BASIC REQUIREMENTS IN SOVIET STANDARDS FOR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000600350848-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 10
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 22, 2011
• Sequence Number: 848
• Publication Date: November 6, 1950
• Content Type: REPORT

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CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
REPORT
CD NO.
DATE OF
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION FROM
FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS
SUBJECT
HOW
PUBLISHED
WHERE
PUBLISHED"
DATE
PUBLISHED
LANGUAGE
Scientific - Electricity, standards
Monthly periodical
Moscow
Aug 1949
THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECTING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE
OF THE UNITED STATES WITHIN THE MEANING OF ESPIONAGE ACT BO
U. S. C.. 31 AND TEAS AMENDED. ITS TRANSMISSION OR THE REVELATION
PROHIBTED. IS PRO
OF ITS CONTENTS I REPRODUCTION OF THIS FORM I31 I
HIBITED ST ?
Elektrichestvo, No 8, 1949, pp 78-84.
DATE DIST. ~ Nov 1950
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT NO.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS IN SOVIET STANDARDS FOR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
S. M. Livshits
Tsentroelektromontazh
Submitted 7 Feb 1949
The most important electrical engineering norms are divided into four
basic categories:
1. State All-Union Standards (GOST), which establish the technical pro-
duction conditions for electrotechnical plants and are compulsory for all de-
partments
2. Departmental Technical Specifications (VTU) for manufactured parts
3. Installation regulations, which are norms regulating the design and in-
stallation of high-current electrotechnical units
4. Operating regulations, which cover requirements in the exploitation
of electrical units.
There is obviously a very close connection between the norms of the cate-
gories enumerated, but they are worked out and published by different organiza-
tions which do not always coordinate their work.
The GOST are developed by the producers of electrical parts and approved
by the Standardization Administration of Gostekhnika USSR, formerly the VKS
All-Union Committee on Standards). The installation regulations for high-
current electrotechnical units are now developed by the Ministry of Electric
Power Plants and Glavelektromontazh of the Ministry for Construction of Heavy
Industry Enterprises. These organizations also approve the regulations. The
general electrotechnical operating regulations are developed and approved by
the Ministry of Electric Power Plants. This group includes principally "Regu-
lations for Technical Exploitation of Power Stations and Distribution Networks"
(1940)? and "Regulations for Technical Exploitation of Electrical Equipment in
Industrial Enterprises" (1947). Moreover, many regulations and instructions
for the exploitation of electrical equipment in'industrial installations are
published by various ministries.
AIR
_M
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Coordination of work in compiling, judging, and approving these norms and
bringing a wide circle of engineers and electricians into this important state
matter is, in our opinion, the most vital task of VNITOE (All-Union Scientific
and Technical Society of Power Engineers) and of our electrotechnical press,
primarily the periodical Elektrichestvo.
The basic purpose of the GOST is the establishment of technical specifi-
cations for electrical machines, instruments, cables, and other complex items.
The standards must not simply be fixed at the existing engineering level of
the plants producing equipment; they must be one of the real levers for con-
tinuously raising the production of plants of the electrical industry to a
higher technical level. As an example, the publication of the new GOST 185-47
for three-phase crane and metallurgical motors, undertaken by the VKS under
prodding by consumers, speeded the establishment of production of new machines
which would satisfy the requirements for electric drives designed for contin-
uously operating machinery and aid in the introduction of three-phase, instead
of direct, current in metallurgical and other applications. Of course, the
standards must not be too far removed from the actual capabilities of industry
or from the engineering level of allied industries (electrical insulation,
metallurgical, etc.). Therefore, the GOST, like a barometer, must predict pos-
sibilities for increasing the technical level of the industry. All GOST must
be reviewed periodically, at definite intervals, as a whole, and the individual
paragraphs of standards can and must be reviewed as necessary (far more often
than they are at present).
Reducing Operating Costs
The fundamental task arising in devising new and reviewing old GOST is to
formulate technical conditions which will aid in reducing the operating cost of
electrical equipment by reducing the number of operating personnel and increas-
ing the power engineering indexes of electrical machines. Reducing the number
of maintenance personnel is one of the factors for increasing labor productivity
and reducing production cost; it may be attained by increasing the operational
reliability of the equipment. Increasing the reliability, in turn, will reduce
the necessity for large stores of spare parts which are so prevalent today in
design and operation.
