HISTORICAL SKETCH OF POWDER METALLURGY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000700100479-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 4
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 21, 2011
• Sequence Number: 479
• Publication Date: February 9, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/10/25: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700100479-8
metallurgy .
HOW
PUBLISHED Monthly periodical
WHERE
PUBLISHED Katowice
DATE
PUBLISHED Jul - Aug 191
LANGUAGE Polish
.SUBJECT Economic; Scientific; Technological. --Powder INFORMATION Up to 1951
CLASSIFICATION RESTRICTED
CENTRALEINIELZG 8fiaAby REPORT
INFORMATION FROM
FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS CD NO.
COUNTRY Poland DATE OF
111. .1
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DATE DIST. 9 Feb 1953
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF POWDER METALLURGY
In Polish technical literature, besides the term "powder metallurgy," the
terms "ceramics of metals," "metallurgical ceramics," or "ceramics of powders"
have been applied. The last two terms appear- only eporadically.
The first note on the technology of "metal ceramics" appearing in Polish
technical literature was in an article in 1934 in the Przeglad Technic (Tech-
nical Review), by Prof Or Wlodzimierz Trzebiatowski, entitled "On ?Metal Ceramics.
Their Application in Industry." The author discussed the technology of powder
metallurgy and its advantages and applications. Trzebiatowski, proceeding in
the footsteps of his teacher, has also used the name "metal. ceramics" in an
article entitled "Hard Alloys" which appeared inLycie Techniczne (Technical Life)
for 1939 and after the war in the 1946 booklet entitled Metal Ceramice. The
name "ceramics of metals" was used together and interchrngeably with "ppowder
metallurgy" during 1947 - 1948 by the workers in the institute of Metallurgy at
Gliwice.
The term "powder metallurgy" was first used in technical literature in 1934.
W. P. Sykes, an American specialist in the field of tungsten and sintered car-
bides used the term "powder metallurgy" for the first time in an article which
appeared in Metal Progress in 1934. This name was quickly accepted in the Anglo-
Saxon world, even though the term "metal ceramics" is not encountered until 1938,
in 1936, the Soviet periodical Vestnik Metaliopro. shlennosti (Messenger of
the Metal Industry) carried articles by M. Yu. Hal shin. M. Yu. Bal'shin is one
of the leading powder metallurgists in the world. Bal'shin used the term "metal-
ceramics" in his writings and his 1938 book carries the same title. This term
was used in Soviet technical literature until 1948, when he wrote the book en-
titled Poroshkovo a Metallovedenine (Knowl~ed~e__of Powder Metals). B. A. Borek
and J. S. Olhov, 1n tae book entitled Poro'shkovvaaya I`ietallurgia (Powder Metall. )
appearing in the middle of 1948, discarded the term metal-ceramics'r since it
did not adequately cover the problem.
STATE
ARMY
CLASSIFICATION
NSRR
STAT
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RESTRICT-ED
In 192
elect
nical pVidiaoem ' from the Osram C .-p any (therefore
and produced his "added a cobalt to c bi,1?s, employee of an , an in 1927.
Krupp improved thin method
About 1930, an important development took place in the industry making
sintered self-lubricating bearings
stronger sintered porous iron was from porous bronze. Later) the cheaper and a combination of iron with substituted for Porous bronze, Porous iron
and
began to be applied more or less fromtl935and lead in the form of sintered bearings
.
The development of the hard magnetic materials or sintered magnetos began
in 1934 for the electrical industry. Besides cast an
Brame) are superior is certain respects to cast magnetos.
from 30 In pressed 1927, a on years s before
applied
to o e the appearance of sintered magnetos, Polydorov
p
rpvie on during Iron high-frequency circuits. These cores were im-
iron-nickel allo years by the application of special types of pure iron,
r, and other powders.
Although Polish industry has not contributed anything to the development of
powder metallurgy, the three basic scientific treatises by Prof Dr W1.
towski which appeared abroad in 1934 enriched theory and brought fame to this
scientist and to Polish science. Trzebia-
The mass production of sintered parts from iron and steel powders
a lesser extent from the powders of bronze, brass, copper, and light metals, be-
longs to the most modern achievements of powder metallurgy. it and to
is shapes were produced from iron and steel before the war, true that
years 1935 to 1939, but only on a small scale. Only during World Wari Ig the
they applied at a rate of over 100,000 tons annually.
development of this branch of I were
powder metallurgy Factors hastening the
machining complicated parts of machines were the umanpower
and scarcity of materials.
and weapons, difficulties with Casting,
For high-vacuum purposes, for the construction of radio tubes, electric bulbs,
rectifiers, and for experiments in physics, metals and alloys are required which
have special physical properties such as an accurately defined coefficient of ex-
pansion, chemical purity, electric and heat-conductivity, etc. For this
sintered nickel and sintered alloys of iron-chromium or iron-nickel-cobalt were
applied. Purpose,
An important application of powder metrllurgy is in the production of sin-
tered diamond-metallic tools for grinding or polishing.
for the development of these materials was the difficulty Inn pr cs main reasons
and in Polishing tools made from sintered carbides. n precision grinding
During the war, both fighting sides worked on the problem of alntered alloys
that would be heat resistant and that would have good mechanical properties at
higher temperatures. The builders of jet engines set high demands.
alloys of varying composition with high cobalt contentceramic materials (like
m icons we Apart from
A120 ), meta]. boridee and carbides, and nonmetallic co'
pure3metals. One of the youngest blanche- p were combined with
of com-
prises the production of friction materials foFoclutchesaan3d brakes. Frictionom-
sinterings consist mainly of copper with small additions of tin, lead, iron
graphite, silex, oxide, and aluminum.
