FROST IN ORDZHONIKIDZE KRAY, CHECHEN-INGUSH ASSR, NORTH OSETIAN ASSR, AND KABARDINIAN-BALKAR ASSR

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• Collection: General CIA Records
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• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 27, 2011
• Sequence Number: 642
• Publication Date: February 2, 1951
• Content Type: REPORT

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1
FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS
CLASSIFICATION CONFIDENTIAL
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION FROM
COUNTRY LSSR
SUBJECT Gzographic -Frost studies
HOW
PUBLISHED Pamphlet.
WHERE
PUBLISHED Rostov-on-Don
DATE
PUBLISHED 1941
LANGUAGE
THIS DOCUYLN7 CONTAINS IN IO[YATIOX ATILCTIN6 TN[ NATIONAL 0[/tMSt
GI TN[ UNITLD STATri YITNIN TN[ YLA VINO Oi LS IIO NAO[ ACT SD
Y., S. C.. !1 AND ]L. AS AYLR OI D. ITS TANS YIS SIGN OR TN[ R[T[LATION
0I ITS CONTCNri IN ANT YANN[R TO AN UNAUTN ORIL[D I[RSOM IS IN O?
NI[IiLD ST LAM. R[IROOU CTION 01 THIS ID[Y IS IRONI[IT[O.
REPORT
CD N0.
DATE OF
DATE DIST. o`
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT N0.
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
\~
~_
SOURCE Gololed v Ordzhonikidzevskom Kra Checheno-Ingushskoy ASSR, Se o-
Osetinekoy ASSR, 1 Kabardino-Balkarskoy ASSR~ Office of Accounts and
Estimates, Roston dminiatration of Hyclrometeorological Service.
FRaST IN ORD7gONIKIDZE KRAY, CHECHEN-INGUSH ASSR,
NORTH OSETIAN ASSR AND gAgpRDINIAN-BALKAR ASSR
Frequency of Glaze_F=ost
Data en the .characteristic frequency of frost phenomena (glaze frost and
hoarfrost) used in this paper was obtained chiefly from observations of metero-
logical stations between 19?5 and 1939s with at least 5 years of satisfactory
observations. The material was subJected to a critical review and analysis.
However, in spite of the fact that the data underwent a preliminary inspection
at the time'of the observation, the review disclosed a number of rather serious
errors in the observations of several stations, making the use of the data un-
desirable in certain cases. For example, locations of meteorological stations
were unrepresentative; observers confused frosts with other phenomena and mixed
up examples. of Prost and dry fog (errors in copying from the corrected tables)
etc.
Since information of the initial and the final stages of glaze frost forma-
tion is .lacking, determination of the number of cases of olaze frost occurrence
was derived directly from recorded meteorological phenomena. ?.
The number of glaze frost occurrences and days with glaze frost in the at-
tached`table is based only on data from reliable stations and for years when
climatological analysis of the material did not cast any doubt as to the reli-
ability of the observation.
Tht material shows that the frequency of glaze frost occurrence in the area
differs widely. In some regions, frosts occur infrequently and'then only in c~r-
tain yca:s, while in other regions, frequent and long periods of frost formations
are recorded every year.
STATE.
ARMY
NAW
AIR
'ISRB
FBI
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t~~~~ @d~~~~~~~~~
In most of the areas under investigation, frost is observed between Novem-
ber and March. Rowever, in the piedmont and mountain zones the glaze frost pe-
riod lasts from October to April. Similar phenomena are alEa noted in the cen-
tral part of the Stavropol' Plateau In the high mountain zone, the period
during which glaze frost is observed extends to the summer months. ,For example,
in the region of the Bermamyt Meteo~uloglcal Station, frost is observeZ ::om
April to November; in the region of Memisson Pasa, from June to November; and
incomplete observations of the high-altitude E1'brus Meteorological Station show
signs of glaze frosts between July and October.
The following table pre=cnts in detail the characteristic yearly period of
frosts for different regions of the area according tc observations over many
years.
Meteorology cal Sta
Novo-Aleksandrovakaya
Molotovekoye
Divnoye
Voroshilovsk
Petrovskoye
Novoselitskoye
Budennovsk
Achikulak
Cherkessk
Kislovodsk
Mineral'nyye Vody
Stepan Bugor
Terekli Mekteb
Kizlyar
Tabards
Nal'chik
Croznyy
Bermamyt
Mamiseon
Shatoy
Nizhniy Zaromag
Period of Glaze
Fro=t in the Re-
gion of the Sta
December -February
November - March
November - March
October - April
November - March.
October - March
November - March
November - March
October - April
November - March
November - April
November - March
November -February
November - April
December
November - April
November - March
September - July
June -November
December - April
December -April
Mo of Max No
of Glaze
Frost Occurrences
February
January
January
January
January
January
January
January
January, March
December
January
February
February
February
January, February
January
May
September
December
March
In the majority of places, most glaze frost occurrences take place in Janu-
ary. At other places, the maximum number of frosts occur in February or even
March. This is at variance with other regions of Eliropnan USSR, where the maxi-
mum number of glaze frosts generally occur in December, and is probably due to
the later onset of lower temperatures an3 of synoptic conditions favorable for
the formation of glaze frost.
Average Annual Number of Glaze Frost Occurrences
All figures are as given in text]
No of
Yr of
Obs
~~yz
8
Arzgir
15
Apollonskaya
12
AleY3androvakaya
11+
Alagir
10
Glaze Frost Occurrences (by months) Total Glaze
Frost Occur-
I II III IV X XI XII rencns
0 0 0 0 _ o 0 0
2 1 0 0 G 0 1 ~
3 3 2 0 0 1 2 13
3 2 1 0 0 1 2 8
.1 1 0 0 V 0 1 ~+
CONFID'~;NTIAL
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~jr~~:`n ~~~'~ i~~~
CONFIDENTIAL
No of
Glaze Frost Occurrences (bY_ mss) Frost ~~~-
Sta
Yr of
Obe
T II III
IV X XI XI
I rences
2
2
0
0 0
0 2
2.
