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PROGRESS REPORT NO. 6
Contract No. RD-53-SA
Research Order No. 1R&D4
Prepared By:
Approved By:
Project Engineer
craw. Engineer
50X1
50X1
50X1
Period covered by this report - June 1, 19 54 to June 31, 1954
COPY NO. 2
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INTRODUCTION
This is the sixth progress report on Research and
Development Task IV, The report covers the design
and test of one of the complete pulse time modulated
systems developed under this task. The circuit was
tested with a radio link. The unit was tested to
evaluate the performance of the system with regard to
communication effeciency. New circuits were designed
to enable reception under weak signal conditions.
DISCUSSION
A pulse time modulation system operates on the basis
of transmitting two narrow pulses in the course of a
comparatively long cycle Interval.. The first pulse is
the reference time. The second pulse is the signal.
This is essentially pulse position modulation. It
represents the intelligence by having its time of
occurrence with respect to the reference pulse varied
by the audio source.
It is desirable to have the pulse repetition frequency
as low as possible within the limits of the Nyquist
Theory for pulse communication. This theory sets the
minimum sampling rate for propor reproduction of a
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signal, and states that the highest frequency to be
transmitted*, be sampled two times per cycle. This
equipment was designed on a more conservative basiS
with a minimum sampling factor or 2,5. The highest
frequency to be transmitted was chosen as 3200 cycles
per second, since only voice communication is to be
reproduced. This decision in turn placed the pulse
repetition frequency at 8000 cycles per second.
The importance of a low pulse repet tion frequency ia
explained by the ratio of signal pulse interval to
pulse repetition interval, or duty ,cycle of the unit.
The 8 kc. blocking oscillator designed-as the basic
,pulse repetition source, required, a three winding pulse
-transformer. It was noted that whereas any commercial
transformerieperated properly at 12 kc., they would
introduce jitter at .8 kc., It was determined that the
basic pulse source must be free or jitter or minute
change of repetition frequency, since this jitter con-
tributes noise to the intelligence, The choice of a
high quality pulse transformer resulted in no detectable
jitter at 8,1coo
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Since R. P. output occurs only during the interval of
the two pulses, the ratio of average power to peak
power is determined in part by the ratio of pulse
duration to cycle interval. As indicated by oscillogram
12, the pulse widths as measured at the half amplitude
points are approximately one microsecond. However, in
the course of passing through the succeeding stages,
the pulse width is increased. At the transmitter output,
oscillogram 15, the pulse widths are two microseconds.
The pulse repetition interval, oscillogram 4, is 125
microseconds. This results in a duty cycle of 4/125
or 0,032.
Another basic advantage to pulse time modulation systems
pertains to the constant amplitude of the pulses. As
a result of this feature, it is possible to receive a
signal with a relatively poor signal to noise ratio.
The noise appears at the base and top of the pulse
without affecting the rising and Lagging edges. It
then becomes a problem of clipping off the base and
top and amplifying the clean middle section.
By a succession of clipping and amplifying, the pulse
can be cleared of noise and built up to any required
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amplitude. Theoretically any signal to noise ratio
greater than one can be accommodated by this method.
In practise it becomes increasingly more difficult to
design equipment of sufficient stability as the ratio
of one is approached. At present the equipment can
accommodate a ratio of two to one.
A pulse time modulated pulse is essentially a frequency
modulated signal. It may also contain amplitude modulation
components, but by proper design the A.M. can be eliminated.
As indicated in oscillograms 15 and 16, there are no
amplitude modulation components at the transmitter output
or tt the detector of the receiver,
DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT.
The following is a description of the equipment designed
during this period. Figure I-A is a schematic diagram
of the noise clipper and signal limiter. The first
stage which is a pulse amplifier receives the output
of the detector of the receiver. This output consists
of the reference and signal pulses. Under weak signal
conditions, it would have a poor signal to noise ratio,
The second stage is an automatic noise clipper. The
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C-4,17,774,
bottom diode section receives the positive pulses, which
are riding a high noice level. Due to the long time
constant of its circuit, the average current drawn by
the tube is determined by the noise level rather than
the pulse amplitude. This current creates a positive
voltage which is them applied to the other diode as a
bias voltage. as u result, the top diode section
cannot conduct unless the applied signal exceeds a
specified minimum, which is determined by the noise level:
This prevents conduction of most of the noise, while
permitting the pulses to pass. The third stage is a
dual amplifier, which increases the pulse amplitude as
well as providing the proper positive phase for further
clipping. The next stage is a diode with a fixed bias,
which removed the remaining noise level under the worst
signal conditions to be received. The remaining stages
are a pulse amplifier and a low impedance cathode follower
output.