For such sintered products as metals with a high melting point, sintered
carbides, porous bearings, ceramic-metals, and combined metals, there is no tech-
nological me:ho3 other ^r r, pr 'e
r m,,`+A",r,?~ f 0`h ' products,
for example,
RESTnICTED
STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/10/25: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700100479-8
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/10/25: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700100479-8
Chronological Development of Powder Metallurgy
Event
Sintering of tungsten carbides with cobalt
and other metals - Schr5ter
First attempts to apply sintered diamond.
metallic materials
sintered shapes from iron, steel, bronze, brass, and other metals and alloys,
for high-vacuum purposes, can also be obtaired and given special physical pro-
erties by casting or machining. Wherever powder metallurgy has been applied,
it has been only for the following reasons: lower cost, better exploitation of
raw materials, elimination of waste, saving in labor, and achievement of better
physical properties.
The world development of powder metallurgy is listed chronologically in
the following table:
Industrial application of "Vidia" sintered
carbides
Friction aintering
Heat-resistant sinterings and
c.
um
Mass sinterings from iron and
Application of pressed cores made of powder
iron for high-frequency circuits
Appearance of Skaupy's monograph, entitled
Ceramics of Metals
Basic works of Prof Dr W1. Trzebiatowski
Sintered magnetos, sintered metals and alloys
for high va
Date
1922
1934
1935 - 1939
1939
Professor Trzebiatowski occupied himself in 1934 with experiments on the
properties of pressed, normally sintered, and hot-pressed powders of copper and
gold, made tests for hardness, density, and electrical conductivity, and made
X-hay observations of products pressed under various pressures and sintered under
different temperatures.
Trzebiatowski applied for the first time pressures up to 30 tons per square
centimeter while pressing powders, and he received for copper 97 to 98 percent
of the density of the melted metal. The hardness amounted to 180 BB, which is
very high in comparison with melted copper, the latter having 40-60 HB,
Sintering, pressed shapes under very high pressure, Trzebiatowski noticed
that their density was lowered, and he explained this by the presence of adsorbed
gases on the grains.
The method of hot pressing was introduced into world literature as the
Trzebiatowski Method. Tests on hot pressing of copper open up the possibility
of obtaining metallic bodies having a very high degree of hardness and excellent
electrical conductivity.
STATI
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RESTRICTED
The first industrial enterprise concerned with this technology in Polan,.
was the "Baildon" steel mill. This mill started the production of sintered
carbides in 1936 under the trade name "Baildonit." The plants at sintehowice,
using a Krupp license, begen the production of sintered carbides in 1938 under
the trade name "Distar." Before the war, the electrical industry pressed ferro-
magnetic cores and produced copper-graphite brushes.
The above-mentioned places (with the exception of one) were destroyed dur-
ing the war. The production of sintered carbides, tungsten contacts, ferromag-
netic cores and some metal powders was reactivated after the war. The produc-
tion of these plants does not at present satisfy the demands of domestic con-
sumption.
Research work has not been neglected. This work has already produced
some results. Research on powder metallurgy. is being conducted at the following
places: Professor Trzebiatowski'e research laboratory at the Wroclaw Polytech..
sic, the chairs of Professors Krupkowski and Loskiewicz at the Mining Academy,
the Main Institute of Metallurgy at Gliwice, as well as industrial laboratories. rodu broadenhedpu duction of sintered products is to be developed considerably and
Year Plan.
The more important branches o powder metallurgy are to be activated, and
the first prototypes of their products are to appear. These plans in a book by Engr E. Bryjak and Engr Zacharzevski entitled are la
Metallurgy Metailia a Prosz
kox v Planie Szeacioletni m (Powder Meto tallurgy in in the the Six-year Plan , written at
e nigest o P Pans wows Komisja Planowania Gospoderczego, State Economic
Planning Commission).
Chronological Development of-Polish Powder Metallury
Event
Basic scientific works by Prof Dr Wl. Trzebiatowski
Beginning of production of "Baildonit" sintered car-
bides
Production of "Distar" sintered ...ii.i--
:ate
1934
1936
Publication of book by Engr E.Bryjak, entitled Metal
Ceramics
Resumption of production of sintered carbides, tung-
sten conta
t
c
s, compound carbon copper brushes, cores
T
1947 - 1949
ranslation of book by R. Kieffer and W. Hotop
en-
titled P
d
,
ow
er Metallur and Synthetic Sin';ered
Products
S
,
ate technical Publishing House, Katowice
lose /a
Pow
de tl~ g
in th
wd
y
e Six Year Plan
~ak
by En
r E
B
,
g
.
ry-
and Engr B. 2echarzewski, State Technical Publlsh-
ing House, Warsaw
1951 (in preparation)
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