WATER SUPPLY (HYDRAULIC IMPROVEMENTS)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000600050367-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 8
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 25, 2011
• Sequence Number: 367
• Publication Date: March 29, 1954
• Content Type: REPORT

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,,DATEDISTR. 2 Mar 3.954
NO. OF PAGES 8
NO. OF ENCLS. ~ 5
(LISTED BELOW)
(A, B, .C, D, and E)
DATE
ACQUIRE
DATE OF INFQB1 TTON.
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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
o W.
MINIMUM
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT NO.
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
The water supply for agriculture and for the rural population in Imperial
(Tsarist) Russia was very unsatisfactory. In the southern and south-
eastern areas it was so bad that th
ere were ft
requen crop failures and
epidemics of sickness among the population. Sometimes conflagrations
destroyed entire villaLes because there was no water for fire fighting.
2. The USSR authorities actually gave some attention to the water supply
for the agricultural population, but for a long time this attention was
limited to good wishes and general projects in the Gosplan fs-tnte Planning
Commissio].
3. A series of publications and other material issued by the agricultural section
of the Gosplan provides the possibility of understanding all the funda-
mentals which formed the basis for the plans for improvements, as well
as their basic principles. The following main considerations were to be
observed in all plans for agricultural improvementst
A. Systematic computation of the needs of agricultural improvements
in the various. zones and the possibilities - natural, technical and economic
for their achie Bement.
4A A scheme for consistent realization of the first systematic plan.
.~.u: T S: ARE.-.
CLw_SCic rPuGE FOR
CLASSIFICATION coNFI11MIAr
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CONFIDENTIAL
_2_
? 'In order to workout such a plan it was necessary to establish first the
basic principles to; guide the creators of the plan. Such principles were:
A. Greater productivity of agriculture in the USSR. This principle
must determine the character of improvements and their need by individual
,zones.
B. The creation of an N g
organization to n..sist agricultural economy
on the territories of the USSR, based on considerations of a strategic
means consistency and intensiveness in the
character. This principle
out ?carrying out of improvements in individual zones.
5. The need for improvements and their feasibility were determined by three
followthedirection from the northwest to the southeast of the USSR. The
factors of agricultural economy and economics change in the direction from
the southwest to"thenortheast. And, finally, strategic factors change from?
north to South.
groups of leading factors:
A. Natural: climate, hydrological conditions and chaiacterof soil;
B. General economic: land, rural economy and economic conditions;
C. Strategic considerations.
In the territory of European USSR these factors were dividedunequal.ly,
varying according to the, separate zones. These differences, especially
those'pertaining to nature, follow definite laws. The changes in nature
On the basis of the characteristics noted above, all the territory of the
European USSR fell into definite meliorative zones. The improvements needed
in each zone varied in kind and form, intensity of technics, and economics.
The state plan for meliorations in the agricultural economy were to be drawn
up according to zones. (See Enclosure A). The basic principles of plans for
improvements on the one hand, and the natural and economic conditions of the
margin areas on the other, were to determine the main types of improvements
in various zones, and the outlines (See Enclosures C, D, and E) of various
zones serve as a guide. The facts shown thereon give a picture of the
distribution of waste lands in European USSR, and prove its conformity with
the directions of the climatic factors.
The main reason for the existence of waste lands lies in the absence of
regular natural increases and decreases in moisture in the soil, as needed
by agriculture. The regulation of moisture in the soil must be taken as
the basic factor in the irrigation improvements on the territroy of European
USSR. The need of soils and vegetation for moisture is tied to the intensity
of evaporation caused by climatic conditions in each zone and, consequently,
by a proportionate shortage of humidity in the air and by the temperature of
the air.
If the rate of evaporation in the upper soils anu vegetation is represented
by the symbol E, the increase of moisture by P, and the average coefficient
of drainage for a zone by "e", the average coefficient of natural increases
and decreases of moisture is indicated by the formula e XX P . On the basis
of the above formula, Professor A. Kostyakov (Director oT the Research Institute
of Melioratization and author of many technical books) figured out the average
coefficients and classified them in a table (See Enclosure B).
10. The entire territory of European USSR can be divided into the following zones
on the basis of the formula:
A. The zone where the ratio a is always over 1.0 which indicates
this zone has the necessary amount of moisture;
B. The zone where the ratio r . is between 0.5 and 1.25, according
to season and location, which is a zone of inconstant moisture.
