.V. Kil'pio, G.V. Maksimova, A.A. Malyutin, V.V. Osiko,
Y.P. Pashinin, A.M. Prokhorov, I.A. Shcherbakov, KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA,
4, 688, (1977).
68
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5. B.I. Denker, V.V. Kil'gio, G.V. Maksimova, A.A. Malyutin, V.V. Osiko,
P.P. Pashinin, A.rf. Prokhorov, I.A. Shcher.bakov, "Tezisy dokl. I
Vsesoyuz. konf. 'Optika lazerov ["Abstracts of Reports to the First
All-Union Conference "Laser Optics Leningrad, GOT [State Institute
of Optics imeni S.I. Vavilov] Publishers, 1977, p 15.
6. A.G. Avanesov, I.V. Vasil'yev, Yu.K. Voron'ko, B.I. Denker, S.V. Zinov'yev,
A.S. Kuznetsov, V.V. Osiko, P.P. Pashinin, A.M. Prokhorov, A.A. Semenov,
KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, 6, 1588, (1979).
7. A.A. Mak, V.M. Mit'kin, V.N. Polukhin, A.I. Stepanov, O.S. Shchavelev,
KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONTKA, 2, 850, (1975).
8. N.Ye. Alekseyev, V.V. Gruzdev, A.A. Izyneyev, Yu.L. Kopylov, V.B.
Kravchenko, Yu.S. Milyavskiy, Yu.N. Mikhaplov, S.P. Rozman, A.M. Fisher,
KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONTKA, 5, 2354, (1978).
9. John D. Meyers, OPTICAL SPECTRA,, No 5, (1977).
10. V.B. Kravchenko, Yu.P. Rudnitskiy, XVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONTKA, 6, 661, (1979).
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye radio", "Kvantovaya elektronika", 1980.
[165-8225]
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, .'i'i'~';11; t'�;;i�. :;iVl ,
I,ASER SYSTEMS
Novosibirsk LA7~RNYYE SISTE~IY in P,ussian 1980 signed to press
17 Dec 79
[Annotation and table of contenrs from a collection of articles
edited by Veniamin Pavlovich Chebotayev, Nauka, 2500 copies,
208 pages]
[Text] This collection includes articles devoted to e:cperimen-
tal and theoretical investigations of resonant frequency con-
version in gases and metal vapor, the construction of high-
power laser systems based on solid-state and gaseous lasers
with electron beam pumping and narrow-band tunable lasers in
the visible and near ir regions, and the use of ttiese lasers to
solve a number of spectroscopic problems. Some of the articles
discuss lasers used in photochemistry.
The book will be of interest tu specialists working on the
problems of constructing lasers.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. High-Power Lasers
l. Pulsed high-pressure electrical ionization C02 laser.
Yu. I. Bychkov, V. M. Orlovskiy, V. V. Osipov, and V.
V. Savin 3
2. Bulk discharges used to pump excimer lasers. Yu. I. -
Bychkov, Yu. U. Korolev, G. A. Mesyats, A. P. _
Khuzeyev, and I. A, Shemyakin l~'
3. Noble gas halide lasers. Yu. I. Bychkov, I. N. Kono-
Valov, V. F. Losev, C. A. Mesyats, V. F. Tarasenko,
and A. I. Fedorov 2~
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.~i,~ t;~ ~ .1:, ~;~v~
4. Construction u~ a neodymium glass laser source of
high-power supersliort stable pulses. V. K. Makulcha,
V. A. Smirnov, V. M. Tarasov, ancl B. I. 'I'roshin 47
II. Conversion of LaGer Radiation ~requency ancl
Tunable Lasers
5. C~d lasing of the sum frequency in a gas with a nonlin-
ear interaction between three fields and a resonant �
four-level system. V. M. Klement'yev, Yu. A. Matyu- .
gin, and V. P. Chebotayev 56
6. VUV lasing in hydrogen. B. I. Troshin, V. P. Cllebota-
' yev, and A. A. Chernenko 7.l
7. rtethods for synthesis and measurement of frequencies
_ in the near ir and visible regions. V. M, Klement'yev,
Yu. G. Kolpakov, Yu. A. Matyugin, and V. P. Chebotayev 75
8. Conditions for coherent ].asing based on resonant four.- -
level parametric processes in gas~ous media. A. K.
Popov and V. P. Timofeyev 84
9. Angular and spectral characterist.ics of a parametric
thermal radiation converter with ~ lithium iodate
crystal. V. V. Lebedev and G. M. Barykinskiy l~)9
10. Two-frequency operation of an isotopic mercury vapo-r
laser with ~=1.53 um. K. A. Bikmukhametov and V. M.
