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Table of Contents
Hungary
t'd (1r)
If IS f &e-e-cTrik5,0,1
+iv If6 3
Ess
A.
General
1
B.
Environmental factors affecting health
1
1.
Topography and climate
1
2.
Socio-economic pattern
1
3.
Animal and plant life (of veterinary significance)
2
a. Animal
2
(2) Flies
2
(5) Ticks and mites
2
(7) Mollusks
2
(8) Worms
3
(11) Wild animals
4
I.
Nutrition
4
b. Food supply and distribution
4
c. Food sanitation, storage and technology
4
C.
Diseases
4
2.
Diseases of animals
4
a. Prevalent animal diseases
4
(1) Bovine tuberculosis
5
(2) Bovine brucellosis
5
(3) Fascioliasis
5
(4) Echinococcosis
6
(5) Swine diseases
6
(6) Poultry diseases
6
(7) Anthrax
7
(8) Foot-and-mouth disease
(9) Rabies
7
b. Other important animal diseases
8
D.
Veterinary organization and administration
8
1.
Civilian
8
a. Organization
8
b. Legal controls
10
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(1) Licensure
(2) Quarantine
(3) Inspection
c. Professional veterinary organization
d. Veterinary research
f. Emergency veterinary services
2. Military veterinary organization
E. Veterinary manpower
F. 'Veterinary facilities
G. Veterinary supplies and materials
H. Reference data
I. Comments on principal sources
1. Evaluation
2. List of sources (in order of importance)
Figure 1: Organization of Veterinary Services in Hungary, 1960.
Ems
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
12
13
13
13
13
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NIS 19 - Section 45
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Hungary
A. General -- Unsettled wartime conditions caused an increase of many serious
animal diseases throughout Hungary. Government measures to improve animal health
have been only moderately successful. lack of popular support, political inter-
ference and, particularly during post-war years, a shortage of qualified veterinarians,
have hindered disease control efforts.
All veterinary activities in Hungary are under strong control of the Ministries
of Agriculture and Supply. Private veterinary practice does not exist.
Hungarian veterinarians participate in scientific meetings within the Communist
bloc but only rarely are permitted to visit those held in western countries.
B. Environmental factors affecting health
1. Topography and climate -- A temperate continental climate and favorable
terrain and soil, particularly in Transdanubia and the Northern Upland are in
general well suited to livestock production. However, the assignment of a large
proportion of farmland to grain for human consumption leaves Hungary without
b/16/
sufficienli pasture area.
2. Socio-economic pattern -- As in other socialist countries, a post-war trend
towards industrialization and urbanization has paused a decline in agricultural
production while at the same time creating an increased demand for livestock products.
Government attempts to increase farm output through large-scale collectivization
have been largely unsuccessful, since farmers and livestock owners, reluctant to
4/ 16/
relinquish their individual property, have failed to give their full cooperation.
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3. Animal and plant life (of veterinary importance)
a. Animal
(2) Flies -- Cattle warble flies (Hypoderma 222.) are important among
the various insect species plaguing Hungary's livestock. They cause severe hide
20/ 22/
damage and impair milk production and weight gain.
(5) Ticks and mites
Ticks -- Many species of ticks, several of them vectors of disease,
occur in Hungary. The most important ones and the diseases they transmit, or cause,
are:
Dermacentor marginatus
D. pictus
Anaplasmosis, piroplasmosis,
tularemia, brucellosis,
equine encephalomyelitis,
spring- summer encephalitis,
Japanese B encephalitis.
Piroplasmosis, tularemia,
equine encephalomyelitis,
Omsk hemorrhagic fever.
Haemaphysalis concinna Spring- summer encephalitis
H. inermis Tick-paralysis
H. otophila Piroplasmosis
H. punctata Piroplasmosis, tularemia,
brucellosis, tick-paralysis
Ixodes ricinus Piroplasmosis, tularemia,
brucellosis, tick-paralysis
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Mites -- Mite infestations by species of the genera Demodex,
Psoroptes and-Sarcoptes cause debilitating conditions in all classes of livestock.
