(UNTITLED)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-00798A000800030017-9
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 33
• Document Creation Date: December 12, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 7, 2000
• Sequence Number: 17
• Content Type: PAPER

Approved For ReWase 2001/08/27: CIA-RDP79-00798AW6800030017-9
Colbert Station of Tennessee Valley Authority.
nyrpe of Plant w
Coal-fired electric power generation plant. 200r r
"ly ash emissions from pulverized fuel boiler. Particle
size distribution is not
TVA plants and around 10
burden of effluent gases
known but should be typical for other
microns mass median diameter. Dust
is around 3 to 6 gA n3.
V eof AntiPollutionDevice
10
Electrostatic precipitators
are used for control of particulate
emissions. Precipitators are Manufactured by Lodge-Cottrell..
Design efficiency is 99%. Mechanicals of low-efficiency (301)
used preceding precipitator).
I ea ,ons for Choice of Plant.
This installation is of interest because it represents
precipitator operation cn a boiler bu.rxing high sulfur coal (aroc 3%) t le
duces a low resistivity ash.
ue gas temperatures are lower than would be normal for coal
this avoia.nt of:' sulfur in coal. The precipitators represent
typical European type design with supported electrodes and
ivapact rappers.
Fo rc, sed ten s would include the following
yaa-~ L. and outlet dust: burden.
Approved For Release 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000800030017-9
 Approved For Ruse 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000030017-9
3. Electrical data from precipitators.
Fly ash analysis.
5 Coal analysis
Gas analysis (SO3,
S02, NOx,
Approved For Release 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000800030017-9
 Approved For ease 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798AW800030017-9
Navajo Power Station, Salt River Project.
of Plant
Coal-fired electric power generating plant., 760 Nw capacity.
Emissions
Fly ash emissions from pulverized fuel boiler. No in-situ
particle size measurements are available but would be expected
to be approximately 6-10 microns MMD.
e of Pollution Control Device
Electrostatic precipitators located upstream of the air
preheater are used. for particulate. control. These precipitators
were manufactured by the Western Precipitator Division of
Joy'Manufacturing Company.
Reasons for Choice of Plant
This plant is of interest because it represents the
high temperature approach to solve the high resistivity dust
,problem, typical of the low sulfur coals.
Test PIcan
The proposed tests would include:
1. '-nlet ? 4- id outlet dust burden. .
Inlet and outlet particle size distribution.
. Electrical data from precipitators.
4.. Fly ash analysis.
S. Coal analysis.
Approved For Release 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000800030017-9
 Approved For Reledse 2001/08/27: CIA-RDP79-00798A01900030017-9
P leant
Widows Creek Plant of Tennessee Valley Authority.
DMe of, Plant
Coal-fired electric power generating plant
Fly ash from pulverized fuel boiler. Particle size of fly
ash to dust control equipment averages around 20 microns. Very
low efficiency precipitator is presently installed giving about
50% collection.
game c f Anti-Pollution 'Device
Wet scrubber of the turbulent contact type (TCA) is used
for combined SO2 and particulate removal. Four scrubbers are
connected in parallel following the present precipitator. Gas
volt to sczvhbers i s a r- .in tely 750 M"/sec. Pressure drop ac roE s
s ubbea:.s is 37 - 46 mtHg. Efficiency for SO2 removal
is expected to ,be 80%. Design exit dust burden is .04 g/Nm3.
Reason for Choice of Plant
This plant is an example of a combined SO?-particulate
scrubber of the TCA type. It will be a new installation and
should represent the latest design concepts.
T'est' Plan
The followings tests are Dronosed:
male t and outlet lost burden.
inlet and outlet particle size distribution.
3.. Liquid flow rate.
Gas vo ls: .
Approved For Release 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000800030017-9
 Approved For Ruse 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798A800030017=9
5 Pressure drop across scrubber.
6. pH of scrubbing fluid entering and leaving scrubber.
7. Gas analysis.
S. Fly ash analysis.
Approved For Release 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000800030017-9
 Approved For Rise 2001/08/27: CIA-RDP79-00798AOt,00030017-9
Sunbury Plant of Pennsylvania Power and Light Company.
Y P oa Plant
Anthracite coal-fired electric power generating plant.
About 85 capacity boiler.
Emissions
No data are available on character of emissions. Unit five hurt
low sulfur (.8%) coal and petroleum coke'. Ash is reported to
have high resistivity, hence the decision to go to fabric filters
Particle size of the dust is not known, but should be typical
of PF fired boilers. Coal has rather high (30%) ash so inlet
dust burden should be reasonably high.