Achikulak
13
G
1
0
0 0
0 1
Armkhi
7
1
3
3
2
0 0
1 3
11
~
Baksan
1
+
0
0 p
0 1
-
Blagodarnoye
15
g
1
1
1
1
0
0 0
0 1
3
oslovskaya
B
2
1
5
og
Bol'shaya Dzhalga
BudecmovsY,
15
4
1
2
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
p 0
0 0
0 0
1 ~2
1 2
7
3
Vedeno
1
2
2
2
0 0
1
i0
Voroshilovsk
15
0 0
1
13
2
k
14
k
3
2
2
Georgiyevs
Groznyy
~5
11
~
3
1
2
1
1
0 0
0 0
0
1
8
2
6
Gudermes
p
0
2
Divnoye
1
0
0
~
0
0
0
0 0
~
avs
D
1
1
arg
Digora
12
1
2
1
1
0
1
0 0
0 0
1
2 7
Yessentuki
~5
~
3
p
0 1
1
2 12
Zheleznovodsk
13
1
1
1
0 0
1
2 6
Zolotushka
~
0
1
0
0 0
0
0 2
zamanknl
Ipatovo
14
0
3
0
2
0
2
0 0
0 0
0
1
0 2
2 ~
Kian
~
0
0 0
0
1
13
1
2
1 2
Kizlyar
1
0
0
0
0 0
0
gialovodsk
Kotlyarevskaya
5
13
2
2
1
0 0
0
1
1 6
8
Kursavka
11+
2
1
1
0
0
0 0
Q
~
k
an-Shakhar
Miko
8
2
1
1
l
3
y
Mineral'nyye Vody
15
11
~+
3
3
3
2
1
0 0
0 0
0
2 2
Mozdok
1
0
0
0 0
0
1
Molotovskoye
15
1
2
1
0 0
1
2 6
Mikhaylovskaya
3
3
1
1
0 0
0
1
Murtazovo
1
15
3
2
0
0 0
p
1 7
Naurskaye
0
0 0
0
0 1
Nevinnomysskaya
15
8
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0 0
Uchkulan
Nizhn
0
0 0
?
0
Novo-Aleksandrovskaya 12
0 0
1
p 0
0 0
1
11
2
Novoselitskoye
11~
3
0
3
0
0-
0 0
0
0
~
Nizhn, Zaromag
9
0
0 0
1
3
t Nazran'
F
8
0
0
14
3
or
3
3
3
1 0
1
Nal'chik
O1'gino
15
15
1
4
1
2
1
1
1
0 0
0 0
1
1
10
2
2 2
Ord,~honikidze
5
1
1
0
0 0
~
1
Petrovskoye
15
1 0
1
2 ~
k
15
3
3
2
3
Pyatigors
a
d
10
2
0
0
0 0
0
1
7
nay
Prokhla
11
2
3
1
0 0
0
1
6
Stepan Bugor
a
k
15
2
1
1
0 0
0
2
6
ay
Sleptsovs
Tambukanskoye Lake
13
1
0
1
0
1
0
0 0
0 0
1
0
l 0
0
Teberda
15
0
1
6
P
'
13
2
1
1
0
3
Tempel
go
Terekli Mekteb
12
1
1
1
2
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0
0
0
P
1
Trunovskaya
5
0
0
0
?Usnegi
11
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
~ 0 0
0
O 1
Fasnal
2
0 0
1
13
3
Khutor Russkiy
15
- 4
3
0
Tsey
10
0
3
0
~+
0
1
0 0
0 0
0
0
i 6
Chervlennaya
9
0
l
1
k
'12
1
l
l
0
1
Cherkess
1~
0
0
0
0 0
0
0 6
Shatoy
Shelkovskaya
T
3
1
0
0 0
0
.
1
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_'I
CONFIDENTIAI,
No of
Glaze Frost Occurrences '(by months)
Tot;sl Glaze
Yr of
~
VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
Frost Occur-
rencea
Sta
Obs
Mamiason Pass
Bermamyt
8
6
Na of
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1V V VI IX X XI
1 1 1 1 1 0
No of Days
With Glaze Frost (by months),
1
~
Total Glaze
Yr of
b
I
II
III
IV
X
XI XII
Frost Occur-
ences
Sta
s
O
~.;~,
Z
8
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
y
Arzgir
15
2
1
0
0
0
0 2
6
ollonskaya
A
12
7
5
2
0
0
1 ~+
22
p
Aleksandrovskays
14
6
2
1
0
0
1 3
13
Alagir
10
2
2
1
0
0
1 1
7
8
Achikulak
13
3
e
1
0
0
0 2
O
1
0
0
0
0. 1
2
B~$ n
14
5
5
3
0
0
1 5
20
~Blagodarnoye
15
~+
1
0
0
0
1 3
8
~
oslovskaya
Bo
8
1
1
0
0
0
0 1
+
g
'shaya Dzhalga
Bo]
14
2
1
0
0
0
1 3
7
.
Budennovek
15
3
2
0
0
0
1 2
9
no
d
V
lli
0
1
1
0
0
1 1
4
e
e
Voroshilovsk
15
4.
2
2
0
0
2 3
1
6
Georgiyevsk
1~
6
~+
2
0
0
1 3
1
Groznyy
15
~+
2
1
0
0
0 3
10
Gudermes
11
3
2
1
0
0
1 2
9
Divnoye
15
~
1
0
0
0
1 2
8
Dargavs
1~F
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
Digora
12
1
1
0
0
0
1 1
~
Yesaentuki
15
3
2
2
0
0
2 3
Zheleznovodak
9
7
6
~+
1
1
~ 7
31
Zolotushka
13
2
2
2
0
0
1 5
13
Zamankul
12
1
1
0
0
0
0 1
a
Tpatovo
14
0
0
0~
0
0
0 1
2
Kian
12
3
2
2
0
0
1 2
9
Kizlyar
13
2
3
0
0,
0
0 1
7
Kisloeodsk
15
0
0
0
0
0
0 1
3
Kotlyarevskaya
13
3
2
1
0
0
1 1
8
Kursavka
14
k
2
1
0
0
1 3
13
~
Mikoyan-Shak:iar
8
2
1
0
0
0
0 1
+
neral'nyye Vody
Mi
15
S
4
3
0
0
a ~
.
