POSSIBLE GUIDED MISSILE TESTING AND TRAINING RANGES IN COMMUNIST CHINA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01009A002200010010-6
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 33
• Document Creation Date: November 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 14, 2000
• Sequence Number: 10
• Publication Date: October 1, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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Copy No. 5
GEOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
POSSIBLE GUIDED MISSILE TESTING AND TRAINING RANGES
IN COMMUNIST CHINA
CIA/RR-GR-198
October 1958
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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opy No.
POSSIBLE RIMED MISSILE; ItILSTING AND TRAINING RANGES
CO.VNITNIST
A.AlEE-31t -198
r)f-rtober 1958
IL ACitliUY
V1t o. eauu itep01-48
,
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sin
'251111LaF CIPMPTS.
I.
It.
Introduction . ???908606?090?0?0000??6
Criteria for Delimitation of Gaided-Missile Range Areas 0 ?
A. Distance Fran a Non-Bloc Country . 00000.00.000
B. Population Density v OOOOOO . 0 0 0 . ? 0
1
2
3
3
C0. Logistics . 000 960??00000 60.1801.
4
D.
Length of Range , 0001.10?0?600006CO0C
5
E.
Terrain 80000?0?60061600000???6
5
F.
Climate ,... ???00000000060.0
6
rau
delected 1,100-Mile Ranges ? 00006.06.601?0
7
A.
Range 10S-1'; Northern Ordos Desert . ?.? 0 0 .....
8
16
Range- I-21; Southwestern Ordos Desert . ....... .
10
C.
Range IMS-3t Chi-ning Area . . 00090000.00.0
12
D.
Ranga 1NS-4: An-hsi Area ? . 000000000000110
14
E.
Range n43.5", Wu-Bu Area . ? ? ? 0 0 ? . a 0 0 .... ,
16
IV.
Selected 700-M11e Ranges . . . . ?06?0000600???
16
AW
Range MS-1: Ordos Desert . ? . * . 6000000000 9
17
Bk,
Range NS-2t An-bsi Area 0 . yoga goo oeoom9 0
17
C,
Ranges MS-3. opold MS-4I Uniu-ch*uan Area . 000
17
V.
0 10
? 6 0 8 6
Selected 40045ile Ranges. . . 0 . . . . * .
18
A.
Range S-1: Wortern Ordos Desert 008 6060000.
18
B.
...... 0 . . . . .
Range S-2: Wu-wei Area. . . . .
19
C.
Range S-3: Chi -fling Area . . . ? . ? n . n g.3...4 8 8 V
19
D.
Range 8-4: Chang-yeh Area . .. 0 . . 0 ... 00000
19
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Z. Ranges S-5 and 8-6: An-hsi Area
20
VI. Impact Area for Extension of the Kepustin Yar Ranges . 20
VII. Summary . ? ? ? ? ? ? OOOOOOOOOO ? ? ?
21
MAPS FOLLOWING PAGE 23
Communist China: East-West Intermediate Missile Ranges
Communist China: West-East MiBsile Rangy
Extension of ...Tar Rang!
2
Communist China: Msdium.Missile Rangss 3
Communist China: Short M.1aaileRaz 4
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POSSIBLE GUIDED MISSILETIZTING AHD TRAINIHG RANGES
IN COMMUNIST CHINA
I. Introduction
The purpose of this study is to determine the most feasible
locations for guidedsmissile-testing and operational-training ranges
within the borders of Communist China. Possible range locations have
been selected through analysis of the geographic conditions which have
a bearing on the technieal criterial established for ICBM and /RBM
testing ranges scaled down to fit the operational training an0
testing needs of ballistic missiles of 400-, 700-, and 1,000-milo
range.
Among the considerations that will affect the development of
missile testing and training ranges in Canmunist China are: (1) limitations
to the scope of assistance that the Soviets are willing and able to over
the Chinese in the form of equipment, instrumentation, and technieal
personnel ;(2) the capability of the Chinese to eupport guided-missile
activity logistically and technically; and (3) the strategic and tactical
urgency of a guided-missile program. With these considerations in, mind;
it is assumed that at least three choices may be available to the
Chinese Communists in the field of guided-missile activity. They are:
Cate 1. Testinuand trals4Ang_with,! wide selection orthe
family of Soviet guided missiles in the short- medium- and
intermediate7range_catmories. Training with surtace-to-air and
air-to-air missiles will require only adequate space at the launching
points, whereas a range length of 1,000 to 1,100 nautical miles, with
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a. possibility of extension to 1,600 miles, will probably be
reqpired for IRBM's. It is further assumed that short or medium
ranges will be establidhed initially, with plans for their subsequent
development into intermediate ranges.
Case 2. Testing and training with Short- and medium-range
missiles. Such operations will require launching facilities similar.
to those for minimum-range missiles; but the maximum length of
range will be 700 nautical miles rather than the 10000 or 1,600
miles required for MBA's. It is also assumed that no extension of
facilities to include intermediate distances is planned.
Case 3. 1.1Elj4113-92151trainin4 witAliel.en:MS212.141111.12e
Operations will require a maximum length of only 400 nautieal milee,
with no extenuion beyond this limit.
For the purposes of this report, it is also assumed that: (1) The
range facilities required for teating and training with surface-to-air,
air-to-air, or air-to-surface missiles is so minimal as to preclude any
effective determination of feasible range locations through geographic
anelysis; (2) ICBM testing and training is presently beyond the
capabilities of the Chinese Communists; and (3) because the Soviets may
wish to extend the Kapustin Yar range to a meerieum extensibility of 2,000
nautical miles9 en evaluation of the probable impact area for each an
extended range ',Should be considered.