.??#e of Ante- Pol lut.ion Device
Fabric filters are installed for particulate- control. Each
boiler has its own baghouse; each baghouse has 14 compartments
arranged in. 2 rows of seven compartments each. Each compartrn.ent
contains 90 teflon-.treated glass fiber bags. The total number
of bags 13:1260 per bade or 10, 000. 12 of filt area per baghouse.
spe goes fj is 100 M3/sec at 160'C per baghouse.
Design efficiency is better than 99% with a guaranteed exit
duH>t bur'de'n of .035 r.. f i3
sons for Choice of Plant
,7
This plant represents one of the few fabric filter dust
).lectors on large electric power boilers.
Approved For Release 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000800030017-9
 Approved For R ~se 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798AO 00030017-9
The following test data is p>r_oposed:
I~ Ir?.3 et and outlet dust burden.
Inlet .and outlet particle size' distribution.
Pressure drop across' filter.
Gas analysis.
History of fabric filter replacement.
Approved For Release 2001/08/27 : CIA-IDP79-00798A000800030017-9
 Approved For RdWase 2001/08/27: CIA-RDP79-00798A04600030017-9
Plant
Tampa, Florida plant of General Partland Cement Co.
D7--
y process cement plant.
No data are available about the dust emissions from the
cement kiln of this plant. in general,,kiln emissions would
be bimodal with the large amount of the dust being relatively
coarse (20 microns m u".0) . Smaller particle size dust is
generally created by vaporization and subsequent condensation
of the alkali. in the feed. Dust loadings for this plant are
expected to be in the vicinity of 40 g/Nm3, although data are
not available at this time.
I e of pollutic n Control Device
2 n electrostatic precipitator is used to control emissions
from the cement kiln This precipitator is of the wire-
.-weight-type construction. Design efficiency is' around 99.8%
Approved For Release 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000800030017-9
 Approved For F ase 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798Ab0800030017-9
Reason for Choice of Plant
This installation is relatively now and constitutes
the present state of the art for control of cement kiln
a
.scions.
rest r.t an
Proposed tests would include the following:
.. Inlet and outlet dust burden.
2. Inlet and outlet particle size distribution.
3. Electrical. data from precipitators.
4. Analysis of dust.
Approved For Release 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000800030017-9
 Approved For Ruse 2001/08/27: CIA-RDP79-00798AOW800030017-9
Novel Devices
Tara plant of General Portland Cemerrt Co.-,
Plant...
Dry process cement plant.
ssions
d.s ,ions from the kli.nker cooler have not been
characterized from this plant. Inlet dust burden from
the hunker cooler is estimated at around 14 g/Nm3.
of Pollution Control Device
A gravel bed filter is used for control of klinker
cooler emissions. The installation consists of two filters
m .n=actured by e-.;ord ' Gas voi uxties ? are
0
r
3 } M3/seep ,and
around 1100?C. Exit. dust. burdens of 0.008
g/Nm3 have. been measured at the cutlet .of the filter.
satire .drop. across the filter. is around '15 -19 :
rh, filter is pre by a m -haracal cyclone.
P: -item. operates With a back flush and stir cycle for cleaning
t1 filter..
Approved For Release 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000800030017-9
 Approved For Re'I96se 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798AO 00030017-9
Proposed tests ,,.ould include:
Inlet and outlet dust burden.
Inlet and. outlet particle size distribution on to
cover particle sizes down to 0.01 microns.
Pressure drop across filter.
Reason for Choice of Plant
This installation is one of the few gravel bed filters
installed in this country. It has worked satisfactorily
from a mechanical standpoint and - should , give data from which
extrapolate performance to other tees of service.
Test Plan
Approved For Release 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000800030017-9
 Approved For Rase 2001/08/27: CIA-RDP79-00798Abij#800030017-9
c.~ane Cast Iron Pipe Conrany
of Plant
fast ikon pipe shop
Emissions
Iron is melted in a conventional iron cu;.:ol.a. Dust
caaissions vary widely in magnitude and composition depending
on the charge (type of scrap, etc.) and on the operating
cycle--. ...4 issions from cupolas vary in size depending upon
.he blast volume as well as the charge. Average . ticle size
is ~ected to be about l micron ICED with a standard deviatic , of about 2.
Mist burden to control device is around 3g/ qr3 .
