JPRS ID: 8285 TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

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23 ~ FE6RllARY i9~9 C FOUO ii179 ) ~ i OF 2
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- JPRS L/8285
- 2 3 Fabruary 19 79
~
~ TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
_ PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
_ CFOUO 11/79)
_ U. S. JOINT PUSLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE
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TRAN5LATIONS ON US5tt SCIENCE AND T~CHNOLOCY - PHY5ICAL 2 reb~uarv 19 79
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J'PRS L/8285
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23 February 1979 =
~
- ' ~
TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCI~NCE AND TECHNOLOGY ,
~
f'HYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
cFOVO 1~/~9)
~ CONTENI'S PAGE ~
~
_ GYBERNETICB, COMPUrII~5 AND AUTOMATION TEGHNOLOGY ~
Developing an Aatomated Control System for Motor Tranaport -
(OTRASLEVAYA AVTOMATIZIlZOVANNAYA SISTEMA UI'RAVLENIYA ~
AVTOMOEIL'NYM TRA.NSPQRTOM, 1977) 1
Aapects of the Develop~nent of A3UP's ~
(I. M. Bobko; AVTOMATIZI'~tOVANNYYE SISTII~C UPRAVLEI~IIYA
I IKH ADAPTATISYA, 1976) 23 -
,
GEOPHYSIC~, ASTRONOMY AND SPACE _
~ F~easi~ility of Lsrge Radiotelescopes in S ce k'xxamined
- (KOSMIC1~SxIYE Issi~~A1vIYA, 1978~ 38 -
Structure of the Subsalt Deposita ~~f the Caspian Syneclise -
(A. V. Yegorkin; et al.; NEFTF7GAZOVAYA GEOLOGIYA -
I GEOFIZIKA, No 11, 1978) 57
, PfiYSICS
State of the Art of and Prospects Por Research on ArtiPicial -
F,arth Satellite Iaser Detection and Hauging Equipment
(K. GamQl; KVANTOVAYA II,EIQRONIKA,
. A Study Concerning the Use of I,uminescent Screens oP ZnS, -
CdS-Ag, or Ni Por the Recording of Pulsed Infrared Laser
Radiation -
(Yu. A. Drozhbin, et al.; KVANTOVAYA ELEF~'4t~1IKA, Nov 78) 76 -
a
PUBLICATIONS
T~�hninal Complexea in Collective-Use Comput~er Systems
( E. A. Yakubayt i s;'~F~tNII~IAL ~ NYYE KO~~I.EZ{.SY V
VYCHISLITEL' NYKH SISTF~IAKH KOLLEICrIVNOGO POL' ZOVANIYA, 1978 ) 81
- a- [III - USSR - 23 S& T FOUO)
_ FOR OFFIC IAL USE O~ILY
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_ CONTENTS (Cnntinued) p~,ge
Modelin With Analog Computerg -
~A. S. Urmayev, S. V. Y~mel~yanov; OSNOVY
MODELIROVANZYA NA A?~l~T~OGdVYHIi VyCHISLITLL~ NYKH
- MASx~~~, ~978) 86
- Automated Control Syst~ms and Adaptations
_ ( I. M. Bobko; AVTQMATIZ?1tOVANNYYE SISTII~IY UPRAVI~ENIYA `
I IIffi AUAPTATSIYA, 197b) .....v 90
_ Automation of Clasaification Yard Operations =
' (AVTOMATIZATSIYA jTPRI~VI~ENIyp SORTIl~OVOCHNYML
S'~ANTSIYAMI (METODY RESHENIYA 7~ADI~CH) . TRUDY ~
VSESOYUZNOGO NAUCHNOISSLEDOVATEL'SKOGU
INSTITUrA ZHFLEZNODOROZffi~TOGO TRANSPQRTA, No 575,
1977) 97
Failure and Restoration Procesaes in Data Transmiasion
- Syatem3
_ (V. P. A.ttarev, et al.; PR~SESSY OTKAZOV I
VOuSTANO~'I,ENIY V SISTII~1AHIi PD, 1977) 101
High-Temperature Nuclear F~el -
(R. B. iCotel'nokov, et al.; VYSOKOTENLPEEiATURNOYE -
- YADE~NOYE TOPLNO, 1978) 103
- Optical Processing of Information ~
(S. B. Gurevich; OPTICHESKAYA OBRABOTKA INFORMATSII, -
i9?8) 109
, Spectroacopy of Gas Discharge Plasm~, -
(G. A. Grigench; SPEIC~ROSKOPIYA GAZORA7,RYA.DNOY
P~z1~t, 1976) 115 ~
Automatic Control of Vibration Tests -
(A. G. Getmanov, et al.; AVTOMATIG'HESKOYE
- UPRAV7~F3vIYE vIB~RATSION1vYr~II IsPYTANIXAMIC, 1978) 117 =
Recognitic~ of Speech Signals by Their Structural Properties -
(R. V. Gudonavichyus, et al.; RASP(YLiQAVANIYE
RECBE'V7CKH SIGNALOV PO II~ STRUKTIJFtNY7tAM SVOYSTVAM,
19?7) ~19
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CYH~RNSTICS, COMPI)TBR9 ANB AIT~l~TIOh TEC~IOIAGY
D~VffiAP~NG A~N AUTOI~ATSD CONTRQL SY3TBM FOR I~p'DOR TRANSPORT
Moeco~? OTRA9~VAYA AV~+OMATIZTROVANNAYA SI3~'EMA UPRAVI.BNTYA AV'1~OMJBIL~NYM
TRANSPOR'rOM (Automated Control Sqatem for the Motor Tranaport 3ector of
Induatry) in Ruaeian 1977 aigned to preaa 22 Jun 77 pp 18-~, 37-56
- [~Annotation, table of contente, introduation and excerpts from book by
Yu. A. Kattar~quk, Izdatel~et~tiro "Tranaport", 13,000 copies, 112 pages) -
- ~Text) This e~uc~q ie dsv+oted to the eub~e~t of improving control of
common oarrier transport ueing a branoh automated control ayateia. In it _
- ar~o con~idered aoma o! the ecierrtilic, methodological and organize?tional ~
_ princip~,~e for daveloping an ASU !or a aector of induatry. Coneidera?bl~
attention ia foau~~~d her~ on tha taeke and lunation o! d~ta proceasing `
- enterpriaee. Lnportant 1~nctional aubeyatema of a branch ASU are examined
_ in det~il: "Operational Conttro].�, "Future Sector Devalopment", "Technical
- and Bconomic Planning" and "Materiala and Squipment 9upply". -
The book ia intended for ecientitic peraonnel, ~3U designera, engineer-
- econamiets and technical enginsera o! the motor transport induatry.
Coritante Page _
Introduction 3 �
- Chapter 1. Improving Control oi' Comm~on Carrier l~fctor Traneport
on the aaeia ot Data Proceasing Enterpriaea 7
- 1. Commpn carrier motor transport as a control ob~ect ? _
2. Data proceeeir~g enterprieea the technical baee for
_ improving control ot aommnn cara-l.ar motor traneport 17
_ Chapter 2. A E.ra~ch Autoraaxad Control 3yatem !or Common Carrier =
_ lrbtor Tranaport ~4
- l. Ger.eral aaeumptiona in conatnicting an au~.omated contr~l -
- ayatea~a ~ `
2. Progra~n and mathematical aottware for a branch sut,omatad
cor~trol ayatem 37
3. llata aupport tor a branch automsted corltrol ayatem k4 _
4� Hardxsre for a branch automated control syatem 51
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Chapter 3� 3ever~al 3ubeyetouae of a Branch Auton~at~d Control _
3ystem 56
1. "Opar~?tionsl Control'~ eubeyetem 56 ~
_ 2. "Teohnioal and Economia Planr~ing" aubayatem 64 -
~'FuturM 9sot,or Uewlopment~~ eub~yatem 73 -
l~. "Control ot' Materiale and ~quipment 9upply" aubayatom g0
Conaluaion 89 -
Appendix 92
Bibliograpt~,y lOg -
Introduction
- Motor Tranaport ia � v~ery im~ortant link in the countryts unified transpor- _
tation eyatem. Ite in~or~ance tQ the national econom~ ia borne out by the
faut that more ttian 80 percent ot the lreight conmey~ed by all Porma of trana~ -
. p~rtation i~ carried by motor traneport.
Analyeia of the trend towsrd devsloping the country~s indt~atrial atrengths -
ahoxe tihat tha rate of growth in the v~olume of ahipmonta by motor tranaport
and ite role in the oountry~a national econoa~y are growing ateadily.
The principle problems tacing the aountry~e traneportation aystan are defined
- in "Baaic Direotione !or the Dev~elopment of the U53R National Econom~r in
1976-19~" ~rith the goal of more complete and timely aatiefaction oi the
needa of the national econoaqr and the popul.ation for transportation, accele-
- ration of freight ohipmenbs xnd paaaenger travel.
It i' atztiaipated that the Yrei~t turnover of all torma of tranaport xill
ba incrsaaed by approximately 30 percent and the paassnger turnov~er c~f
commcn carrier traneport by 23 percent.
A great eigniticance ie giv~en here ~.o common carrier motor tranepor~t. In
_ particular, there ia a ca11 for nan increaae o! spproximately 42 parcent in
the Preight tur.
nover of motor traneport, preferentia]. detrolopment o!' comao~n
carrier nator tranaport and accompliahment of a 45 percent increaae ir~ fts
lreight turr~ver and a 28 percerit growth in the pasaenger turnover of mptor
_ tranepor't".1
Further aonaentration of motor tranaport facilitiea into larga-acale motor
tranaport enteYpriaea rrill be further ia~lemerrted in the Tenth Fiv~e-Year
- Plan. Centralized lreighti ahipment by common csr�~.er tranaport will be ex-
pandad, the operating time oi trucka durir,,g a 2J+ hour perfod will be in-
creaaed and there will be a f~rther exten~sior. of intercity mctor trsnapor-
tation.
- A significant place wi11 be aeaigned to con~on carrier motor transport of the
_ ~saiar~ Federation in accon~liehing the goala aet by the 25th CFSU Congresa.
�"Oanov~e naprr?vleniya razvitiya narodrago khozy~rstva 333R na 1976-1980
goc~y~" [Basic Directiona for Development o! tha U33R National Sconoa~r in
197
6-19~ ~acow, Pc~:.itizdat, 1976, p 61.
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The inareaee in the volume of ahipmenta in the R~+'4R Miniatry ~,f Motor -
Traneport eystem is bs~.ng ~chieved by ma?na of gro~vth in tlse fleet o~ tra?na- ~
port equiptasnE~ devalopment and teahnioal r~equipping o! ~ha enl;erpMae pro- _
- duotion b~?ee and improeremsnt of the lorme and methods o! management baaed _
on the uae c+t computer equipm~nt and ~3U~a.
_ Having available centrali$ed materiale and Pinancial reaources~ the aector -
haa the ttil.l. oapability far extensiv~e uae of economio And mathemstiaal _
methode and aomputera in organi$ing opti~num swiagement and planning of the
work of ite eubeeators ~naluding problema oY long-term development and the
diepoaition and apeoial.ization o! the fleat to conform with the �requirements
oP the national econoa~r.
Although the individual measurea t.aken up to now Por im~roving theae or _
' othar aepact~a oP tho operation of
the eyatem~a control equipment hav~e yielded
a aertain benefit, they have been uru?ble to aolv~e b17. o! the probleme af
~ alimi~?a?ting the delicienciee iia planning and m~nagement. The uee of econo- ~
- mic and materi~l. methoda and camput~ra For aolving loaal probleme of manage-
= ment and planning ia not ablo t~ produce the aar~e elYeet as a ay~teme
approaah to improvi.ng aector m~nageraent. _
A eyatema opproaoh to uaing economic und msterial methoda and computara
predeterninea the eomplete eolution o! the probleme of improving managemant -
inaluding the developmsnt of a amethodolog,y tor opti~um plan.*si.ng oP freight
- ahipment for the national. econom~r and oP paaaenger transportation, the
dev~elop~roent of motor tranaport ente~rpriaea and their production baae, the
im~rovement of the eectorte aconomia meohaniam, the production oP a more
eYficient organizstional atntcture for management and the technical equi~ping -
and comprehensiv~e prepuation oY th~ plant and personnel Yor work under ASU
conditiona.
Aaang tha mar~y msn~agement problema, tha pmblem of improving the technical
and economic information aqatsm haa a? particular urgency. Ttren nox more
than 100,0U0 people are engaged in proceaaing information in the area of
~ aector management. In the proceae they epend nearly half of the time on the
= aia~plcat technical operstions. The grorring complexity and acale of produc-
tion are cauaing an uninterrupted growth in the am~unt of information pro-
ceased whicr. ia neaeeeary for carrying out the proceae oP controlling
~ producti~+n Nhile at the aame time there i~ an inanaae in demanda Por quality
' in the into~tion and apeed in ita transmiaaion through the entire hierarchy
or eector management.
For this reaaon it ia pointed out in "Baeic Directiona Yor Dev~elopment of
the U33R Kational E~cono~ in 1976 19~" that there i~ a need for carrying ,
- out itiirther dev~lop~ent and increaaing ~he afficiency of ASUte and computer :
centere and aubaequently combining them into a state~ride system for collecting
and proeeaeing accounting, planning and mAnagemont in~form~ation.
