BULGARIA'S CHEMICAL INDUSTRY IN 1954

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000700240213-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 13
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 11, 2011
• Sequence Number: 213
• Publication Date: January 31, 1956
• Content Type: REPORT

Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/12 : CIA-RDP80-00809A000700240213-7
STAT
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/12 : CIA-RDP80-00809A000700240213-7
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/12 : CIA-RDP80-00809A000700240213-7
(Com ent: This report represents survey of the periodical
Tezhka Promishlenost, Vol III, 195'x, Issues No 1-12, for infor a-
tion on the expanding chemical industry in Bulgaria. Special em-
phasis has been placed on identi!':cation of chemical enterprises
and on data concerning raw materials, production aria capacities
of plants, new chemical products, and related information.
issues of Tezhka Promishlerost used as sources, as well as
page numbers thereof, are indicated in parentheses.]
Development of the Chemical Industry
Before nattonallcation, tire chemical industry in Bulgaria cQs organized
on a small scale. withcut plan, and without consideration of available raw
materials and the needs of .he national economy. Under capitalism, the in-
dustry produced such artic'_?_s as powder, toothpaste, minium, shoe polish,
Lacquers, paint;, aria iiit''i oil. Aft_- naticr:aLiza'ion, it was necessary
to carry Out. a rradcr co::_ci:azr.ion an, reconstruction of the industry. The
following chemical enterprises were reorganized: ."Anton Yugov," "A. Vulev,"
"As. Zlatarov," "5. Genov," and others. The chemical industry finally
ve'.oped as a branch of heavy industry after construction of the "Stal_'r?"
Chemical Combine, the Rosin Plant (Kclofonniya zavod), the factory for tan-
ning extracts, a carbide factory in the village of Yana and another in Ase-
novgrad, the "Verila" chemical plant: n Robertovo, the "Gorkhim" plar.t,fac-
tories for the production of nicotine, nicotine sulfate, and sulfuric acid,
the Cellulose-Paper Plant. in Xr'i.chim (Cara), and others.
The chemical enterprises of heavy inaistry have been equipped wit-,-,
complex, up-to-date installations, such as Sri::tellations for- the production
of sulfuric acid, ammonium saltpeter, nr,d tanning extracts, and the i
lation of wood, rosin extract (ekstrar.:.sionen koiofonl, turpentine, ?.et..
The "Karl Marks" Soda Plant, representin;v, the latest a"hievemcrt.
r:oiog.y, has also been put into operation.
The chemical branch of Bulgarian heavy industry now produces products
which until the establishment of the pople'c rule were imported, such a.
nitrogen fertilizers, nitrogen acid, aluminum crlfate, aluminum hydrate,
liquid ammonia, ammonia water, aniline sati., antifouling compott,d (ant.i-
nal:tp), barium carbonate, barium sul:fa'e, "inning extracts, ethyl acetate,
calcium gluconate (kalt.siev glyukonat), lacquers (acid-resistant, ship, aria
insulation lacquers, etc.), magnesium sulfate, medicinal glucose, nicotine
sulfate, nicotinic acid, silver nitrate, calcium ::oda, sul}iric acid, am"
zinc phosphorus.
The rapid growth of the chemical branch of Bulgarian heavy ir.dus ~r
it illustrated by the following data _ :a_L~ 167.3and
1753, 666.1 [crir.erion of growth not specified'.
The paper (knizhnata) industry has deveiovad as follows (_ L8 equals
iOO;7 1949, =16.6; 1953, 131.1: 1,;51, 146.1; 1952, 257."; mad 1953, '27.1.
By the end of the Second Five-Year Plan, the r.;,r.ical Industry ?., com-
parison with 19522 will increase by ;,crcent.. err! will see th_ Penicillin
Plant put into operation and the ccr.;,truc;,i~::: :,f plants for prodsi ion
of vitriol, artificial fibres, and sulfate cellulose (sulfitna tseluic:a).
(Ni. , p 6)
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/12 : CIA-RDP80-00809A0007002402
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/12 : CIA-RDP80-00809A000700240213-7
In 1953, as compared with 1952, industrial production, expressed in
1939 prices, increased in various industries as follows: chemical ores,
48.9 percent; chemical industry, 35.1 percent.; and cellulose and paper in-
dustry, 18.2 percent. The "Stalin" Chemical Combine fulfilled its produc-
tion plan for 1953 by 123.4 percent. The salt extracting industry fulfilled
its production plan for 1953 by 88.2 percent.