Mozdok
11
4
4
1
0
0
1 3
13
Molotovskoye
15
1
0
0
0
0
0 1
2
Mikhaylovskaya
9
2
2
1
0
0
1 2
Z
Murtazovo
13
3
1
1
0
0
0 2
7
Naurskaya
15
~F
2
0
0
0
0 2
9
Nevinnomysakaya
15
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
1
Nizhniy Uchkulan
8
0
0'
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
Novo-Aleksandrovakaya 12 0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2~
Novoeelitakoye
1~+
9
7
1
0
0
5
Nizhniy Zaromag
9
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
O
Fort Nazran'
8
0
1
0
0
0
'_ 2
3
.
Nai'chik
15
5
5
3
1
0
1 4
ao
ol'gino
15
5
4
1
0
0
1 4
'16
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. ~ -.~
~Q~~~F~~c,~ ~ j~~
~!:~
oNo of
No?of Days
With G1s,ze Frost?(b
months)
Total Glaze
5ta
Y'r of
Obs
I
II III IV
X
XI
Frost Occur-
XII rences
Ordzhonikidze
15
1
2 2 1
0
1
2
8
Petrovakoye
15
1
i 0 0
0
0
1
3
Pyatigorsk
15
5
~ 3 1
0
1
4
18
Prokhladnaya
10
4
0 0 0
0
0
3
8
Stepan Bugor
11
~+
~+ 1 0
0
1
3
11
Sleptsovskaya
15
3
2 1 0
0
0
2
8
Tambukans$oye Lek
13
1
2 1 0
0
2
2
9
Tabards
15
0
0 0 0
0
0
0
0
Tempel'gof
13
3
1 1 0
0
1
2
8
~
Terekli Mekteb
12
1
2 0 0
0
0
1
+
Trunovskaya
15
2
1 0 0
0
0
1
4
Usengi
11
0
0 0 0
0
0
0
0
Fasnal
8
0
1 0 0
0
0
0
1
Khutor Russkiy
15
7
6 2 0
0
1
5
20
Tsey
10
0
0 0 0
0
0
0
0
Chervlennaya
9
~~+
5 1 0
0
1
1
12
Cherkessk
12
2
1 2 0
0
1
1
7
Shatoy
lli
0
0 0 0
0
0
0
1
Shelkovskaya
7
~
2 0 0
0
0
1
8
VI
VII VIII IX
X
XI
XII
Mamisson Pass
8
0
IV
0 0 0
V VI IX
0
X
0
XI
0
2
Bermamyt
6
1
1 1 1
1
1
5
Note: 0,5 and fewer occurrences of frost are rounded to zero.
The above table shows that the frequency of glaze frosts for the areas of
Ordzhonikidze Kray, Chechen-Ingush ASSR, North Osetian ASSR, and Kabardinian-
Balkar ASSR differ considerably, Atone extreme, in some regions the average
annual number of glaze frost occurrences and days with glaze frost are close
to zero, while at the opposite extreme, there are regions where the average
annual number of days with glaze frost is ae high as 20-25, and even 30 or
more, days.
The area as a whole can be divided into the following rather characteris-
tic regions:
1. The high altitude, mountainous region in the south and southwestern
area (Arkhyz, Teberda, Uchkulan, Nizhniy Zaromag, Armkhi, and others) and the
northernmost region (Molotovskoye region) where frost is rarely observed and
where the average annual number .of days with glaze frost is zero to 2 days.
2. The Terskiy-Kum lowlands (a large part of Kizlyarsk district), the
mountainous part of Karachaya and of Kabardinian-Balker and North Osetian ASSRs,
where glaze frost is infrequent and where in moat places the annual number of
days with glaze~is 4-5, with 7-8 days the total in a few localities.
3. The. piedmont section of the .Stavropol' Plateau; part of the Caucasian
Mineral'nye Vody region, where the annual number'of?days with glaze frost is
10-15' and the regions of Baksan, Nal'chik, Yessentuki, Georgiyevsk, Pyatigorsk,
Voroshilovsk, Kursov, where the annual total for days with frost is 15-20 days.
50X1-HUM
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~~-~~u Ul.~~ d iil_.
4. The Zheleznovodsk, Mineral'nyye Vody, and Novoaelitskoye regions,
where annual frost occurrences and average annual number of days with glaze
frost very often exceed 20 days and even reach 31 dsys in the Zheleznovodsk
region.
Local microclimstic peculiarities, as well as the nature of the location
of the observation points, have a bearing on tht number of days with glaze
frost reported. Meteorological stations whl.ch are placed in closely sheltered
locations show a much lesser number of days with glaze frost and glaze frost
occurrences in comparison with stations which are located in the open or in
rather exposed places. The meteorological data on the Pyatigorsk Meteorolog-
ical Station, which was moved from the city of Pyatigorsk ~o Mashuk Mountain
in 1936, illustrates meteorological changes caused by local factors.
Average Annual Numbe? of Days With Glaze Frost
1 2 -2
Periods
1930-34 19
35-3
Pyatigorsk
ll.li
8.8
32.3
Mineral'nyye Vody
--
31.6
37.0
Yessentuki
12.2
10.4
16.4
A comparison with data of the Mineral'nyye Vody and Yessentuki meteorolog-
ical stations shows that the sharp increase in the number of days with glaze
frost at Pyatigorsk during the 5-year period, 1935 - 1939, must have been due
to the change in the location of the meteorological statiun in Pyatigorsk.
Most meteorological stations show dissimilarities in series of observa-
tions. This is due to the fact that glaze frost occurrences and days with
glaze frost are given in whole numbers in the above table of average annual
frequency of glaze frosts, inasmuch as computations with fractions expressed
in tenths would represent a fictitious accuracy. The principal reasons for
dissimilarities in aeries of observations are the result ofo progress in the
work of meteorological stations over the past 10 years; increased qualifications
of observers; systematic control by the Administration of Hydrometeorological
Service over the work of the stations; the introduction in the ma,~ority of sta-
tions of 24-hour duty for observers. These factors are the primary reason why
the average annual total figures used in this paper differ considerably from
the data in pape~a published previously.