- 3treaaing the importanee of continued improv~ement o~ the proceas of control-
ling co~on carrier transport, xhich includea m~?~or vehicle tranaport, it
_ diacueaee "exp4nding the adoption by tranaport of ecZuipment for automation,
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~ remote control and automated oon~rol syetema for ehipping and fncbaetria]. -
,
proae~aea~~~. _
- 9uaceaaful acaoa~li~4iment oP the taaka at hand requires the aolution of a
_ nwnber ot' b~~eic problemat the choice oY the naat efficient directiona fox
= A9U p~+oduction and development, the eetabliahmant of a conaentration of
com~uter facilitiea, the detern~ination of moro effioient methods for incraas-
ing the ett'eativeneaa of computer equipment use and the development of -
uni+ied prinaiples and a general methodology for planning, the w~ork record -
of the oo~uter centers and so on.
Tn thie connection, during the dev~elopment of the A3U Por Mctor Tranaport
aome oP the rela~ionahipa exieting bet~reen the parformance of assumed cont~rol
taak8 and the oharaateria~ica of teohnical and economic info~nstian flows
were atudied.
_ Anslyaia of the infarmation and of the equipment and methods for proce~sing
it wt~ich make up the atructure of aector Gontrol hae made it posaible to
_ conclude that the syetem for moto~ ta~ansport control has substantial defects. -
- With them muat be grouped mainly tinw lag and prolonged periods for inform~a-
tion procsaaing, divergence and incompaxability oY the di~'ferent Porms of -
information (planning, accov.nting, etatiatical and eo on), daterioration,
~atilation a~ad loae of infor~nation in individual control unitis, ov~rloading
of control e~uipment with diYlerent information, parallelism in procesaing -
ane and the ~ame f,nformation in ~iffarent control unita, the: lack of a -
unified form oP documenta~ion ada~ted to automatic data proc,easing aonditions, -
the lack of e2'ficient means oY monitoring the validity o� ir.~form~tion and
the i.mpoaaibilit~r of effectiv~e proviaion by the data of an anal~raie of
~ induatMal and economic w~rk for intereatod departmenta and bureaus of the
miniatry.
Inadequate oorr~latior. of current and future shipment plana with supplies
= and equipment ae w-ell aa ineut'licient flexibility of r.~anagement hatre not
permitted aatlv~e reorgenization and g?~idance of the r~rurk of. ~nterprises and -
organizationa toward accompliahing the goal L�hat haa been ~et with allowanca
made fo~ changing circumstancea. The re~uult has been unproductive idle time,
_ inefficient uae of motar tranaport and an incx~ease in tha deterioration of
rolling atock.
= The indicated defiaienciea conatitute an ob~ective basis for the efficient
uee of new pl~ru~ing, organy.zational and management methods in motor tpans-
- port baaed on tha axtenaive uee of m~odern data acq~iaition, prncessing,
atorage and autput equipment. For this reaeon, in accompliahir~g the ~txaks ~
. of impraving the traaaportation proceas, impmvii~g aervice of the na~:ional
eco~on~y and the population thn~ugh Preight and risaenger tran.sportation and ~
i~rther improving the uae oi" rolling stock for motor transpart, one of the
- leadit~g placed ia aaaigned to the automated control a~;$tem being developed -
within ths framework of the R.~E'SR Mini~trq oP Motor Transport (~13U-Mptor
Tranaport) wtiich e;ncompaaaes all managemen~ lev~ela. -
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' The efficienoy of ueit~g computera in m~tor tranaport lies ~ai?1],y in the ,
- in~rovamer.t . nf the ahipping prncesa, reduction of unproductive idle time -
~ ot nator v~ehi.clea, improvem~ent .in the:lr mileage ~nd increase i+i labor produc-
tivity includir.g that of marsagement. _
- Aaawaul.a+ted ox~erienoe in the dev~elopment and operation oY ASUta and''computer -
centera in R9~'~R aommon oarrier motor traneport ehowa that aulvi~zg al]. of
the aontrol pmbleme of ~otor ~ranaport wit~i,n the acope of the dev~elapment ~
- ~f a single eyatem is practically imposaible due to ite extreme complexity.
The trend which inoludes developing ASU~s for the individual units of a sec-
- ~or euah ae the central a~afP o! the miniatry, the transportation admini-
atrationa and the mctor vehiale repair planta and esaociations ie the beat
� eolution~ In addttion ASU~a are being developed for induetMal processea
~ and auta.~ted diapatcher control Qyatema for buaes and taxia (AS~U-A and -
- ASDU-T). In the f~ture they wi11 be an integral part of the 3tatewide
_ A~toroated ~qatem for Data Colloction and Procaasing for Accounting, Plannin~ _
, and Managerruent og the National I~;com~r (O(~A3). _
~
As a reault of the opera~tion of the branch automated cor.Wn~l system, existing .
forma ot ~tor tranapa'r-t msnagement will be regulated, efficiency in obtain-
" ing and procesa~.~ng difforent data wi.ll be ensured,.underutilized material
~ and labor reeourcea will be revealed and the rhythan of motor transpc~rt, opera~
~ion wi11 be j.mproved.
- Thie atuc~y i~ devoted to conaideration of the pmblems of dev~elopment and -
operation of a branch automsted aontrol syatem for co~on carrier motor -
traneport.
[~xaerpta,' ,
For the paet 10-15 yeara a vigorous net~rork of co~uter centers numbering
aaore than 3~ on Jarntary 1, 1975 h~a alrea~r been detroloped ana in operation -
sn~l continuea to groN staadily. -
it is anticipa~Led tha~ 2(30 comp~ttar centera for the autonomous republica,
~ kra~ys, obZaata and a nwnber af larga citiea will bo developed within the ~
_ iramew~rlc of development Af the OGA3 technical base and the 3tate Netr+ork
of Computer Centera (G3VTa) along with approximate~? 25,OU0 aaultiple~ and
_ aix~gle-ua~r aom}~uter centera for enterprieea and organizations of the countryts
national econoa~r.
In thg RSF"~R kLiniatry of Tranaport syatea~ more thari tw~o dozen ma~ltiple-user
computing and data proceaaing centera are alrea~? 3n operation with a pool
- o~' com~utera numbering 70 unita and 63 computer facilities xith a pool of =
_ m~re than 6000 coag~utera. During the Tenth Fitre-Year~ Plan it has again
been propoaed to d9velop approximately two do2en more multiple-user com~auting -
and data proceaeing centera and 25 co~putar facilitiea, to put into opera- -
tion 120 compu~era and around 10,000 kayboard calcul.ators. The selection of
the moat advanced tachnical equipment Por data acquisition and processing
ia ~nticipate3 for organizing new and reequipping exiating computer facili-
_ tiea. _
5 ~
FUR OFFICIaI. USE ONLY
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FOR OFFICIAL USE U1JI~Y =
- For the ct~araaterietica c~f the �tAata Pmcesaing~' aeator, in addition to the -
number of workera and the rate of groduation g=�owth, it v~ou].d be advisaable
ta uae auah a criterion as the incroas~ in production machinery and capital
inv~eetmente whioh make it poe$iY,l~ t~ evaluate the aectc~rta progress. Tttus,
~acording t~ acaounting ciata the average annusl nwnb3r of workers in data `
proaeeeing enterpMaea in the country at the beginning of 1976 atood at
0.6 million peopla (in the RS~'S~R Minietry of M~otor Tranaport--around 4500
people)~
? During the Tenth Five~~~e~ar P1an the R3~'3R Diin3stry of Motor Transporrt spent
more than 60 nti.llion niblea fur capital ~,nvestment on the devslopment and _
adoption of automated cantml ayatema anc~ computers with a periud fbr in~
- ve~tment reaoerery of up to three years. Ttie vnlume of expen~itturea on A3U _
a?ncl computer center detreYop~ent in the Tenth Five Year Plan is pro~~cted _
to increa~e by almoat i.5 timea. _
It ma~at be emphaeixad that tha a~rarage daily laad of the Co~uters in tha
coun~ry in 1~75 ~vriraged 11 houra inatexd of the economically necessary -
14-18 hoiirs. The av~arage dail,y load of coaq~uters as a whole isi the Ministry -
of Motor Traneport in 1975 amounted to 13�9 hours and in the GVTs to more -
_ than 18 hours. _
2. Program and Mgthematical 3oftware for a Branch Automated Control System ~
, Until recently th~ terr~ "matheme~tical supportn waa used extensively for
automated cdntrol ayst~nis ar,d underatood ~o me$n a collection of mathematical
and logical methods, problem solving }~rograms and software for operating ~
_ h~rdware sys~em.
In the literal sense the term "mathematica]. ~u}~port" doea not correspond to -
- its o~n sub~eut mattero It wou].d be more accurate to uee the term nprcgram
and matheraatiaal supportn. In foreign practice extensive use is made oY the
tenas "har~-~rare" and '~aoftware'~~ The ,~argon worcl '~2helezki" ~
pieces of -
iron ~ which e~deta in tho field of deaigners and engineers correspon~s to
the ~'ir~t term. The second te~ meana "soPt ob~~ects" and there is no i~ussian
equivalent. In general the translation of thesc~ terms is as '~technica.l =
equipment" and "methoda and procedures for its user~.
' At the pre9ent moment the concepts of pro,grsm and mathematical software ;�~re -
- being ado~ted bS? government 8tandard$. T'ne first concept is defined as a
- eet of programa Por iaiplementirig ob~ectives and tasks on A3U~s and oporating -
- the AgU~e hardware system. The ~eoond fa defined as a set of mathematlcal ,
methoda, modela an~d algorithma tor solving probl.ems and proceasing data by
- meana of the computer hardwaz~a in the A.gU. -
- 2. D. G. Zhimerin, "Nauchno-tekhnich~skiy progreas i upravleniye" (3cienti- _
iic and ~r?gineering Progreaa and Management, F.IUONOI~IICHESKAYA GAZETA, _
- 14 Apr 1976s ~
~
E -
FQR OFFICIA.L U~L ONLY ~
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100024430-5
- FOR UFFICIAL USE ONLY
Th~e itoiportanoe o!' rn~thematioal eoftware ie borne out by the eharp inc,r"e~oe -
- in expenditu~e~ to.r ite developraenL in aomparieon with the ~utl~}ra for the _
development o~ hardware (tabla 4).~~
T.~~ -
u~ ~~~rr r ~..~.~.r~.~r~ ~.r`~+
ears -
_ 9haro
of
F.~endituree 1 1 0 1 68 1 2
On Hardwsra ?0 0 50 50 40 -
= On So~'twsro ' _ 30 1~__0 50 50,_, 60 _
Total. 100 100 100 100 ~00
The OASU fo'r I~iotor Traneporir uses third-generation com~utexs, unified system
electronic con~utera (Ye3 EyM~a) b~sed technically on integrated circuita. -
In Ye3 EVM~~ thare ia a large main memory, a v~ery dirrersifi~d ~asemblage of `
peripheral unita which accompliah tho man-machine interface an~ more exten- -
aive cupa~ilitfea for uae than eecond-generaticn co~uters.
Under OASU operating conditions when a large group of different product~an
and economic taaks of motor tranaport control aro beiaig e~oacut9d, the m7.e
and slgnificance af program and mathematioal aoPtware are exce~.~:.i.~nall,q
- great. In figure 7 the combined atructure oP prngram and ma?theL.ati~al. aoft-
ware of the OA3U for Motor Tranaport ia ahown.
Included with the gez~eral program aoftwaro ia a set of programs, deacriptions
- and inatructiona intended ,for automating labor-intex~aive ;~roduction stages �
in pmgram processing adnd also for Arganiziz~g and m~onitor~ing the com~uting _
- proceea on a machine during operation.
~
~ Correaponding to tha funct~.ona and the grogr~aus being e,xecuted, ~:he entire -
- ~et of programa which are part of the general program eo.ftivare may be broken
down into four groups: syatea~ control pmgrams, system pracesaing programs, _
awdliar,~ programe end rerrrot~ control procsaeing programs. _
_ Sqatem programa are inte~ded to provide for the efficient functioning and
, oparation of th~~ computes iteelf. 3~+ta oY sqatem programs which allow a -
shar~ in~reaae both in la~r productivity and in the productivity of' the
- aoa~puter aystem itaelf hav~ acquired the designation Qpoxating systems.
_ Tha par~e of ayatem programa which accompliah the coordination and mos~ -
- effic~ent .:neration of the computer ayatem unita are called cc~ntr~l programs. ,
= Mothar part of the operating av~~em incorporatea programa to assiat the
= prograauaer in developing and debugging new progra~s. They are called pro~ -
ceeaing programs.