Reducing Capital Investments
Capital investments can be reduced by decreasing the cost of equipment and
materials, for example, through mass production, which can be greatly facilitated
by intelligent standardization.
Along the same lines, standards must also consider the necessity for reduc-
ing the cost of construction and installation by industrialization and the use
of speed methods. The latter must include the creation of standards for com-
plete sets of electrical equipment, e.g., complete substations and high- and
low-voltage distribution units, and achieve functional unity in the supply of
separately installed forms of electrical equipment which belong to one unit.
Increasing Reliability and Length of Service
It is hard to overestimate the magnitude of the economic effect which may
be obtained for the country by increasing the reliability of equipment. Present-
day practice in the use of cables for conduit wiring is a clear illustration.
The PRTO type cable now produced by the cable industry with rubber insulation,
for conduit wiring (VTU NKEP [People's Commissariat of Electrical Industry] 128-
43), is not suitable for use in shop power conduits (in the ground, foundations,
etc.). It does not resist the action of water, which is always present in the
conduit, or emulsions and oil, which often get into the conduit. The PR-500 and
APR-500 cables are often used, but are even less suitable for these conditions.
The cable often lasts only a very short time (up to. several months). Moreover,
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breakdown of cables sometimes causes breakdown of entire production lines
and replacement of cables is very expensive. The problem of making con-
duit cables durable by increasing the water and oil resistance of the in-
sulation is primary in establishing a new standard for conduit cables.
On the other hand, in the approval of a new standard, the consumers
may relax existing technical specifications; they should not request un-
necessary flexibility of strands in large cables for conduit wiring and
should require fewer cable types by rejecting multistrand power cables,
the use of which has no advantages in installation and operation but
causes an increase in man-hours in the production of strands and increases
the number of design dimensions, hindering large-scale mass production.
This example is an illustration of possible rejection of unnecessary pro-
duction requirements which may arise in the publication of standards.
Increasing the operational reliability of equipment must be done pri-
marily by using higher quality materials and improved technological proc-
esses and by intensifying technical supervision. However, the problem must
also be tackled by lowering the present norms for temperature increases.
This will increase the durability of machinery and apparatus,', increase their
length of service, and decrease the number of breakdowns and repairs. Be-
fore the war, to save electric machine building materials, excessive cur-
rent loading of equipment was permitted. Although the machines withstood
the prescribed heating standards, through intensive ventilation, they did
not always prove sufficiently robust in severe exploitation conditions.
This especially applies to normal "general purpose" motors up to 100 kw,
which were insufficiently strong when switched on to the line from stand-
still, when subjected to sudden overloads, or when running on two phases
because a fuse had blown on one phase. Under these conditions, inevitable in
operation, motors must be able to withstand brief but large overloads; in
this connection, durability can be characterized by the rate of temperature
increase in the windings of a braked motor, which must be considerably lower
in the new series of machines than in the over-used series AD and MA motors,
which have small heat capacity windings.
Another example of studying abnormal running conditions is the necessity
of increasing the severity of the requirement for electric motors and voltage
coils of various apparatus (contacters, relays, brakes) in the sense of unin-
terrupted functioning under the unavoidable variations of line voltage and fre-
quency. The vast majority of industrial installations are supplied with elec-
tric power from the rayon networks. In existing installations the voltage
sometimes varies as much as 10-20% from the rated value. Calculations on vol-
tage deviations in factory networks show how expensive and difficult (and some-
times impossible) it is to keep the voltage lat the motors within t 5% (as
laid down in GOST 183-41) under various conditions even when there is no, break-
down. Therefore, consideration must be given to the possibility of raising
the permissible voltage variation to 110%. Of course, this requirement re-
lates only to the reliability of machinery operation during such deviations
(heating and torque or tractive force); the preservation of the specified eco-
nomic parameters (efficiency, power factor, etc.) should not be demanded.