A survey of the yearly observations of glaze frost shows that in some years
the number of glaze frost occurrences and days with glaze frost can be quite dif-
ferent from the average annual figure. The minimum, even in regions which ordi-
narily have numerous occurrences of glaze frosts, is zero in some years. For ex-
ample, in Mineral'nyye Vody the annual number of days with glaze frost was two
in ?..928 - 1929; in Voroshilovskoye it was zero in 1926; in Zheleznovodsk it was
zero in 1932; in Groznyy it was zero in 1939; in Nal'chik it was 4 in 1925; and
in Divnoye it was zero in 1938.
The following table shows the maximum annual frequency of glaze frost occur-
rences and days with glaze frost during 1925 - 1939?
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~~tf~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~
corrFmENTZnz,
Maximum Yearly Number of Glaze Frost Occurrences and Days With Frost
The average duration of glaze frost occurrences in the area fluctuates
from one to 25 days depending on the station's location,
Since a great deal of eub~ectivity on the part oP observers enters into
thA estimate of the intensity of frosts (whether light, medium, or heavy troet),
it ie not possible to separate accurately heavy frost trom,light frost, Avail-
able date show that in regions where light frosts predomiu. _, about 1~O percent
of ell recorded froeL occurrences are light frosts, xhile about 60 percent are
of medium intensity. In regions with considerable trort, light frosts amount
to about ~0-35 percent,. traete with medium intensity to about 60-65 percent,
and heavy 'frosts to e~out 5 percent. ,,, in regions with a preponderance ot~ heavy
frosts, the proportion of light frosts ie about 15-20 percent, troet o! medium
inte;asitiy about 70 percent, and heavy troet l0 .percent. 2n regions with partic-
ularly-frequent Proet occurrences, for example, the Mineral'nyye Vody region,
the .proportion of heavy Croat le ae much as 15 or more percent with a eorre-
epondingiy lower n~nber of light frosts.
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~r
Air Temperature and Winds Under Frost Conditions
The formation of frost is chiefly observed at sir temperatures of from
zero to minus 5 degrees. Frost with temperatures of minus 6 to minus 7 degrees
has been recorded occasionally. Observations show that most frosts are formed
at temperatures from zero to minus three degrees. Air temperatures under frost
conditions can be extremely low and may even approach absolute minimua tempera-
tures. Frosts at temperatures of minus 17 to minus 18 degrees have been fre-
quently recorded by many stations. The likelihood of extremely low temperatures
is particularly great in regions with heavy frosts where the frost lasts much
longer because of its intensity,
Analysis of the data on the characteristic direction and velocity of winds
under Eros+. conditions shows that the direction and velocity of winds are gen-
eral for the entire area with local peculiarities according to the individual
station.
The following diagram and table give the characteristic frequency of winds
of various directions under frost conditions,
Probability of various Wind Directions
Under Frost Conditions
(in percent)
Apo//o~ rkaya
,ME
-~W :r
Kir/or
s
Na/'chiik
s
oa:ho~ik:a:s
-8-
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-'i
CGNFIDENTIAL
N
NE
E
SE
S
Sol
W
NW
Calm
Sta
Apollonskaya
9
10
38
2~
6
0
3
1.0
~
6
Voroshilovsk
5
a
26
16
7
8
20
1
F
11
Croznyy
10
19
11
0
9
22
11
18
10
17
40
21
3
3
8
3
0
Kizlyar
8
24
1~+
8
3
5
30
8
37
Mineral'nyye Vody
2
7
4~
30
6
1
5
5
lO
Nal'chik
12
30
29
3
7
lO
3
6
12
Ordzhonikidze
15
8
6
3
lO
6
~
25
27
7
Khutor Russkiy
10
19
38
2
0
+
20
7
9
Nine meteorological stations, located in various regions of the area, which
have conducted a series of observations over 12-15 years were selected for the
study of wind behavior.
As is evident from the table and diagram, most of the stations clearly show
the prevalence of easterly winds and, partly, also westerly winds. However, lo-
cal orographic peculiarities of the locations (e.g., influettce of Caucasian moun-
tain ranges and other elevated points, e.g., in the Groznyy region, etc.) are
also pointed up by the table, These facts corroborate the theore#ical conclusions
of Academician B. P. Mul'tanovskiy who claims that there are two main wind cur-
rents in European USSR under frost conditions: east and west winds.
K. S. Turoverov's supposition that there are no winds in the northern and
southern quarters of the horizon under frost conditions is not substantiated by
the above-men+.ioned data. Although the proportion of northerly and southerly
winds under frost? conditions in most places is small winds from these directions
have been recorded at all stations.
A comparison of the pattern of wind direction under frost conditions with
the monthly and seasonal wind roses shows an almost complete conformity.
There is much practical interest also in the velocity of winds under frost
conditions, The following table, computed from data gathered over a 12-15 year
period, shows the probability of winds of various intensity under frost condi-
tions. The table gives only four ranges inasmuch as a more detailed breakdown
with comparatively small numbers of cases would not give a more accurate picture.
Probability of Winds of Various Velocities
Under Frost Conditions
(in percent)
Meteorological Sta
Wind Velocity (m/sec)
Calm
1~
6-10
Over 10
Apollonskaye
6
77
15
2
Voroshilo~sk
11
38
38
13
Groznyy
~9
90
1
-
Divnoye
0
35
61
4
Kizlyar
25
65
8
2
Mineral'nyye Vody
3
74
22
1
Nal'chik
12
87
1
-
Ordzhonikidze
17
83
-
-
Khutor Russkiy
9
75
15
1
The table shows that under frost conditions winds of high intensi~y are quite
frequent in many regions, particularly in regions with; heavy frosts, as -in Stav-
ropol', where grinds with a velocity of over 5 meters prevail.
,,..r
~~~du~~~E:i;~ d 1i~'
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Wind Velocity
A
Max Wind Velocity
Meteorological Sta
v
4
14
Apollonskaya
Voroshilovsk
3.
5.1
2
6
25
Groznyy
"
4
6
~7
Divnoye
Kizlyar
.