_ A. A. Madin, "On the Development of ASU~s for Indus~ry and their Economic =
Basis," in "Metoc~y i praktika opredeleniya effekti-,mosti kapital~r~th _
vlozheniy i nowy tekhniki" ~Methods and Practice cf Determining the -
F.f'fectitroneaa of Capital Inveatments and New Technology Moacow, _
_ Nauka, 1969, P 47� -
, _
- 7 -
_ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100024430-5
~
EOEt O~~TCIAL U5~ dt1LY
ll~y,~JMM.~r
MC+rtn~,nu.~~no~
CJe: oeren~u� ` ~
U.xvN n~rl~o,v.r or tn~'
wno,uarr n~::pc ~�,~~o. KJ -
edrtrviMUt . MomrM~n,urr: ror aa~rixr~~at
Ont/vqr~ira,~ ~ucmrMU �
~ t,~M,rMw~ ynpe/� lL:.rtNMri /?po~~~M CY:AC~MN Sc�e�~ ocrr Asu rrmNw u ~
.~vwdin~rt o.rw oE;sG.inwA,rewu~ n?rnn ~o ~n~ l~JPtjJMM MYI nf~et PMI~N r~wvri ~a.?~r `
- Ir Ot OuMN ~
� O~rMMACYi~II� I~'AMJNy~Ni~J�
Iit~/J~u Ftrlpif~o/ ~ qvrM.wt ~tnri p"l j ~%"AwN~n Y~ipe?,�tnr.t nv~ri ~'NP~o:r rN h~nrM n/vur/- i2
R OrpJN.~ dN,r t ~'%~lJ~~f N4Vei~ r[~~A~ � .YO�pOL:e.'QII! MMt ~Wt/bw,
~ . /M;'1N .VtATN/N ~~.Y � M~
~~J~Y~a Idpa j.~~~` ~~f~/fT~NN /R(IIN4'W ~
~?INr
rllOt.~l.hi/f ~ �~~~I~rIVlA' / ~r ~ .7j�iQf~OYNYt %L~N�
!/IY~
�/A /~A'.~I/Md!�t/0~� ~SO~tiMYlCII'�
~ innn~N .+v� a~ad v~
lOOBMLIfM.~f A~tI~ wuvttK9l hAJ� ~I~tmt~u ~~l.~~d qlCitOf
C~~emtrr hvp>A,,. iar
C~+r/I~lop 8 ~.asol~~~ ~ ~ /uot.~er~nrv~ ~ Mta~~.y1~i rrr �rnpr.r
R(~, ~ae m~~em ~~pr*,r.'MJ! :oea. I1, b~~'
- it /,7pCNC.?0 M � T'~'
~?J!r.' O~ Onr~tt.rrANi AC
r~~veerN~r npo:p~~,vi eb~. . ~ ~ ~i:fi"~' ~
~l~ruMr 9 n?vpHrx�IJMsn. ~ KcMn/ow~.vM~ re.,,.nnrr /~,:erma /rou.tno
P 1~~wy , ~r~~Ar. n i~ Nc~r~ ni~un 2 l'~,~olc: ~bt n,.~:~� yMS�n~ ~ np~.p.r~N ~i
~~i Anr~ mrr.ru~rrr~M ~':I/!.~tGS JOAO /vM~.r, u,~.~,�~-
.Il.t~/M Y/I)IfAlUIfN ` AKAML ..AtMOM~?7pC4'fP IYf:6~rit.�,~1M@,w AA:f,!'i~~rw MtrLYO�MlIMlIYl~�
OMNMI M! Y/!N/.1TOII ~pr~~Mr kUt f/ l~OAJ/~YY~
1 SA M/,+lM?t ~I~ ~ Mt l' lJd~v
OuLN/OIKRO T~tMOaYY~N ~'�l~I/U?I1N0� ~~t!/1rA?
1 !Y/lOA~~R~WI /l1t2M4~�MiI �~M.~rrrK~~l
/ f!/tlQ?flbfl! JO.~QI
, � Yn,oO/nlnul ~
, . Kann,ne~ui~
fR7~VY/~7M~d,f~
, ' npa0nl~r~t
NNPHu /)ti'
- � l~npaMt,vyt/
. ' � iMOMfOMV~
' !~/f 1tM!/f
' , }
h~ja,vn 5 `
Fig. 7 Progtz~ and Katheaatical 3ottxare Syatem !or the OLSU !or MQtor
- Tr~aport
Key: ~ ~
1. Program-mathematiaal aoitrvars 17� Remota proceaaing pr~grams
2. Ceneral program aoftxare 18. Telecommunicationa accesa modes
- 3� Openting ayatem 19. Prograamix~g ayatema
k. Syet,em control progr~m,a 20. Tranalators
- 5� Initial loading programa 21. PL
6. Nuclsua initialiaation progr~am 22. IiPG
7. Aeai~ent aontrol 23. 1I,ppL
8. 9uperniaor 21a. FOBTRAN ~
9� Data coritrol 25. ppBpL
10. Re~tontion control ~pmgt~ms 26. AS~ID~~ -
_ 11. Syat~? proceaaing prob;rame 27. Library o! atandard programs
12. Coamunications editor 28. Auaillary programa
13. Loader 29. Debu~gging checka
lk� Debugging ayatem 30. Veritication checks
- 15� Sort/merge pragram 31. Diag~watic checks
16. Utiliti~a 32. Nonitoring checka
A
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FdEt O~~ICIAL USE bNLY -
~ Key (oont.)
33� Der~anetr~?tion tedts 46. Infotination retrieval, a.yateme
3k� ginulators 4~� Inforoution and reterenae aya-
35� Speaial pmgram-mathematioal teme
~rti~~ 4g� Algorithme Por optim~s4tion
~6. Algorithm and proble~a eo~.ving problaae
- modele 49� Algorithme for engineering and
_ 37� ~ontr~l of preparatior.for teahnical problema
tha vshi~le rHp~ir pro~ese 50� Algorithme for acientific -
3~� Teahnic~al. and ecorwmic plan- probleme -
- ~i'~8 51. Alg~rithm8 for ecor~omic prob-
39� Control of shipping proaeaa lema
- 40. Control of teahniaal m~inte- 52� Applied program packagea for
nanaa +~nd repairA e~~+anding operating aqatem
t+l.. Contml of mateMals and 2'unctiora
equipmsnt eupp],y 53� Applied program packagea for
= 4~� Control of capital consttuc- branch A3tJ probleme -
tion 54� Applied program packages for -
43� Control of acientilic reasearoh acientific, enginoering,
~~planning and dseign techniaal and economic ~rob-
le~a
k4� Control of finuicea
45� Control of pereannel
_ Sqatem prograras, bq thia adeane, eetablish the prerequieitea Por efficient
uee ot the ao~ruter eyetem~a hardKare but are not intended !or direct data
proceaeing of OASU eubeystem problems.
It ahould be noted that the control programa in~lemen~ the tolloxing t~.uiotiona:
planning aomputing proaeseea, providing a a~eana of external ~ontrol, organi-
- zing dialog with the operator, controlling coa~uting proceeaes, diatributing
the computar syatem~e reaourcea and controlling the ex,change of data betti+ean -
the core and sxternal msmoriea. -
- The proceaeing programe acco~lieh tranalation trom hi~ lev~el lariguagea to
machine languagee, packaging of programa Y'rom individual p~ogram modulea ~
xrit~en in varioue languagea, iriput of external data media and dsbugging of
programs for users.
The auxiliary programs are intended for cheoking the llinctioning, debugging
and mectuniaal apersti~n of the computer syetsm unite. Checka aro intendad
to reveal the rarkin,g capacitq ot individual unita and monitoMng operations -
are for comprshsnsive cheoking o1' eaah ayatem atter the annual or ~emisnnual
prsvantive maintenar~ae xork hae been done.
Ths nsed for ditterent ueere ~+ho are OA.SIJ for Motor Tranapart clients to
- use the computer rssources aimultaneously haa requires mPking pmviaion for
the computsr to operate in the t3me sharing mcde. Zhia computer operating -
m~ds psrmits uasre to have aiaultansoue acceas to the computer ~stem direct-
lq irom thsir own placee of ~+~orlc at a diatance trom the computer. Zhe data
9
FOR OFFICIAL C~~E ONLY
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~dR ~~~YCIAL US~ nNLY
_ trsnemieeion proaeae ia aarried out by meane of telephone, telqgr~ph or
apeaial. ootm~unicatione channela ~
- The system operating mode by a~e,~n~ of which dietant usera are linked xith
- ths oomputer by oora~nio~biane ahantt~l~ is oalled the rsmote proaossing mode
and ie ~upported by epeoilic progr~cae.
Thd aet ~f prograate which provl,dee far the operation of rem~te proaeaeing
~yatema ie oalled tha public teleaommunicat~ione scceas mode. The bA?sic
_ applicatione of the public telec~mnwniaations aaaees mode are data gcquisi-
tion~ commauriioatione exahanges and data urray procesaing.
Data aaquiaition arui conumni.cationa exchangee do not require the uae o!
_ epecial applied programa and are accompliahecl by program control of tho com-
3 cca~nioations.
During data aoquieition twmote awtor tranaport enterprieeg eend ctata to the
computer in the fona ot meaeagea which are sccwmulated in Lhe computar and
then proceaaed. Uuring oomcmuniastione ex,changas remote aator tranaport en-
terpriaes relay information to the computer which senda theee communicati~ons -
to one or eev~eral motor traneport anterprieea.
~ Provieion ie made for proaesaing reference inquiriea by mesria ot a commini-
cationa control program and epecial programe. The inforau?Lion roqueated i,~ ~
received bq tho aomnunicatione control program and prepared for proceaaing.
The proceaaed intormation contain~d in the aommunicationa ia tran8terred to
a program tor ao~nicationa control !or transmiaaion to tho r~pproFr.~ate
m~tor traneporE enterpriae.
Pmgramming eqstema ~re intanded to aic~glifq the ~rork of the programmer i?nd
releaee him from the need to ~~reeent problems in machine language by the in-
put ot a apecial higher level ~anguage. The prograaming ayatem conaista of -
trro component parta: tha input language of the pr~gramming ayatem and the
pmgram wt~ich providea the tranalation trom the input language to the machine
language.
COBOL, PL, A33~~IDLF~i and FORTRAN are the primery languagea for auLomating
progran~aing during the development of program softrrare tor the OASU for
= Motor Tranaport.
_ The progr~m ayatem for technical maintenance is intended for debu~ging the
technical oparation of the computer and other hardware in the OASU linked ~
to the con~uter. The teet programa make it poaaible to detect malfunctions
in the com~uuter~a hardxare, to identitq the locationa of maltlinctiona arid
to maks infotmation about tha uture of a maltunction available to aervice
pereonnel. The programa are deeigned for individual coa~uter unita and are
baeed on the aaaw~tion that the reault of program oporation xith a laulty
unit xill differ trom the result ot output on a unit in good ~rking order.
The program operation consieta of unimer:vpted compaMaon of the reaulta
10 ,
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~1)[t O~~ICZAL US~ tlNLY
with thode obt,ained on i?r? o~?erating unit known to b~ reli~?ble and witti
disor~prnsiss in the output rssults in the dsta pr~nt-out which ih~si.cete tha
location of the program in rrt?ioh the diearepanoy occurred. 'it~e looation of
a a~alfur~ation m~r be deteYminsd try msans of this inform~?tidn. If the defeet
is ~uah th~t th4 program as � whc,l~ does not operate, th~ ee~rch for maltuna-
~ Lion~ ie aarri~d to ths twrdaar~.
The monitoring operatione ~re lntendsd for con~reheneive eheakit~g of the
eystem~� tl~notioning after ~ppropriats prev~entive m~in~enan~e hae bseii done.
ThA sys~Eem progr~me whiah ar~e parE of ths general program aoftkare s;~e 1tt-
tended to eatabLi~h aonditions !or ths meet afficient operation o! th~ com- _
puter system hatd~srs. Impl6msnting direat dnta proaeaeing on aotual prob- _
lema is not orze uf ~heir llu~ations.
Direct proaese~ing ot the clat~ problame of OA9U aub~yatems ie cart~ied out
by means ot ea~aallsd applied programs direatdd tox~rd ~oeompliehing taaka -
ot a p~rticular type eueh ~?s ths taak~ of the edntrol subayatem for eupplie~ `
and equipreent, the subsystera tor planning ths ahipment of lreight and pasaen- _
- gera, enginsering and teahniaal La~ks and so on.
A eet of applied pragr~ms ~nd methods for eo~.v:ng aotual problema and their -
_ algo~ithm,s constitutee epeaial sottr~are for the OA~SIJ for common carrier mo- _
tor transport. 4he group of program~ used for eolvi:~g a particular category
of pmblame, Logether with the doaum~sn~,aLinn necoeaarir for ita aet-up and
operation ie~ separxted into w paak~ga at applied programs. ApFSied program
_ paekagea ~re proaeeesd ueing an 03 Ywq operating eyatem, are oriented to~+srd
aolving a aomparatimsly narrow graup of problems and havs aoneidsrable vsri-
ety. Applied program paakagee ars arbitrarily eubdivided into three groups.
Applied progt~m paakages ~rhich extend the ~apabilitiea of tha operating ayatem
provide tnr the operatio:? of Ye3 BVMta of ditferent contiguration~. Ameng
thsm i,re packages which aarry outi ths rsal-tima operation of the ayatam, ~
remc:~e packags prccssaing, dialog aystema and the operation of conventional
aultimaahine systems. Applied program packagea tor aolving acientiric, engi-
nesring and othsr problems protride for dilferent uaea ot diapl~ys, plottere,
matrix prooessing, difterent L~pes o! eimulation and eo on.
Applied progt~am paakagee tor OA3U~e etaould include combined ayatema for
pjroeeeeing the data base ~ an info~tion retriev~l eyetem and t1:s agecitic
aector problsms. ~
The uae of mieroprogram control ie a teature of Lhe internal atn~cture ot
the Ye3 comptirter. It ia based on the principle that each inatiuction, the
emalleet indivieible part ot the program to the programmer, ia interpreted
during technical implementation in the computer by a micropragras khich ia
a asquence o! microcomimande. 1t~e operatione a~oecuted by microcomnand8 are
exLrsmsl,y sie~le ond thsir numbsr ia quite aaiall. Ae �:ule, microopera-
tiono ar~ earried out on indivi~al bytes and ao, for inatance, a micropro-
gr~a for addsng t~a tlosting poir?t nuabera ia ir~t~ ~rprsted in the fona ot a
_ ~ -
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- ~Olt U~'~'ICIAL U5~ dNLY .
eeries of raioroopdr~tinne on bytea compo~ed of the addenda.
F'attensive experience in devaloping ~?nd opersting ASU~e hse ehown that a
, oomputer eyetem m~y aahisv~e ettioienay in obtoining the roAUlta of dats paro- '
aeseing by usoro ar~d the maat coaplet� loxding oi' all hardwore only ~?a~ t,he
abailabl~ roeouroee are ueed by e~veral ueere at tha eame time, that ia v~ith
th� uea ot the ahu~ed-t~ms operating mode.