Venbm-i - rod scrubber with a pressure dre of 280 an water is used
for dust emission control. scrubber is manufac ured by Erivi- e,~ng
Ef : 'e,..n`--Y is art 99%..
,rxns kor an ce of Plc, - .
is a bi(fn ere=,r G fibber at_jna an a fir fz .
Approved For Release 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000800030017-9
 Approved For Fase 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798b800030017-9
l t at C:Ey rokee P: ant of j .c: ; i ( :sz3? of Cblrr
Plant
Coal fired electric 'er g ner`at..i.rag VLnt.
.
Fly a-sh emissions f .m.milvariz? . fuel. electric power boiler.
r' - a~ I F -9- .x r'1 6?-1 . ~3 a 1 nt a'
~ ca 1-2 cp1n3. Particle size of the dust is .ar ith 2-5 microns
ixw
Fs csi:a Anti r-)ol 1utian Device
f? r; }.r?n ca ryalone dust coflecbora are folicti'ed by a
} ar U i ar-~: ngeii nt ccnsisti r of electrostatic precipitator
Bich receives 40% of tl flue gases and a TutbLllent Contact
o r o x ( :) s i r which ha-idles 50% of 't h-71 f2 u3- gases.
r 'z?S axe z r it 4 d o em Imp with r effox L t O rErDve S021
1:: xtgh abcut 40% xweriuc:ti ova is achieved if fly ash is basic.
Pz ssure dxop a ,s sabers is arour.O 22 xtmHq.~ . .
no data -are ava?labs c i E ffic i. cy of the c~.r.
j?
?' .:s C C i ~, f'l'riYJl ? :L : per st in A : t' ype Sl' 9'w? eis in
tax c+,.`~rt..nf. :.''e IS eviden c of l .t_ive:4y hi Saml- r> ~. c do ci n of cIes with o-
6. rate
~?}-.e .. ?L t 5^1 s
F" Lacs , of
.tz~:lo tric r( tier , vxi1 M.
Approved For Release 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000800030017-9
with r anical_ ?dime so that duet burden leaving cyclone is
 Approved For tease 2001/08/27: CIA-RDP79-00798Ab800030017-9
A~=a for Choi of Plant
%e plant was sel ted because 1) the paxti.cl_e size of the
dust is extxrure1y firms; 2) , very little data are available on
control of emissions from glass plants and 3) the prec pitatcr
Ls 02 'urmsual desi -tL
The fo: is i .~ sun rent are plaa'ned
I., Inlet and outlet dust b x-den.
2. inlet and o?.xf...let a ticle size analysis. Because of the
particle size of the dust, measurement technic ms
.?zi l i concentrate on p rt9 cles of less than 1 micron diameter..
3e, G: Ls analysis.
4u xalysis of dust c isition.
.. .h.s_.:i i tatox: electrical c tim- cz,r ti.cns .
feat Plan
'~7 at rests; ti v?'~,rm
Approved For Release 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000800030017-9
 Approved For F ase 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798800030017-9
-:st plan
4: Fly asla a~aa t rs s a
S. Gas analysis at scrag inlet and cutlet.
G. Pressure drama across sex.
fl >nt
O fb1.Iriai ng tests are prc sed.
l.. Inlet and m .et dust burden and gas volume.
2. : nl..eyt arbi tlet parti...clb - size distribution.
3. liquid f1 w rate.
Atlanta Pant ^- Oaer s-I]Jj cis
W?;~ f~fs~~~I1t"
Plate glass manuafacturang facility.
si_oas
Eis in s frr a glavs fun-ace. (...s voles s of ar in 20 M3/Sec
ct . Pam U- cle size of the effluent is e ctr ~,u small with
95 to 97% less than 1 n; ter, a ,20 t
3n% '
__ _t , , .. "
e
o
du t ien ens . a a s atou x 2 I. g/7 3
of 7~.nti Po: luti_on Da ca
plant uta izies an i2, Lent:' o-.staatlc Pt :~itato..r 0: tile
a Air l r co. (Tw)_ d sic C r~ TL is i I t .s
. f r he r thre are five p z.n.ts in thee
Approved For Release 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000800030017-9
 Approved For RQpase 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798A$ 600030017-9
STATUS OF DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS
FOR CONTROLLING NOX EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY SOURCES
In Accordance With Project 8-8 Of Protocol Of 2nd
Meeting Of The US/USSR Working Group On Stationary
Source Air Pollution Control Technology
Approved For Release 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000800030017-9
 Approved For Rbiease 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798AQ 600030017-9
'ABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 . INTRODUCTION.