The plan for 1954 provided for the following production increases:
salt extraction, 18 percent; cellulose and paper industry, 9.4 percent;
and chemical industry, 8.5 percent. (No 1, pp 1-6)
In early 1954, the "Stalin" Chemical Combine in Dimitrovgrad and the
"St. Kiradzhiev" State Cellulose Plant in Krichim (gara) pledged to in-
crease labor productivity, increase variety of products, etc. By the end
of April 1954, the entire chemical industry had made similar pledges.
Thanks to these efforts, the production plan of the "Chemical Industry"
Administration for the first 9 months of 1954 was fulfilled 104.9 percent,
and the labor productivity plan, 108.2 percent; costs were decreased by
5.65 percent, and a saving of 22,162,000 leva was achieved. Particularly
important successes were achieved by the chemical branch (of the "Chemical
Industry" Administration]. The production plan for the same period, ex-
pressed in monetary terms, was fulfilled 104.2 percent and the labor pro-
ductivity plan, 108 percent; costs wero decreased by 8.14 percent, and
18,053,000 leva was saved.
Instructors of the Production Department and officials of the "Labor
and Wages" Department of the administration exercise systematic control of
and give help to enterprises in their fulfillment of pledges. The follow-
ing chemical enterprises have been given such aid: The "Stalin" Stay
Chemical Combine, the "St. Kiradzhiev" State Cellulose Plant, the "G. Genov"
State Chemical Plant, the "Dunarit" State Industrial Enterprise, the "Soda
I kislorod" (Soda and Oxygen) State Industrial Enterprise, the "Dubilni
ekstrakti" (Tanning Extracts) State industrial Enterprise, the "Kristal"
State Industrial Enterprise. the "Anton Yugov" State Chemical Combine, the
"Verila" State Chemical 7omb.,ne, the "D. Blagoev" State Paper Factory, and
the "Vasil Kolarov" State Paper Factory. During June 1954, the following
enterprises were inspected and given aid: the "Gorkhim" State Industrial
Enterprise, the "Stalin" State Chemical Combine in Kocherinovo, the 'Elk-
him" State Industrial Enterprise, the 'lakprom" State Industrial Enterprise,
the "Verila" State Chemical Combine, and the "Bakelit" State Industrial En-
terprise.
The "Chemical Industry" Administration issues a quarterly information
bulletin in which the achievements of the leading enterprises and the short,
comings of other enterprises are discussed.
The "Stalin" Chemical Combine has succeeded in naKing many improve-
ments, such as a decrease of sulfur content in slag by 1.5 percent, decrease
in electric power expenditures, replacement of a conveyor system for paper
bags with a telpher, introduction of precision scales, installation of an
auxiliary exhaust installation for the removal of dust in Inc 'racking de-
partment, installation of troughs under the flanges of acid --rigeration
equipment (to prevent corrosion), and installation of device. to counteract
the sticking of saltpeter to the walls of drums.
The Rosin Plant in Velingrad has eiso made p,- gress. It fulfilled its
labor productivity plan for the first three qu,irters of 1954 by 127.1 per-
cent. The "Anton Yugov" State Chemical Combine also fulfilled its lab r
productivity plan for the same period 114.3 percent), achieved a saving of
395,000 leva, and substituted lignite for 30 percent of 'he fuel used by its
steam distributing plant.
STAT
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/12 : CIA-RDP80-00809A000700240213-7
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/12 : CIA-RDP80-00809A000700240213-7
The "D. Blagoev" State Paper Factory in Belovo fulfilled its plan for
the first three quarters of 1954 by 102,3 percent, exceeded the plan for la-
bor productivity by 4.2 percent, and achieved a saving of 1,087,000 leva.
A number of chemical and paper enterprises, however, did not fulfill
their pledges. Among these are the "Petko Napetov" State Paper Factory in
Knyazhevo, the "Gorkhim" State industrial Enterprise, the "Dubilni ekstrakti"
State Industrial Enterprise, the "Vasil Levski" State Industrial Enterprise
in Stalin, and the "Verila" State Chemical Combine in Ravno pole. (No 12,
pp 53-57)
The "Gorkhim" and the "Petko Napetov' Paper Factory not only failed to
keep their pledges but even failed to fulfill their plans.