II. pritqi_a_for Delimitation of SuitableGuided-Mi811e Range _Are_as
A regional analysis of Communist China againat the yardstick of
the various pertieiit criteria permits a tentative delimitation of the
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areas suitable for 400-, 700-0 and 1,100emile ranges. The criteria
considered, and their effect on the selection of ranges, are discussed belove
A, Distance From a Bon-Bloc ColetEx
The criteria established specify that guided-missile launching and
impact areas be loeated at least 400 to 500 miles fram the eearest
non-Bloc observation areas. The parts of China that lie within 400 miles
of Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Laos, Hong Konee,
Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan are shown on the accompanying maps.
Although distance alone tentatively eliminates large parts of Communist
China, most of the areas thus eliminated would also be unsuitable on
other grounds.. Of the ranges selected in this study, those with impact
areas in the Tarim Basin are the only ones that might be affected by the
distance criteria.
B. Population Density
Launching and impact areas must be located where population is sparse.
For security reasons as well as because of the high hazard to population
within 25 miles of the launching area and within 125 miles of the impact
area, range facilities will probably not be located in areas with
population densities greater than 25 persces per square kilometer (65 pereons
per square mile). On the accompanying maps, areas with densities of more
:1)n-, 50 and between 10 end 50 persons per square kilometer are delineated.
Little attention has been given to the question of population hazards in
first-stage booster impact areas down range fram launching points, since
it is considered unlikely that the Chinese will launch ICBM's.
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The logistic requirements for possible missile ranges impose further
limitations on the location of feasible launching sites and impact areas.
It is probable that launching facilities of any type would have to be
located within 50 or 100 miles of an existing rail line. The areas
within 100 miles of existing rail lines shown on the accompanying maps
indicates the limits set by transportation on the selection of areas in
guided-missile launching sites might be located. The site should also
have access to supplies of missiles, auxiliary equipment, missile
components, fuels, and instrumentation components by aurfaced roads and
airfields as well as railroads. Roads and airfields, however, can be
constructed as needed if terrain is suitable. Although telecommunications
lines with existing land lines would be desirable, radio connections could
be developed as the need arises. It is further assumed that a launching
site vill require a supply of fresh water sufficient for 20000 to 10,000
persona (including water for technical purposes) within a distance of 25
kilemeters. The logistic reqpirements for impact areas are less
restrictive e- reasonably good accessibility, an airfield, and facilities
to care for 100 to 400 pereone.
Since all but a small fraction of a Chinese Communist missile
p ogram would depend upon supplies from Soviet stockpiles of missile
components and fuels, the original nources of supply need not enter into
the selection of ranges. Because Chinese missile sub-assembly points
-will probably be located in Berth China or Marehurian industrial areas,
launching sites in the east would be nearer to the immediate source of
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sapply. The sparsity of the traneportation net and the lack of reliable
supplies of fresh water in most parts of arid western China further
restricts the possible locations for guidedemissile launching sites.
Shortage of fresh water presents a major problem throughout the
steppe and desert areas of China. The need for sufficient water to
supply a staff of 2,000 to 10,000 persons restricts the location of
launch sites almost exclusively to areas near large rivers where
adequate surface or ground water would be available at all seasons.
Itsa...9.f.2221E
The Malt= length of range that may be rewired tor MEM proof
testing is 1,600 miles. For training, however, ranges longer than
1,100 miles probably will not be aeceesary. The minimum length of
range for short range ballistic missile testing and training is assumed
to be 400. miles. Rangers of these lengths, combined with logistic requirements,
cen be found only in the deserts and steppes of Inner Mongolia, Kamm, and
Sinkiang south of the Chinese-Mongolian border. (See Maps 1 and 2).
E. Terrain
A launch site for aurface-to-aurface missiles will probably be
located in an area of relatively flat terrain, since rugged mountains or
deep valleys would hamper the development of the extensive facilities needed.
It is essential that the conseruction of spur rail lines aad roads beteven
the launching site and existing rail facilities 'should not be obstructed
by major terrain obstacles. Terrain in the launching area should also
be auitable for the construction of an airfield and Should be trafficable
by tracked vehicles throughout the year.
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S.
In general the steppes and deserts along the Chinese-Mongolian
border have the terrain best suited to the development of guided-missile
ranges. As indicated by the accompanying maps, the only other extensive
areas of level terrain are the densely populated North China and
Manchurian Plaine. The remainder of the country is eliminated tram
consideration because or rugged mountains, eroded plateaus, steep
hills, and narrow river valleys. In the Ehingan Mountains in northern
Manchuria and the Tsinling Shan in Central China, the dense forest cover
would constitute a fire hazard. In the deserts, extensive stretches of
sand or salt marsh would hinder vehicular traffic. The steppes and
deserts, nevertheless, have wide expanses of relatively level, treeless
land with only short-grass or brush vegetation, which provide the sites
best suited to missile ranges.
F. Climate
The climatic factors most important in the selection of a possible
guided-missile launching site include temperature, preeipitation? winds,
surface visibility, and cloud cover. For missile operations, the steppe
and desert areas south of the China-Mongolian border have the most favorable
combination of climatic conditions. The climate of the Tarim and Dzungarian
Basins in Sinkiang is less favorable.
Total annual precipitation averages from 8 to 16 inches on the
steppes northwest of Peiping and along the Yellow River floodplain;
an the adjacent desert areas the rainfall is even lover -- 3 to 5 inches.