2.0 CHEMISTRY OF NITROGEN OXIDES FORMATION
AND DESTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3.0 CLEAN FUELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.0 COMBUSTION MODIFICATIONS. . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1 Overview of Modification Methods . . . 6
4.2 Current Studies for Development of
Combustion Modification Technology . . 10
6.0
FLUE GAS CLEANING . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.1 Molecular Sieves . . . . . . ' . . . 13
5.2 Catalytic Reduction of NO with
Ammonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5._3. Catalysts for Controlling NO -
Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.4 Reduction of Nitric Oxide with
Metal Sulfides . .. . . . . . . . . 14
S IUT 111,1ARY . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Approved For Release 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000800030017-9
 Approved For Rase 2001/08/27: CIA-RDP79-00798AGAP00030017-9
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In the United States approximately 98% of nitrogen
oxides emissions` fr'oni stationary sotirces 'are generated in com-
bustion processes. Consequently, the ' rograin for devej opulent
of nitrogen oxide control technology for stationary sources is
oriented toward combustion sources. Particular emphasis is placed
on coal combustion in utility and industrial boilers. Objectives
for short-term solution of this problem include minimization of
nitrogen oxide emissions via combustion modifications, identifi-
cation of combustors with inherently low NO, emissions, and
development of flue gas cleaning methods. Primary effort is
being exerted toward achieving the first of the objectives. At
the present time, the most promising techniques for control of
stationary combustion sources appear to be low excess air firing,
flue gas recirculation, staged or off-stoi_chiometric combustion,
and c.ombus.tor re-design. The state-of-the-art in combustion
modification is presented in Section 4.0 of this document.
Research in fundamental chemistry of NOx formation is reviewed
.in Section 2.0, and the next section briefly describes the
current state of progress in clean fuel technology. In Section
5.0, flue gas cleaning methods are presented.
The majority of information contained in this paper
was obtained from two recent documents prepared by the Control
Systems I,al~oratory, Na'tioi~I Environmental Research Center,
U. S. Environmental Protection A ency. This group is responsible
for research, development, and demonstration of processes and
equipment required. to control air pollution emissions from
stationary sources.
Approved For Release 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000800030017-9
 Approved For Rase 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798A800030017-9
2.0 CHEMISTRY OF NITROGEN OXIDES FORMATION AND
DESTRUCTION
Fundamental. combustion research studies have been
'undertaken to define the chemistry and physics of pollutant for-
mation in combustion systems. The results obtained from small-
scale, idealized combustion systems provide the fundamental
understanding necessary to develop optimum NOx control tech-
nology for larger scale application. There are three categories
of these basic studies: chemistry of pollutant formation; aero-
dynamics or physical. factors affecting pollutant formation; and
mathematical simulation of pollutant formation in combustion
systems.
NOx may be formed during fuel combustion by fixation
of atmospheric nitrogen (thermal NO.) and/or oxidation of fuel-
bound nitrogen. The chemistry of-thermal.NO, formation may be.
described by the Zeldovitch reaction mechanism by which atomic
oxygen reacts with molecular nitrogen to produce nitric oxide
plus atomic nitrogen. This reaction has a high activation.energy,.
and, consequently, is highly temperature dependent. Availability.
of atomic oxygen formed during high temperature combustion also
must be considered. A second NO producing reaction consumes
molecular oxygen and atomic nitrogen which is produced as a by-
product of the first reaction. Rate constants for these and
other reactions have been evaluated and experimental confirmation
of the mechanism and kinetics is underway.
The second source of NO, is conversion of nitrogen
chemically bound in most solid and liquid fossil fuels. The
mechanisms and chemistry involved are tinder investigation. The
results published to date indicate that this chemistry is rela-
tively independent of temperature and that 50% of bound N
Approved For Release 2001/08/27.-: ;CIA-RDP79-00798A000800030017-9
 Approved For Rase 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798AQW00030017-9
is converted to NO while the remainder is converted primarily to
nitrogen although other products may be formed. The degree of
conversion to NO depends on available oxygen;.thus NO formation
can be reduced by combustion in a fuel-rich atmosphere. Experimental
decomposition ..studies of ..selected pure N-conta-ining:-compounds':have?-
shown that below 1000?C organic nitriles are formed as inter-
mediates, while HCN results at temperatures above 1000?C. The
major combustion product of heavy fuel oil is HCN while that
of coal has not yet been determined, A second phase of this
study will emphasize conversion of these primary decomposition
products to nitrogen oxides.