The "Agriya" and "Dubilni ekstrakti" ;Tanning Extracts) chemical enter-
prises fulfilled their 1954 pro?iuction plans ahead of schedule. (No 12,
pr? 5)
Availability and Use of Domestic Materials
In addition to mechanizing and expanding existing mines of metallic
and nonmetallic ores, mines for the following new nonmetallic ores have
been established: barite, gypsum: fluorite, asbestos, feldspar, and others.
Production of nonmetallic ores (kaolin, barite, fluorite, feldspar,
etc_.), in comparison with 1944, has expanded as follows (1944 equals 100):
1945, 117; 1947, 187; 1949, 691, 1951, 1;799; 1953, 2,810; and 1954 (plan),
3,037? (No 8, p 3)
Kaolin is found in Bulgaria in Senovt, Kaoiinovo, and other places.
Bulgarian kaolin consists chiefly of kaollnite (A1203 2Si02. 2H20) and
other clay minerals. The chemical, electro-osmotic method of enriching
clays, and particularly kaolins, to date has not been applied in Bulgaria.
Yet almost no changes in existing kaolin enriching installations (washing
kaolin with water) would be needed for reconversion to the chemical enrich-
ing process except expansion of drying installations.. (No 1, p 49)
Bulgaria now produces preparations for the textile and leather in-
dustries, such as emulsifiers, industrial soaps, water softeners, wetting
agents, detergents, and a number of similar special products. The factory
producing these goods was established following nationalization during the
process of consolidating several small enterprises. The production of such
preparations before 9 September 1941; was hindered by Germany. Bulgaria was
obligated to sell raw materials, primarily fats, to the Germans at low
prices; these were processed in Germany and made into textile preparations
which returned to Bulgaria at high prices.
it was not easy for Bulgarian ,hemists and specialists to begin the
production of the various preparations. The capitalists had enviously
guarded their production secrets by giving the most vaned trade names to
their products..
The first cask to be solved was to begin the production o` wetting
agents, detergents, neutralizers (egalizatori), preparations that would
foam and wash in hard water (such as is used in most P,)'surian textile cen-
ters), and other preparations.. Consegoer:tly, about Ic new textile and
leather preparations were developed and produced 'hich partially satisfied
the needs of Bulgarian textile and leather ind:ccies.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/12 : CIA-RDP80-00809A000700240213-7
STAT
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/12 : CIA-RDP80-00809A000700240213-7
The basis of the new preparations was formed by domestic raw mat
a good supply of which is available. Imported ingredients were added
cal materials in the following proportions:
erials,
to lo-
Preparation
Imported Ingredients (%)
"Prelamol" lubricating preparation
6
""Laurol" perillic preparation
30
Egalit" detergent preparation
"
40
Mertserol" wetting agent
"
100
Inverol" wetting agent
60
"Tepanol" fulling preparation
4
"Rodoverol" perillic preparation
"
"
30
Dermapol
emulsifier
"
"
33
Sapunol
perillic preparation
30
After improving and introducing the preparations into the Bulgarian tex-
tile and leather industries, another task was faced: the task of producing
ingredients currently imported and of fully replacing them with domestic prod-
ucts. Imported raw materials are primarily ketones, pyridine bases, cresols
(meta and pars), and higher fatty alcohols. In 1953, the Scientific Research
Institute of the Ministry of Light and Food Industries developed a technologi-
cal plan for the production of higher fatty alcohols from Bulgarian raw mate-
rials. Certain details remain to be studied, after which the production of
such alcohols will begin in Bulgaria. In addition, there is consideration of
replacing imported ketones with Bulgarian raw materials produced from turpen-
tine.
Thus, in 1955, only cresols and pyridine bases will be imported, while
the problem of higher fatty alcohols will not yet be completely solved. Un-
der these circumstances, the above-mentioned preparations will contain the
following percentages of imported ingredients:
Preparation Imported Ingredients (%,)
"Prelamol" 5
"Laurol"
"Cgalit" --
"Mertserol" 90
"Inverol" 55
"Tepanol" --
"Rodcverol"
"Dermapol" --
"Sapunol'! --
That which has been done to date does not completely exhaust the prob-
lems involved in producing such preparations in Bulgaria. There remains the
problem of deriving preparations from naphthalene, animal glands, petroleum
derivatives, and waste materials obtained in the refining process.