In Sinkiango farther west, precipitation is generally low in the south,
less than 3 inches per year, and higher in the Dzungarian Basin of northern
SinMang -- about 10 or 12 inches. In Inner Mongolia and in southern
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Sinkiang, the snow cover either evaporates or is blown into depressions.
In the Dzungarian Bain ? however, a light snow cover may persist more
than 6 months.
Temperatures in the steppe an desert areaa have extreme diurnal
and annual variations, with maximum summer temperatures reaching to
100?F and minimum winter temperatures as low as -30?F. Although
frostbite in the winter and heatstroke in the summer are hazards to
personnel, precautionary measures can be taken to counteract them.
Missile launching operations are more likely to be affected by
wind than by any other climatic condition. In both Inner Mongolia and
Sinkiang, winds are light to moderate most of the year. Winds of gale
force (over 32 miles per hour), however, occur locally during spring
and early summer, partieularly in Sinkiang. Violent duststorms and
eandstorms usually accompany high winds and limit visibility to several
hundred yards. The haze following duststorms may reduce visibility to
between 2 and 6 miles for as many as 5 to 15 days a month during the
spring and early summer on the Thter Mbngolian steppes and deserts.
In January, skies of Inner Moneolia are cloudy 24 to 26 percent of the
time as compared with /! to 48 percent in Sinkiang. In July,
e:unuitions are reveraed and s Qs ale eloady a higher percentage of the
Umr,1 in the east (48 to 58 percent) than in the west (40 percent).
a-e. Selected lz1007,exile Rangss
On the basIs uf geographic eauditionz and previously defined range
eriteria? the following areas ere selected es possible launching and
impact areas for operateenal training and the testing of 400-, 700-, and
1,100-mile missiles.
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The eelections include only those areas le which the shorter
ranges can be extended by range increments of the present Soviet
micsile family to a maximum of 1,100 nautical miles. Where
eurther extension of the range to 1,600 miles is feasible, the
conditions of extensibility are defined. In the followirg paragraphs
he five selectei multiple-purpose ranges are discussed in order of
feasibility (see Maps 1 and 2).
Ple&ue I4S-1:* Northern Ordos eesert
Tl, northern Ordos Deserb conform more aeariy to ail the
..?eeeet.ons for 1,100-mile ranGc head ttan any other area in Itiner Mongolia
or Sinkiang. In evaluating the range Utiotiwa4u1 from a launching
eete, the relative advantr_ges and dieadvantagee of the basic 70-mile
enge eud imetrumentation point, en4i the 1W-, Iwo-, 7ou-,
1rd 1 600-mile increments were taken into consideration.
For Range IMS-1, the Jena ng area 1a located in the northern
oedos lesert on the southern baic.oi the Yellow tamer oppokdte Pao-toup
utthin a region or ahort-grass stegpe and tiesert. for most et this area
-;he population deasity varies :,rom 1 to it" persons per square kilometer
it extensive stretches have virtually no population and a _Lew
'ocelities have from 35 to persons per sauare kilometer. One a the
eejor advantages oi the Northern Ordos 1;esert area is its location
A,ative to rail transportation and telecomalunicaUons line8. ins rail
guided missile ranges selected tor this study are
lentified on the Mapti 29 anl h by regional or olie. name and by
aumber with a letter prefix indicating the type of range. "IMS" signifies
171 1400-mile range Atli 700- and 400-mi1e increments; "MS" denotee
e eaege ei-ue inaTcmchts; "P" stands for a
;7./13.-mile range.
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line connecting Pao-t'ou with C]1-ning (the change-point between the
Russian broad-gauge Trans-Mongolian line and the standardegauge
Peiping--Pao-t'ou line) passes within 15 to 20 miles of the area,.
The Yellow River is the only terrain ohetacle likely to hamper
the conztruction of spur lines from Pao-Von to the launehing area for
the transport of missiles and supplies either fram the USSR or from the
Peiping area. The brideeng of the Yellow River (130-830 meters wide and
averaging 3 meters deep at Pao-t'ou), however, meght be regeired to
provide access to the launchine area. The flat or gently rolling
terrain, short-graes vegetation, and stable steppe soils would facilitate
the construction of service roads, launching facilitiee? and airfields.
The dry climate is favorable for launchings during most of the year but
duststorms and strong winds might require the suspension of operations
on as many as 100 days a year, especially duriag the ppring and early
summer. Cloudy skies wou/d hamper launching operations during less
than 30 percent of the time in winter and less than 50 percent of the
time in aumner. Launching operations are likely to be scheduled later
than October, when the weather is most stable and akies are clear.
A nether of suitable launching points are available within the
northern Ordos Desert launching area, all of them within feasible
diatance of water supply end transportation. A variation of 150 miles
in the location of the launching point along the axis of the range
would be possible without increaaing the distance from water-supply
end trateportation facilities. The most likely orientation of a missile
range tram the northern Ordos Desert is nearly due west, extending from
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the vicinity of Pao-t ou westward past Semi and An-hsi. From a point
south of Pao.t'ou; the impact and instrumentation areas of both the
70..mile and the 150-mile ranges would be accessible by railroad spurs
or roads, The 4:00-mi1e ippEet areal however; is located in a region of
sand dunes In the Ala Shan Desert. This might complicate the establishment
of instrumentatioa and personnel facilities; and access to the facilities
might be difficult. The 700-mile impact area falls in the tsin Go).
(0.chi-na Bo) area; which has aa adevate water supply and access to
the rail transportatioa in the Kansu Corridor. The 14100-mi1e *pact
area falls in the dune areas of the Takla Makan Desert. The maintenance
of raage instrumentation facilities and access to this impact area even
b, tradkedvehicles may be complicated by sand. dunes. Extension of
Range IIIMS-1 to 12600 miles is possible; but the impact area would fall
within 50 or 75 miles of the Afghanistan and Kanamir borders -- in either
Kashgar-Yarkand area or in the mountains bordering the Tarim Basin on
the west.