Remote paakage proaeaeing ie thA oporating mode for a romote proceeaing ayetem
which ie moat oa~ept~ble for tha branch A31T for Motor Transport and at the -
same tims ie euftiaient~}r aim~le. With ~his moda th~ data ooming in trom -
dietsnt unern~ stationQ ir plaaed in order and pro~eaeed by mean~ of programe
lound in the librgriee lneated in the ax~ornal etorage media. Zhe ~roce~aing
reaul~e will. be tranamitted to the usere~ atation of the addreeeee.
The roqueat-reeponse mode ot oom~uter operati~n ia aa~led for whan srery
eimple probleme aro bsing aolv~ed Mhiah require etfiofenaq in obtaining the
reaulte of the proceaaing. 2t~s information-reterenc~ eyetem (SIS) o! th~
mini~try ataft ia an exang~le ot the use of a requeat-reaponee moda in a
branch A3U.
- In the tuture there are ~lane to uee the dialog mode of computer operation
in the OASU tor Mctor Tranaport nct on~y during deaignit~g ar~d debugging but -
alao during the aolution of very complicated problema of tha OASU for Mator
Traneport aubeyetem "Operational Controln.
With the automation of produotion proceaa control in motor transport enter-
priaee and ~tor vehicle rep~?ir plante, the in~ortant criteria of computer -
uae sre the aqatem reaponae time and the number of uaers, !or exampla in
motor traneporL control ayatema Por bue (ASDU-,l) and taxi (A3DU-T) trana-
portation.
The prograrna uaed in theee A9Uta are not v~ery coa~lex. The demanda made on
- the syatem~a rssponae time are exaeptional~r aetrore and the numbsr o! control
- ob~ecte (bussa or aara and Laxis) ie calculated in the hundreda and thouaanda.
~ 3ueh ayateme in x;?ich the ayetea?~s ra,sponee time ia a detatmining taetor are
called real-tlme ~perating ayatema.
Etfiaiency in data proceesing and the aapabilitq of aervicing a conRiderab:e
- number ot uaere sre achieved due to the relatiwa aimplicity and tho amall
rnuaber of openting progt~ama.
It ahould be notad that one of the Kaya of rcducing axpenditurea on ASU for
Notor Traneport development which ie deaerving of serioua sttention is stan-
_ dardization ot program aoftxare since e~enaea for developing prograaming
aida malta up a aignificant ahare ot the o~erall A311 develop~ent coets.
A t~pical program conaieta of the program nucleua, the procedurea uaed, the
data deacriptior?s, tha information tablee and the inatruction parametera.
~
FOR OFFICIAL L'SE. ~NLY
t
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I
~oR o~~icin~. us~ u~n.Y
'The pragram nual~ue ie S'undamentally a progre~m containing atat~menta for ~
acceaaing the ptandard procedurea in uee. The nucleua ia programmed ac-
cording to the nil.es fox programming etandar~i progr~una and io included in
- the library o! atiandrrd programa xrona whiah it ie read-out aith a auper- _
- vieory program.
ihe proaeduree ~re psrti of the libr~ry Qf atandard aubprograms. Use of and
acaese to eubpmgz~a~m~ ia govsrned hy rulee ado~ted for deeigning programb in
mrthonrt3cal ao~uter eoftasre~ -
_ D~t� dsecriptione ~re intono~tion about the aom~nsii~ion, struatuz~ an3
a~ntents oP the arra~yn being proceeaed. In aaaordance with the deeariptions
the progrim ~h4oees ~nd proaeaee~e a routine data 3tem in 31ne with ita =
characteriatics.
Prograra operating oonditione ae app],ied to aatual eit~uatione are rse~rded in
tha into~nation tablee.
Ynatruction paramstera are elen~ente ezternal to the program. They are in-
- serted in it prior to etarL-up. Ueit~g the ittetruction parameters, tha pro-
gram co~utee the needed intorm~tion tables ar~d arre`y ~leacri~ptione, aocesae8
the o?rr~re and then aolve~ ths problem.
~ 3. Data Support ot a 8ranch Automated Control Sy~tem ~
Data eupport o! a branch A3U ia underetood to me~n a eet ot fot~ne !or aub-
mitting data, document turnotror, aoding syatema, organization methode, sto-
rage arid aanitor~ng o! data arroye which provide an ir~terd~ependent aolution
for all ~eta of problems included in the OA3U tor Nctor Tranaport.
Development of the OA3U data base is a labor-conew~tiv~e proceae and inv~olv~ee ~
eolving the tolloxing problemat preciae delinition of the problema aolv~ed
in the OA~SU, determining their conf`oraitq to the ayatem~a ~nction and iden-
tify~ng their data intertace, detetmining the entry sourcea of the data, the _
meana ot its tranemiesion and the rate ot preaentation to the 3tate Cor~uter
Center, organizing data? acquiaition, eyetecoatizs~ion, storage and retrieval,
developing a coding aystem and methodi of lorm~lating indicea baaed on a
unified eqetem for claasifying and coding them. dev~eloping methocl~ for orga-
nising documsnte, conatrvcting ar? etficient eyatem for document turnov~ar,
aeleating particular Lypes of data media and developing the structura of the
data recording mediwa, organi~ing unitied methoda for setting ~p data arra,qa,
determining their co~oeition, intertaces, atorage ~ar~d retrieval in the `
basia of computer use ~nd detetm~ning meane of manitorir~g tbe data.
It is ~uetom~y to aubdivide daLa aupport into the internal and the ezternal.
In e~ctarrul data eupport it ia neceaeary te identifq items by meana of listed
references, claseitiers and dictionariea ot itema which allow ono item to be
diatinguished lrom anoth~r. Ueing appropriate unita of ineasurement deacrip~
tions ot the propsrties o! an it.~na are produced. Numerical data ia
13
FOR OPFICIAL U~F. ONLY
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~
~'b!t O~~ICTAL U5~ ~NLY
repreeented in convention~.form end an acaeptable set nf worde is established
- for va?l.uaa in text form. Dnta repreaentation aone3at~a of the loadir~,g of
~ doaumanta whiah u~?ti.efy the requirements tor their comp~ater procesain~.
= Yn intet~al data eupport the aonvereion ot extez~l?.1. de~a rer,,:-eson~.ation to -
machine ~'orm (r!urix$ date input to th~ ooarp~~ter) and back to externa]. form
(during output from Lhe aomputex) ocaura. _
Ueing available tlata aupport. far the OA3U it is oxpected in the future to
develop a data bank ti+hiah wlll be a aent�alized automated syatem for accwuu-
le~~inn, ~torage ~ retrieval and tt~ariamiasion of dAt~ (planning, normativ~e,
~ sacounting and reference) necaeegr~r for ~olving the problema of all the
operstional st*bayatema of branch ~ut~ma~ed control sy~atems.
~ Data claeeifi,aatian and aoding ie an irr~ortant part of data aupport which
makee it poeeible for automated ayeteme to correlate the data of the OASU
for Motor Traneport both for higher anrl for lower aontrol units and, in
addition, eetabliehea a aingle t~rm for data tranelation to the internal
raachitte lsnguage.
~ All of the infot~+nation in the R9FSR OASU~a for Hot~r ~ansport is claseified
aacording to the following characteriatica; relationehip to the State
Coaq~uter Center, etability and uae in control proceaaes.
Regarding relationehip to the State Co~uter Center, dat~? ia subdivided into -
input entered from different external aourcea, inte~?ediAte obtained ae a =
roeu].t of proa~eeing in the computer and used for aolving problema of a
epecifi~ aubaystem or aeveral eubeyetema and output produced by aubdivisiona
ot the miniatry ataff 4nd bq republic tasociationd.
Ae regarda atability, the data ie dividad into conatant, relative~y conatant
and variable~
With conatant data 1a grouped data ahich ie not changed over a period oF time
(indicea of epeciiic rreight oP different typea ot fuel and material8, fac-
_ tors for conv~ez~ting from one eet of unita of ineaaurement to another, tables
of reciprocala).
With relatively conatant data ia claeeified data which ia left unchanged for ~
a relatively long but finite period of time after which it is updated.
with variable data ia grouped data Nt?oee value is brought up to data syatem-
atical~y.
Depending on its uae in contml processes all data is aubdivided into
planning, opersting, accounting, no~ti~ro and raference.
With planning data le included the planning data for a apecific period on
all occupational indicee o! the ~niniatry deriv+ad from the planning and eco-
nomic management ot the miniatry and the plannfng departments of republic
aasociatione. -
1.4
FOR O~FICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100020030-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100024430-5
I
~OR O~FICIflL U5~ ~NLY
With operating data ie grouped data which muet be co1l.~ated gnd procea~ed `
with partiaular apeed and w~?ich charxcterixee the working conditiona of
miniat eubeeatore over a epecifio per3od of time (a day, 5 days, 10 daye,
a manth~ and, ae a rule, arriv~ee via coroaunioationa channele. -
~ Aaoounting informati,on cluraoteri~ea the actudl ~rorking conditiona ot ~nini-
eti-sr eubaeotore over a dpecilia per, ~~1 of t~,me and ie aent by mail in ac-
countit~g forma eatablished by the if: yR Mini~+try of Finance, the U33R Central
- 3tatiatical Ac~ninietration, U3SR (ioeplan, U99R Goebank and othera. 1'h3a
- infot~nation tnaludea data on the exscution of the plan of oparationa in
motor tran~porE, aapital conetruation~ materiale and equipment aupply, labor
and eo on~
. Norms dev+eloped and approtrod for oacupatio~nal. indiaea of a miniatry and iCa -
eubsactora are alassified ~+ith normative data.
Reterence dats encon~aees data hsving a relativaly aonetar?t nature: dic-
tionariee, referena� books, oonetante and eo on. A dictionarq oonaiata of -
aonaiee liats of eeparate olaesifier items and ie uesd for printing the texta
an output torms. Reforencea and ~onst~nt~ are referred to in eolving the
eyatem~e probleme. -
The develo~uaent of the OA3U for Mctor Tranaport hae required arranging the
economic di?ta and coding the technical and econcmic indicea uaed in the OA3U
Por Motar ~raneport.
Tha atnicturo of a techniaal and eaonomia index conaiate of an index-name
and a aubacript.
The index-rwas ie a term (Mrozd), phrase or number-coded ayn?bol ~+hich charac-
terisee ths �conomic contents and meaning of an index and ~xhich giv~ea it '
a qualitativ~e definition.
The eubecript ie the quantitative value of the index (a number) obtained aa
~ reeult of aompiling the data of real unite of r~reight, mesaurement atyd
coru~putation. In the proeessing operation the index-rwnea ars the ob~ect of
logioal a~d ths eubacripte ot aomputing operationa. A aet oP index-names
~rithout subsoripts is not an indsx. Thue, a qualitativ~e and a quantitative
value aorreapond to each technical and economic index. 3ome of the qualita-
Live valuee ot the index chancterize ita baaic economic aignificance and
othara am~plify this aignitiaance to an extent and sre aupplementarq index-
names.
The atn~cture of technical and economic index P may be preaented by the
fonmla
P --i (s, 4, X)
~fier~ S ie the main index-namea of tha index;
_ Q ia the supplementary indsx-namea of the index and
X is th~ quar~titative value of the index (the eubecript).
~5
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~OR O~FICIAL USE ONLY
1 � _
a~ A 6 B r Q E ~Y _
l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d~ 9 N K A
- 9 h , ~ ~ ~
~lr~rse~ar I~ fSirMda~ 3 m~ n Mr.
_ ' tl,fAlA/k ~/Iyft! flRlll LJNt/tMll~ ~1fXlJI BOIM~ ~~t~M
~7r.~0 ~~1fitA~ AO (~0/f /j0A'~vItA51/ ~/IRtl7 /~/R~INW
(40) ~~,a~~ - ~54)
~2~ ~10~ ~1$) ~34) ~41 ~49) 53 ~5~) 60
04irM llipi~o~RU ~OW~' fd. M~Kr~n~ip~ Cymx~ /leoMO/wJ ~ 55 ~ ( 59 ~ 6
rm e 7i1.2.0! &odNOV Pa.rB~n y"'~~P.
1YtA1� r~~IOD~ TNt.! . fl0h' MlN� MC:,JON�
� llvr~~ ~ 2,~rr~yEna �/l~mv/M~ (r, y~ Had ~n
~:e0 e~ao 1 /liua F:r ^;~:eei .ta Peklfiu~~ Tl1.~Ol (56) mc .?tMm ~ r
; 2 o?aNoNi� vanttJ aa~rtmt
TOMOMh/ Orene~ rre ~ 5 ,Q~,roso ' 7I12.OJ
~ ~~p0'xni/ Ti+tp,~E/ oA ee ,Nie~rW Brvscd~
y`~iir
~r ctm4mr~~ vo,~i NepAd~i 721Z.04
/led6o,~r~eri ryrM~noo IY/c m NNu
aan?m O~~i te+cmad 3 r~t yopo~ P 7f/.~Os
- / ns~~r u~ a~ryr
~ ~~cr .r~d� /'o! ( 5'1)
~ u n~~~, - ~52 TZ/.~06
r.. so ; e~~
~ o
y~ � u v lJ
poHi
_ tn I tat p tat 7?1. Z.07 nrer~vwd
Fig. g Prinoiplea for Claaeification and Coding of Teahnical and Economic
~ Indiae~~ of the OA3U for Motor Tranaport
a) according "to aconomic characteMatica
b) according to data proaeeaing characterietiaa
Key:
l. Forn~al. characteriatice 17. Ob~ect
2. Volume 16. Freight
3. Number 19. Freight turnover
4� CoaL 20. Paeeengera -
5� 21. Pasaenger turnover
6. Relative importance etock
Percent of implementation 23~ pr~=its
8. Othere 21+. Othera
9� Procesa 25. Unita of ineaeurement
10. 3hipmenta 26. Unit ~
11. Production 27. Thouaand unita
12. I~lementation 2g. ~,tblea
- 13� Conatruction 29. Thouasnd rublea -
L4� Repaira 30. Tons
15� Idle ti~ 31. Thouaand t~ons
16. Othera 32. Othera
1.6 -
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Keys (aont.) -
33� ~tb~eot k~. Characteriatics of the inde~x
_ 34� Minietry 44� Planning
35� Republia aaaocio?tion 50. Faotual
- 36. Main sdminiabration 51. Production norm
37� Tre~nsportation managsmenL 52. Othare
, 3g� Bnterprieee 53� 9ubayetem (code)
39� Othere 54� Document
40. Time 55 � It~put
~4V 56. output
- 42� Five da,qa 57� Intermediate
- k3� Ten deye 5g. Lq~rout
~nt~ 59� Saation of the doo~roent
k5� Quar~,er 60. Requieite
46. Year 61. Ynform~ation i~em in 1~y+ouL
~ 47� Othere -
At the baeis of claaeification oP technical and economic indiaes liea a
multidimen~eional prinaiple whioh includea the attribution of two character--
iatioa bo eaah indext the economio and the data proaeaeing. The ~rinciple
of claeaification ie shown in ligure 8.