Simultaneously with the development of the petroleum industry in Bul-
garia, it is necessary to develop the production of petrochemicals by utiliz-
ing the enormous experience of the Soviet Union, where such pr(_iuction exists
on a large scale. Crude oil. contains a number of oxygen ccrp.,unds of a pri-
marily acidic character. During the refining of crude oil with alkaline
bases, these acidic compounds form soaps and are separated in an alkaline
form. After purifying the soaps from the remaining hydrocarbons and water,
a thick dark brown mass is obtained which is saponified petroleum. This
saponified petroleum contains 40-45 percent of high molecular organic acids,
the naphthenic acids. When the more volatile derivatives of crude oil are
STAT
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/12 : CIA-RDP80-00809A000700240213-7
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/12 : CIA-RDP80-00809A000700240213-7
refined, such as gasoline, spindle and solar oils, and gas oil, purer and
better quality saponified petroleum is obtained. This has a general formula
Cn52n-lCOONa and is used as an additive in the production of soap, as an
emulsifier, and as a strong disinfecting agent.
Selected naphthenic acids, obtained primarily in the refining of vola-
tile derivatives of crude oil, when sulfonated with sulfuric acid form
naphthene sulfonic acid with the formula CnH2n-1HS03. When naphthene sul-
ionic acid is placed under the influence of alkali, corresponding salts of
a soapy nature are formed. These are most frequently influenced by a sodium
base to obtain sodium salt of naphthenic acid, which is known in the USSR
as the "Kontakt-Petrova" textile preparation. This preparation is being
successfully used in the textile industry for the same purpose as "Igepona,"
"Nekalite," and "Sulfamidite," i.e., as a wetting agent, detergent, etc.,
in textile dyeing, as well as a medium possessing emulsifying and perillic
stability.
When sulfonation of naphthenic acid is partial, e.g., when only 70 per-
cent of the total of the sulfuric acid needed for complete sulfonation is
used, or when less sulfuric acid is used than that required for complete
hydrolysis of the salt, a layer of acidic salts (acidic saponified petro-
leum, or asidol-saponified petroleum, as it is called in the USSR) separates
out. The composition of asidol-saponified petroleum is quite complex. It
contains phenol and phenol-type substances. Asidol-saponified petroleum is
resistant to salts of heavy metals and is used primarily for the preparation
of hydrous emulsions. It is also a good emulsifier for mineral oils and par-
affin, and for oiling synthetic wool. It is also used in combination with
oleic acid for cleaning badly soiled fabrics.
The above-mentioned naphthenic acids, saponified petroleum, and asidol-
saponified petroleum are waste materials obtained in the refining of oil and
its derivatives. In addition to these, some finished petroleum derivatives,
primarily those with more volatile fractions, are used in the production of
chemicals. Paraffin, and paraffin, vaseline, transformer, solar, and spindle
oils are used for the preparation of emulsions soluble in water for the needs
of the silk, jute, flax, and wool 'industries. In all these emulsifying prep-
arations, the proportion of petroleum derivatives and waste materials ob-
tained in refining volatile petroleum derivatives amounts to 85 percent.
In addition to the production of chemicals for the needs of the textile
industry, production of chemicals and oils from crude oil derivatives for the
leather industry was also developed. A whole series of drum oils for lubri-
cating leather has been produced from waste materials, obtained in refining
crude oil, in combination with refined petroleum derivatives and processed
plant and animal fats.
Naphthenic acid forms salts with some heavy metals which are insoluble
in water. These salts, however, are soluble in organic solvents and oils and
are good siccatives. Some of them are of varied colors and constitute v9Iua-
ble varnishes for the Bulgarian paint industry.
Petroleum derivatives with dispensed potassium soaps yie:_i cooling and
penetrating oils needed by the Bulgarian metal industry.