Rpilgej0?72: SoutbwEatern,Orqos Desert
The southwestern Ordos Desert launchima area is located on the east
beak of the Yellow Elver and extends into the desert for 100 miles
east of Yin-chluan. Although the area has ninny of the same tharatteristics
as the northern Ordos Desert; it has more disadvantages. The desert is
virtually uninhabited; but the range would cross densely populated
agricultural country along the floodplain of the Yellow River in the
vicinity ofyin-chauna. The launching area is well located with respect
towater supply and transportation; but; in order to provide for
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testing and training, the launching facilities for 400-m11e missiles would
have to be located from 50 to 75 miles east of the Yellow River, the
nearest water supply. Fresh water would be available from the Yellow River
at Yin-ch'uan? but there ie virtually no ground water at all in the desert.
The launching areas is well located with respect to probable sources of
eupply for missiles, fuel, and equipment. Rail connections through Lanchow
lead to Sian and the North China Plain, and the newly completed rail line
following the Yellow River connects Yin-ch'uah with Lan-chou and the
Trans-Mongolian Railroad at Chi-ning. A wire line follows the railroad
and has connections with Pao-t'ou? Yin-ch'uan, and Lan-chou. The construction
of a railroad spur to the launching area, however, would require the bridgiag
of the 170- to 30500-moter-eide Yellow River near Yin-chtuan! The only
alteraative eauld'be the building of a branch along the east bee& of the
river from a erossing 7, miles to the north. The southwestern part of
the Ordos Desert is traversed by the regularly scheduled alr routes from
Peiping to Sinkiang.
The southwestern Ordos Desert has terrain similar to that in the north.
Most of the launching area ia level or gently undulating graselande with
mime fixed dunes bordering the Yellow River. Climatic conditions in
the two areas are also similar. In the southwest, atrong wimple (up to
30 miles per hour) and aecompenying duststorms would hamper operations
Lor as mem' as 90 days a years especially during the spring and early
summer.
For the extension of a southern Ordos Desert =age to a 1,100-mi1e
maxima% the launch site would have to be located as far east of the
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Yellow River as poasible. Missiles would be directed nerthwestward over
Yin-ch'inan and the Ale Shan Desert, past Chluech'uan and Hemi, and into
the Dmungarlan Basin. Xtension of the range to 1,600, miles would
place the impact area within the USSR. The chief advantages of the
Southern Ordos Desert Ranee are that (1) adequate space is available for
Short rangea of less than 50 miles and for adequate spacing of launching
facilities; (2) the 150e? WO-, and 1,100e4n11e Impact areas fall in open
desert areas; (3) the 44,10- and 1,100-m11e impact areas are easily accessible
If tracked vehicles are used; end (4) the range, up to 1,100 nautical miles,
fails entirely within. Communist China. The major disadvantages of the
range are that (1) the maximum extension of the range within Communist
China places the 1,100-mile impact area in the mountains bordering the
USSR; (2) the 700-mile impact area falls astride an outlier of the
Tien Shan north of An-hsi, where mountainous terrain reduces acceasibility
and presents problems in the setting up of .instrumentation facilities;
(3) the 150-mile impact area falls in a sand dune section of the Ala
Shan Desert, making access by tracked vehicles difficult and complicating
the problems of setting up range and instrumentation facilities; and (4)
the range crosses the 3,000-meter-high Ala Shan Mountains at a distance
of about 100 miles from the launehing point.
C, 214.1a10_11e7.11.2112NiAME
The Cheemeg launching area is located about 150 miles northwest of
Peiping in the graesland steppes or Inner Mongolia. Despite its
proximity to Peiping, the population density of most of the area is less
than 10 persona per square kilometer. The area was chosen beeauee it
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is possible to extend the range to a maximum distance of 1,600 miles into
western Sinkiang. The location of the launching area near the Russian
brood-gauge railroad connecting Chi-ning with the Trane-Siberian
Railroad would facilitate the transport of missile components and feel.
The chief disadvantage of the area is a Shortage of water. The only
continuous supply of fresh water is the Yellow River, more than 100
miles to the southwest.
The area consists of level to gently rolling steppe land dotted
with occasional swamps or marehes. In constructing spars from the nearby
railroad, few if agy terrain obstructions would be eacountered. Well
water is available intermittently, but groundrmater supplies may dry up
during the summer and freeze duriag the winter. Trafficability is good
for traodeNi vehicles during most of the year and for Wheeled vehicles
during part of the year. Soft oundl however, might hamper cross-country
movement after rainy epells in the spring and early summer. As in the
northern Ordos Desert area, winters are cold, dry, and clear, Summers
are hot and cloady. Precipitation is higher than in the Ordos Desert
but averages less than 16 inches a year. Skies are cloudy between 50 and
70 percent of the time during the summer.
A range from the Chi-ning area could be extended westward 1,600 miles
to the western end of the Tarim Basin. Facilities and instrumentation for
launching mlseiles of 400-, 700-, and 1,100-mile range could be located
aiong the Chi-ning--Ulan Bator railroad., The impact area of the
150-mile range mould lie 25 to 50 miles north of Pai-yun-o-pol the
terminal point of a branch rail line from Pao-t'ou. The impact point
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400 mdles down range tram the Chi-ning area falls In the Mongolian Gobi.