_ y The RSFSR OASU for 1?~otor TransporE ia conaidered to be a co~onent part of
the St;tewida Automated 3yetem for Control ot the National Econoa~y (0(}AS).
In thia connection the OA3U for Motor Tranaport muab be interconnected with -
the analog ayat~ms of USS~i Goeplan, RS~'SR Goeplan, tha US~R Central Statis-
_ tical Adminietration, the ASUte of minietMas and departmenta of aectore of
induatry atid aleo with A9Ufa for trsneport and territorial trrinaport control
of a aector ot industry (A~U-TU).
The data proceeaing intertace o! the problema of OASU tor l~tor Transport -
with the automated aqetems o! various levele of management ia accon~plished
bq the dev~elopment o! a w~ified eyatem ot claaaification and coding of data,
_ the areation ot a etandardized syatem oP documentation and the efficient
diatribution o! the information flow bet~reen the management levela.
The data pmceseing inte~face of the OASU !or Motor Tranaport with the higher
level control eyatem 0(~A3 ia accompliahed by a unified ays~am of classifica-
tion and coding through all union claaeifiers of technical and economic data
- and with a loxer lavel ayatem auch ae A3U-TU through system-wide and special
claaaifiere.
- Rational conatruction and eFficiency of OA3iJ operation is determined to a
coneiderable extent by the internal dats support, such as the organization
and at:vctures of data arr~ys (tilea). Thia ia ex~lained by the faat that
large volumea o! aconomic data require suitable organization of their data
srra~ra.
17
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roR oF~rciaL us~ ot~Y
_ Aoademician V. M. Gluahkov coneiders the basio eyatems and erlg3neering
pmblem in ASU deaign to be a proble?a of optiwtun aonstruction, efficient
- pmaesaiz~ and compreheneive use of the data arrays in the system, since it -
ie pr~cieely the data arraya atored e?nd proceseed in the A3U which ~ink a11 ~
oP the ayatem unite and th~ problema being aolv...; in the data proaesaing `
pYan. The oz~ganization oS data arrayra is called on to carry out the exchange
~ of data between the external files and the main momory, ta aacomplleh ef-�
fiaient acceee to the data and to correct i~.
On the organization and atructure of the data array?a dep~snd the re].iabil3ty ~
and efficiency of the resulte produced by the eyatam and consequently the =
effectiveneae ~f oontrol as a whole.
All of the data uesd during problem eolv~ng in the OASU is combined into -
data arra~ya whi~eh are a aet of data recorded on epeaific recc+rding media
and organized in a strictly regulated order. Ae a rule, arrays are similar `
in their aigniticance a,nd gu~ction. Mnsi; often the arrays are composed of
_ eymbola (word blocka) which are a logically aomplete group of sequentially -
- arranged numbera or alphanumerioal characters which describe a particular
- item. _
- The individual numbera or alphanumerical characters enterad in the record
are the ele~enta o~ the record. Owing to the limitations of the main memory
the data stored in the extorne~l, memory is drawn from epecified portions
- known aa information blocka. On magne~ic tape (I~Q,) one block represents one
zone and may hav~e different contents. On punchcards it corresponds to a
card and on punched tape to one character.
Proceeding from the compoaition and etructure of the data aupport and its
baeic requirementa it ma~y be claimed that tha main problem of OASU data
~upport ia the problem of in-line procesair?6 of data arr~ys, tha~ is rapid
r~triaval and output of the needed data.
The task at hand is implemented moat efficiently by developing an automated
data bank in tha branch A3U (ABD OASU). The automated data bank ahould be
a self-contained subaystem in the procaasing part of the OAStI and should
carry out centralized ac^wnulation, atorage, updating, retrieval and output
of ar~y atored information by automated means.
- Proieeaor S. I. Volkov understanda a data bank to be an organizational and
technical eqatem which allowe storing large arra~ys of data in stMctly -
ayatematized order and makes posaible random access and output of ar~y stored
- data in the form of individual data items or the combination of a aet of
data obtained by automated means for output of neadea infozmation for actual
cqntrol purpoaea to uaera of very diveree designation.
The need for developing a unified data base which provl..dea for source data
actual probleme of all the functional aubayatems of OAsU for Motor Transport,
the ex,ceptionally large v~olume of data sub~ect to storage, updating and pro-
ceaaing, the limited capability for storage of large volumes of data in the
18
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rOR OFFICIAL I15E ONLY ~
ayetem~e indivSdual control unite, ttie requirement af different aontrol
departmente for ecqniring one and the same data, the neceaaity of 3ntegrating
_ da~ta proceabing proaeduree and the capabil~t3es oF third generation com-
' putera have predatarniined the de~relopment of an e~ubomated de?ta bAn1c in the
branch A3U !or Motor Tranaport.
.
At the baeia of further dev~lopmant oP the OA3U f~r Motor .i'ransport lie _
~ ccnc~ptual cQneideratione which eatabliah the prinoiple$ of extensive inte-
gration of indiv~dua]. ASUoa daveloped previoualy in the aector and which _
predetenatne the cotretruation oS tha techn~.oal baRe of data process3ng en-
terprlaee on the baeia of an automated data banlc ayatem. _
, ~
In thia ca?ee data proce~~ing enterprl8es will have to be collective-use ~
computer aenters using nultimachine computer eqstems. A r,noat ;important con-
- di~cion far th~ opera~ion of sn autom~ted data bar~k is the f~ilfillm~ent of a
riumber o~ x~ec~uiremente.
The firet reqtiirement eoneiets of regiatering the index once and maki.ng -
, repeated uee of it for eolving the maxinwm number of differ~nt problems.
After an index ie entered into the syatem it can be useci in all problema of -
' functional OA3U eubayateme where it is applicable. Strict regulation of the
storage, updating, tranemiaaion and uae of ar~y index makes it possible to -
- eliminate duplication of info~tion which occurs naturally during local -
~roblam solving. In addition, preciae t'ulfillment of this requir~ment calls
for centralizing previouely aegregated indicea in the da'ta bank and astia- _
fyir~ the neede of difforent control units for the required data.
The aecond requirement lies in the f~ct that a minimum of source indices -
must be stored in the data bank r+h3ch can be used to obtain by mathematical
means ar~y required number of secondary (derived) indices unless the case is
auch that repeatad acquisition of derived indices requires larger e~endi-
ture~ than their atorage and retrieval in an automated data bank.
The third requirement ia proviaion of the capability of simultaneous access
by several uaera to the autonwted data bank.
Data in the ABDta data collection will be kept current by having the newest
infoz~mation a~ratlable at all times, the degree of newnesa to be determined ~
by the degree ot ita uaetulneaa to the uaer.
In addition, there muat be satisfaction of requirements for the capability -
of using data from varioua arr~ys in different combinations, the capability
oP reorganizing data arr~ra xithout changing tha maintenance programs and
the oapability of man-machine interfacing. The complexity of developing an
automated data bank ie reaponaible for its configuration which ia a serias
oP diverae elements: a eet of teahniCal and oconomic data arre`ys, ot methods
and mearia for organizing theae arraya, of inethods for accumttlat{ ng, updating
- and retrieving the dats, of fo~e and means for its representa~cion and a
eyatem of epecial program aoftwaro which automate~ the hardwar~ operatior. on
the data.
~9
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For thia reaeon efficient ABD operation 3.n a branch A3U m~,y ba ~chieved w11en
_ thore 3s the beet combinstion of stn~ctural elements and operation ~xecu-
_ tion pmceduree a~ epplied to the aotual requirementa of the specific nature -
~f the problema being solved.
Standardization of the doaumentation which allows expenditures to be reduced -
to the mi,nimum for compoging, colleeting, procesaing and correcting the
data contained in these docum~ents io an indiapenaible concltt3on Por nor~nal.
operation of the OA3U data bank. ?
- Autoraated data banka whose deve]~opment is prn~~cted for the Tenth Fi~+~e-Year
Plan in data procesaing enterprises of common carri~r motor tranaport muat -
- accomq~liah: rapid re~rieval of data during the aolution of ASU for M~ot.or
- Traneport problem~, minimization of machine time use for correcting and `
updating data, e13mi.nation of data duplication in the arrays which consti-
- tute the data base, preservation of the integrity of index v~.l.ues during -
- their uee in aolving different problems, a high degree of reliability in _
= operation and flexibility.
Thus, the development of an automated data har,.k for the OASU for N.~tor Trans- -
port ia one of the main dii^~ctions .for further dev~elop~nent of a second-phase ~
OA3U for common carrier motor transport.
_ 4� Hardware for a Branch Automated Control 3ystem
. An OIl3U is baaed on the use of advancad computer equipment which makes it
possible to carry oub timely and high-perfoz�matice data collection, processing
and output to control departmenta. The aesemblage of units which im~lement
the processee oY data collection, transmiasion, storage and display is the
har~ware system (KTC).
At present, third generation Ye3 EVM~s (Ys3 EVM-1033~ have come to replace
the second generation com~uters (Ural-]1+D) used in the OASU.
~'he dAfining principle which characterizes YeS EVM~s is a microelement com-
ponent base, integrated circuita which make it possible to achiew higher
operational and technical-economic indices in comparison with first gen~ra-
tion (tube-type) and second generation (tranaistoMzed) ~omputers.
Ye3 EVM nwdela are prograr~co~atible. This means that a program designed
to acoompliah e?n actual taek ma3r be run on an~y m~odel of the system.
On the baeia oP program compatibility, a unified programming system is being ~
developed which provides for the control oY a17. hardware, for automation of
- pmgramming and for acciunulation of a library of problem-oriented program
- packagea.
- Parallel proceaaing is th~ ~aoic operating mode of Ye3 EVMts in which several
_ unita of a single raaohine or several interfacin~ machines ~s well as a con-
_ aidereble riumber of territorially remote userP and subscribers operate
20 -
- FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100024430-5
~'OR OFF'ICIAL U5E ONLY
- ainu~l.taneouely with prmblems related to ane de~ree or tinother.
= Since ti~e Unified 3yetem of Eleatronic Computera CYs3 EVM ~ in~ludes high- -
performan~e coraq~utere ~nd the adopted logia atr~zc~Gure takes into aacount _
the requiremente for can~t~~ction of large aollec~ive-use computer ays~.ems, -
- a Ye3 EVM ea~iafioo the requ~remonta of the branch ASU for Motor Tran~~o~t
both from the g~oi~t of view of hardware proviaion and also from the point. of -
' view of efSiciAnt service to ramote uaers orrer a'w3deapread area. _
~ The list of external and peripheral Ye3 EVP~I wr?ita inaludc~s 39 typea of exter-
~ n,~l. memories, ~2 typee of I/0 units, 12 typea of units for direct comamunica- ~
tion betareen the aperator. and cdm~uter, 1~4 types of remote data processing :
units and 13 typea of data preparation units.
Fquipment to interface the computer with coaum~nications channele is needed
to implement the principle~ incorporated in the OASU for Motor Transport and
- characteMatia of OASU~s ae a potent3a]. ay8tem for aollective-uee of compu-
ters. The capability of tranamission both from the computer and to the com-
puter on co~mmications chanriels with aev~eral rar~,~;,te uaers working with the
computer simultaneou~ly ie the idea of remote ~~rocesaing. Remote processing
is a method oP data conbml in which the data p~ceseing system, the col-
lection of hardrrare and software for procesair~g, uses the faciiities of
" ~ com�nunicatione equipment.
In the future there are plans to uae a complete set of data processing equip-
ment oriented toward collectiv~e computer use by remote uaera in the OA3U
for Motnr Transport. _
In view of the conaiderable territorial isolation of the control ob~ects
which are the sources for originating information in the OASU for Mc~tor
Transport and the need for centralized processing of this information in
= the Main Co~uter Center for th~ sake of accomplishing operation control
~ functions by the mtaff of the RS~'SR Ministry of Motor Transport, the sub~ect
of data collection t+nd tranamiasion on communications ohannels with its
reliability maintain~d is assuming a particular significance.
It is planned to equip al1 imultiple-~user data proceasing and computing .
centera af the 113U for Motor Transport with third generation computers
which will be interconnected as well as linked with the Main Computer Center
by coaam~nications channels.