P
C. The zone where the ratio - is always under 1.0, which indicates
this zone is one of insufficient moisture, or arid.
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11. If the coefficients for each guberni
bt
ya o
ained from the formula are
traced into on three a large chart, zones the: entire territory of European USSEt can be divided
A. The north northwest -.one, haying sufficient moisture, including
the
theifole wi Provinces: Arkhangel'skaya, Vologodskya, Olentskaya,
Lenin Tversya, Novgorodskaya, PskOvskaya, Minskaya, Mogilevskaya, Smolen
ya, Yaroslavskaya, Kostromskaya, and Parts of K-luzhskayaand
Vladimirskaya.
B. The &ant-7 -
r . cMwhaaraa inconsistent moisture, includes the
following Provinces: Volynskaya, Podol'skaya Kievs
Poltavakeyq, Orlovskayn, Kura ' ka, Chernigovskayn,
kayo, Kharkovskaya, Tullskskaya, Igazanskj%ya,
Hi ollow rodskgya, Tambovskaya, Penzenskaya, Kazan
Ugimskaya, and pa t of Moskovsk k Vyatskaya, Permskaya;
aya, Vladimirskaya and and Orenburgskaya.
the following south southeastern zone, having insufficient moisture,
ng provinces: Saratovskayn Astrakhans a includes
a
Ekaterinoslavakaya, Tavricheskaya' Khersonsk0.1'a, Bessarabskaya Domska, oblast
and Samarskaya. Ural'skaya,
-end-
Enclosures: (A) Outline of meliorative
(e) Approximate Area of unproductive lands by separate provinces
in thousand desyatinas (2.70 acres).
(D) Approximate Areas of sands in thousand desyatinas (2.70 acres).
(E) Exact lengths of waterways in versts per 1,000 square versts
of area by separate provinces.
L1CRARY SUuJE. :: `;f? !t ~c:.T}ES
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Meliorative zone
Northwestern
Western
Southwestern
Central agricultural
Central industrial
CONFIDENTIAL
Outline of Meliorative zones
The zones comprise of
the Provinces below:
Arkhangel'skaya
Vologodskaya
Olonetskaya
Leningradskaya
Novgorodakaya
Pakovkskaya
Tverskaya
Mnuilavakaya_?
1L1nskaya
V1telskaya
Volynakaya
Kharkovskaya
Orlovskaya
Tambovskaya
Voronezhskaya
Moskovskaya
Tverskaya
Vladimirskaya
Ryazanskaya
Tul'skaya
Kaluzhakaya
Nizherorodskaya
Kostromskaya
Pvrrskaya
Vyatskaya
Ufimskaya
Kazanskaya
Orenbur.3ska a
U1'yanovskaya
Simbirskaya
Saratovskaya
Samarakaya
Astrakhenalusya
Ural'skaya
Orenburgskaya
Khersonskaya
Ekaterinoslavskaya
Tavricheskaya
Donskeya oblast
Stavropol Iskaya
Irrigation of fields by canals.
flooding. Reinforcement of
banks of gullies.
Drainage of forests. Intensive
drainage of meadows. Rein-
forcement of banks of gullies.
Extensive drainage of meadows
and forests. Flooding.
Various types of drainage, and
reinforcement of banks of gullies.
Various types of drainage and
reinforcement of banks of
gullies.
Main forms of improvements
Extensive drainage of fields
and forests. Regulation and
channelling of rivers.
Partial drainage of forests and
fields. Drainage of fields for
intensive crops.
.urwre eztenslve drainage of....
fields and forests by open
ditches. Drainage of meadows and
fields prepared for. intensive
crops.
Intensive drainage of fields and
meadows, using water-lifting
machinery for irrigation of
fields and gardens.
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CONFIMNI+ AL
Average coefficient of natural increases and decreases of moisture.
Arkhangel'skaya
1.68
Tavricheskaya 0.65
Vologodskaya
1.51
Khersonskaya 0.50
Olonetskaya
1.60
?
Beasarabakayn 0.60
Leningradskaya
1.67
Ural'slcaya 0.27
Novgorodskaya
2.00
Kurakaya
0.80
.Pskovskaya
1.71
Miarkovskaya 0.82
Tverakaya
.1.62
Voronezhslcaya 0.85
Vitebakaya
1.81
Tul'slcaya 1.05
Minskaya
1.55
Mockovskaya 1.35
Mogilevckaya
1.45
Vladimirslay.a 1.40
Smolenskaya
1.55
Ilyazanskaya 1.01
Vol ynakaya
1.23
ICostromskaya 1.55
Podol'akaya
0.98
Nizhegorodakaya 1.10
Kievakaya
0.88
Tambovskaya 0.93
Chernigovakaya
1.35
Penzenskaya 0.93
Poltasskaya
0.80
Kazanskaya 0.96
Orlovskaya
1.20
Vyatskaya 1.10
Saratovskaya.
