ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF FARM ANIMALS IN THE USSR/SOVBLOC PARTICIPANTS AT THE CONGRESS ON ANIMAL REPRODUCTION, TRENT, ITALY, 6-13 SEP 64

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00247A002900210001-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 10
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 26, 2014
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: November 17, 1964
• Content Type: REPORT

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STAT
STAT
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF FARM ANIMAL IN THE USSR
Th f- :7orlograph 13 composed by
V?K? (rAlLo Nov)
of 2iological :ctence,
?rotesor, .4emoer of i,enin Academy
ol Agrcult,zralJnc
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ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF FARM ANIMALS
IN THE USSR
( Monograph )
1. History of A. 1.
Horses
Early experiments of artificial insemination were done
in Russia in 1893 by Lideman; by Izmailov, by Khelkhovaki,
Lund (1894)i by Enisherlov (1896). In 1899 professor Iliya
Tvanovich Ivanov experimentally worked out his method of A.I.
and in 1907 he published his world-wide book "Artificial Fecun
dation in mammals".
In 1908 I. Ivanov organized first courses for veterinarians
on artificial insemination in horses, and this year is considered
to be an (Oficial date of onset of A.I. practice in Russia.
During 1908-1914 A.I. was used in more than 30 provinces of Ruseia,
and for five years of 1910-1914 there were inseminated more than
7000 mares. After the first World War from 1922 the practice of A.:
in horses was renewed, and 10 years later, in 1932 in the user the-
re were inseminated artificilly 182 000 mares.
Cattle
The first attempt was made by professor Iliya Ivanov in
1902, but in pre-revolutionary Russia it did not receive further
development. Only in 1927-193o I. Ivanov and his pupils were
able to organize wide experiments, which served as a basis for
A.I. practice in cattle in the USSR and in the whole world.
This year Ivanov taught first 200 specialists, and in 37 State
farms there were inseminated 19 817 cows. Artificial Insamina-
0
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tion began in the Collective farms in 1932, when there weae
inseminated 185 00 cowe.
First attempt was made by Ivanov in 1901, the second was
?
made in 191o. Modern technique of A.I. in sheep was worked out
in 1928 by 1. Ivanov and his pupils, who carried out ? large
trial with 5271 sheep. Practical use of A.I. began from 193o,
when 98 000 sheep were inseminated in 6 State farms.
P i g s
First trials of A.1. in pigs were conducted under the
guidance of Y.K. Milovanov in 1931. Investigations continued till
1959, and practical use developed in limited degree. From 1960
A.I. is widely empoying in practice of pig-breeding with
hundred thousands females.
II Present Status of A.I. Practice
there
'n 1962 in the USSR vas artificially inseminated the fol-
lowing number og animalat
Number
to total No. of females
Sheep and goats
36 380 000
65
Cows
18 680 000
65
eigs
580 000
%roes lees than
100 000
Total
55 64o 000
In many republics and provinees of the Soviet dnion A.I.
is employed to all females; so in the Ukrainian SSR in 1962
there were artificially inseminated 87'; of all cows, and in
doltava province of the same republic there were insemi-
nated 100h6 of cows. In the Kirghiz SSR is artificially.insemi-
nated of all the ewes.
. For A.1. there are used pedigree sires' of Elite and Record
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class, preferably progeny tested ones.
The percent of conception as a reeult of a single A.I.
varies depending on natural and economic conditions and makes up
an average:
Sheep ? 83 (from 56 to 93)
Cows - 65 ( from 55 to 87)
Figs 70 ( from 58 to 94)
Final rate of conception is also subjected to strong varia-
tions owing to large variety of natural and economic conditions
of different provinces of the USSR, and makes up an average:
Sheep 88 ( from 80 to 100)
Cows 83 ( from 70 to 100)
Pigs 90 (from 75 to 100)
III. Staten of Carrying out 4.1.
in the USSR is organized by the Government: Ministry
of Agriculture of the USSR, on the grounds of works of the
scientific research inatitutiona..confirme inetrnctions, methods,
preparations, organises prodmetiom of necessary instruments and mu
materials. In each of 15 Soviet Independent Republics its own
Ministry of Agricultiral Production and durchaaes organizes practice
wo k, training of instructors and technicians of A.I.,building of
L.I. Stations and unite, control of their work.
There are 4 kinds of 1.1. centers in the USS:
1. State Stations for pedigree breeding and A.I. are large
organizations, serving from 20 to 150 thousand cows, to loo-300
touaand sheep, some thousand-pigs and some number of horses.
These stations are usually complex, e.g. serve all animals
species and are organized in districts with many pedigree animals.
They have trained eelectioniste for different animal species.
2. State A.I. Stationa are also large organizations, wor-
king in the districts with unpedigree (commercial) herds. They
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+Perk on more easy colui. es of imprc'emeat of animals.
3. A.I. Stations in the Statv peiigre, studJ and experimental
farms are organis2d for use the as son er-eae f-om outstanding
etud males for surrounding state- an' collsctive farms.
4. A.I. Co-operatives being organiLed by interestri collective
forme with practical and metbodical help of the State, serve the
collective farms' herds, pay4d share for organization of the
$tation.
All kinds of stations collect and process semen ard by means
of their own motor-care trnsport it to stets- or collective farms.
In their staff stations have apsoialists on semen collection and
processing, but usually have no A. I. technicians. In 1962 in
the USSR worked 1865 stations (of all mentioned kinds).
In all the state- and collective farms, being served by the
above mentioned stations, there are organized units of A.I.