Improving Power Characteristics
Raising the power indexes -- efficiency and power factor -- is an impor-
tant requirement which concerns all electric machines. This problem has been
discussed in detail in recent years in electrical engineering journals. The
improvement of the power indexes of a machine can be achieved partly by improv-
ing the quality of the materials used (electrotechnical sheet steel with reduced
losses) and partly by increasing the quantity of active materials (particularly
copper) in a machine. However, when calling for an improvement in the power
indexes of machines to decrease the losses, one must not go to the other ex-
treme, which would lead to unjustified expenditure of materials, an increase
in the weight, size, and cost of machines, and decrease the output of electric
machine building plants.
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CMINA,I A l
The complex task of designers of electric machines and transformers is
to find practical norms for electrical indexes, acceptable to both user and
builder, and in the interests of the national economy as a whole.
It is important that the power indexes should be specified not only for
rated conditions but also for the average running conditions, e.g., for nog.-?
mal electric motors up to 15 kw used mainly for driving machine tools the
typical conditions is a mean load of 50%
Improving the Drive Characteristics of Electric Motors
An. essential quality index of electrical equipment is its optimum
adaptability to the associated mechanical equipment- k clear illustration
of this is the planned increase in the torque of induction motors (in partic-
ular, minimum starting torque) in the new basic standard for electric machines.
Standardization of the Installation Dimensions of Electric Motors
The standardization of dimensions with a view to ensuring mutual inter-
changeability of electrical equipment used on a large scale, whether made by
different plants or by the same plant in different years, is an important re-
quirement of a GOST, resulting in reduced operating costs. Experience has
shown that the absence of an all-union standard for the installation dimen-
sions of electric motors hinders the mutual interchangeability of electric
motors manufactured by plants of the Ministry of Electrical Industry, as well
as those made by plants of other ministries.
Diversity of installation dimensions means either that the user has to
keep a large stock of spare motors on hand or that there will be lengthy hold-
ups while motors are repaired or modified. Moreover, design is rendered com-
plicated because the designer, when planning couplings, flanges, etc., and
baseplates for a motor can only go by one of the machines manufactured with the
given parameters.
Even electric motors of the same series produced by different plants do
not have the same dimensions. For example, the PN series of do machines differs
as to installation dimensions even when similar in other respects.
The type PN-28.5 electric motor of the Elektrosila Plant has a 30-mm shaft,
whereas the Prokop'yelskiy Plant motor has a 25-mm shaft. The keyway width is
10 mm in the first machine and 8 mm in the second.
The effort, undertaken by the Ministry of Electrical Industry in 1947, to
assemble all existing standardized dimensions for three-phase motors with
squirrel cage rotors in one document -- the departmental specification -- is but
a palliative,?of interest only to factory designers and not to the user.
Standardization of installation dimensions of electric motors implies stan-
dardization of all frame dimensions, since the latter is essential for mutual in-
terchangeability of machines under operating conditions. Standardization of frames
can be accomplished by assigning a definite installation number to each group of
-installation dimensions.
All motors of a given type, e.g., squirrel-cage induction motors, should be
shown by size according to a table of installation numbers, and these numbers
should be closely related in powers and speeds by a special table. This relation-
ship is possible only if the scale of powers of electric motors is standardized.
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Standard Scale of Powers of Electric Motors
A single fixed scale of powers for electric motors was worked out in the
USSR in 1927 by KhEMZ (Kharkov Electromechanical Plant) and introduced at all
electric machine building plants in the country. The I, T, UT, aPRV and BAO
series of motors were manufactured in accordance with this scale.
In 1932 this "old" rigid scale was abandoned under pretext of the neces-
sity for complete utilization of all models of the existing series of machines
according to temperature increase. The abandonment of the rigid scale of powers
and the general revision of machine designs in the interests of maximum economy
of materials, particularly copper, led to the production in 1935-36 of new
series of electric machines which broke all records for utilization of materials.
The following defects of these machines were revealed on service: (1) low power
indexes, (2) excessively high starting currents (10-11 times rated current in
-the ADO series), (3) unsatisfactory torque characteristics, and (4) decreased
reliability.