5/ 20/
(7) Mollusks -- Numerout species of snails act as intermediate hosts for
liver flukes (fasciolidae) and lung worms (metastrongyles), which widely affect
Hungary's livestock. The most important Snail species are:
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Hungary are:
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Galba truncatula )
)
Radix peregra )
)
Succinea oblonga )
)
S. hungarica )
Capaea vindobonensis
Helicella obvis
Helix pomatia
Zebrina detrita
Intermediate hosts of liver flukes
Intermediate hosts of lung worms
(8) Worms -- The most important parasitic worms of domestic animals in
1
Fasciola hepatica
Avitellina centripunctata
Cysticercus bovis (Taenia saginata)
C. cellulosae (Taenia solium)
Echinococcus granulosus
Moniezia benedeni
H. expansa
Stilesia globipunctata
Thysaniezia giardi
Ascaris lumbricoides
Cystocaulus ocreatus
Dyetyocaulus viviparus
Metastrongylus spp.
MUllerius capillaris
Neostrongylus linearis
Parafilaria multipapillosa
Protostrongylus rufescens
Strongyloides stercoralis
Syngamus spp.
Trichinella spiralis
Trichostrongylus colubriformis
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(11) Wild animals -- Foxes, particularly numerous in the northeastern
13/
part of Hungary) serve as reservoir of rabies.
4. Nutrition
b. Food supply and distribution -- Prior to World War II the consumption
of animal proteins in Hungary was substantially greater than that in other east
European countries. The reduction of the livestock population by more than half during
the latter part of the war and serious economic and financial problems in the
immediate post-mar years, resulted in serious deficiencies of meat and dairy products
which, despite the effort of agricultural authorities, have not yet been overcome
completely. Lack of sufficient roughage and concentrates, collectivization,
increased industrialization and the export of slaughter cattle, meat, and poultry
products to western European and Communist countries, are major factors responsible
2/ 4/ 6/ 16/ 22/
for the continued shortage of livestock products.
c. Food sanitation, storage and technology -- Sanitary supervision of
processing of meat, milk and poultry is reasonably adequate, but there is a definite
lack of refrigerated storage and transportation facilities. Within the last
10 years refrigeration plants were constructed at Debrecen _,1.32_N__-.1_21-38-E),
f-
Gyor (47-41-N---17-38-E), Kaposvar (46-22 N.,..=-17-481), and Miskolc (48-06-N-20-47-E).
Yet, even this added capacity is insufficient to meet the ever increasing demand
8/ 10/ 11/ 23/
for refrigeration space.- ?
C. Diseases
2. Diseases of animals
a. Prevalent animal diseases -- Unsettled conditions during wartime and
immediate post-war years caused a widespread increase of animal diseases. The disease
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problems are complicated by a frequent lack of feed and by the reluctance of the
rural population, resentful of collectivization, to cooperate with veterinary
13/ 14/ 22/
authorities.
. (1) Bovine tuberculosis -- Bovine tuberculosis is Hungary's most
significant livestock disease. The national tuberculosis reactor rate is estimated?at
18 percents including a 23 percent infection rate for cows. Mergers of state farms
and the establishment of new cooperative farms from small private farms keeping
infected cattle, have been major factors in the spread of the disease. In 1962; the
Ministry of Agriculture published a decree providing for the slaughter of infected
cattle during 3-year periods in certain areas designated each spring by veterinary
authorities. Cooperative farm affected by this eradication program will be paid
compensation in the form of loan cancellations or bank credit. Effective January 1,
1963, bonuses may be paid for milk or cream from non-infected herds and reductions
may be made from the purchase price of infected animals sold for slaughter purposes.
Subsequent to January 1, 1964, state, cooperative and private farms keeping infected
caws may not sell their milk directly to consumers, but only to state dairy
enterprises.
13/ 20/ 22/
(2) Bovine brucellosis -- Brucellosis causes substantial economic losses
to Hungary's cattle industry. Control efforts presently are confined to Strain 19
22/
vaccination of heifers and mature cows.