Thus, through the development of a variety of tex,,ile and other prepare-
tions, the Bulgarian chemical industry will be in a position to satisfy the
increasingly more specific requirements of the textile, leather, and other
branches of Bulgarian industry with varied, high-quality products and will
base its production exclusively on domestic raw materials. (No 19, pp 33-35)
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/12 : CIA-RDP80-00809A000700240213-7
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/12 : CIA-RDP80-00809A000700240213-7
Before Bulgaria had discovered crude oil deposits, the production of a
large part of the lubricants needed by the economy was based on petroleum
residue, imported in recent years from the USSR. Under existing conditions,
the production of lubricants could not have been placed on a modern basis,
i.e., on the basis of vacuum distillation columns. For a long time, produc-
tion of lubricants was based on single-still vacuum distillation units, work-
ing consecutively, process after process, despite the obvious shortcomings of
such a system. Only low-quality lubricants were produced and the level of
utilization of raw materials was low. Almost all lubricants needed by the
national economy were imported.
The rapid development of domestic industries after 9 September 1944 also
contributed to an expansion of the production of lubricants.
During the period 1948-1949, a three-tank vacuum distillation unit [arti-
cle contains diagram of this installation] was constructed and put into opera-
tion. The distillation process was fractional, since it was divided into
three consecutive large distillation retorts, which worked simultaneously and
continuously. The first prepared the petroleum residue for distillation, the
second separated volatile oil fractions from the residue, and the third sepa-
rated heavy oil fractions as it completed the distillation process, leaving
asphalt. The transmission of the contents of one distillation tank to the
next was accelerated through the creation of a vacuum.
However, this distillation system, in spite of all its advantages, still
could not produce highly viscous lubricants. This installation also revealed
the basic shortcoming of still batteries: the occurrence of cracking because
the distilled mass remains for a considerable time in contact with the highly
heated surfaces of the distillation unit, in order to avoid this undesirable
factor, working temperature is limited to 370 degrees centigrade which is en-
tirely inadequate for separating heavy oil fractions. These decompose par-
tially, but their main mass remains in the asphalt, undistilled. For this
reason, almost all special high-quality and highly viscous lubricants cannot
be produced in Bulgaria and must be imported.
With the discovery of her own oil deposits, it is expected that. Bulgaria
will soon Introduce modern column-type installations for the domestic produc-
tion of motor fuels and lubricants. (No 8, pp 36-39)
After the nationalization of industry, domestic dyestuff production be-
gan to expand. The "Koloriska" Enterprise, which had not been able to develop
because of capitalist competition, was reorganized to achieve a planned and
varied production of sulfur dyestuffs for the needs of the textile industry.
In 1948, the former "Bulkhima" Enterprise in Kostenets (gara) was reorganized
into the "Anton Yugov" Plant for the production primarily of acidic and di-
rect azo dyestuffs, ultramarines, etc.
On the basis of research carried out by the two punts during the years
of the First Five-Year Plan, production was organized of 25 };ands of azo
dyestuffs, 2 kinds of chrome dyestuffs, 5 kinds of pig:tents era oil paints,
5 kinds of sulfur dyestuffs, and 14 kinds of intermediates :. he above
products. In a short period of time, the task of increasir ae variety of
domestic dyestuffs for the needs of the population was su;cussfully accom-
plished. Domestic production of sulfur dyestuffs se:tp_ied almost the entire
needs of the textile industry. As a result, the ~oport of aniline dyestuffs
was decreased by about 50 percent, and severe'! million leva in foreign cred-
its was saved annually.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/12 : CIA-RDP80-00809A000700240213-7
STAT
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/12 : CIA-RDP80-00809A000700240213-7
STAT
Research carried out by the Central Scientific Research Institute for
Textile Fibers has proved that dyestuffs produced in Bulgaria were identical
with imported products in their chemical composition, structure, and proper-
ties. Moreover, the dyeing power, i.e., the concentration of Bulgarian dye-
stuffs, is 30-50 percent higher than that of imported products because the
latter are excessively diluted in order to increase profits.
Bulgarian specialists, encouraged by the successes already achieved, be-
gan in 1953 to study the technology of synthetic dyestuffs and apparatus for
the production of a number of high-quality indanthrene, chrome, and sulfur
dyestuffs. In addition, research was carried out to improve the technology
of production and the pureness of shade of dyestuffs already in production.