Such s multimachine syatem will operata ~hrough the use of YeS EVM data
transmiaaion equipmont (APD). _
Initidl data procesaing consiata of collecting and transferring d~ata from
a source document to a data recording device, that ia registering a disor-
dered data array in a a~~itable recording medium, arranging the received data
according to defined symbola and executing logical and mathematical operations
on the created data arra~ya. -
- 21
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLX
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100020030-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100024430-5
~Oit d~~ICtAL US~ tlNLY
In~the future there sre plsn~ to ure the 3PD-900t~ Automated d~t~ prep~ration
eyetem whiah ia intended !or eetting up eource dat~ on magnetia tape and h~s
- tho aapability of exeauting the operatione of eort~ng, merging, edit~ng and
cheaking data !or validity. _
The 9PD-9000 eqetem Qoneiete of e mfnico~uter with memorieg on netic
ta e an~ diske, a diapatcher Lern~inal, eeveral oper~?tor tetminale~up to
3z~ and eev+eral additior?a]. unite.
~ The 3PD-9000 eyetem la oonotruated on the ba~ie ~t ~ thi~ generation coraputer,
the ASHT M-6n0~0, and inaludee g to 32 keyboard termina].e ~i'or data 3nput.
~ The eyetem pernLtte a eharp inoreaee in productivity and reli~?bility Af data
eet-up on recording media and eliminateB from Lhe produ~tion proceae tradi~
tional d~ta prepnration unite for punchcarde and punched tap~. Megnetic
tepe ie the principal recorciiqg medium. `
The operating funct3one af the 9PD-9040 are ae folloae. Operators enter the
dsta in documenta from keyboatd terminals into a proceaaor in whic,h it is
~ proce~eaed by epeaial programe t.nd then recorded on magnetic d3ske. Dsts
f~r ~lving epeaifia problema ahich is atored on a diek mgy be tranacribed
on magnetic tape by 4 eupervieory instruction for subaequant uae in a com-
puter. Tn addition, the 3FD-9U00 ayetem m~y be ueed for initial proceeeing
of aouroe data and control 02' date set-rt~p operstiona.
COPYRIG~iT: Izdatel~atw "Tranaport", 19?7
8945
- CSO: 1870
- 22
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100024430-5
~Ott OF~tCIAL U~I's ~NLY
r
CYHC[tN~TICS, COMPtJ'r~it5 AND AU`CdMA'~InN '~~CNNO~.dGY
ASp~CT5 d~ T~i~ U~V~LC~PLN~N'r OI~' A~Up' 5
Ndvoeibirek AVTOMA~I~I1t~VANNYY~ 5IST~MY tJp1tAYL~NYYA i IKN AUAYTATISYA
' ~Autdmgted Contr~l Systumg and Ad~ptgtinne df '~hpm) in ~tus~isn 1976 gigned
ta prees 2~ May 19~7 pp 88-105
(S~ctione 1 and 2 frd~ Ch~peer 5~f bo~k by t. H. ~obko, N~uka, 3,~Od
cnpieg, 112 page~]
(Textj C.h~pCer V. Practical Aspects nf the Development of Automated
, Enterprige Control Systems
Beginning in 196~, the operationa wiCh reepect to the application of com- -
putNr~ in control verc basically p~rformed along the lin~ of golving
- ittdividual probl~ms. A number of programs have been deve~dped ~hich im-
plement the methode of linear programming baair~lly for optimizgtion of the
productnn planning~ hauling, material and technical aupply, ~nd eo on.
Hovever, tbe gathering of the initial dgta Wgg at the ~~me timE complic~tQd.
They aerp not highly reliable~ the operativenesa of obtaining them wa~ very
loW, there aas no cencralizaeion in th~ information eystang, which in
practice reduced to zero the reeulte of impl~menting the optimizatinn methoda.
~Tork has been etarted on aolving accounting problema auch as accounting for
lebor and the calculation of aages~ the pereonnel accounting, the accounting
for movement of material valuee in the Warehouaea. After obtaining the
firat reaults on the basie of the developed programa, it became obvious that
it became neceesary xo create a united information base of the enterprises.
- This baae muat~ on the one hand, completely describe all of the primary
production reeources in order ta teke them into account, plan and control
them. On the other hand, the problem of the organization of this informa-
cion bae~ Waa converted to a epecial area of research which pureued the
, goal of creating a united methodology, epecial eoftaare and organizational
equipment taking into account the specific characteristice of the various
enterpriees. In addition~ the information base itself muat correspond to
the reguirements of saving memory in the computer, simplicity and epeed of
accese to che infnrmation elements, the operativeaess of updating the data
and high reliability of the information.
23
FOtt OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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~nR n~~tCIAL U~~ ONLY
The~~ pr~r~qui~itpg ~lgd prnvide the b~gig for the cdn~tructidn prict~iplea
- af the nuedm~Ced contrdl ~ygtem~. .
_ fl. g~rneul Autnm~ted Contrml 5y~tem
- Ueveldpment 5tep~ -
- Thp wdrk on ere~Cing auco~ated ~dntral sy~eema in the Siberign divi~inn of the
U55~t Ae~demy ~f S~i~nc~~ in 1964 w~g c~n~~ntrgt~d on tt~e d~velnpw~nt nf the
methnd~ nf cnntrdlling gn indu~trial ~t.t~rprige by crnnputer. AGCOrding td _
the propae~~e of former direcCnr di the ~gra~t~1 ~t~dio p1~nt V. Uoktorov,
thi~ plgnt b~~gme th~ be~e ~~r itttrdduc~ng an pxperimentgl vergidn o~ the
gu~nmgted cdnCrnl ~ygtem in j967. Th~n, ~fter nrggni~~tion of th~ ~~mpnter
Center at the p1gnC~ the plant cdllective get t~ vork dri devel~ping Che bagic
v~rgidn uf th~ ~urnmgtpd ent~rprige cnntrdl ~ygtem vhi~h, by ~~ggegtidn of the
~cient~gta ut the Siberi~n divigi~n, w~g c~11ed che B~rngul ~utdm~e~d conrrol
~y~tpm.
The gnrnaul a~tomat~d control gy~tem aag built gg a result of close crentive
codperation di the ~~ipnti~tg nf th~ gcientific divi~inn of the USStt A~ademy
of 5cienceg and the engineering gnd technicgl aork~rg of the Barn~~~l itadio
plant. In bpcember 1~71, it Wae put intd op~ration. The 5iberi~n division
trgn~ferred all of the rights to further extengion of this system to the
other enterpri~e~ to the Barnaul itadio Pl~nt. At the pregent time the
Bgrnaul nutnm~ted cotttrdl eyet~m is in opergtion or being intraduced at mare
than 150 enterpriees ~f the country.
In 197~ an ~esoci~ti~n of u~ers of the Barn~ul gueomated rnntrol system Was
cregted, the baeic purpoae of vhich wag the p~an dev~lopmene of thig ~yBCem
by the efforts of the uaerg and the development of the atrategy of adaptation
of the ~ystem to tha third-gen~ration computerg.
$agic OrganiaaCion Principles
A number of principlee have been advanced Wnich serve as the procedural basis
for crea~ing the Barnaul automated control system:
The ehop-by-ehop structure of the procesging of the praduction and material
and technical inf.ormation;
The creatidn of unified data files considering the shop etructure of the
enterprise;
The module principle of organizing the eoftWare with coordination to thc
~ystem;
The poesibility of continuous development of the system;
The introduction of rigid monitoring of the operation of the automated
control syscem into the system for Which errore or nonoperativeness of the
operation of che system create disadvantageous conditions for certain cate-
goriea of enterprise Workers, the principle permits the system to r~aintain
itself on a high operating level vithout input from the directors.
- 24
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~
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~OK O~~ICTAL U~~ dNLY
'~h~~p prin~ipleg w~r~ itnp~pm~n~~ad in praetic~ in eh~ n~rn~ul ~y~tern, and
~andition~ a~re ~regt~d f~r godd dperaCion of it ~t the eneerprie~~ df vgridu~
profil~g.
'Ch~ ~a~rnattl ey~eem provid~~ fdx gervicing the entprpri~eg With the informatintt
by c~lcul~ting the r~gour~es ~nr th~ p1~n~ produceian ~c~autttin~, wieh regpec:
en ~1i typ~g nf g~ttlpm~n~~, c~lcul~tinn nf w~g~~ ~nd mgc~ri~l~, ~nd dperg-
tive-produation pl~c~ning. In ~ddietdn, nn tih~ b~gi~ nf th~ ~~R'T m~~hndg, thp
~y~e~m provid~~ far ap~~~~idn planning ah~n putting riew producta into pro-
_ dueti~n. Th~ aonCrd~ di the m~terigl and Ce~hni~gl gupply wag deGided on the
prddu~eidn ievp~ end wirh reepeet to th~ ~n~ter~gl ~nd tp~hni~~l ~upply
~dmini~trgtion ~e th~ v~r~houe~~. In the ~arn~ul ~utomgt~d control ~y~tpm
; 4he prdbiemg of perennnpl manegpment, lgbdr arcounting ~nd ~g1cul~tidn df
w~gea aith r~epect to ~11 ca~~gori~~ gnd types of paymentg are gdlv~d ~g
~utnnmm~u~ modulee ~ne~ring into the sy~tem.
'Ch~ infnrm~tion be~e ~f Che autain~tPd cantrol gy~tem includ~g ~ed~1~ df linear
prdgr~mming, dynamic progr~mming, opergrions r~g~~rch td find extrema to
gnlv~ th~ pr~bl~mg nf oper~tive-produrtion gnd ~nnu~1 pl~nning.
Brief bescription of the Barneul Aurc~m~ted Control 5ygtem
Th~ primary documentation of the Barneul ~utomated cnntrol -ygtem can be broken
dos~m into two groupe.
'Che firgt includ~e the documente on the basis of vhich the perman~ntly atored
information files are fotmulgted. Theee include the procegg-normative ch~rt
ahich is in the form nf a ligt ~f all normative indexes for egch of the
ob3ects of labor~ a ntmiber of the all-pla~at documents--th~ nomenclaturr~ and
pric~ list for materiala~ the overlap factors and oth~r general plant re-
ference documente.
The aecond gtoup includ~e the current information doc~enta which either
come daily or once every calculated period or randomly on occurrence. The
baeic document carrying thr curreat ~ulu~m~r~on is the shift report of the
section Which is filled out every ehift in each eection. The current in-
formation documents include the "normative variations~" "the t~ble of failures
per ap~ration," "the variation in personal accounts," the documents to
correct the plan and the budget date which are filled out ae the information
arisee. /
The aet of permanently atored informgtion files (using magnetic tapes), the
floae of current information and the eoftaare ere combined by the operation
eystem into an integrated data processing system Which is the information
base of the enterpriae.
Ag a reeult of operation of the Barnaul automated control system, a mapping
of the couree of production. reaervPs, the process and organization is
created in the computer memory.
~5
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100024430-5
~dK O~~tCIAL U3~ qNLY
~ ~nr dp~rdeive produ~tidn ~dntrnl, ehe gn~lygi~ nf the cnur~e di the productidn
pr~~~ne, accounting~ m~tu~1 c~lcul~tiong b~tween gex'vi~pgi eg1~uY~ti~ne with
indugtrf~l work~ra ~nd ~~tim~e~~ af ehe ~Geivity ~f the ~ubdivigiong the
~~mpuCer puts nut the r~q~tired dncument~ which go to the varioug plant
s~rviG~g d~iiy~mdnthly and q~grt~rly. A number of dncumetttg ~an be print~d
dut on r~qu~~t.
~
� D~v~l~pm~nt df rhp n~rn~ul Auedmat~d Cdntral 5ygeem
~n ~ddition t~ogniving the basic cnntrol problemg, the Bgrngul ~uComatied control -
~y~tpm h~~ ~r~geed ~n infdrmgeiot? b~~p ~ar th~ ~nt~rpri~e ~hi~h make ie pog- "
~ibl~ Without ~ignific~nt expendieureg t~ include in it ehe progr~ th~t
implemene th~ dptimizntion te~hniqu~~, thp meth~dg df ~e~ti~tical ~n~lysi~,
_ ~i~aulgtiam m~d~1~, ~nd eo ~n.
Ag ~~me exgmpleg let ug ~coneider the nperati~ns vieh respect to syr.~temg develop-
_ ment~
The ggrnaul R~did pl~nt~ u~ing methode of lin~ar and dyngmic programning,
h~s in~luded ~ number nf gtandgrd pr~gram~ in th~ ~y~e~mg $nftw~re, gnd it
hes ~olved the prdblem of optimizing the nnnugl enterprige plan in the _
autdmacic m~de. Ae g result of improving Che enterpri~e plgn by the nptimiza-
tion procedureg, the folloWirig has occurred: frdm th~ use of optimixation -
the enterpriae h~g increased the prdduction vnltm~ by 6 to 8 p~rceat in
1974 gnd 19'S. Ae the ~ame plant operatinng h~ve been completed with respect _
to inclusion of a aet of optimal operative-production planning programs ~n
the datg procesaing eyatem. Theee operations are being perfozmed jointly
with the inatitute of economics and arganization of induetrial productian
of the Siberian Department of the U5SR Academy of Sciences under the direction
of N. 8. Mironosetskiy. The basis for this complex ia the differ~ntiated
planning eystEm for ahich ite oan optimization method With its reetrictions
and optimization crit~ria is implemented for varir~u~ group~ r,f parte.
After the Barnaul itadio Plant, the Altay Tractor Elec[rical Equipment Plant~
which Was one of the first to intrnduce the Barnaul syatem, perfotmed a
set of labor and wage classification operations, it organized incentive and
- competition programs in order to improve the productivity of lgbor among
the vorkers.
The set of programs was written for complete labor accounting and all types
of wage calculatione.