1
3`
12
Mineral'nyye Vody
4.0
14
Nal'chik
1.6
5
Ordzhonikidze
1=7
Khutor Russkiy
3.6
14
Average and maximum wind velocities which have been observed under frost
conditions are given in the following table (in meters per second.):
It should be noted that in much of the area, with the exception of
shielded localities, wind velocities of up to 20 meters per second are pos-
sible under frost conditions. According to observations of the Voroshilovsk
Meteorological Station, winds in the Stavropol' region, as well as in some
exposed locations in the mountains, attain a velocity of even more than 20
meters per second.
The average wind velocity under frost conditions generally is very
similar to the average monthly wind velocity of the region during winter.
Hoarfrost
Zn the study of frosts of various regions and in'the determination of
the possible ground frost load, the phenomena of hoarfrost must also be con-
sidered.
In the preparation of data on hoarfrost, the same criteria were utilized
as for glaze frost. The same period of observation (1925 - 1939) was also uti-
lized and all of the material was carefully checked, with doubtful or unreli-
able observations being excluded. The following table gives the average annual
number of hoarfrost occurrences and the number of days with hoarfrost.
No of
Hoarfrost Occurrences (by months)
Total Hoar-
Yr of
frost
Sta
Obs
I
II
III
IV
X
XI
XII
Occurrences
Arkhyz
8
1
0
.0
0
0
0
0
1
Arzgir
15
2
2
0
0
0
0
1
5
Apollonskaya
12
6
3
2
0
0
1
4
16
Aleksandrovakaya
14
4
3
2
0
0
1
2
12
Alagir
10
5
2
1
0
0
0
3
11
Achikulak
13
2
2
1
0
0
0
1
6
Armkhi
7
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
2
gaksan
14
5
4
2
0
0
1
2
14
Blagodarnoye
15
1
2
1
~
0
1
1
6
Bogoslovskaya
8
2
1
1
0
0
0
2
6
Bol'shaya Dzhalga
14 -
3
2
1
0
0
0
2
8
Budennovsk
15
4
3
1
0
0
1
3
12
Vedeno
14
3
2
1
0
0
0
3
9
Voroshilovsk
15
6
5
4
0
0
2
4
21
Georgiyevsk
14
4
2
1
0
0
1
3
11
Groznyy
15
3
2
1
0
0
0
1
'(
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CONFIDEiTIAL
`50X
No of
Hoarfrost Occurrences (bY months Tot
--_
al Hoar-
Yr of
Obs
I
~~_--_
II
-__~
III
IV
X XI XII Occ
frost
urrences
Sta
Gudermes
11
2
1
1
0
0 0
1
5
Divnoye
15
3
2
1
0
0 0
l
7
Dargavs
14
1
3
1
0
0 1
1
7
Digora
12
4
1
1
0
0 1
3
10
Yessentuki
15
5
4
3
0
0 1
4
17
Zheleznovodsk
9
5
4
4
1
0 1
4
19
Zolotushka
13
5
4
5
1
0 1
4
20
Zamankul
12
4
3
1
0
0 1
2
11
4
Ipatovo
14
2
0
1
0
0
1
Kian
i2
6
3
2
0
0 1
g
14
Kizlyar
13
1.
1
1
0
0 1
1
5
Kislovodsk
15
2
1
1
0
0 1
2
7
Kotlyarevskaya
13
6
4
3
~
Kursavka
14
5
0 1
3
16
Mikoyan-Shakhar
8
3
1
1
0
0 1
2
8
Mineral'nyye Vody
15
6
4
2
0
0 1
3
16
Mozdok
11
4
2
1
0
0 0
2
9
Molotovskoye
15
1
1
1
0
0 0
1
4
Mikhaylovskaye
9
9
6
2
0
0 1
5
23
Murtazovo
13
6
3
2
0
0 0
3
14
Naurskaya
15
2
1
1
0
0 0
2
6
Nevinnomysskaya
15
3
1
1
0
0 0
0
5
Nizhniy Uchkulan
8
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
Novo-Aleksandrov-
skaya
12
2
1
1
0
0 0
1
5
Novoseiitskoye
14
3
3
2
0
0 1
3
12
Nizhniy Zaromag
9
0
0
1
0
0 0
0
1
Fort Nazran'
8
6
2
2
0
0 1
4
15
Nal'chik
15
8
4
5
0
0 1
5
23
O1'gino
15
6
5
3
0
0 1
3
18
Ordzhonikidze
15
3
3
1
0
0. 0
2
9
Petrovskoye
15
1
0
1
0
0 0
1
3
Pyatigorsk
15
6
4
2
0
0 1
4
17
Prokhladnaya
15
4
4
2
0
0 1
3
14
Stepan Bugor
11
4
3
1
0
0 0
1
9
Sleptsovskaya
15
3
2
1
0
0 1
2
9
Tambukanskoye Lake
13
4
3
2
0
0 1
3
13
Teberda
15
1
1
0
0
0 1
1
4
Tempel'gof
12
4
3
1
0
0 1
3
12
Terekli Mekteb
12
1
1
1
0
0 0
2
5
Trunovakaya
15
2
2
1
0
0 0
1
6
l,isengi
11
0
1
1
1
0 1
1
5
Fasnal
8
0
1
1
0
0 1
0
3 '
Khutor Russkiy
15
3
3
2
0
0 1
2
11
Tsey
10
0
0
1
0
0 0
0
1
Cherkessk
12
5
3
1
0
0 1
4
14
Shatoy
14
2
0
0
0
0 0
2
4
I
II
III IV
V VI
VII
VIII IX X
XI XII
Bermamyt
6 5
5
6 7
j 1
0
0 2 1
4 5
39
N,amisson Pass
8 8
9
10 10
4 2
0
0 2 6
7 12
73
E1'brus
7' 4
3
5 5
,4 3
1
1 3 5
4 6
44
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Total Hoar-
frost
Occurrences
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 6
0 0 1 5 23
0 0 1 4 18
0 0 0 6 17
0 0 0 2 7
0 0 0 1 2
0 0 1 6 29
0 0 1 2 6
0 0 0 2 6
0 0 0 3 to
0 0 1 3 14
0 0 0 5 15
0 0 4 8 35
0 0 1 5 18
0 0 0 2 10
0 0 0 2 6
0 0 0 2 11
1 0 1 1 10
0 0 1 6 17
0 0 1 7 32
2 0 3 9 50
1 0 2 9 ~+5
0 0 1 3 15
0 0 0 2 7
0 0 1 3 17
0 0 1 1 7
0 0 1 2 8
0 0 1 6 26
0 0 1 6 2g
0 0 1 2 9
0 0 1 5 24
0 0 0 3 13
0 0 0 1 4
0 0 1 7 27
0 0 0 3 15
0 0 0 3 9
0 0 0 1 6
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 5
0 0 1 6 23
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 2 9 29
0 0 2 7 33
0 0 1 5 23
o c o 5 18
0 0 0 1 3
0 0 1 6 29
0 0 1 5 22
0 0 0 3 12
0 0 1 3 12
0 0 2 6 36
0 0 1 1 4
0 0 1 4 17
0 0 0 5
0 0 0 2 8
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~.