As for the designated power of the machine, this was established arbitrar-
ily. The manufacturing plants set it at whatever they were able to "squeeze out"
of the particular model, which often had not passed all the type tests. This
caused frequent changes in catalogs, e.g,., the 1937 catalog of AD electric mo-
tors was cancelled and replaced by the 1938 catalog, and the 1937 catalog of
MA-200 electric motors was cancelled and replaced by the 1939 catalog.
However, even in the altered catalogs the plants continued to introduce
new changes.
The Kemerovo Plant catalog for the series MA-200 motors altered the data
of the KhEMZ catalog for 1939.
Power (kw)
Type
Speed
(rpm)
KhEMZ
(1939
Catalog)
Kemerovo Plant
(1947 Mir_ of Elec
Ind Catalog) _
Decrease
M
MA-203-2/4
1,500
28,5
27.5
3
MA-203-2/6
1,000
19.7
18.7
5
MA-202-1/8
750
6:4
6.0
6
MA-202-2/8
750
8.0
3
The nominal outputs of motors of the new Ural series are also different
from the outputs of the AD series motors (according to the 1947 catalog of
TsBTI ,entral Bureau of the Thermotechnical Institute?7, Ministry of Elec-
trical Industry). , '
Power (kw)
Type
Speed
(rpm)
AD
Series
Ural
Series
(type R)
Differences
(` )
41/4
1,500
4.3
4.5
+ 4
51/4'
1,500
7.8
8.0
+ 2
42/6
1,000
3.5
3.3
- 6
51/6
1,000
5.0
4.5
- 10
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No of models of
given power (dif-
ferent speeds and
construction) 5 5 1 1 3 5 3 3 1 3
This unjustified arbitrariness in the nominal output of electric motors
is solely due to the absence of a rigid scale of powers.
From a power standardization standpoint, it is interesting to analyze the
collated catalog of normal induction motors produced by plants of the Ministry
of Electrical Industry in 1947. The position is as follows in the 1-2 kw range:
Power of model (kw) 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.~ 1=4 1_6 l7 11=8 1.9
The-number of power ratings and catalog models in the catalog of electric
motors up to 100 kw is as follows.
No of different
power ratings
CCNF UERIM
The Dinamo Plant imeni Kirov revised the catalog of KP-KPD series of motors
four times, sometimes increasing and sometimes decreasing the power ratings and
altering the rpm for the same marking:
Yr
Type of Motor
Power (kw) (25% PV*)
Rpm (25% PVC)
1931
KP 800/447
80
400
1936
KPD 80o/447
100
450
1939
KPD 800/447
95
460
1941
KPD 800/447
82
425
PV - Duty cycle
It is obvious from the foregoing how inconvenient it is to run, design,
and install motors without a standard power scale.
On the other hand, squeezing out the full. power from a motor, which was
done in 1931-32, hardly yields results sufficient to justify the abandonment
of a rigid standard scale of electric motor power ratings.
It is well known to designers of crane drives that estimates of required
power made by different methods give results which sometimes vary by as much as
30-50%. Another uncertainty is superimposed upon this difference: this is the
calculated value of the duty cycle, which is subject to considerable error.
Hence, the designer, when determining the power of an electric motor, uses very
approximate experimental data, as a rule. Moreover, the majority of crane mo-
tors are chosen according to torque and not according to heating conditions.
What, then, is the sense of squeezing the maximum power out of these motors ac-
cording to temperature increase by deviating from a rigid scale. of powers?
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Moreover, the absence of a standard scale of powers leads to difficulties
in standardization and operation of control apparatus. Even elementary appara-
tus such as- starters can be rigidly standardized only in conformity with a
standard scale of powers. The same reasoning applies to standardization of
cartridge fuses.
The lack of a standard power scale and the resulting large assortment of
thermal elements (relays) also presents difficulties in motor protection. In-
vestigations have shown that, as a result, thermal protection of motors is
largely ineffectual.