Another related topic is the chemical reduction of
NO, in fuel-rich regions of the flame. Oxides of fuel-bound
nitrogen are the pollutants under consideration here since ther-
mal NO, is minimized by control techniques in a fuel-rich atmo-
sphere. Studies are in progress to define the chemistry of this
type of reaction and to assess the applicability of catalysts to
this phenomenon.,
The physical phenomena involved in pollutant formation
determine the actual conditions which exist within the flame
zone. This zone is typically not of hobo ,`neous composition,
since in most burners fuel and air enter separately and mixing
occurs within as a function of burner design. In one study the
flow.
field-propon7tie's'.ate, .being inveS?tigateYt' 'In 811 .ide'al 8 ii,
burner combustor as a function of fuel and air inlet paramieters.
In an earlier program the relationship between flame quenching
and NOx formation was studied. Another EPA-funded experimental
program is now underway to establish the role of flame inter-
actions in multiple burner designs.
Approved For Release 2001/08/27.; CIA-RDP79-00798A000800030017-9
 Approved For Rsiatse 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798AQ 800030017-9
Several programs involving mathematical simulation
of pollutant formation in combustion systems have been funded
by EPA in recent years. The goal is to develop a general model,
for the chemical. and physical processes of combustion based on
results 'obtained from experimental: Studies. In bne stYdh' study
a computer technique is being developed to evaluate kinetics
of numerous simultaneous combustion reactions and to screen the
reaction set to determine key reactions. Presently, the model
incorporates two simplified flow fields, the stream tube and
the well-stirred reactor. Also under development is a computer
code for rigorous solution of the Navier-Stokes flow equations
and, in a separate study, the transition state theory for esti-
Ynatin.g kinetic rate constants.
In a related area of fundamental research, in-house
work conducted by the Control Systems Laboratory is currently
centered around comb.ustio.n..and . emission characteristics of. uincon~
ventional fuels of potential future importance, e.g., methanol.
Equipment available on-site to conduct these studies includes a
versatile 300,000 BTU per hour. experimental. furnace with pro-
vision for precise control of combustion parameters. The ap-
paratus can, also be. empl.o.yed. to :.study., combustion.modf.ication.......,,
techniques in a variety of app_l_ications.
Approved For Release 2001/08/27 `s CIA-RDP79-00798A000800030017-9
 Approved For Release 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798AW800030017-9
3.0 CLEAN FUELS
Most of the emphasis in clean fuel technology has
been on development of desulfuti ation and deashing. processes.
:.Reducing the nitrogen conten.t..of., fuels. has ..received relative-ly.
little attention as a means of NO, control.
Studies on coal composition and treatment relevant
to potential nitrogen pollutants include surveys of chemical
analyses for sulfur, nitrogen, and other species present in
U. S. coals. Characterization of effluent and process streams
in coal cleaning processes is being carried out to determine the
fate of potential pollutants. In addition, high versus low
temperature cleanup of raw fuel gas is being evaluated specifi-
cally for NOx control.
For oil, again a survey of reported data describing
fuel- compositions is being conducted. For high nitrogen oils
a research project is in progress dealing with the kinetics of
simultaneous hydrodesulfuri.ation and hydrodenitrogena.tion of
liquid-fuels. Of interest are the condition's under which the
two types of reactions are mutually competitive or beneficial..
The', i suIt's of' this study may n ve futui-c application to the
production of clean fuels from coal or shale oil.
Approved For Release 2001/08/27 CIA-RDP79-00798A000800030017-9
 Approved For Rl ase 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798Ai9800030017-9
4.0 COMBUSTION MODIFICATIONS
The chief thrust of NOx control technology has been
made in this area. The most promising combustion modification
techniques include low excess air firing, flue gas recirculation,
staged combustion, and combustor redesign. To-date, application
of these techniques to gas and oil-fired utility boilers has
reduced NOx emissions to levels as low as 70 ppm in some cases.
In a 1970 field study it was found that, in general, 50-607
reduction can be achieved with gas- and oil--fired boilers.