Although the terrain here is suitable for impact area facilities and the
site ie accessible fraM Chinsl most of the impact area is on the Outer
Mongolian side of the. border. The 700-mile impact area is located in
an area of low mounteins and desert about 100 miles north of Chluech'uan.
Although -the impact area is accessible by tracked vehicles, supplies
and water for range personnel would. have to be transported from
Chiu-ch'uan.or from the 0-chi-na Ho (tin Gol) area to the east. The
11100-mile ippact area falls in the viol:I-My of Lop No in the eastera
Tarim Basin. Near the Tarim River, eupplies of water should be
adequate for range-operating personnel, and sites suitable for range
Zacilities and an airfield are probably available. Traffieability,
however, -would be difficult in areas of Shifting sands salt sweep,
and -- just south of the Turfan Depression -- sharply eroded mountains.
The extension of the maga to 1,600 milea places -the impact area in the
eieinity of Kbotan? Yarkaad, and Kaahgar. Despite the proximity of the
teoact area to these towna, the establishment and maintenance of range
:fteilities might be difficult because of the Shifting aand dunes in the
western Takla Makan Desert. Amore feaeible range of 1,500 miles might be
established, with its impact area along the Nhotan Darya. Here
moderate supplies of river water are available during summer months,
but the amount or water available in winter has not been determined.
De Range le6-4:
,Aa-114i Aroa
A poasible launching area ioe ee 1,100-mlle range with an approximate
eljf, orleataGium ic lecated about 50 miles west or An-bsi. Adequate apace
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for launching facilities is available in the virtually uninhabited
desert plains adjacent to the Su-lo HO, and the area is within 50
or 60 miles of the Northwest Railroad. The rail line is, however'9 the
only surface transportation link between the launching area and eastern
China -- connecting eastern Sinkiang with Lan-chous Pao-t'ou, and Chi-ning.
The completion of the railroad across Sinkiang (scheduled for 1960)?
will connect An-hsi with Soviet rail lines in the Lake Balkhaah area.
Adequate supplies of fresh water are available tram the Suelo Ho:
which is adjacent to the launching area. Trafficability of the area
for tracked vehicles is good throughout the year. Most climatic
conditions. are favorable for missile-launching operations, the
weather being either cold and dry or hot and dry. Cloudy days are few.
Visibility may be greatly reduced, however, by sandstorms, duststorms?
and dust hate, especially during the epring. Windstorms of high velocity
may occur at any time during the yeax., but perticularly in the winter.
An 11100-mile range in the An-bat area would probably be restricted to
en Xlit orientation -because of the high Nan Shan mountains to the
south and the proximity of the Outer Mongolian border on the north. It
is asaumed that mieeile overflights of Outer Mongolia would be permissible,
but that Chinese Commenists 'woul4 prefer to confine impact areaa to Chlueee
territory inaofar as possible. The chief disadvantages of the An-bei area
are that the tepact areas of the iloo- and 700-mi1e ranges art located
within. Outer Mongolia. Both of theso impact areas are reasonably aacezsible,,
but water supplies are uncerteia in the central Gobi Desert. The
ampact area falls within Chinese territory, partly in rolling
- 1, -
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steppe land and partly in the low, barren Greater Hsingan Mountains. The
70- and 150-mi1e impact areas lie in the desert in the vicinity of
An-hsi and Ydmen-hsien. Adequate space is available for 400-mile testing
and training facilities and for impact-area facilities. In all impact
areas, population densities are low.
E. Ranfif_IMS-21.! Wu-au Area
On the contingency that the construction of a rail line linking
Urumchi with the Soviet rail net at Aktogay will be completed within the
next 2 years, a possible missile range WNW of Urumehi has been selected,
The site has less favorable climatic conditions for missile-launching
operations than the other 1,100-mile ranges selected, but the terrain is
adequate for launching facilitiea, airfields, tree roads. The elignment
of the range so as to fell within Chinese territory insofar as possible
requires that the range parallel the northern elope of the highs rugged
Tien Shan and cross an outlier of the Tien Shan at the 400-mile impact
area, At the 700- and 1,100-mile impact areas, however terrains climatic'
and logistic conditions for range facilities are good.
/IL Selected 7004Ile Ranges
In addition t the 700-mile sectors of the 5 1400-mile rene.s select in the
drelrious ;K:.;;;ono 4 other ranges have been eeiected as feasible from
the noint eif view of launching and impact areas for700-mile missile testing and
operational training eangee. The 700-mi1e ranges (Jb.x.,tfld also include segme7-''.
suetable for 400-mi1e ra1.0 orteoria. Other launching areas and range
orientations are feesible from the stendpoint of tho geographic
conditions and range eriteria, but they are not included because one or
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more impact areas would fall within the territory of Outer Mongolia.
Still others are not included because their orientations closely approximate
those of 1,100-aile ranges already considered in Section III. The following
700-m11e ranges are discussed in order of feasibility (see May 3).
A. Ranee MS-1: Ordos Desert
The 700-mile range shown on Map 3 is selected as a possible range
originating in the southern pert of the Ordos Desert near Yin-el:linen.
The terrala, climatic, and logistic eharacteristics of the area are
similar to those described in Section III-B (p. 10). The impact areas
of the 70- and 150-mile ranges fall within the Ordos Desert and would be
readily accessible by tracked vehicles. The 400-mile impact area lies
northeast of the Trans-Mongolian Railroad in the vicinity of rang-ehiang,
where the terrain is suitable for the establishment of adequate range
facilities. The 700-mile impact area is located in the steppe grass
lands west of the Greater Khingan Mountains in the northern part of the
Inner Mongolian, Autonomous Region.