A modified pulse time demodulator was designed, lig. 1,
which differs from the unit described in the last report.
The new design provides greater stability under weak
signal conditions. The output of the noise clipper is
the two pulses, refcrence and signal. They are both of
negative polarity and are fed to the detodulator. The
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first stage is a pulse amplifier. The output of this
stage is fed to two parallel channels. The top section
is an ordinary sequence of amplifier and cathode follower,
and handles both pulses. The cathode follower is neces-
sary to provide a low impedance output for the mixer
stage which follows.
The bottom channel carries both pulses through two
amplifiers into a cathode follower. The output of the
cathode follower triggers a one shot multivibrator.
The output of this tultivibrator is a square wave whose
width is sufficient to cover the interval of both
reference and signal pulses. This results in a single
pulse whose leading edge corresponds to the leading
edge of the reference pulse. This pulse is then coupled
to an amplifier which acts as a limiter and eliminates
irregularities along the top of the pulse.
This wide pulse is then differentiated in order to narrow
it sufficiently to cover the original reference pulse
with a slight overlapping of the signal pulse. The
unwanted positive pulse resulting from the differentiator
is eliminated by the germanium rectifiers. The negative
pulse is coupled to another amplifier that shapes it and
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squares the top. This in turn is fed to a cathode
follower.
This output is mixed with the top channel that carries
both the reference and signal pulses. The reference
pulse and the leading edge of the signal pulse are
oancelled and replaced by a positive pulse. The signal
pulse remains as a negative pulse with a new leading
edge that is fixed by the original reference pulse.
The lagging edge remains as the pulse time modulated
signal.
The combined signal is then amplified and the unwanted
cancellation pulse is removed by rectifiers. This
leaves a signal that is pulse duration modulated which
is coupled to the audio section through a cathode follower.
Minor changes were made in the other sections and they
are detailed as follows:
Figure 29, modulator chassis, blocking oscillator
transformer was changed to Freed Type
MPT?ll to decrease jitter. A change
in the differentiator circuit reshaped
the reference pulse. An audio amplifier
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provided audio gain and isolation
modulator source.
Figure 30, the transmitter section, was revised to
include a volt e control for Control of
. peak power output, and a damping circuit
placed across the secondary winding to
minimize ringing in the pulse transform
Figure 31, the audio mp1fer, was revised to include
two 8 Ito. tuned ci cults* to minimize the
pulse repetition frequency appearing in
the audio output.
TESTINO
The following teats were made on the equipment during the
period covered by this report. The maximum deviation
permissible which corresponds to 100 percent modulation
is 1.5 microseconds. The smallest deviation that was
still detectable as a signal was 0.01 microseconds
Oscillograms were made :at various test points with results
as follows:
Figures 2 and 3 are outlines of the transmitter
receiver. All the ospillogram
nd
points are indicated
by letter. The transmitter test points are:
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Figure 4, The plate of the blocking oscillator
indicates a pulse: cycle interval of 126
microseconds, it corresponds to a pulse
repetition rate of 8000 cycles per second,
It also indicates no detectable jitter.
Figure 5 The input to the multivibr, or, the
positive leading edge acts as the trigge
The maximum deviation is determined by
the amount that the negative pulse can be
deviated by the modulating audio signal
without making the multivibrator erratic.
?
Figure 6 The output of the multivibrator, which is
a pulse duration modulated signal. The
leading edge is fixed by the trigger pulse,
and the lagging edge is variable to corres-
pond with the modulating audio signal.
Figure 7, The output of the first differentiator,
shows a positive pulse. as the reference.
The negative is the deviating pulse. This
is the pulse time modulated signal, wherein
the time of appearance of a signal pulse
varies with respect to a fixed reference
time.
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Figure 8, This indicates the signal pulse after
going through a rectifier to eliminate the
reference pulse. The half amplitude pulse
width is one microsecond,
Figure 9, The reference pulse following a rectifier
which eliminates the signal pulse. The
pulse width is two microseconds and re-
quires further shaping before it can be
re-combined with the signal pulse.
Figure 10, The reference pulse after further narrowing
by means of additional differentiators. It
is now comparable to the signal pulse in
shape, but smaller in amplitude.
Figure 11, This shows the input to the pulse amplifier,
The shaping of the reference pulse is com-
pleted sad it is now ready to be amplified
to mak its amplitude comparable to the signal
Pu lse,
Figure 12, Both pulses have the same polarity. This
condition is required to modulate the
transmitter efficiently. This is the output
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of the pulse time modulator and is
coupled to the R. F. section through a
low impedance cathode follower.