Klement'yev 1J.~i
11. Frequency stabilization of an He - Ne laser at ~~3.39
um by supernarrow resonance in ~rethane with a width
of til kliz. S. N. Bagayev, L. S. Vasilenko, V. G.
Gol'dort, A. R. nmitriyev, A. S. )~ychkov, and V. P.
Chebo tayev 12'L
1'1.. A laser polarization spectrometer. L. S. Vasilenko,
L. N, Gus'kcv, A. V. Shishayev, and 9. Ya, Yurs}iin 129
13. System for automation of Zaser experiments. A. 1'u.
Gusev, S. 7.enzin, I. V. Mer.kulov, and C. M.
Sobstel' 139
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r;,~.. i!r~,'~; ~'~i f';;(~, i~~l~
III. Laser Photuchemistry
14. Selectivic eft-ect of cw radiation fron? a C02 laser on
photobro~~i~nation of. methyl fluoride. V. N. Panfilov,
V. P. Strunin, N. K. Serdyuk, L. N. t:rasnoperov, and
_ Ye . N. Chesnokov J.4 5
15. Interaction between laser radiation and a hetero-
geneous Ce+Br2 system. I. M. Beterov, V. A. Colubev,
and N. I. Yurshina 180
16. Selective dissociation in a molecular mixture oF
C6F6H and C6F6D in the field of a pulsed C02 laser
and secondary chemical processes. V. V. Vizhin,
V. N. Ishchenko, V. N. Lisitsyn, A. K. Petrov,
A. R. Sorokin, and S. I. Tur'yev 1.89
17. Thermal effect of i.r laser radiarion on absor.bing
gases. Yu. N. Samsonov and A. K. Petrov 192
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naul~a", 1980
[167-9370]
9370
CSO: 1862
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F'Uh OFFiCi:1L USE i)NLY
MANY-PHOTON IONIZATION OF ATOMS .
Moscow MNOGOFOTONNAYA IONIZATSIYA ATOMOV (TRUDY ORDENA LENINA
FIZICHESKOGO INSTITUTA imeni P. N. LEBEDEVA AKADEMII NAUK SSSR)
(Works of the Lebedev Institute of Physics of the Academy of
Sciences USSR] in Russian, Vol 115, 1980
[Annotation and table of contents from a collection of articles
edited by Prof, M. S. Rabinovi^.h, Nauka, 1300 copies, 176
pages]
[Text] This collection covers theoretical and experimental
research into the phenomenon of atomic ionization in strong
light fields. Most of the attenCion 3s given to direct and re-
sonant many-photon ionization processes. Modern methoda for
calculating many-photon cross sectione are discussed in detail;
optimum methods are revealed by comparing the calculationa to
experiment. The general theory of ionization in the presence
of intermediate resottance is discusaed. Different effects de-
termining the width of the resonance state in a strong field
are analyzed. The results of an investigation into the pertur-
bation of an atomic spectrum by the method of reaonant
photon ionizatiom are given. The role of laser radiaCion eta-
tistics in nrauy-'photon processes is discussed. ~
TABLE OF CONTENT5
1. Atomic ionization in a strong electromagnetic field.
M. S. Rabinovich 3
2. Nonresonant many-photon ionization of atoms. G. A.
Delone, N. L. Manakov, K. Piskova, and L. P.
Rapoport 6
73
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3. Resonant process of ~anY~ photon atomic ionization.
N. B. Delone and M. V. Fedorav 42
4. Many - photon ionization oE excited atoms. Y. Bakosh,
A. Ki ~h, and M. L. Nagayeva. 96
5. Polarization phenomena in atomic nonlinear ionization
spectroscopy. G. A. Delcne, B. A. Zon, and K. B.
Petrosyan 12~
6. Atomic ionization in the strong nonmonochromatic field
or laser radiation. N. B. Delone, V. A. Kovarskiy,
A. V. Masalov, and N. F. Perel'man 140
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka," 1980
[169-9370]
937 0
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RECOMBINATION LUMINESCENCE AND LASER SPECTROSCOPY
Moscow REKOMBINATSIONNA.YA LYUMINESTSENTSIYA I LAZERNAYA SPEKTROSKOPIYA
(TRUDY ORDENA LENINA FIZICI~SKOGO INSTIZVTA IMENI P. N. LEBEDEVA AKADEMII
NAUK SSSR) in Russian Vol 117, 1980 signed to press 6 Feb 80 pp 2, 145
[Annotation and Table of Contents from the collection edited by Academician
N. G. Basov, Izdatel'stvo Naulca, 1,650 copies, 146 pages]
[TextJ The volume is devoted to vari~us aspects of the kinetics of lumin-
escence of crystal-phosphors and laser spectroscopy.