B. REInge
The launching site for an 700-mile range oriented almost due east could
be located near An-hri. Geographic conditions and logistic problems would
be the same as described for the 1,100-mile range deecribed in Section 111-D
above. The main disadvantage of MS-2 would be the location of its 400-mi1e
Impact area, which would fall in the Ala Shan Desert.
C. Ranges MS-3 and MS-4: Chiu-eh'uan Area
Launching sites for two 700-mile missile ranges could be
located in the Chitt-chluan area of tba Rana,. Corridor, utilizing the
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transportation racilities of the Trans-Sinkiang Railroad. Geographic
and logiatic conditions are similar to those of the An-hsi area (Section
111.D, p. 10. One 700-mile range could be oriented in an ERE direction,
with the 700-mile impact area in the steppe area northeast of Vang-chiang
and the Trans-Mongolian Railroad. The 400-mile impact area would fall
In the steppe northwest of Pao-tiou. Both impact areas would be accessible
by tracked vehicles, and the terrain is adequate for range facilities.
The 150-m11e impact area, however, is located in the Ala Shan Desert,
where access would be more difficult.
The second possible range originating In the Chlu-chluan area is
oriented to the west, with 400- and 700-mile tmpaet areas in the Lop Nor
and Takla Makan Deserts, respectively. The 150-mile impact area would
fall in the vicinity of rti-men-haien? where conditione are suitable for
impact-area facilities. At both the 40o- and 700-mile impact areas,
however ahifting desert aands would complicate the establishment of
range facilities. In the impact areas cm this range, a shortage of water
rarge-cper&irg r,.rsortral eenatitutes e major problem.
Selected 400-1Mile Ranges
Six peasiZla aanges suitable only for 400-mile mles (see Map 4)
supplement the 400-mi1e segments or the 1,100-mile aad 700-mt1e reang$0
previously described. The laulehing areas meet most of the range-selection
eriteria, but extension of the ranges to accomodate other types of missiles
is not practical. The ranges are diacuseed in order of feasibility.
Range S-1; aorthern Ordos Desert
The launching area of this range is Identical to that of the Northern
Ordos Desert 1?100-mi1e ran go toccribed in Section III-A (p. 8). A northeast
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orientation of the range would place the 70- aad 2.50-mile impact areas
in the Yin Shan. Although the mountains are sparsely populated,
movement might be hampered by hilly terrain. The 400-mile impact area
As located in a sparsely populated, short-grass steppe area and 15 readily
accessible by rail and road.
B. 1.22_0_2:31liu-wei Area
The launching area of thia range conforms with all requirements
except that the construction of lauaching facilities, airfields? and
roads may be complicated by patches of swampy or waterlogged land. The
range, with an orientation trending ESEA parallels the Trans-Sinkiang
Rai/road, and the impact areas fall along the borders of the desert.
Accessibility is probably good for tracked vehicles.
C, Range 3:1L1._Chi,-E.LwAyea
This launching area, with a northwest-trending range, meets all
criteria except for a reliable supply of fresh water. The characteristics
OX' the launchang area axe the same as those deeeribed in Section III-C
(p 12). All impact are-s fail within open short-grass steppe terrain
ned are easily accessible by tracked vehicles.
La Range 3-4: Cheae-yeh Area
An area suitable for 400am1le missile launching facilities to located about
10 kilometers north-northwest of Chang-yeh. The launching area has adequate
water sueelien eed zall facilities an meets all other requirements
established. The 70e ana 150-mile impact aress of this range, which bas
aa eastward orientation, would fel] in the Ala Shan Desert, where access
might be hampered by drifting sands. The 400-mile impact area, however is
suitably located on level terrain of the Ordoa Desert west of Yu-lin.
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E. Razamp and S-6: An-hsi Area
Two feasible 400-mile missile launching sites are located in the vicinity of
An-hi and the Su-lo Ho in Kansu. The characteristics of both are aimilar
to those described in Section 111-D (p. 14). One range trends ESE from
An-hail its impact areas falling in desert plains adjacent to the
Trans-Sinkiang Railroad. The second range trends almost due west from
An-hsi and has impact areas in the vicinity of the Su-lo Ho and Tarim
River. The impact areas of both ranges conform adequately to established
criteria, but movement may be hampered by swampy places near the two
rivers.
VI. laRaet Area for Extension of the KgmEtin Yar Raw
Extension of the Kapustin Tar 1,600-mile range to a maximum distance o.
.000 nautical miles would bring its Impact area astride ene Assein Tagh
on the southern border of the Tarim Basin, an area difficult
o. accece. The impact area would be more accessible ef the range were
shortened to 1,900 miles. Although the azimuth could be chenged, the
present orientation of the Kapustin Yar range places the 2,000-mile
impact area where it straddles various types of terrains each of which
pocee a different logist!e. problem. The southwestern eection of the
impact area falls in the complex of mountain ranges bordering the Tarim
and Tsaidam Basin? and the Tibetan Plateau. Ilse mountains -- the Kun
lena Shan and the Astia Tagh -- are rugged, arid, and deeply eroded into
sharp V-shaned ravines and ennyons. Access. to mountele slopea off
established trails or tracks would involve travel along normally dry
wetercourses, where movement would be difficult or nearly impossible.
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Farther to the northeast, movement in the shifting sand dunes along the
northern edge of the mountains or in the salt swamps of the Lop Nor
would also be difficult? even for tracked vehicles. Access to the
deeert areas southwest of Bami, however, Should be reasonably easy.