As a result of these studies, Bulgarian specialists, working in three
scientific research groups -- namely, the laboratory of the "Chemical Indus-
try" Administration, the "Koloriska" State Industrial Enterprise, and the
"Anton Yugov" State Chemical Plant -- successfully completed in early 1954 a
series of laboratory experiments for the production of 10 indanthrene, 4
chrome, one pyrazolone, and 2 sulfur dyestuffs, or a total of 17 dyestuffs
and 10 intermediates.
Of this total, 5 indanthrene dyestuffs (Indanthrene Dark Blue BOA, ln-
danthrene Olive T, Cibanon Green, Indanthrene Brilliant Green B, and Bril-
liant Green GG), one chrome ("Eriochrome" Black T), and 4 intermediates
(benzathrobe, violanthrone, dibromobenzathrone and 6-, 1-, 2-, and 4-nitro-
diazooxide-sulfonic acids) were studied by the group headed by G. Georgiev
and organized within the "Chemical Industry" Administration.
A second group, at the "Anton Yugov" State Chemical Plant, studied the
technology of and produced in a laboratory 4 indanthrene dyestuffs (Algol
Yellow, Indanthrene Yellow GK, Algol Pink BBK, and Indanthrene Khaki), 3
chrome dyestuffs (bordeaux, red, and violet), one pyrazolone yellow pigment
("Echtlicht" Yellow EGG), and 6 intermediates (nitroanthraquinone, dinitro-
anthraquinone, aminoanthraqui none, diaminoanthraquirone, phenylhydrazine,
and phenylmethylpyrazolone).
At the same time, the group at the "Koloriska" State Industrial Enter-
prise conducted a study which included a number of laboratory and plant ex-
periments designed to improve the quality and pureness of shade of dyestuffs
then in production at the enterprise, such as sulfur green, sulfur blue which
is fast to light, and Sulfur Blue K, as well as to increase the assortment of
production by introducing a sulfur brown dyestuff, Sulfur Olive "09," and Iu-
danthrene Olive G.
Dyeing operations carried out in certain Bulgarian textile plants and
through testing by the Central Scientific Research Institute for Textile Fi-
bers have shown that quality characteristics (fastness of light, washing,
etc.) of these dyestuffs are in no way inferior to imported products
in addition to studying and mastering production of the above mer,t:n-,:
dyestuffs and their intermediates, Bulgarian specialists durinr, the per.cd
1951-1953 investigated the basic technology and apparatus for :.,ie prcdwct-.:!
of 16 intermediates of azo dyes and chrome dyestuffs, and a pl..n was prepared
for the construction of a universal installation for their ;seduction. The
latest achievements in this field, as published in So':.r literature, and the
experience of the Polish "Boruta" Plant have been utilized in the cons~ruc-
tion of the installation,'
The successes already achieved in such a short period of time prove that
Bulgaria also has the capacity to prcduce an.line dyestuffs, ani at prl,ea
lower than those of imported dyestuffs.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/12 : CIA-RDP80-00809A000700240213-7
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/12 : CIA-RDP80-00809A000700240213-7
Taking these achievements under consideration, :he Sixth Congress of BKP
has placed new important tasks before Bulgarian specialists in this field
during the Second Five-Year Plan.
During 1955, the result of studies designed to improve the quality and
pureness of shade of sulfur dyestuffs ;blue; green, and olive) manufactured
by the "Koloriska" State Industrial Enterprise must be brought into produc-
tion and the manufacture of indanthrene olive and other dyestuffs which are
fast to light must be initiated.
The directives of the Sixth Congress provide for increased production in
the textile industry (this production in 1957 is to be at least 57 percent
greater than in 1952), as well as improved quality of dyed fabrics and in-
creased color assortment. Provisions have been made to construct a plant for
artificial textile fibers, the dyeing of which, according to plan, will re-
quire hundreds of tons of dyestuffs, primarily sulfur dyestuffs- Such a
sharp increase in production of textile fibers calls for an equally sharp in-
crease in production of aniline dyestuffs, as well as introduction of new
types of high-quality chrome, sulfur, indanthrene (fast to light), and other
dyestuffs.