The kinetics of recombination interaction of luminescence and quenching
centers, which leads to nonlinear effects, are considered. Formulas are
found which express the dependence of the briqhtness of eteady luminescence
on the intensity of the exciting and IR light and also on temperature. The
kinetics of luminescence quenching is ari~lyzed with regard to the pair cor-
relation of particles, occurring as a result cf the fact that electrons and
holes have finite length of free path. A number of problems related tointer-
pretation of experimental facts found ae a result of luminescence investi-
gations is conaidered. The main chsracteristics of a nonselective IR-SHF
radiation field detector, based on the use of crystal-phoephors having high
temperature sensitivity, are preeen~ed.
The problem of light absorption in the presence af the "self-transparency"
phenomenon in ruby is considered theoretically. The calculation is mede
with regard to degenerate transitions linked by a common level.
The collection is intended for specialists in the field of solid-state
physics and quantum electronics.
CONTENTS Page
Timofeyev, Yu. P. and M. V. Fok, The Rinetics of Recombination
Interaction of Lnpurity Centera in Crystallophoaphors 3
Antonov-Romanovskiy, V. V., Recombination Kin~tics of Attenuation
During Initial Pair Correlation of Particles 55
Fok, M. V., Problems of Photolwninescence 80
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Bazhulin, A. P., Ye. A. Vinogradov, N. A. Zrisova, Yu. P.
Timofeyev and S. A. Fridman, The Radiovizor--a Device
for Direct Viewing of IR-SF~ Radiation Using Crystallo-
phosphors 122
Kirsanov, B. P., Self-Trans~arency-"in Ruby with Regard to
Degeneration of Levels 133
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1980
[170-6521J
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SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
PROBLEMS OF APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
Moscow VOPROSY PRIIQ~ADNOY SVERKHPROVODIMOSTI (TRUDY ORDENA LENINA FIZICHES-
KOGO INSTITUTA IMENI P. N. LEBEDEVA AKADEMII NAUK SSSR) in Russian Vol 121,
1980 pp 2, 179
(14nnotation and Table of Contents from the collection edited by Academician
N. G. Basov, Izdatel'stvo Nauka, 1,400 copies, 180 paqes]
[Text] Papers devoted to development of superconducting magnetic systems
(SPMS) not fully stabilized in rhe thermal relationship are presented in
~ the collectionj mechanical stresses in the SPMS winding and thair effect on
the aritical parameters of supcrconductivity are considered. Processes of
energy input and formation of the electromagnetic avalanche upon transition
to the normal state in a supercoAductinq solenoid with internal shielding
are analyzed. The reaults of inv~estigatinq superconductinq switches and
low-vaporizing current lead~ are presented. A stabilized power supply
source and also a liquid helium level meter are described. The measured
characteristics of some superconductinq alloys are presented.
The edition is intended for physicists specializing in the fie13 of develop-
inq superccnducting magnetic systems.
CONTENTS Page
Vysotekiy, V. S. and V. R. Karasik, Problems of Developing Super-
conducting Maqnetic Systems Not Fully Stabilized in the
Thermal Sense 3
Krivolutskaya, N. V. and A. I. Rusinov, Calculating Mechanical
Stresses in a Composite Solenoid With Reqard to Prestress-
ing of the Turns 14
Karasik, V. R., N. V. Krivolutskaya and A. I. Rusinov, Analysis ~
of Electromagnetic Processes in a Sectioned Superoonducti.ng
Solenoid 52
Vysotskiy, V. S., V. R. Karasik, A. A. Knnyukhov and V, A.
Mal'ginov, Investiga,ting Superconductinq Jumper Switches 76
Vysotskiy, V. S., V. R. Karasik and A. A. Konukhov, Forced-Cooled
Current Leads for Superconducting Magnets Operating in the
"Frozen" Flow Mcde 83
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Andryushin, Ye. A. and V. Ye. Ivanov, Thermal Calculation of a
Cryostat Without Nitrogen Cooling 89
Przhevskiy, S. S. and V. N. Tsikhon, A System of Supplying Power
to Superconducting Magnets With Wide Range of Liquid
Cooling Modes 101
Zakosarenko, V. M., 0. A. Kleshnina and V. N. Tsikhon, Measuring
the Liquid He lium Level 109
Karasik, V. R., Critical Flows and Magnetization of Ti-22 at.
percent 1~ and Zr-20 at percent Nb Superconducting Rlloys Z14
Levchenko, I. S., Investigating the Properties of Superconducting
Alloy Films With A15 Structure Prod.uced by Evaporation in a
Vacuum 168
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1980
[171-6521]
6521
CSO: 1862
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