However, the most serious drawback of the absence of a rigid power scale
is, as was stated above, the difficulty of standardizing the installation sizes
of electric motors. Sometimes the thought is expressed that standardization of
powers and dimensions (of frames) hinders the,process of machine building. This
opinion is refuted by electric machine building practice, which bears out the
possibility of designing an electric motor with considerably smaller over-all
dimensions by using new, heat-resisting insulating materials while preserving
the dimensions of the motor. It is necessary to keep in mind the fact that the
dimensions of an electric motor are determined not only by the heat resistance
of the insulating materials but also by the electrical parameters -- tilting mo-
ment -- and by the mechanical parameters -- shaft and bearing sizes.
Of course, the possibility of having to change the dimensions in the fu-
ture is not ruled out, but standardization of dimensions can and must be pre-
served for a definite time. Thereafter, the dimensions can be revised, but in
an organized manner.
The next question is a vital one. Should there be a general rigid power
scale for all types of electric motors (three-phase squirrel cage and wound-
rotor induction motors, do motors; stationary and crane motors; enclosed and
open, etc.)? Or should each type of motor for a particular purpose have its
own power scale? We are of the opinion that, as regards a new series of ma-
chines, there should be one power scale for all electric motors. Electric mo-
tors should be designed for given ratings (accepted in all branches of electric
machine building), and the practice of establishing chance values for motor rat-
ings rejected.
The problem of what the absolute values of the different ratings should be
demands special examination j, 7.
The Standardization Administration has now approved a standard power
scale for 1-100'kw induction motors (GOST 4542-48). This power scale, drawn up
by the Ministry of Electrical Industry as a result of the initiative of Glave-
lektromontazh of the Ministry for Construction of Heavy Industry Enterprises,
is close to the old power scale formerly followed in the USSR, as is evident
from the table below, but applies only to protected and enclosed forced-venti-
lated motors. It is desirable that this standard power scale be extended to
other types of electric motors.
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New and Old Power Scales (in kw)
1927 Scale
GOST 4542-48
1927 Scale
GOST 4
542-48
0.52
-
14.5
14
1.00
1.0
20.5
20
1.70
1.7
29.0
28
2.85
2.8
40.0
4o
4.50
4.5
'55.0
55
6,80
7.0
75.0
75
10.00
10.0
100.0
100
Standardization of Current Scales for Apparatus
A standard scale of rated currents (OST NKTP 2705) exists for high-vol-
tage apparatus. There is no standard for low-voltage apparatus, resulting
in an unjustifiable lack of coordination. It is possible to suggest a single
scale of rated currents for high- and low-voltage switching and starting-con-
trolling' apparatus, as shown in the table below.
Unified Scale of Nominal Currents for Equipment (in amp)
2
4
6
10
15
20
40
60
100
150
-200
400
600
1000
1500
2000
4000
6000
NOTE: Supplementary values of nominal currents are permissible for maximum
current relays, thermal relays (elements), current transformers, and
fuses.
The adoption of the new scale would involve relatively few changes in
the apparatus now, being produced. For example, 50-amp high-voltage fuses
have to be replaced by 60-amp or 40-amp fuses, 350-amp-knife switches by 400-
amp knife switches, etc.
The rated currents of starting apparatus (contacters, starters) must be
in accordance with conditions corresponding to standard operating conditions
for electric motors, namely:
1. Continuous- -without subdivision into the "uninterrupted" and "pro-
longed" (switch off every 8 hr, three successive times) classification which
are unjustifiably made in standards.
2. Repeated short-time duty (25% duty cycle) since this is the basic nom-
inal rating for crane and metallurgical electric motors'(GOST 184-47 and 185-47).
It is necessary to combat the tendency manifested by some manufacturing
plants to over-guarantee.their products. For example, GOST 2758-44 for dc con-
tactors lays down the number of switchings, for conditions of mechanical wear,
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as one million. This is utterly inadequate for modern metallurgical drives
(one of the basic consumers), where the number of switchings is 1,000 per
-hour and more. Thus, the GOST guarantee lasts only 1-2 months. On the other
hand, a'plant of the Ministry of Electrical Industry guarantees 25 million
switchings for a new series of do contactors. Such a great discrepancy be-
tween GOST requirements and the catalog data of the apparatus shows the in-
sufficient attention paid by GOST compilers to durability of equipment.