No of No of Da~3 With_Hoarfrost,~by monthR)
Yr ,of
Obs I II III IV X XI XII
Arkhyz
8
1
0 0
Arzgir
15
3
2 0
Apoll.onskaya
12
10
4 3
Aleksandrovskaya
14
7
~+ 2
Alagri
10
8
2 1
Achikulak
13
3
2 1
Armkh3
7
0
1 0
Baksan
11+
1.1
7 4
Blflgodarnoye
15
1
1 1
Bogoslovskepa
$
2
1 1
Bol'shaya Dzhalga
14
4
2 1
Budennovsk
15
5
4 1
Vedeno
111
5
3 2
VoroshilovsY.
15
10
6 5
Georgiyevsk
1~+
8
3 1
Groznyy
15
~
3 1
Gudermes
11
2
1 1
Divncye
15
5
2 2
Dargavs
1~+
2
3 2
Digora
12
7
2 1
Yessentuki
15
_2
8 4
Zheleznovodsk
9
18
11 7
Zolotushka
13
16
10 7
Zamankul
12
7
3 1
Ipatovo
14
3
1 1
Kian
12
7
4 2
Kizlyar
13
2
~. 2
Kislovodsk
15
3
1 1
Kotlyarevskaya
13
9
6 ~!
Kursavka
1I+
13
5 3
Mikoyan-Shakhar
8
IF
1 i
Mineral'nyye Vody
15
10
6 2
Mozdok
11
6
3 1
Molotovskoye
15
1
1 1
Mikhaylovskaya
9
11
6 2
Murtazovo
13
7
3 2
Naurskaya
15
3
2 1
Nevinnomysskaya
15
3
1 1
Nizhniy Uchkulan
$
0
0 0
IJovo-Aleksandrov-
skaya
12
2
1 1
Novoselitskoye
14
8
5 3
Nizhniy Zaromag
9
0
0 1
Fort Nazran'
8
1T
4 3
Nal'chik
15
12
6 6
Ol'gino
15
8
6 3
Ordzhonikidze
15
7
4 2
Petrovskoye
15
1
0 1
P;?atigorsk
15
12
7 3
Prokhladnaya
15
.8
6 2
Stepan Bugor
11
5
3 1
Sleptsovskaya
15
5
2 1
Tambukanskoye Lake
13
14
10 4
Teberda
15
1
1 0
Tempel'gof
12
7
4 1
Terekli Mekteb
12
2
1 1
Trunovakaye
15
3
2 1
 r
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No of No of D~~s ~?~ith Hoarfrost (by months)
Yr of
Sta Obs I II TTI IV X XI XII
Total Hoar-
frost
Occurrences
Usengi 11 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 5
Fasnal 8 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 19
Khutor Russkiy io ~ 0 1 0 0 0 0 '-
Tsey ~~ 1 0 0 1 5 19
Cherkessk 12 8
1~ 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 ~
Shatoy
I II III IV V VI VIZ VIII IX X XI XII
Be,,namyt 6 q g 8 11 4 1 0 0 3 2 6 7 58
Mamisson Pass 8 1~ 11 11 12 ~! 3 0 0 4 ~ 18 18 8~
E1.'brus 7 3 5 5 5 3
Notes 0.5 and fewer occurrences of front are rounded to zero.
The above data show that +.he intensity of hoarfrosts in the area fluc-
tuated widely. In the extreme northwest along an easterly line from Divnoye,
Budennovsk, GroznY.v. Ordzhonikidze, Dargavs, and, to a considerable extent,
also in the mountains, the annual number of days with hoarfrost averages fewer
than ten. The high-mountain stations show a much larger number of days with
hoarfrost (E1'brus, 54; Mamisson Pass, 99; Bermamyt, 58). More than 20 days
with hoarfrost are observed within the polygon bounded by the line Kursavka -
Novoselitekoye - O1'gino - Kotlyarevskaya - Nal'chik - Yessentuki, and also
in the region of Voroshilovsk.
In most places, hoarfrost i.s observed from November to April, with the '
maximum number of days occurring in January. When the winter is mild, hoar-
frost frequently does not occur in November and April.
Zn high-mountain regions, hoarfrost can be observed all year round. The
maximum number of occurrences is generally between December and February.
The following table indicates the maximum number of hoarfrost occurrences
and days with hoarfros+, for all the periods for which observations were made.
Maximum Annual Hoarfrost Occurrences and Days With Hoarfrost
Hoarfrost Days With Hoarfrost D
Hoarfrost Sta Occurrences H
r
ays ..With
oarfrost
rences
Sta Occu
Arkhyz 5 5 Kotlyarevskaya 28
46
4
Arzgir 1.4 19 Kuraevka 23
3
Apollonskaya 30 38 Mikoyan-Shakhar 23
25
l'nyye Vody 2
Alekssndrovskaya 26 30
0
Mozdok
Alagri 22 23
3A
Achikulak 14 18 Molotovskoye 9
10
Armkhi 17 19 Mikhaylovskaya 47
27
Baksan 24 54 Murtazovo 25
Blagodarnoye li 12 Naurskaya 11
14
Bogoslovakaya 11 13 Nev3.nnomysskaya 12
12
Bol'shaya Dzhalga 22 23 Nizhniy Uchkulan 3
3
Budennovsk 25 30 Novo-Aleksandrov-
akaya 15
15
- 13 -
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~~~~~~~~E~~~A~.