(3) Fascioliasis Fascioliasis (liver fluke infection) in cattle,
sheep and swine, is one of Hungary's most troublesome livestock diseases, causing an
annual production loss of approximately 250 million forints (approximately 20.8
million dollars at the official rate). During years of average precipitation, the
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infection rate of cattle and sheep is believed to be 25-30 percent. In swine the
disease causes the condemnation of 5-10 percent of livers in slaughtering plants.
Veterinarians, who put more emphasis on therapeutic treatment than on destruction of
snails serving as intermediate hosts, claim good results with the intramuscular
5/ 8/ 14/ 22/
injection of carbontetrachloride in cattle and sheep.
(4) Echinococcosis Echinococcosis (hydatidosis) in ruminants and
swine, aside from its menace to human health, is responsible for considerable losses
to the food and pharmaceutical industriesby causing the condemnation of many organs and,
carcass parts. Veterinary and public health authorities are attempting to control
echinococcosis through the application of strict sanitary measures at slaughtering
sites and through obligatory atabrine treatment of dogs, the principal carriers
2/ 15/ 22/
of the disease.? ?
(5) Swine diseases -- Transmissible gastroenteritis, chronic salmonellosisl,
and swine pox, are Hungary's most significant swine diseases. Hog chaera and
erysipelas still exist, but compulsory immunization with crystal violet or lapinized
vaccines and erysipelas bacterin respectively/have reduced the incidence of these
once widespread diseases considerably. Other important swine diseases are edema
13/ 15/ 22/
disease (colibacillosis), tuberculosis and brucellosis.
(6) Poultry diseases -- Poultry raising, which has a long tradition in
Hungary, is threatened by a number of serious diseases. Fowl cholera (pasteurellosis)
is the most important disease in terms of economic losses as well as difficulty of
control. Until recently, control measures consisted of the administration of
sulfonamids and antibiotics in the feed, but the appearance of resistant pasteurella
strains has forced the abandonment of this form of treatment. Present control
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efforts rely on complete slaughter of heavily infected flocks and on quarantine
of those less severely affected. Vaccines and sera are not commonly used, since
the resistance they impart is too short-termed to be of major practical value.
The incidence of fowl pox has increased proportionately with the development of
large-scale poultry farming. In flocks where the disease reoccurs from year to
year, immunization with pigeon pox vaccine in chickens and turkey pox vaccine in
turkeys is carried out.
Obligatory vaccination with H and B1 vaccineshas reduced the high post-war
incidence of Newcastle disease.
Other important poultry diseases are fowl typhoid, pullorum diseases tuberculosis
11/ 13/ 15/ 20/
spirochaetosis, leukosis, encephalitis, coccidiosis, trichomoniasis and gout.
(7) Anthrax -- Although no serious epizootics have occurred since 1952,
anthrax is still a problem in certain parts of Hungary. In enzootic areas annual
5/ 20/ 29/
vaccination with Carbozoo or a spore vaccine is carried out.
(8) Foot-and-mouth disease -- Outbreaks of type 0 ands-to a lesser degree,
of type A foot-and-mouth disease periodically occur in Hungary. In the past, the
disease has been reasonably well controlled through quarantine, vaccination and
slaughter. Foot-and-mouth disease vaccine is prepared by the Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Institute in Budapest (47-30N - 19-05E), which was established in
9/ 18/ 19/ 20/ 30/ 32/
1955.
(9) Rabies -- Strictly enforced vaccination of dogs (Semple type vaccine
of ovine origin) has sharply reduced the incidence of this once rampant disease.
Outbreaks of some magnitude, however, still occur in the mountainous provinces
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(megyek) of Borsod and Heves where foxes are the principal carriers of the
5/ 9/ 13/
disease.
b. Other important animal diseases -- Other important animal diseases in
Hungary are Aujeszky's disease, epizootic 'catarrhal virus pneumonia of cattle, virus
abortion in sheep, leptospirosis, listeriosis, ovine enterotoxemia, bovine piroplasmosis,
trichononiasiss ovine globidiosis, cysticercosis, verminous bronchitis ectoparasitism
and deficiency conditions. Dourine and glanders were introduced during the war and
5/ 13/ 15/ 20/ 33/
some cases of these diseases still occur.