Zach unit works with s'-men received from the stations and serves all
cr
toe anlmeig of one more farms. , rule, the state- and collective
farms in the USSR have some hundred cows end some thousand sheep).
Secause of the severe climate in the 3SR, for work with semen,
for preparing of the instruments and for semen injections each
unit must have neces6ary buildings, consisting of simple labora-
tory and mnnege for animals. In winter this housing 1s heated
to temperature of 18-22c C, and in summer there are taken measures
agaenst excessive sun heating and dust penetration and other
strong hygienic conditions. Each unit is managed by A.I. technician
who is a worker of a state- or a collective farm.
In 1962 in the ,!SSR there were 90 000 A.I. units. Technicians
are recruited from the members of the collective farms or the
workers of +he /tate far-s, and trained at special c.;...rses, from
3 m.,nthn. The courses are carried out in the best A.I.
Stations end Among technicians women are not less than men.
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'In the training program not less than 5(1ir of hours are practi-
cal studies on semen biology, anatomy and physiology of repro-
ductive system, insemination technique and methods of pregnancy
diagnosis.
Animal number of females inseminated by one sire avera-
ges 1500 cows, about 600 sheep, over 200 swines. Best progeny
tested siresindeminate: bull - 5000 - 6000 cows; ram - over
10 000 ewes (World Record in 1957-1958 was 18 414 lamb from one
ram in the season).
Charge for A.I. consists of: a) fee for semen to stations
from 60 copecks to 1 rouble 50 copecks (e.g. from 67 c to
.1 4 67 c for ons bull semen dose, b) payment for technician's
work (on the state - or collective farms), which makes up
about 1 rouble ( 1$ 11 c) for one cow.
IV. A.I. Technique (for each species)
1. jemen collection
A basic method of semen collection to all species of
mqmmals is the artificial vagina, the so-called "Russian" type.
NI,?Jern artificial vaginae are made not in rubber, but in
synthetic transparent material. If necessary, there are used
iifforent types of electroejaculators (with electronic frequen-
c:y generators, electric battery, inouctors, vibrators etc.)..
rreluencv of collection: from bull and boar one collec-
tion - in 2-3 days, from ram - 2-4 times per day (if necessa-
ry), o 10 times,frcm stallion - one time per day or rare.
2..-Semen examination
There are usually investigated: a) Volume of semen(m1)1
b) sperm concentrstion(6billion/m1) wilh haemocytometere or
photoelectrocolorimeters; c) 'Sperm motility by visual epti-
mntion of sperm number with progrssive movement in tenths of
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the whole; or by objective methods - by counting in beano-
cytometers only motionless.spermatozoa in % to total;
d) Semen resistance (R) by Milovanov's method; e) Per cent of
eosin nPgative sperms by Norosov's methodp f) Semen vitality
by Rilovanov.
3. Semen Preservation
In the USSR there are three type. 4f media for semen
dilution: a) Extendors for semen dilution without storage are
simple mixtures of isotonic: sugar solution of glucose, fruc-
tose and saccharose and salt solution of phosphate, sulphate,
tartrate and citrate.
b) Protectorq for semen preservation are extehdors with
addition of protective subitanoess egg-yolk, antiblatici,
weak acids, glycerOle etc
c) Implementors are media extendors or protectors with
physiologically active wubstan,es ("implements"), having an
effect on inseminated fihale, for example, roxytocin, carboCio-
line, mucinase etc.
Antibiotics (penicillin and etreptomicin) are used in
doses from 300 to 500 units in ml of media.
Degree of dilution: for bull semen is from 8 to 50 times
(in experiments - up to '00 times), for ram - from 2 to 10
times. The temperature of dilutor is 25-300 C.
Temperature of semen storage: for bull is (usually) 00
and 5-15? C (with mediums containing organic acids); for ram
is from 00 to 5? CI for boar is from 10 to 15? C, or 00.
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The period of preservation without freezing is about
2-3 days.
4. Injection of semen.
The site of deposition is a cervix in a cow and a sheep,
an uterus body in a swine and a mare.
Semen volume and number of sperms introduced: in cows -
1 ml (from 20 to 200 million sperms); in sheep - 0.05-0.1 21
(from 40 to 100 million sperms); in swine* - 1 ml Per 1 kg
of body weight (from 2,5 to 10 billion sperms); in mares - fros
20 to 40 ml (1-2 billion sperms).
Instruments for injections; in cows - a special glass
syringe with a long (450 me) canule and two-branches metal
speculum, discarded polystyrene pippetes and polyethylene
gloves; for sheep - a semi-automatic syringe with a magazine
for 20 doses, a removable canule and two-branches metal ape.:
culumg for swines - a polyethylene or a rubber catheter and
a polyethylene or a glass pneumatic injection dev1oel in
mares - an ebonite catheter and a glass syringe.
5. Preparation and use of frozen semen.
The degree of dilution is from 10 to 25 times.
Final glycerole concentration - 7-8 $.
Equilibration time with glycerole - 3-4 hours.
Rate and a method of temperature fall is from 0? to
-10? C - 0.5? per a minute, from 10 to -40? C - 2? per a
minute; below 40? it may be quickly.
Concentration of stored frozen semen is not less than
20 billion active sperms/ml.
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Vessels for semen storage are glass awpules, polyethylene
ampules, 'polystyrene pippetes.
Thawing temperature ls different; more frequent is use_
a room temperature.
Time from thawing to semen use is not more than 6 hours.
The scale and purpose of frozen semen use consist in
insemination of some tens thousand cows a year, long-distance
transportation of the best sire semen, especially of valuable
pedigree sires (within the USSR it is up to 11 000 km), and
also in international ezchsme0.
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