Hoarfrost formation is observed at below zero- temperatures, sometimes as
low as 10 to 20 degrees below zero. Hoarfrost hss been observed at close to
absolute minimum air temperatures.
The following average and maximum wind velocities have been recorded under
hoarfrost conditions:
Divnoye
~
12
Voroshilovsk
4.6
1'~
Kizlyar
1.5
10
Mineral'nyye Vody
2.y
12
Na1'chik
1.4
10
tions~haverrecorded wind velocities of 16-17 meters per second. These figures
prove that in some cases hoarfrost does not appear in its pure form but as a
mixture which is more stable and which maintains itself under wind velocities
of more than 14 meters per second.
Observations of meteorological sta%ions con;.ira the fact that hoarfrost
deposits form mainly on those portions of objects which are exposed to the
wind. The probability of various wind directions are given in the following
table.
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1
~~;~(T'rP1"j r~ s
C~I~~ENTIAL
Wand Direction Under Hoarfrost Conditions
(in percent)
In calculating possible ground frost load, one must know the intensity of
frost, i,e~, the thickness of the deposit and the specific gravity of the frost
formation, The thickness of the frost can be determined by letting a 5-milli-
meter wire freeze. The intensity of frost formation is then measured by the
thickness oP the deposit of the 5-millimeter wire, allowing for the diameter of
the frozen 5-millimeter wire.
To indicate the intensity of frost formation, use has been made of: mete-
orological station data obtained between 1y37 and 1941; observation data on
frost for 1923 - 1933 cited by N. S. Muretov; independent measurements carried
out by communication and power organizations, obtained as a result of a study
of damage to communication and electric power lines during 1y30 - 1941; other
observation data. In view of the heterogeneity of the measurements, the only
figures on thickness quoted are those which have been carefully substantiated.
Figures not considered completely accurate are rounded and are presented in the
table as the lower limit of the observed maximum thickness of frost deposit.
Observe3 Maximum Intensity of Frost Deposit
(in millimeters)
Apollonskaya
43
Kursavka 51
Baksan
over
30
Mineral'nyye Vody 127
Blagodarnoye
over
40
Mozdok over 20
Budennovsk
47
Nevinnomysskaya 11
Vedeno
over
10
Novo-Aleksandrovskaya 13
Voroshilovsk
70
Ordzhonikidze 29
Georgiyevsk
over
30
Prokhladnaya 73
Groznyy
54
Pyatigorak over 100
GudermPS
29
Ryzdvyanaya over 40
Divnoye
74
Sleptsovakaya 20
Izobil?noye
over
50
Terekil Mek?teb 17
Kian
3Q
E1'brus 71
(A11 figures allow a diameter of 5 millimeters for the frost-covered
wire;)
Data obtained from the frost-covered wire show that the range of the spe-
cific gravity of thA glaze frost formatinn fluctuates between 0.17 and 0.89.
It must be noted. however, that glaze, frost formations with a specific gravity
of less than 0.3 are most often not pure frost but a mixture, which is fre-
quently recorded by observers as frost, The same observations also show that
the specific gravity of hoarfrost falls, for the most part, within a range of
0.01 to 0,18.
Thus, the specific gravity for galze frost is between 0.3-0.89; for the
mixture, 0.1-0.3; and for hoarfrost, 0.01-0.18.
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These figures conform to the data collected at the Pyatigorsk Frost
Research Station, cited by K. S. Turoverov in his work.
The specific gravity of the most intense frosts observed during the past
years falls within the limits of 0.~7 to 0.89. Greater specific gravities are
recorded in the region of Voroshilovsk, Mineral'nyye Vody, Groznyy, Nal'chik,
Baksan and Mozdok.
The lack of aeries of reliable observations precludes calculation of the
frequency of various ranges of specific gravity as well as computations of the
average and maximum value of specific gravity for each station. It is like-
wise not possible to express in percent relationships between various increases
in specific gravity of deposits an wires placed at right angles to the wind.
The observed data do not yield absolute indexes and frequently similar obser-
vations give different results. It is only possible to establish with certainty
the fact that the deposit frost on the wires placed at right angles to the wind
direction is often 20-25 percent greater than on wires placed at a very sharp
angle to the wind direction. In regard to hoarfrost, observations confirm the
fact that a considerably larger deposit oP hoarfrost is observed on wires which
are placed at right angles to the wind direction.
In order to divide the area according to the degree of glaze frost occur-
rence and for the best possible use of the observed data, the basic criteria
utilized in determining various glaze characteristics is very important. Un-
fortunately, up to the present there are no universal indexes for determining
characteristics of glaze frost distribution and extent.
N, S. Muretov in his work took as a so-called combined value the duration
and the intene+-`v of glaze front. A map of glaze frost expectancy in regions
with railro~~~.:s has begin drawn up, based on Muretov's combined value. Muretov's
combined value is broken down in the following table:
Max Max Max
I/nte~nsity Duration Intensity Duration Intensity Duration
Group mmS__1- days) (mm) (days) (umi) ~daYs)_
I
15
1
-
-
-
-
II
15
1 - 3
15
- 49
1
-
-
III
15
3
15
- ~+9
1
- 3
50 and over
1
IV
-
-
15
- ~+9
3
50 and over
1
- 3
V
-
-
-
-
50 and over
3
There are RSFSR norms for mechanical computations which combine all observed
types of frost formations under the general name of frost, setting up the follow-
ing classification of regions in the process:
Region 1 -- Regions with average intensity of frost formation; thickness of
frost 10 millimeters; specific gravity 0.9.
Region 2 -- Regions with heavy frosts; thickness of 20 millimeters; specific
gravity 0.5. '
Region 3 -- Regions with very heavy frosts; thickness of frost 30 millimeters;
specific gravity 0.5.
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Norms for planning the construct;ion of the mechanical sections of high-
t?ension power lines, approved in 19li0 by the Technical Council of the People's
Commissariat of Electric Power Plants and the Electrical Industry, provide the
following data:
Region I - Characterized by a thickness of frost of 0.5 centimeter; a
specific gravity of 0.9; and winds of 15 meters per second.
Region II -?? Characterized by a thickness of frest of 1 centimeter; a
specific gravity of 0.9; and winds of 15 meters per second.