D. Veterinary organization and administration
1. Civilian
a. Organization -- The Veterinary Directorate, under the Ministry's of
Agriculture Chief Directorate of Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Medicine, is the
principal authority for Hungary's veterinary field services. This Directorate
directs the Veterinary Divisions of the Provincial (megyek) Peoples' Councils,
the Veterinary Hospitals, the Diagnostic Laboratories and the Quarantine
Figure].
Stations. The Provincial Peoples' Councils! Veterinary Divisions supervise the
Veterinary Services of the Regional (Jarasok) Peoples' Councils, which in turn direct
the District and Cooperative Farm Veterinarians.
Veterinary Hospitals and Diagnostic Laboratories have no organizational bonds to
provinces, regions or districts but simply provide their services to the geographic
area in which they are located.
The Veterinary Council, a body of distinguished veterinarians, acts in an
advisory capacity to the Veterinary Directorate.
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The chief Directorate of State Farms of the Ministry of Agriculture, has
administrative control over State Farm Veterinarians who, however, are professionally
responsible to the Veterinary Directorate.
Hungary's major veterinary research institutions, with the exception of the
Veterinary Research Institute which is controlled by the Hungarian Academy of
Sciences, are directed by the Ministry's of Agriculture General Administration of
Agricultural Education and Research. This Administration supervises the Budapest
Veterinary Colleges the National Institute of Veterinary Medicine, thenPhylaxiall
National Vaccine Production Institute, the National Institute for the Control of
Veterinary Immunological Products, and the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Institute.
The Ministry of Supply's Department of Food Hygiene and Central Administrations
for Meat, Dairy, and Poultry Products Industries are responsible for the sanitary
control of food products in Hungary. These agencies rely largely on veterinarians
for the staffing of their control laboratories and the supervision of their
inspection personnel. In a number of small slaughterhouses, operated by Provincial
or Regional Peoples' Councils, meat inspection is carried out by provincial or
regional veterinarians.
Artificial insemination is entirely a function of animal husbandry agencies
under the Chief Directorate of Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Medicine, which
employs a number of veterinarians.
Veterinary servides in Hungary are completely nationalized. Private practice
does not exist.
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b. Legal controls
(1) Licensure -- Completion of the 5-year course at the Budapest Veterinary
15/22/ 25a/
????=mr ? dEm
College is prerevisite for employment as veterinarian:
(2) Quarantine -- The Decree No. 5/1962 and the Code of Veterinary
Hygiene (Allategeszsgugyi both published by the Ministry of Agriculture
in the No. 6/1962 issue of the Ministry's weekly official gazette (Mezogazdasagi
Ertesito), govern the import of animals and animal products. The Code of Veterinary
Hygiene is available for 12 forints (approximately 1 dollar) from the Central Bureau
for Newspapers and Magazines.
In February 1959, Hungary and East Germany signed a special agreement regulating
the import and transit of livestock and livestock products. A similar agreement
between Hungary and Czechoslovakia was signed in February 1961 (published as
22/ 25/
Ministry of Agriculture Decree No. 9/1961):?
(3) Inspection -- Regulations for the inspection of meat, milk, and
dairy products in general are sound and reasonably well enforced. Hungary, through
legislation passed in 1938, was the first country to require obligatory poultry
inspection. The present poultry inspection plants are usually modern and well
equipped.