The terrain here is suitable for range facilities and for an airfield,
but the neareat reliable water suppliee may be located as much as 100
miles from the actual impact area,
VII. Summary
The part of Communist China that is most suitable for the
development of adequate testing and training ranges for ballistic
missiles is a zone south of the Mbngolia-China border stretching from
the Greater Khingan Mountains westward through the Ordos and the Ala Shan
Deserts and the Mum. Corridor to the Tarim and Dzungarian Basins of
Sinkiang. Large are of eastern China had to be eliminated betause the
population was too dense -- more than 25 pereona per sqgare mile.
Southern and southwestern China and Tibet were ruled out because of too
rugged terrain as well as nearness -- less than 500 miles -- to
observation points in countries not within the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
Within the zone suitable for the establiehment of misaile ranges,
the selection of specific ranges was further limited by logistic
considerations, Chiefly aeeess by rail and road and the availability of
adequate water supplieo. The best sites are near the Yellow River and
the rivers of the Kansu Corridor. Of the suitable launching sites, a
large number bad to be discarded because the rangea eminating from them
were not, long enough for the adequate testing of 14100-, 700-, and
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400-mile missiles. The sites remaining were evaluated on the basis of local
geographic conditions, including climate and terrain.
A total of 15 teasible ranges remained. Of these, 5 were suitable
for testing missiles with 1,100-1 700-, and 400-mile ranges; 4 were
suitable for 700- and 400-missiles; and 6 could accommodate only
missiles With 400-mile ranges.
For 1,100-mile missiles (es well as for WO-mile and 100-mile increments),
the range that most nearly meets all requirements is MKS-1 Northern Ordos Desert.
The laumehing a impact areas for missiles of all ranges have good
transportation facilities, adequate water supply, sparse population,
eultable terrain, awl generally favorable climate. IM8-2. Southwestern
Ordos Desert, ranks lower because the 400-mile and 700-mile impact areas
fall within sand-dune or mountain regions with limited accessibility and
beeause the range could not be extended beyond 1,100 nautical miles.
The chief abort arming ef the therd range, ms-, Chi-eine Area is the
lack of adequate water supplies. Otherwise, only the 1,100 mile
npact area is inadeqeate. Range leSe4 An-hsi, generally conforms to
speeifieatIon, but al-sales along the range would overfly Outer Mongolian
territory,
We-su Area, the least satisfactory or tee 1,100-mile
ranges, is selected contingent upon the construction of a rail
eonneetion between Dicurgthi and Aktogey. It also hne a less favorable
elimate than the other ranges and high mountains lie athwart the
misqtYe rphge,
Ordon Desert, most nearly meets all requirements for
a 700-mile range. Terrain, ceimatic, and logistic characteristics
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ire similar to the seaond ranking 1,100-mile range, and the impect areas are
readily accessible. The three remaining ranges, MS-2_1.
have suitable launching sites, but one or more of the impact areas of
each fall in sandy deserts Macre access would be difficult.
Of the 6 possible ranges suitable only for 400-m11e missiles, 6-1
3 most nearly meet reqairements. Terrains climatic, and logistic.
eharacteristics are suitable for both launching and ippaet area
installations. Although the lounehing site regairements are met in
Vae remaining three 400emile ranges, 62?1:2a28-6,one or more of the
lapact
of enc.b. rmre Ifalls in terrain that is difficult of access.
An exteneion of the Kapustin Yar1,600-mile range to 20000 miles would place
most of its imp t area astrlAt rugged? mountainous terrain and eonfine
range facilities to the northeastern end of the impaet area
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COMMUNIST CHINA: EAST-WEST INTERMEDIATE MISSILE RANGES
1
132
MAP 1
cl9 orneleila
a
?al
?ong-vc".'
II4G-11'131
udlun-rai
Ikt,G"P?'
daze
Tett4
cso?wa
TERRAIN AND TRANSPORTATION
--- International boundary, demarcated
? X International boundary, undemarcated
? International boundary, indefinite
The Great Wall
Salt pan
Swamp or marsh
National capital
Selected railroad
Selected road or route
100 200
I I
Nautical Miles
Sand area
Spot height (in feet)
Selected pass
Statute Miles
100 200 400
27202 9-58
Kilometers
Akyab
BAY
OF
BENGAL
SECRET
Population density 10 to 50 persons
per square kilometer
LAOS IGULF
kong? TONKIN
T anh Hoa
4r,
THAILAND(1"
ti.1?..engmai
ej 1 2 Vinh
108
.4641-'44
Luang Prabang
Population density over 50 persons
per square kilometer
All distances are in nautical miles.
1031.10
ej.1C-1
GLOSSARY
came.. strea-rn
chiih lake
dalay lake
Mote stream
driven pas
&Mari mountain, mountain range
got- stream
hat stream
Io stream
hu lake
la PaSS
ling mountain range
S10,?...... ?.. ........... ? .......... lake
211.1k0 talix
OPPrel Lake
shan moarritairu(s), mountain range, island
shin stream
mountain range
la& mountain(e)
leo island
Mang. Main
tsto lake
mda . - ...... --- -. ?.?.-- . . .. .- .. mountainfs)
S
CHINA
SFA
Fl
Boundaries and names are not necessarily
those recognized by the U. S. Government. 120
- Territory within 400 nautical miles
of a non-bloc country
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COMMUNIST CHINA ? WEST-EAST INTERMEDIATE MISSILE RANGES AND EXTENSION OF KAPUSTIN YAR RANGE
94
102
108
114
Nizhneudinsk
ciJ
120
MAP 2
Zhigalovo
aWita
Nerthrnslk
Trbsu
Neer
? EloPshe,
Wean Goorn
-men-hsie
.(Yd:men,
Carahhpur
?
criv1009
Ganges
Patna
TERRAIN AND TRANSPORTATION
---- International boundary, demarcated
? x ---- International boundary, undemarcated
? International boundary, indefinite
National capital
Selected railroad
Selected road or route
100 200
100
200
-------- The Great Wall
---=EL- Salt pan
Swamp or marsh
2739
?????