If one considers that the capacity of existing plants is insufficient
and import of such dyestuffs is limited and expensive, One realizes tnat this
import problem can best he solved by the construction of a new modern plant
for aniline dyestuffs and their intermediates. The plant, which should at
first have four shops -- for sulfur, chrome, and indanthrene (anthraquinorre1
dyestuffs, as well as for azo dyes and their intermediates -- would eventu-
ally develop into a combine for aniline dyestuffs, pharmaceutical prepara=
t
fohe iions, and their intermediates, A major part of the raw materials necessary
production of aniline dyestuffs and their intermediates is already
domestically produced (sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, soda
ash, caustic soda, ammonium, oleum, sodium sulfide), and the remaining raw
materials -- benzene, toluene, naphtalene, and anthracene -- may be easily
imported, chiefly from the People's Democracies. Following the development
of the coking and oil-processing industries in Bulgaria these imported raw
materials also will be locally produced
If it will not be possible to construct the plant during the Second
Five-Year Plan, it will be necessary to reconstruct and complement the
equipment of the two existing enterprises with a view to introducing the
dyestuffs and intermediates which have been studied and increasing the pro-
duction and assortment of dyestuffs currently in production.
It is also important that the planned universal installation for'inter-
mediates of azo dyes and chrome dyestuffs be constructed so that it may be
used for studies designed to master the production of high-quality vat ir,--
danthrene dyestuffs, acidic anthraquinene dyestuffs, ice colors to be de-
veloped, and leather "uhrso_s " The pack of such a universal instailnr;on,
with which all modern foreign plants are equipped, hinders research work
not only in the enterprises, but also in the recently established Scie'
Research institue for the Chemical industry and Related Matters, which
also without a scientific experimentation base. !tin 7, pp g_,?.~
Utilization of Chemical Waste Materials
A number of Bulgarian industrial enterprises do n;t utilize was-' -
terials which are of importance to the national c cnomy, Sulfur feu ill
pyrites is utilized in a sufficient degree for the production of suif ^
acid; but waste materials obtained in roastdrg pyrites, i.e., pyrite
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/12 : CIA-RDP80-00809A000700240213-7
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/12 : CIA-RDP80-00809A000700240213-7
are not fully utilized in Bulgaria. Composition of pyrite slag varies,
depending on the quality, but on the average it is as follows: sulfur, 2.5-5
percent; iron, 45-50 percent; and copper, 0.5-1.3 percent. Some types of
pyrite slag also contin gold and silver in such amounts as to make their
extraction profitable.
With the forthcoming increase in production of sulfuric acid, the amount
of slag will also increase. Moreover, Bulgarian ferrous metallurgy is already
expanding, putting increasing demands on the production of iron ores and fer.
rous materials. Bulgarian need for copper and copper compounds is also on the
increase. Consequently, it is necesary that ways be found to utilize pyrite
slag fully. It is also necessary to study :caste materials obtained in roast-
ing zinc ores.
Another type of waste material obtained in the production of sulfuric acrd
is a gas which escapes into the atmosphere. This gas ccttains up to 0.4 percent
of sulfur dioxide. The amount of gas obtained per each ton of 160-percent
sulfuric acid can yield 12G-1110 kilograms of sodium bisulfite, which is a valu-
able preservative for a number of products. Waste gases which contain up to
0.5 percent of sulfur dioxide may also yield crystalline sodium metabisulfi.se.
The need for these chemicals in the -arning, leather, chemical, and other
industries is larks, and the pcssibiiities for producing them in Bulgaria witi,
small capital investment are Good. Therefore, it is imperative that the- appro-
priate research institutes study this question and that Bulgaria begin. such
production.
Production of soda ash by the ammonia method, which has been accepted as
the most modern (owing to the considerable superiority of the apparatus
utilized and a high mechanization of 'labor), shows certain shortcomings in
relations to raw materials utilization. The utilization coefficient of sodium
chloride and carbon dioxide even now is low since chlorine and lime are al o
entirely lost. Possibilities exist for a partial utilization of these pro' 4ucts.
For example, the residue obtained in purification of crude brine, which con-
tains finely dispersed calcium carbonate and magnesiuun carbonate, may ne useu
as a component part of thermoinsuiation materials of the Sovelit tc^rc.