0.60
Permskaya 1.20
Astrakhanskaya
0.24
Ugimskaya 1.19
Donskaya oblast
0.51
Orenburgskaya 0.56
Ekaterinoslavskaya
0.68
Samarskaya
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CONFIDIAL
Denyatinas(2.70 Acres).
Area
Province Absolute Percentage Province
Yaroslavakaya,' 2451,
1,h65 12.2
1,911 5.3 VyatskayaL7yatkaJ
38,948 54.3 Cazenskaya
625
616
1,944
Tverskaya 677
Kostromakaya 596
Kaluzhakaya TKalug7 117
Nbskovskaya fmosco] 166
Vladimirskays 327
15.5 Ufimskaya
16.7 0renburgskeya
19.3 Semarskaya
12.1 Astrakhanskaya
7.8 Kharkovskaya
7.9 Poltavskeya
7.9 Chernigovskaya
5.6 Kievakaya
4.2 Volynskaya
2.9 Podol'skaya
6.7 Bessarabskaya
4.8 Khersonskaya
3.5 Tavricheskaya
5.9 Ekaterinoslavakaya
330
162' 3.8
7.8
268 5.9
710 11.5
180 4.9
162 4.1
279 4.3
453 8.3
351 6.1
4.9 Donskaya Oblast 1,433 10.0
10.0 Vitebskaya 680 17.8
10.2 Smolenskaya 446 9.3
4.9 Mogilevskaya 656 15.6
7.4 Minakaya 1,690 21.9
Note: In reality the unproductive Las areas were much larger because test
surveys (1938) of certain provinces such as Moscow proved that the
approximate figures of unproductive lands were greatly underestimated.
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ENCLOSURE D
Approximate Area. of Sands in Thousand Desyatinas (2.70
Acres).
Province
A
Astrakhanskaya
rea
4,000
i ouikaya Oblast
631
Terskayaoblast
525?
Kharkovskaya
114
Poltavskaya
83,
Tavricheskaya
81
Chernigovskaya
70
Voroneahskaya
65
Stavropol'skaya
50
Ekaterinoslavskaya
42
Saratovskaya
39
Samarskaya
39
Kievskaya
33
Vladimirskaya
19
Minskaya
19
Volynskaya
17
Tambovskaya
16
Mogilevskaya
15
Khersonskaya
Kurskaya
12
Sisiburskaya
12
Vitebskaya
Orlovskaya
Smolenskaya.
Pgazassksya
Penzeaskaya
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EriC'IO3UR'E E
Exact Lengths of Waterways in Versts
area by separate provinces
1.067 KM) per 1,000 sgare versts of
Province
Length versts
Province
Len
th
g
versts
Leningradakaya
136.4
Ui'yanovskaya
28.0
Novgorodskaya
115.2
Viadimirskaya
27.8
Pskovskaya
1[?_i
a._
ay ~Zoa'aiiid"y"d
' z5.h
Olonetskaya
100.3
Orlovskaya
25.1
Minskaya
91.7
Kievskaya
23.5
Vitebskaya
91.3
Penzenskaya ?
21.3
Kaluzhskaya
82.0.
Orenburgskaya
19.0
Tverskaya
82
0
.
18.3
Kostromskaya
80.0
IQiersonskaya
15.9
Mogilevskaya
62.4
Voronezhskaya
15.0
Smolenskaya
59.9
Kurskaya
14.4
Yaroslavskaya
53.0
Saratovskaya
13.2
Vyatskaya
52.3
Donskaya oblast
12.6
Permskaya
42.2
Samarskaya
12.3
Moskovskaya
40.2
Podol'skaya
11.8
Ufimskaya
40.0
Kkaterinoslavskaya
10.6
Chernigovskaya
38.1
4trakhansksya
10.0
Nizhegorodskaya
37.4
Poltavskaya
8.7
Arkhangel'skaya
35.9
Jharkovsksvya
5.3
Volynskaya
35.8
Tavricbeskaya
3.7
Kazanskaya
35.5
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