?????
400
Nautical Miles
400
Sand area
Spot height (in feet)
Selected pass
600
670
Statute Miles
100 200 400
Kilometers
6' SECRET
27200 9-58
PAKISTAN
Takaung
GLOSSARY
c'':a :eh': take
-g"rra:
riuu.r.
0Yeo ro_
.. __,.......6.)_.............,._._ '''''''''''''''''''''''''
rne'""_"."'.1":_._:''.1::-.:7.11;ia:::ka?
darya .
z.d.,,,:,,,aounarluiart
lake
It
ling
nOr
Population density 10 to 50 persons
per square kilometer
Population density over 50 persons
per square kilometer
All distances are in nautical miles.
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ii mountain range
teal, mrrell ' Is)
______ ---------Ind
thme------ ' '''' --- --'--- ------ -'-- -- -Pwn
tske- - - .------.
- - - - - -- -- .
nrtountara(s)
urda
Territory within 400 nautical miles
of a non-bloc country
Boundaries and names are not necessarily
those recognized by the U. S. Government.
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COMMUNIST CHINA: MEDIUM MISSILE RANGES
72
MAP 3
Abakan
6,eormwo
Ulaan Goom
Hadhal
sato'
huge
1 in g -le 0?
K-Jrn
s A v
cog.
GULF OF
,P0
Lting'W?"
too kVe
n_
As
GNI
0
N-
H=14-j"1.'s
s
n-ctaang Y E
ien
.too
tiaO-

?nen
s r
ng
chi-lUng
a
ERRAIN AND TRANSPORTATION
--- International boundary, demarcated
? ? International boundary, undemarcated
? International boundary, indefinite
National capital
Selected railroad
Selected road or route
100 200
I
0
27203 9-58
100
200
.
Nautical Miles
----- The Great Wall
Salt pan
EN SAO
agiS,ANIX
waLow
Shanirou'i
gao-to:"'
Swamp or marsh
400
400
2739
Sand area
Spot height (in feet)
Selected pass
Statute Miles
100 200 400
600
T
Kilometers
600
MA
Shvitenyaung
hor;13
600
Luang Prabang
M./
T anh Hoa
ikutehen
itsmok
vtiosik)
avtuns
CAO
GLOSSARY
&lane ----------- .-- --------- --.. . --stream
1
chih lake
der. stream S 0 V T HA
dalay lake
gamin mountain. inountam ranee c
dawan pa.
a. stream
hai stream S E A
Ao stream
la?----------- . - ? . ------------ . --- _ .... pass 1.
hu lake
ling. - - -- ------------------ ....- mountain fange
nor
nuut..... _ ......... ... ............ lake
take
?
twerp lake
ahm \I
Shan recamtain(s), mouin nta range, island
stream
mountain range
WO, -mountain(%)
lao 'viand
Mang Plain
tsero ..... _?___ ............... ..... -lake 8oundor4s cod names ore oot necessordy
uui Tr...intents) those recognized by the U. S. Government. 120
1
SECRET
Toungoo
7, Population density 10 to 50 pers,ons
,
, per square kilometer
Population density over 50 persons
per square kilometer
All distances are in nautical miles.
ti?
s:11, v114
`\ i,l1
- Territory within 400 nautical miles
of a non-bloc country
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COMMUNIST CHINA: SHORT MISSILE RANGES
MAP 4
!shim
84 90
Selair
114 120
Zhigalovo
Abakart
2
eremkhovo
S T ii3ALAZL
n-Ude
U aan Goom
4/o'.
Jibhalanta
)c,wonge
kkesht.
A I- N
cH'1
p.01
0 "r
E
yi19)
hen
at.
an)
10,0'
C " N
ng
Patna
TERRAIN AND TRANSPORTATION
--- International boundary, demarcated
? ? International boundary, undemarcated
? International boundary, indefinite
National capital
Selected railroad
Selected road or route
0 100 200
I I
? The Great Wall
Salt pan
Swamp or marsh
2739
Sand area
Spot height (in feet)
Selected pass
400 600
Nautical Miles
100 200
400
600
Statute Mdes
9 100 200 400 600
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F?I
Kilometers
27201 9-58
PAKISTAN
Myrnryina
?;-
0-Citang.
itcgr.ir
Jrnphal .
Katha
ChOung
N`?
\S?
45'
&-
D
4.PEtt'Al
-i-J,ESCIOOPES
'toZI
? _w to
(Shan Voss)
gao-hWu g
Mlandatay
Yb
&4 y
OF
8ENCAL
Luang Prabang
Toungoo
Population density 10 to 50 persons
per square kilometer
Population density over 50 persons
per square kilometer
All distances are in nautical miles.
icoNG
GLOSSARY
chiang stream
like
dalay lake
da rya stream
Pass
gangri mourdain. mountain range
hai
stream
stream
stream
lake
la pass
Ins mountain range
nor ake
now lake
oaero ake
shan mountain (a). mountain range. island
stun stream
ri mountain range
:agh mountain (s)
island
Mang plain
lake
uula mountarn Cs)
Territory within 400 nautical miles
of a non-bloc country
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p
VI
s
Boundaries and names are not necessarily
those recognized by the Li S. Government.
120
Ecitu
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