New Designs
When new standards are being worked out, the individual parameters of
equipment should be altered with care, taking into consideration that the con-
sumer has parts produced by previous standards and the necessity for inter-
changeability. At the same time, the way must be prepared for new designs,
which will be cheaper and more reliable.
For example, the round plug contact has been used in the USSR for many
years, despite its many drawbacks and the fact that the production of a plug
with a circular contact is laborious. The flat plug contact is considerably
simpler to produce, and has been used successfully for connecting cords of
electric irons and other appliances. Thus, a GOST must be drawn up for flat
plug contacts for new equipment, but for some time facilities must be main-
tained for the production of round plugs for existing equipment.
Realization of Standard Requirements
It is very important that the nomenclature established by standards
should be mandatory on the ministry which is the chief manufacturer of the
given type of equipment. Factories cannot produce equipment with parameters
differing from the established standards. But the latter do not compel the
manufacturer to produce parts according to the whole scale provided by GOST.
Let us take an example: In 1947 the Moscow Transformer Plant imeni Kuybyshev
and other transformer plants, of their own accord and without agreement with
consumers, ceased production of the intermediate powers -- 30, 75, 135, 240,
420, 750, 1350, 2400 and 4200 kva -- from the scale of ratings provided by
GOST 401-41 for transformers ( in contrast to electric motors, a standard
scale of powers for transformers does exist in the USSR). In 1948 the pro-
duction of 750-kva transformers was resumed at the insistence of the planning
organization.
Our calculations, based on the formula in a previous article fl ,--7, show
that the refusal of the plant to manufacture the intermediate ratings of trans-
formers necessitates an increase of 1.13 times in installed power. The cur-
tailment of the scale of transformers can hardly be justified on economic gounds
(decrease of the number of sizes of transformers in production), especially if
we consider the fact that a transformer is by nature a machine which consumes
must material but not much labor in its manufacture.
In any case, one can scarcely look with favor on the practice of establish-
ing a scale of powers in the existing GOST based on a study of the interest of
consumers and producers of equipment, while permitting the producer of the equip-
ment to put in and out of production, at his own discretion, an assortment of
models from the compilation laid down in the standard. Obviously, the organ
which established the standards should see to it that the appropriate ministry
is in fact producing articles in accordance with the whole range laid down in
the standard.
Further, it is important that the achievements of the new GOST are not wholly
or partly annulled by limitations in the methodology or measuring the parameters
specified by the GOST and by the presence of tolerances. For example:
1. The values of moments (torques) should be determined by measurement on
the motor shaft, and not by calculation.
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2. There should be no minus tolerances for the torques established in
the standard, on which the designer of a drive relies when selecting an elec-
tric motor.
Checking Observance of Standards
Observance of the requirements of Soviet standards is obligatory; failure
to do so is accountable before the law.
Apart from recourse to law, however, our state organs of standardization
must exercise actual control over the observance of standard requirement by:
1. Periodical checks on the quality of articles in labortories of manu-
facturers, scientific research institutes, and higher educational institutions,
or in specially created laboratories.
This is. especially important with respect to mass production, in which
the consumer cannot have technical control apparatus for checking the quality
of production while the order is being filled. Each consumer must be able to
apply to the organs controlling the observance of standards for a warranty that
a certain article produced by a plant conforms with existing standards./
Organizational-Technical Tasks of Standards
Besides establishing the technical standards of electrical manufactured
articles, the new standards must take into account and defend the organizational
interests of the consumer. These include such problems as furnishing the/ con-
sumer with complete equipment, obligations to deliver spare parts, operation
and overhaul instructions, and requirements for obtaining the guaranteed serv-
ice life of the equipment.
The standards should prohibit the practice, which still exists in our coun-
try, of delivering electric motors without the control equipment, starters with-
out thermal protection, etc.
1. S. M. Livshits, "The Growth Coefficient of the Power . Scales for
Electric Motors," VEP (Vestnik Elektropromyshlennosti), No 4, 1948.
2. D. L. Varshavskiy, Ya.?S. Gurin, B. I. Kuznetsov, "A New Series of General
Purpose Induction Motors," VEP, No 9, 1948.
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