Diffused waste calcium carbonate obtained in the production of caus;ic
soda from soda ash and slaked lime, well wached of alkali, is of value as a
material for the production of cement. A study may also be made to obtain
waste calcium carbonate with a sufficient purity to satisfy the requirements
set by pharmacopoeia. There is also a possibility of using a certain amount
of waste calcium chloride in construction as an admixture to water for con-
crete. Addition of CaC12 to concret:r increases its durability. It is neces-
sary to determine Bulgaria's needs for these waste metelals, what supplemcnta--r
equipment should be constructed for their processing, and what would be the
cost of this to the national economry.
Waste materials obtained in the production of syntiietie v in
amount and kind depending on the raw materials and the technoloiy
Of greatest interest, under Bulgarian conuitiouL;, coal .L,,, unu so:..V?
gases. It. is necessary to study the possiiil"`ie:, of e' greeIi utiliz._t'on c:
slag. An important type of waste material are which ?,.y in t
position. When raw industrial gas (obtained from coal ir, th? 'roductL
synthetic ammonia) is purified, gases containing hydro;?en do arc ibtai
Research carried out by means of an experimental instr__;_:o at the "3ta].'i'
Chemical Combine has shown that hi1-h-qu.-.'_`ty (e le,^.ent.__1 sulf-u? can ob`??.;ne'
from such gas. Additional research wii.l solve t':- problem of indust-c s.l. pro-
duction of such sulfur.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/12 : CIA-RDP80-00809A000700240213-7
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/12 : CIA-RDP80-00809A000700240213-7
In water scrubbing of industry gas, a large amount' of waste gas contains
over 90 percent of carbon dioxide. At present, this type of gas is used par-
tially in the production of carbamide, and liquid carbon dioxide is collected
in steel bottles for the needs of the food industry. Taking into consideration
the need to economize on those materials from which other small enterprises
produce carbon dioxide, it has been necessary to consider whether the existence
of such enterprises is economically justified and whether it is possible to
satisfy the needs of the national economy for carbon dioxide -- liquid and
solid ("dry ice") -- by fully utilizing these waste gases,
Other waste gases obiained in the production of ammonia are those which
contain hydrogen or carbon monoxide.
Another source of waste materials is found in the production of calcium
carbide. Theoretically, per each ton of carbide, 437.5 kilograms of carbon
monoxide is obtained, which corresponds to 370 cubic meters of gas. With
small furnaces such as Bulgaria possesses, this gas cannot be utilized and
dissipated, It is necessary to have furnaces of a semicovered type with a
capacity up to 25,000 kilowatts, especially equipped for trapping the escape
gases.
Fine powder which is obtained in crushing carbide is also improperly
utilized in Bulgaria. At present, this powder is not separated from the
regular product. Owing to the greater surface subjected to the influence of
atmospheric moisture, a large part of acetylene contained in the powder is
lost, and the quality of carbide is decreased. The correct procedure would
be to extract the acetylene from the powder immediately following the process
of sifting and sorting of crushed carbide. The acetylene thus obtained could
be utilized in organic synthesis.
When considering the direction 'which the Bulgarian carbide industry
should take in the future, the problem of the fullest possible utilization
of these waste materials and the development of organic synthesis on the
basis of acetylene (production of synthetic rubber, etc.) should be studied.
The chief waste material,; in the production of sulfite cellulose are
wood chips (of a size which makes; them unsuitable for cellulose production),
so-called silt of sulfite soap, a residue (which chiefly contains dispersed
calcium carbonate), and turpentine with an admixture of a mercaptan.
Waste chips are utilized at present for fuel. This, however, is not
the best solution to the problem, particularly if one considers the shortage
of coniferous materials in Bulgaria
No suggestion as yet has been made to utilize waste sulfite soap. In
spite of its good foaming and washint; qualities it is not so,,;;ht for laundry
work, even though it is low-priced, because of the unpleasant Dior emitted by
the mercaptan that it contains. It is necessary to find way o` ,ti',' in.!-, this
soap, either directly or after processing. Of interest is tlr? yuest'.ou ;f
improving the quality of cement clinker by adding ::,Llf+te soap to it. Tb?_
question of using the soap as an initial material in the production of .hr s
and oil'and tar acids has. not been studied.
The possibility of utilizing waste dispersed calciiu. ate, obtain--.
in the regeneration of alkaline solutions, has not b,-.--
Of considerable interest also is the prob'_