P,egion III -- Characterized by a thickness of frost of 1.5 centimeter; a
specific gravity of 0.9; and winds of 20 meters per second.
Region IV --~ Characterized by a thickness of frost .sheet of 2 centimeters;
a specific: gravity of 0.9; and winds of 20 meters per second.
Without going into the merits or shortcomings of the above classifications,
one must note that the principal question of interest to planning and construc-
tion organizations is the maximum possible ground frost load under glaze frost
conditions, Therefore, in determining the extent of frost of regions, it is
most important to observe the intenei.ty of the frost formation and the velocity
of winds observed under frost conditions.
Frequency of glaze frost phenomena is also of considerable interest in
solving mining and related problems. Observed data were used to establish the
boundaries of regions with glaze froe+,s, Boundaries of regions were drawn up
with regard to the topography, inasmuch as observation confirmed the close re-
lationship existing between the extent of frost occurrence and the nature of
the topography. T.n nnalyzing the data, it was repeatedly observed that two ad-
jacent points under similar conditions but located on different terrain featurts
give different figures not only for intensity of deposit, but also for frequency
of frost occ.urrence~ This is especially true of mountainous country exposed to
those winds which prevail under frost conditions,
The sheltered positions of some meteorological stations located among
buildings also considerably reduces the intensity of frosts, A good example of
the importance of location was the difference in the intensity of frost observed
in Rostov-on-Don on 7 December 1941, According to measurements conducted by the
Rostov Geophysical Observatory, the frost intensity reached 3~ millimeters. The
Rostov Hydrometeorological Station, located on the left, lower bank of the Don
River, gave a maximum intensity of 12 millimeters for the same frost. According
to the author?s observations in Rostov, the intensity of the frost fluctuates
from 1-2 millimeters to 15-20 millimeters. The most intense deposit of frost
was observed on wires crossing streets and running parallel to the wind direc-
tion
The Caucasus Meteorological Station, located among railroad installations,
gives a maximum intensity of 10-13 millimeters for the period 1938 - 1941, whereas
during the same period the Caucasus region suffered repeated damage to its power
lines as a result of frost 3eposits, The same thing is noted in Mozdok, Nal?chik
and other populated places,
The distance of wires from the ground is of considerable significance i.n
estimating the intensity of frost. Similar observations by several meteorolog-
ical stat,~ons, conducted on frost-covered wires two and six meters above the
ground, show that the intensity of frost deposits increases with the height. The
paucity of the observed data does not permit definite conclusions as to the mag-
nitude of the increase; however, it is considerable.
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.. -1
Observations made by communications workers on the North Caucasus
Railroad show much lighter frost deposits on wires near shel*.er belts.
It must be kept ~n mind that shelter belts create diatrubancea in the
normal direction of the air current and in some cases may even diminish
try wind velocity. This fact should be considered in planting shelter
belts in regions of most intensive frost formation. Shelter belts may
become measures against the wrecking of power lines by intense frost.
In conformity with the classification which has been used in the fol-
lowing map of frost, the area is divided into the following five regions:
1. Light and infrequent frosts where the intensity of frost forma-
tion amounts to only a few~milimeters.
2. Slight frosts, Intensity for a 5-millimeter wire does not exceed
20 millimeters; the wind velocity is up to 10-15 meters per second.
3. Considerable and frequent frost. Intensity up to 30 millimeters;
winds more than 15 miles per second.
4. Heavy and frequent frost. Intensity up to 50 millimeters; strong
winds (18-20 meters per second), high specific gravity (0.6-0.9); intensity
up to 100 millimeters; low specific gravity (0.3-0.5).
5. Very heavy Prosts. Possible intensity of more than 100 millimeters;
winds of 18 and. more meters per second.
The map of frost represents the first experiment in dividing an area
into regions according to frost prevalence. In using the map, certain sche-
matic conventions must be kept in mind. For example, individual localities
in regions of considerable frost may show frosts of le.ser intensity because
of some local peculiarities. A similar situation also holds true for some
localities which show a great deal of frost although located in regions of
little frost. This is especially applicable to mountainous regions where there
are generally only light frosts, but Where peaks and slopes show a considerably
greater intensity of frost deposit.
- 18 -
CONFIDENTIAL
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~ MAP OF FROSP
~~~iii?
Ordzhonikidze-Kray, Chechen-Ingush ASSRL
North Osetian ASSR, and Kabardiniazi-Balkar ASSIR
'~ ._.
G=+ r
V //il
Symbols
1. Regions with light and infrequent
frost
2. Regions with slight frost
3. Regions with considerable and frequent frost
4. Regions with heavy and frequent frost
5. Regions with very heavy frost
{%/:cHoyevkd
~~iLV
'oriskoyo/ y`~
~C 7\Y_ -rhS~~~O\vs.
Hydrometeorological Service
Compiled by N.M. Zikeyev
Rostov-on-Don, 1941
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Y?~?`~.'~l %
v. a~_.aso~d.;o~r;~oyo
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"I
U~~~F~~~~~~~~' ~.
Further systematic study of frost formation, improved quality in the
observations for det?_rmination of the intensity of frost formation, and
additional information on representative distribution of frosts will make
possible an even more detailed map of frost and will allow more concrete
scientific conclusions and generalizations.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A, Vegenev, Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere, '935?
N. S, Muretov, Glaze Frost and Hoarfrost in the Vicinity of Railroads, Rail-
road Transportation Publishing House, Moscow,~1935.
K, S, Tureverov, "Analyzing Existing Methods of Calculating Frost and Wind
Direction," Journal Meteorologiya and Hydrologiya, No 7-8,
" 1939?
V. Dezhordzhio - "Glaze Frost Between 13 - 16 December 1930 in the Area of the
Krasnodar Railroad, Journal Geofizika, No 3, 1933.
B. P. Mul'tanovskiy, The Question of Forecasting Frost in European Russia.
Volume XIX of the Council oY Chiefs of Communication and
Electrification, 1933?.
N? T? Zikeyev, Glaze Frost in Rostov Oblast and Krasnodar Kray, Rostov, 1940.
N. T. Zikeyev, Glaze Frost in Stalingrad Oblast and Ka]myk ASSR, Rostov, 1940.
CONFIDENTIAL
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