Under chese conditions~ the operations With reapect to the peraonal plans
for the workers for labor incentive and competition acquired defined signi-
ficance. The AZT~ (Altay Tractor E]ectrical Equipment PlantJ (a plant of
communist labor) increased ita productivity of labor by 17.5 percent through-
out the entire enterprise in 1974~ and its experience has been taken under
reviea by the state commi[tee on labor and Wages aad the Secretariat of
the All-Union Central Trade Union Council for adoption at the other enter-
prises of the country. The experience of the Altay Tractor Electrical
26 _
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~att dF~I~IAL US~s ONLY
t~:qu~pm~nt t'1~nt gi~n d~mnn~Crgted th~t the ~?utdmetpd n~rngul ~ygtem i~
r~pgble nf b~in~ ~d~pt~d td rhe me~g n~~ure of prdductinn.
'The Nepeun ~d~~~g plant, which makeg ug~ di the peeuliaritiea of the garnaul
= gutomated ~ntterol ~y~e~m~ hg~ p~rfdtmed g number of enterpri~~~ with re~pect
Co imprdving ehe cnntrdl etruCeur~ und~r the cnnditiong nf eh~ ~utdm~t+ed
~~ntral ~y~t~m~. Thu~, fr?r ~xamp~~, th~ contrnl ~ervicag, With eh~ ~xc~ptinn
df iine mgn~g~mpnt;~ have be~n r.bk~n nue of the b~gic produCeidn ~h~p~.
Snme af th~a ~nterp~ig~~ gre uging the metih~d~ r~f st~Ci~tical df~gn~gCi~g
. and fnreC~~Cing in th~ B~rngul ~utdm~t~d cnn~rol gy~e~m~ which p~rmit~ th~
cre~ei~n ~f intiegral quglity ~~ntr~i ~ubgy~eemg.
Under the cnnditione of the nperating auC~matpd control ~ygt~m~ thpre ig ~ ~
pn~~tbility nf organizing eh~ prev~ntive control on a higher 1eve1. The
~omput~r progr~ impl~menting the pr~v~ntive conrrnl m~king use af the
op~r~tive d~ta from the enterpri~e ~u6divi~i~ng~ ~~cumulate ~teti~eical dgt$
- thet are required when golving Cechnic~l-economic planning ~nd oeh~r problems.
The prdgram~ foY operaCive control of Che produ~tion proce~e section to
obt~in prodyction of g given queliCy hgve be~n written. The output productien
quglity ie pYedetermined by certain input paramet~rg. Ae~ordingly~ th~
prdblem ~rise~ of eetabliohing goale, that ig, the segrch for the get of
valueg of the input paremeters which und~r norim~l p~oe~s~ eonditiong wi11
ensure that a product of thp required quality ori11 be obtgined. The simula-
tion on a computer uaing etatiatical date th~t are the re~ulte of inea~uring
the proce~a parametere under norm~l operating conditiong over a aufficiently
l~ng time inCerval permits us to obtain the required estimates Which are
cloae to nptimal. Furthermore, the problem of minimizing the devigtinn of
th~ input par~m~tere from the target valuea ie R,olved operatively conai-
dering the reetrictione exigting aC the given pnint in time on the raa
mat~rial resourc~e~ the equipment load~ and eo on. 5ometimes the c~lcul~ted
valuea of Che input parametera do not provide for obtaining a product of
the required quality~ which is eatabliehed by the computer using the fore-
casting algorithme. In this case, additional meaaures are taken or, if
poseible~ certain restrictiona on the variablee are removed, and the cal-
culation is repeated.
Introduction.
The transition to eutomated control eyatema ig not the introduction of new
equipment. The automated control ayatem touches oa the intereats of the
en[ire collective of the enterprise. beginning with the plant director and
ending vith the vorkere. The entire collective participates directly in the
automated control ayatem. The autosmted control ayatem requires that the _
collective obeerve defined instructiona, changes ia control style, and certain
ne4r forma of interrelations.
The introduction of the Barnaul sutomated control system at the Barnaul
Rsdio Plant and then at other enterpriaes took place comparatively easily,
27
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~0~ dt~'~~CIAL U5~ dNLY
in gpit~ of the f~Gt th~t eh~ ~ygtem w~g nne o:E ehe ~ir~t in the cnunery~
'~h~ fnllowing m~e~ures gnd pe~uliaritieg of th~ gy~tem have promoted thi~.
The pl~nt develdp~r~ hgve p~reicipae~d directly in Che d~v~lopment, planning,
' d~~ign ~nd tnCroducti~n of th~ ~y~tem. Many of th~ ~lgdrithms and egpeCi~lly
ehe ~dlueion~ t~kt.ng into ~CCOUnC the p~ycholdgi~gl factor were p~dpd~~d by
Chem~ ~nd ~g ~ r~su1C df eh~i~ prc~p~g~1g, ~normoug axp~ripn~e f~ ehe ~raCtiCal
p~r~du~tiott m~tt~gement fiae come aboue.
The Bgrngul gyge~m vag Cnn~tructpd by the prin~iple di the hi~rgrchiC~1
~tructure nf the enterprfge. The shop-ny-~h~p prin~ipl~ nf d~ta ~edr~ge ~nd -
prdcegging h~~ m~d~ it po~~ible to te~t the sy,~tem not directly ~t the entire
~nt~rpri~~, bue only in nn~ ~h~p, after which the sygtpm wxg intrdduced
~ucap~~ively by the planned pro~~dure with r~~pece t~ g11 of the ghnpg, ~nd
thi~ is hoW it wa~ brnught gbout in a11 of th~ Qnti~rprt~es.
A11 af the prfmary information i~ connect~d in dne a~y or ~nother with the
earnittgg of tih~ plattt workere. 5peri~l prngramg have been wricten whi~h
~neure cnnv~nient form and faet output of information. on the earning~ of
the wdrkerg Which createe ~n ~utomatic canCrol system that self-auppnrts
the ~~nditinns on a high operating level and eneurea religbility of the
primary data.
Inasmuch th~ B~rnaul automated control sqstem Wag canstructed by the
principle of the data procesaing ayetem and permit~ output of in practicp
any information on the cour~e of production, at firet provigion was n~d~ for
output documents traditionally required by the gdministrative pergnnnel.
Then the need for theee dncum~nts aas eliminated~ and new ones begring more
valuable information appeared. Thia successive modification of the documente
carrying the traditions ~nd ueing the customary forms of operation arou~~d
na objectians on the part of the plant Workera, but~ on the contrary, at-
tracted them to active creative activities Co improve the management methods.
A greac deal of significance w~s attached in the introduction process to the
fact that the expenditurea of machine time and labor of the persnnnel on
_ operation and maintenence of the ayetem are low. This problem has been
given epecial attention in the filling out of the primary documents, the
information base and optimization of the data processing algorithms.
Effectiveneae Eetimate
The cost benefit received by the enterprise as a reBUlC of introducing the
automated control eyetem depends on the gain received by the enterprise
from the automated control syatem and the expenditures on the development
_ end nperacion of the aystem. The gain or the effect which is offered by
the automated control system is determined by the number of problems en-
compassed by the sutomated control system. The more control functions per-
formed by the computer, the higher the level of automation, vhich means.
the loWer the lahor e.~cpenditures aith respect to control. Another important
2f~
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f~ctar ig-r~du~tion n~ eh~ 1~bdr exppnditur~u nn ehe d~veldpmene d~ th~
nueumae~d aontrdl ~:ygtem~ !e~ dperaCion and m~int~n~n~Q. `Chc~~~ includ~ the
~xpend~irur~a on ~~cquiring ~nd m~inegining th~ technic~i me~n~.
The cd~t benefie fram th~ gueomgted cnnCrol ~y~teme ~ti eh~ ent~~pri~~~ ig
~~tim~t~d by eh~ corra~ponding procedur~~. ttov~v~r, the~~ p~ncedureg in~lude
dnly th~ ~nt~rprig~ indpx~~ ahich ean quanete,~eiv~ly ~v~lu~e~d ~the
reduC~ion in lo~~~~, incre~~~ 4n output eapgcity, reduc~ion in number nf
per~unn~l, and ~o ~n). A very imporC~nt fg~tor in the effectivenese of the
~utdt~~t~d ConCro~ gygCem t~ rh~ qugliC~tiv~ effect ~f th~ ~y~eem or? the
~~atr~l func~inn~~ for ~xgmple, the incregee in va1u~ ~nd oper~tfvenp~~ of
the i~nfdrm~r3on for d~~igion m~king, th~ creative ~~eivity of the people
p~rti~ip~ting tn aontral and Ch~ ~Cabiliey of ehe ~dminigergtive funceiong.
The guCnmgeed cdntrdl eyst~m ~x~rtg g gre~t deal of influ~nce ~n Che contrr~l
qugllty which, in our npinion~ ie much more tmportgne that aome of th~
qugntitativ~ reeulte nf autom~tion. Unconditfonglly, the qu~litetive eff~ce
from ~utomation of control ~+i11 ultimately be exprees~8 in eh~ qugntirgtive
: ind~x~~ ~?hich frequ~nely ~re v~ry difficule eo erace, gnd fnr vhiCh it fe
" diffieulr eo con~Cruct ~~y~tem of ral~tion~. Sometimeg it i~ difficult td
~hnw tahere Che effect comes from--from the autdmat~d contrnl sy~t~m~ or
frnm eertain other meaeur~e.
However~ in epite of definite imp~rfecri~n of the exigting methdds of cal-
culating coet b~nefits, it ts poeeible ro obCain minimum eetim~teg dn the
baeie s~f them. ~
At the ent~rprisee that have introduced the Barngul gutnmgted cc~ntrol ayatem~
such eetimatea have been made during acC~ptnnce of the gygC~m by the gtate
commisaion for induetri~l nperationa.
At the Barnaul Radio Plant, accnrding to the economic service calculations,
the direct cost benefic of the Bgrnaul ~yetem after the firae year of operation
Wa8 more than 600~000 rubleg per year. The time required for the syatem to
p~y for itself Was 1.3 yeare. Approximately Che same figure Was obtained
at the Novoeibirak Elektrosignal Plant. At the Sibsel'mash Siberian Farm
Machinery Plant this syatem Was introduced in 25 ahops. A benefit averaging
30 to 40.000 rubles each year was obtained at each ahop.
Thue~ after introducing the syetem, in every enterpriee the direct coat
benefic was on the average of 500,000 to 600,000 rubleg a year with a time
1.2 years reguired to recover the investment.
Attention must be given to the fact thet the cost benefit data have been
calculated only in a atartup situation Which basically leadg to implementa-
tion of the information planning goals. However, this type of coflplex
provides an information base also for solving the problems of optimizing
the annual and the operative-calendar planning~ statistical analysis, and
so~ which, in turn. give a benefi[ irithout significant additional expendi-
turee.
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- Wtt~n ~~titu~eing the cd~e be~~~~iC of the ~rngul gutnm~C~d ~dntrol ~ygeem,
iC i,~ n~c~~e~ry tn recglculgCe th~ fgcenre gg ~ r~~ult of which ehe ent~r-
prig~ will either r~a~ive ~ dir~Ct dr indirece effect ~nd ~ign Che fg~tdr~
influ~ncing the r~duc~iott of eacpenditure~ on the guernn~Ced cotttrol sy~tem.
The ~uCom~ted contrnl gyet~m rpalizes a quit~ ~1e~r prnducCinn ~c~~unting
with r~gp~Gt e~ each operation parC. Und~t the ~onditiona of the ~utom~tied
control syetem~ thes~ ~ec~unting dgta ar~ easily reiaeed Cn t1~e p~r~on~l
reepdn~ibility ~nd ~arn~ng,~ of th~ pl~nt w~orkerg~ Th~rpfor~ the prnduction
loee~~ dropp~d ~h~rply imm~diately after introducing ~he ~utnm~ted control
~ygt~m. Thu~, when introdueeing th~ syatem in ehe fir~t ehop nf ehe Bgrngul
- tt~dio P1anC, Che losees dropp~d from 20 eo 0.6 percent.
Timely~ gv~ilable data on the l~bor normativea, the work ggeignment, datn
~n th~ regulte of the labar of ~ach worker~ and daily lnformation on earnings
_ by ehe Workere ~nd a1~o without gdvance wage caiculgtions have l~d to g3gni-
fic~nt :mprovem~nt of the productivity nf labor of the wnrk~rs. Thig ig
observ~d on introducing the Barnaul gyetem gt every eneerpri~e and every
ehnp. -
It fe quite obvious that Che clearly functioning information b~ge of the
enterpriee providee the optimizgtion glgorithms with the initial data.
Under these conditions the optimization procedureg operate not as one time
problema~ but rhey are built into the data processing syetem and can func-
tion in the automatic mode. The same information ba~e provide~ for aimula-
tion an differenC control levele.
In estimating the e~cpenditures on the creation, operation and maintenance
of thr. Barnaul automated control ayatem~ let ug note the following~
The r~alization of the principlea of asaigning information with respect co
the deviations, the minimization of redundancy in the primary data, the
possibility of ~reating a branched data storage syatem in the computer memory,
- new organization of the primary data gathering--all have result~d in a sharp
decrease in expenditures on primary document circulgtion. The number of
volumes of primary documents have been redraced by an order.
At th~ Barnaul syetem, the data compressinn algorithms have been implemented,
and the structure and compaeition of the information files have been selected
on th~ basie of deep preliminary preparation and analysis. This has made
it po~aible aharply to reduce the expendttures of machine time on the
operation of the entire syatem.
The shop-by-shop principle of constructing the Barnaul automated control
syfltem has eneured a comparatively simpler structure of the information
files and reduced the volumes of data during the operative data processing
of each shop.
The above-preaented factors which are stim~lating improved productivity of
labor both in the aubdivisions and on the part of each worker. combined with
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,
the poseiblliCy nf c~lnuleeing the produceion p1~n~ digtribution nf eh~
plgn wiCh reapect to time in parte~ gre creaCing conditiion~ for rhythmic
operation of tihe plan ge a whole. The improvement nf the rhythmicity hae b~en
- nor~d by the enterpriee,~ that have introduc~d the Barngul automated cnntrol
eyetem.