Figure 13, It was found neoessary to use these
relative amplitudes to have the transmitter
output pulses of equal amplitude.
Figure 14, This indicates the pulses at the plate
of the R. F. modulator stage. The equal
amplitudes are well demonstrated.
Figure 15, This indicates the transmitter output. The
pulses are very nearly equal. This is an
important specification, as the ability
of a receiver to detect the signal Is
determined by the signal to noise ratio
of the weaker of the two pulses. Since
the pulses are the only voltage applied
to the plate of the R. P. modulated stage,
there is output only during the pulse in-
tervals and results in an output signal
with a good peak to average power.
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The following oscillogr ms were made at the reeeiver.
The test points are indicated in Figure 3.
Figure 16s This is the output of the receiver's
detector. The transmitted pulses have
been reproduced with little distortion.
This is attributed to the wide band
characteristics- of the video section of
the receiver which is a nimimum of 4
megacycles, In practise a 2 megacycle
bandwidth would have been adequate with
a resulting decrease in receiver equivalent
Input noise. This in turn would decrease
the minimum detectable signal.
Figure 17s The output of the one shot multivibrator
is indicated as a square wave of 25
microsecond duratipn. Since the signal
pulse occurs 7 microseconds after the
reference it cannot affect the operation
of this stage. The 'result is a single
long pulse whose leading edge corresponds
to the leading edge Of the reference pulse.
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ET
Figure 18, The long square wave has been differentiated
to secure a more narrow pulse. This cor-
responds in time with the reference pulse
and will be used to cancel out part of the
original signal.
Figure 190 The differentiated pulse has been rectified
to eliminate the positive portion and is
ready for shaping.
Figure 200 The differentiated pulse has now been
shaped and squared and is sufficiently
wide to cancel out the reference pulse
and the leading edge of the signal pulse.
Figure 21, The cancellation pulse and the original
two pulses have been combined. The result
is a positive pulse that has replaced the
original reference pulse- as well as the
leading edge of the signal pulse. The
remainder of the signal pulse appears as
a negative pulse.
Figure 22, The output of this oathode follower stage
is a duration modulated pulse. The leading
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edge is fixed with respect to the reference
pulse. The lagging edge deviates with the
signal pulse. This pulse is coupled to
the audio amplifier section.
Figure 23* The output of the pulse amplifier is a
triangular pulse due to the inductive
loading effect of the low pass filter to
which it is coupled. The lagging edge
is the one that deviates*
Figure 241 For this test a 1000 cycle per second
signal was used to modulate the system.
The 8 kc. pulse has been minimized by the
low pass filter and the first 8 kc. rejection
filter. The 8 Kc. pulse remains as a ripple
riding the 1 kc. signal*
Figure 25* This is the final test position* and demen-
strates the fidelity of the overall system.
The I Ka. signal is indicated as a smooth
sine curve.
The following oscillograms were made at the noise clipper
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SECIMT
section under weak signal conditions to demonstrate
the effectiveness of these stages.
Figure 26, This is the input to the noise clipper
and indicates a signal to noise ratio of
1.7:1
Figure 27, The effectiveness of the self...biasing
noise clipper is demonstrated. The sig-
nal to noise ratio is now 13:1
Figure 289 The output of the noise clipper section
indicates the final signal to noise ratio
of 2011
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PINS
A pulse time modulated unit was tested on a system basis
using a radio link. It was found to perform in accordance
with predicted design requiremonts.
A noise clipper was designed that enabled the unit to
reproduce intelligence of a signal with a signal to
noise ratio of 2 to 1.
The demodulator was redesigned to be more stable under
weak signal conditions.
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It is planned to design a pulse duration modulated
unit. It will be tested on a system basis and
evaluated with respect to the units previously
designed, pulse time and pulse amplitude modulated
systems.
Field tests will be made on all three systems and
they will be evaluated under various noise conditions.
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250 V.
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page 17
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FIG. 2 74 MC, PULSE. "TIME_ TRANSMITTER OUTLINE.
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/05: CIA-RDP78-03153A001600010005-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/05: CIA-RDP78-03153A001600010005-1
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/05: CIA-RDP78-03153A001600010005-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/05: CIA-RDP78-03153A001600010005-1
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/05: CIA-RDP78-03153A001600010005-1
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/05: CIA-RDP78-03153A001600010005-1
SECEI,
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Page 29
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/05: CIA-RDP78-03153A001600010005-1
P. DM. INPUT
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