Official testing of veterinary biologicals is performed at the National
5/ 10/ 11/ 14/
Institute for the Control of Veterinary Immunological Products.
c. Professional veterinary organization -- Hungary's veterinarians suffer
from the absence of a professional organization. They are members of various trade
unions that show little interest in veterinary matters. Veterinarians employed in
food sanitation and belonging to the Union of Food Industry Workers have a somewhat
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better opportunity to guard their professional interests, since they constitute
10/
an influential group in that union.
d. Veterinary research -- Hungary's veterinary research achievements, while
among the best within the Soviet bloc, are not comparable to those in the more
advanced western countries. _Political interference, meager funds and limited
scientific contacts with western nations binder the full utilization of a basically
5/ 9/ 11/ 13/ 14/ 21/ 22/
good research potential. (See Section 17)
f. Emergency veterinary services -- As in other socialist countries,
Hungary's veterinarians are under strong central governmental control and can
10/ 12/ 13/ 22/
readily be mobilized in case of serious epizootics.
2. Military veterinary organization -- Little information on Hungarian military
veterinary services is available. One source reports the existence of a group of
30440 army veterinarians engaged in the care of horses, while another claim the
28/ 31/
abolition of the Army Veterinary Corps in February 1956.
E. Veterinary manpower -- Although a post-war shortage has been alleviated considerably,
a need for veterinarians still exists. The present veterinary manpower consists
of about 2,000 veterinarians aided by a force of veterinary assistants.
The Budapest Veterinary College, with an annual graduating class of 120-150
students, is capable of providing an adequate number of veterinarians.' Veterinary
education in Hungary, while not on a level with that in England, Scandinavia or
3/ 6/ 9/ 15/ 22/ 25a/
Germany, is among the best in the Communist countries:- -
F. Veterinary facilities -- Hungary's veterinary facilities for treatment, laboratory
diagnosis, quarantine, and food sanitation, are adequate in number and reasonably
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well distributed. In 1960, there existed about 40 veterinary hospitals, 5 diagnostic
laboratories, 13 quarantine stations, 7 meat inspection laboratories and several
laboratories for the control of dairy, poultry and other food products.
Testing of animal sera and vaccines, most of which are produced at the uPhylaxiatt
National Vaccine Production Institute and the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Institute in
Budapest, are carried out by the National Institute for the Control of Veterinary
Immunological Products, likewise located in Budapest.
The Veterinary Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and the
National Institute of Veterinary Research in Budapest are Hungary Vg major veterinary
research facilities. Additional research is carried out at the "Phylaxiall National
Vaccine Production Institute and the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Institute.
The Budapest Veterinary College, aside from its educational activities, maintains
clinical and research facilities.
The Budapest Coordination Institute, established and maintained by various East
bloc countries, serves as clearing house for the exchange of veterinary information
5/ 8/ 10/ 22/ 24/
among its sponsors.
G. Veterinary supplies and materials -- Hungaryts requirements of animal sera and
vaccines is met almost entirely by the uPhylaxiatt National Vaccine Production
Institute and the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Institute. Most veterinary pharmaceuticals
and antibiotics are produced in government controlled plants that also supply human
medicaments. Some veterinary drugs are imported from other East European countries.
MingaryiNnext to West Germany, is the leading European country in the development
5/ 9/ 13/ 14/ 27/
and manufacture of veterinary instruments and equipment.
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H. Reference data -- Not included in this report.
I. Comments on principal sources
1. Evaluation -- The available source material was largely general in nature,
providing few detailed data. Information was particularly meager on the distribution,
prevalence and control of animal diseases. Reports on military veterinary services
were contradictory. Sources 1, 2, 3 and 4 were useful for most sections of this
report. Source 5 contributed information on the organization of the civilian
veterinary services.
2. List of sources (in order of importance)
(1) Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja. Various issues. Budapest. 1958-1962.
(Unclassifiedj
(2) U.S. Joint Publications Research Service. "Agriculture, Forestry,
and Fishing in Hungary." (Trans.) Various issues. Washington, D.C.
1959-1962. (Unclassified)
(3) Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Acta Veterinaria. Various issues.
Budapest. 1958-1962. (Unclassified)
(4) National Agricultural Library and Centre for Documentation. Hungarian
Agricultural Review. Various issues. 1957-1962. (Unclassifiedj
(5) KOcot, M. "The Organization of the Veterinary ServiCe in Hungary."
271.1 Polish7 Mad. Met. 16(5):295-296. 1960. (Unclassified)
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