Application. of these modifications to coal-fired boilers was
less successful; operating problems resulted and less efficient
NOS reduction was achieved. Some short-term tests resulted in
up to 50% reduction. Coal-fired units have since been emphasized,
however, in current and future programs for NOx control. Reduc-
tion of excess air level and staging combustion resulted in an
average '0-50% reduction for a number of coal-fired boilers
ec n l_ tea (:d.i,. ,. r r 9 r
e , a and f
t t of a1`I types of bo le rt - ruryiac
design modifications have produced widely varying results in
N?x emissions. In
general, however, tangential firing results
in'.. lowest pollutant : emission : iit %both contro-iled and 'uncontrolled
cases. Table I presents ran ges of NO emi s signs .typical of
x
va.ri_ous. types ? of utility. boilers:- at full... and... reduced..1.oads,..with
and without combustion modifications, as compiled by Berkau
(Ref. 1).
Overview of Modification Methods
A brief overview of the most important combustion modi-
ficat_l.ons is presented below. A brief cost analysis is also
Included. Table 11 presents a summary of estimated investment
costs for each technique newly installed as a function of fuel
and plant size. The followinP load factors were used as the
basis for these estimates:
Approved For Release 2001/08/27: CIA-RDP79-00798A000800030017-9
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Bode-- Site I, f?) Annual Operation hrs)
750 and 1000 6120
%C)0 5620
250 3942
120 . .1 .... ..,. 21.g?.
Operating with low or minimum excess air has been
practiced alone or in combination with other techniques in
gas- and oil-fired utilities since the early 1960`s. Applica-
tion to coal-fired units is more complex, however. Up to 35%
reduction in. NOx can be achieved on gas- and oil-fired boilers,
and 49% reduction has been demonstrated on a commercial, tan-
gentially-fired coal boiler (Ref. 1). The use of this technique
is reported to increase boiler efficiency by 0.5-2% and even
reduce maintenance and operating costs. While reductions in NO,
emissions as high as 70% have been observed in pilot. scale coal--
.i:rod~ . n t:::s,..:tie areduc~ti.on .: have b?e~-i aec: ~iil~ died :;y're l is iTo is
carbon conversion efficiencies from 99.5% (20% excess air) to
96.2% (2% excess eir) (Re'f. 3) .
Staged combustion and off-stoichiometric firing; are
similar techniques. The. first involves burner operation with
90-95% of stoichiometric air admitted through the burners with
the balance through "1\O ports" located above the burners. The
second modification involves firing lower sets of burners fuel.-
rich and 'upper burners fuel-lean or with air only. N,nis'sions
from =as-fired boilers have been reduced up to 72% with either.
~r, both of these techniques. Oil-fired units have achieved up
to }51. reduction. Results from coal.-burning units are in the
area of 60% reduction, and are independent of firing method.
~ec'enr tests with :.n experimental coal--fired unit resulted in
50% reduction with very l-i tt;le loss in carbon. conversion
",I- J cicrt :v over convent-icnal comrahu,,tion. Sta.c'ed combustion in
Approved For Release 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798A000800030017-9
 Approved For tease 2001/08/27 : CIA-RDP79-00798AW0800030017-9
combination with low excess air operation is the most common
combustion modification employed.
Flue gas recirculation has been practiced for temperature
control during reduced load operation for over twenty years.
More..a?ecently ;it, has 'been. fdun'd effective :for redu.cin thermal
130 as much as 70% for gas- and 50% for oil-fired units.
Approximately 50% reduction of emissions from an experimental
coal-fired boiler under conditions of 30% flue gas recircula-
tion was recently reported (Ref. 3). However, significant
reduction in carbon combustion efficiency was also observed.
Investment costs for this modification are higher than for other
techniques. Costs are expected to be particularly high in applica-
tion to coal-fired boilers because of anticipated ash and slagging
problems.
The effectiveness of water injection as a thermal NO,
ceint: cal hoc h itl e ''is du?~ tc . I-ame temj)e :reduct'16--ii". ..This..
method is especially applicable to gas-fired units equipped for
:standby oil-firing since the oil atomizers serve as convenient.
~ater_ injectors While great h1Ox reductions have been.,. reported,
._.(67% for..250 MW, gas-fired, nit.).,.-.loss. in boiler. efficiency .is. a
. re.l.ated of fect..(l' 6%) .
Current. Studies for Development of Combustion
Modification Technol.o? V
Results, of 1d3boratory-_, pilot.-, and commercial- cale
t_6sts are being; used to develop combustion modification technology.
Several studies have been conducted to determine base-line NO,
emissions from uncontrolled combustion units fired by fossil fuels.
The effects of various combustion parameters for NO emissions have
bairn i.nvesti_gated on all levels. From these results, combustion
modification techniques were evaluated and the most promisin ; ones
i~rci aI units
?.7 .-.a (,'117 ?-E'aL!.V iJ