The eyetem prov3des a11 of the data daily on the course of production preaented
in convenient form for use by the crnnputer. Thie includes Che primary dat~
~nd the calculatea generalized ind~aces. During operation of this sysCem~ ~
the requirements of the admini~~~rativa personnel for informgtion Chgnge:
Che intereeti in some oF Che traditional data drops~ and new requeatg for
generalized information on production obta3ned aft~r computer gnglysig arie~.
Ingsmuah ~s the eystem provides Che computer with all of the primary informa-
tion on production, in the computer memory ~here ie an information mapping
of the courae of producCion~ and aC the same Cime conditions are created for
gnod accees Co the information pertaining to the activities of certain
- cgr.egoriea of people. Thie createe ~ondiCiona for increasing the ittterese
nf the plant workere in reliability of the data~ operativeneas~ and clarityr.
This interese doea not contradict Che general interests of the enterprise.
It ie poaeible to Ca1k about an atmosphere of cr~ativity and significant
, . raiaing of the level of qualifications of all caCegories of workera.
The nperation aystem of the automated control eyatem compiles the operating
programa in auch a way that in one examination of the basic information files
all the control probleme were provided for. Thia has also reduced the
expenditures of machine time on operation and maintenance of the system.
- The aelection of the technical means and funceional problems is tied with
the m~in goal of the enterprise--the basic production control.
Thus~ when developing the Barnaul automated control system~ the basic factors
- were taken into account which influenced the general effectiveness of the
- system independently of whether they can be eatimated quantitatively.
- 42. Sigma Automated Control Syatem--Further Development of the Barnaul
Automated Cotttrol Syatem
The Barnaul automated control syetem Was implemented on the M-220 computer.
the production of computera of thie type has been etopped in the Soviet Union;
therefore the queetion of the development of the sutomated control system on
a third generation computer hae come up.
The Sigma automated conerol eyatem has been developed for industrial enter-
prises of the machine building and instrument making branches with different
nature of production (from mase to individual) with a large nomenclature of
parts. in-house manufacturing complexes~ materials and procured intermediate -
products.
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The Sigm~ euenmated cnnCrnl system i~ ba~ed on the Ye5 1020 compuCer ~nd
vereione of it~ Considering Che ngpabil3tie~ di the YeS 1020, tha gygtem
- can eervice eneerpri~es hgving up to 30~000 workers, up co 250,000 productiinn
unite (parts, gesemb~lie8~ produoCe)~ up to 50 tiasic production shope~ up to
10 different eubdivieiona (branchea, complexes, produceion facilleies).
With ehe more powerful eechnical means the Sig~na auComated control sy~tem
can be uaed at larger ent~rprig~g. The enCerprises having smaller volumes
can use the Sigm~ eyst~m in the group mode.
The Sigma automaCed conCrol syatem has been developed in aeveral stepa. The
first step provides �or automaeion of basic production and iC i 5�1 The U-C system 222
5�2 Preparation of uranium caxbides 225
5�3 Preparation of cores from uranium carbide 238 ~
5.4 Physical properties of uranium carbides 2~+1 -
5�5 Chemical properties of uranium carbides 250
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Chapter 6. Plutonium Carbides and Mixed Uranium-Plutonium Carbide Fue1. 265
6.1 The Pu-C and Pu-U-C systems 265
6.2 Preparat~on of plutonium carbides and mixed uranium-plutonium
= carbides 269
- 6.3 Preparation of cores from plutonium carbides and mixed uran3um-
plutonium carbides 280
- 6.1~ Physical properties of plutonium carbides and mixed uranium- ~
plutonium carbides 282
6.5 Chemical Qroperties of plutc~nium carbides and mixed uranium-
- plutonitun carbides 286
6.6 MetallograpY~;~ of uranium and plutonium carbides 297
6.7 Lffect of radiation on the properties of uranium and plutonium
carbides 298
6.8 Use of uranium and plutor?ium carbides in reactors 208
Chapter 7. Thorium Carbides 311
7.1 The Th-C system 311
7.2 Production of thorium carbicies and of products from them......... 313
- 7.3 Properties of thorium carbides 315
7.4 Use of thorium carbides in reactors 319
Chapter 8. Uranium Mononitride 320
' 8.1 The U-N system 320 -
8.2 Preparation of uranium nitrides 325
8.3 Preparation of uranium mononitride cores 328
8.4 Physical propertiea of uranium monomitride 332
8.5 Chemical prope~ties of uranium mononitride 336 -
- fi.6 Properties oi"' uranium carbonitride 3~+9
Chapter 9. Plutonium Nitride and F`uel Materials Based on it............ 351
9.1 The Pu-N system 351
9.2 Preparation of plutonium nitride and mixe3 uranium-plutonium -
nitrides 352
- 9�3 Physical properties of plutonium nitrid~ and mixed uranium-
plutonium nitrides 355
9.4 Chemical pr~perties and compatibility af plutonium nitride and
~ mixed uranium-�plutonium nitrides......... 357
9�5 Ef.f'ect of irradiation on the properties of (Pu, U)N and PuN...... 362
_ 9.6 Use of nitride fuel in reactors 368
Chapter 10. Thorium Nitri~.ie 370 ~
10.1 Tt~e Th-N system 37~ -
10.2 Production of thorium nitride and of products from it............ 372
~ 10.3 Properties of thorium nitrides 372
Chapter 11. Fuel Based on Borides, Phosphides, Arsenides and Sulfides
of Plutonitu~, Thorium and Uran~um 375
_ 11.1 Phase diagranzs of the systems 375
11.2 Preparation of the compounds 381
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, 11.3 M~nufgcture ~f produ^ts.....~ 386
~ 1i.4 Phyeical properties of the coinpoundg ~91
11.5 Chemic$1 propertiee af the cnmpounds.........,~ ~96
11.6 Radiat.ion ~tability. iJs~ ag nuclear fue1........~ 401
- B2bliogrspY~y 1~p~ _
_ rndex 42g
T'rsf'ace t~ the Second ~dition
The USB:t has drawn up and is implementi.ng a ma~or program in the development
of nuclear power engineering. The use of nuclear power in sliips and space
apparatus ie expanding. Refractory compounds of fiasionable elements are
being used in moet fuel elements norr being developed or planned. The devel-
dpment and inveatigation of these typea of fuel is proce~ding fntensively. -
In the period since the publication of the first edition of this ~ook (196g), ~
a large amoun~ of new data on refractory comp~unda of uranium, plutonium and
thorium has been publiahed, and the compounds are being used increasingly
expensively ea nucle$r fuel. This has necessitated a complete reworking of
- the entire book. General matters involving theae compc,unds are discussed
- sub,~ect by sub,~ect in the firat part of the boak. In the subsequent sections -
these questions are discussed in more detail for the indi.vidual compounds.
.
-
Questions of the suitability of nuclear fuel are inseparably connected ~rith
the design of fuel elements and the operation conditions of reactors. Prob-
lems of the economics and effectivenees of use o~ apecific types of fuel are -
no less inseparably connected with proble~s oP the entire fuel cycle. The
interrelated nature of then~ problems has been taken into account in the dis-
cus~ion of the various aspects directly involved With f1~e1, although ques-
tions of Lhe desis*~ of fuel elements and the fuel cycle as a whole are outside
the scope of this ~ovok. '
In accordance with emerging tendencies and nexly published materials, the ex-
Lent of the individual chapters has changed somewhat: the chapters on thorium
and plutonium compounds have been expanded, and those on uranium compounds
somewhat shortened. The sections on analysis of radiation stability oP the
fuels in questi,on (questions oP sxellingt gas formation, compatibility ~ith
cladding, stability of micro flzel elements and the like) have been significant-
ly expanded. General summariea of production processes, safety procedures,
effectiveness of use and economica have been introduced.
All the material has been rexorked, and thfs edition should be considered as
a natural development of the questions included in the Pirst edition.
The summary part of the book r~nd the chapters on fuel based on coated parti-
cles and fuels based on borides, phosphides, sulfides and arsenides xere
s+ritten by P. B. Kotel'nikov, those on thorium oxide by P. B. Kotel'nikov
xith N. V. Shishkov, those on oxide fuels by A. I. Kashtanov, those on car-
bide and nitride fuels by S. N.,Bashlykov, and those on the interaction of
oxide, carbide and ni~ride fi:.els with c'.eddings, the effect of radiation on
the properties of carbide and nitride fuels and the use of these tlxels in
nuclear reactors by T. S. Men'shikov. R. B. Kotel'aikuv was the chief editor.
106
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_ The authors are moet grateful to the comrades who have review~d the manus~ript
and mad.e valuable commenta: V. V. Kalashnikov, S. Golovnin and G.
- Fteahetnikov.
~'rti~f~~ce to the Firat Edition ~
. 4
Intenaified operating regimes and. eapecially higher temperaturea are the main
direction of progrese in poxer pro~action in general and in nuclear power
production in particul.ar. As a result, the intei�est in refractory compounds
of the nuclear fuel elements, uranium, plutonium and thorium, is growing
steadily.
The importance of developing fuel elements based on refractory compounds of
fiesionabl~ elements has incree~aed particclerly ae a rPsult of the necessity
of increasing the efficiency of operation of nucl~ar poWer s:ationa and of .
developing power production and transportation reactors for space facilities.
Most important are the oxides, carbides, nitrides and to some degree the
_ sulfides of uranium and plutonium, which are the sub~ect of this book.
Some of these compounds, for example uranium dioxide and plutonium dioxide,
are already used expensively in the manufactore of fuel el~ments for various
types of nuclear reactors in many countries. In particular, uranium dioxide
is used as fuel in the fuel elements of the Novoronezhskaya Nuclear Power
Station's xater-cooled water-moderated power reactor and in the reactor of
the icebreaker Lenin. Hor?ever, in spite of the expensive use of oxide fuels _
and the large number of worka which have been published, there is in Russian _
no adequately complete survey or book on the production and properties of
_ these materials. The authora have gttempted to fill this gap With the present
_ book by bringing together in one place data xhich have been published in
various sources.
In recent years, an extensive research effort dealing xith high-temperature
nuclear f1xe1 based on uranium and thorium carbides has been begun. The
Romashka, the world's first nuclear reactor with semiconductor electrical
generators, uhose fuel elements are made of uranium dicarbide, is success-
fully operating in the uSSR. Dispersion elements using uranium dicarbide in
a graphite matrix have been used in some experimental and po~?er reactors in
our country and abroad. Uranium and plutonium monocarbides and a promising
fuel for economically advantageous fast-neutron power reactors which repro-
duce nuclear fuel.
The ~ther refractory compounds of uranium, plutonium and thorium have not as
- yet come into broad use, but they are being intensively studied as extremely
promising Puels, and accordingly the authors have considered it eatpedient to
present in systematic form the maxicum amount of data on such refractory com-
pounds as the nitrides and sulfides of uranium and plutonium.
The book dfscussed questions of processes f'or production of the compounds,
their properties and their uses. The authors hope that the book r+ill be use-
- ~1 for a~road range of scientific personnel, engineers arid designers en-
gaged in the development of fuel elements.
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Introduction
Wc can for convenience clasaify materials which are usable as nuclear fue1.
into the follorring groupn according to temperature stability: -
1. low-temperature materials, with a melting poin~ (~emperature stability
range) of 700-1200� C or below (primarily glloys of inetallic uranium and
~ plutonium, but aiso sc,me easily flxsible int~rmetallic compounds of these
elements);
2. intermediate-temperature materials, with a temperature stabflity range
from 1200 +0 2000� C(thorium alloys, si.iicides, and a number of intermetal-
lic and s few oxide compounds uf uranium, plutonium and thorium);
- 3. high-temperature materials, with a temperature stability range above
2000� C(oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfidea and phosphides).
- High-temperature fuel :naterials have a number of valuabye properties as a
result of which they are used extensi~�e1y in reactor construction or are -
attracting considerable attention as promising fuels. In addition to the
' high fusion temper~ture, which in some cases is of independent interest,
these materfals generally have low vapor pressure, high chemical stability,
&nd considerable mechanical strength at high temperatures. The production
processes for many high-temperature fuel materials and the manufacture of
products from them also have a number of common characteristics. Accord-
ingly it is advantageous to include these materials in a single group and to
discuss their production and operating characteristics and properties to-
gether. -
This book discusses preparation processes and properties o.� oxides, carbides,
~ nitrides, borides, sulfides, arsenides and phosphides of u:-3nium, plutonium
and thorium. Such materiels as beryllides, aluminides, silicides and com-
plex oxide compounds ai�e not disc�tssed, since as a result of certain proper-
ties they cannot be included in the first group (low flzsion temperature, low
volume concentration of fissionable atoms and so on); selenides and tellur-
_ ides are not discussed because the prospects for their use are doubtful and
there is extremely limited information about production processes and pro-
perties. -
_ The book consists of tao parts. The first gives a general survey of the main
characteristics of the high-temperature nuclear fti.iels which are under con- -
sideration and compares their most importsnt properties. Questions of pro-
duction processes and saPety procedures Which are common to the high-temperature
f~els are discussed, along With certain aspects of the effectiveness of their -
use. In the second part, questions of production processes for the individual
compounds are discussed, a criti~al analysis of data on radiation. stability
and compatibility is made, and the physical-mechanical and technical proper-
ties of the campounds are analyzed in more detail.
COPYRIGHT: Atomi2dat, 1978
108
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PUBLICAmI0N5
OPTICAL PROCESSING OF INFORMATION
Leningrad QPT~CHE3KAYA OBRABOTKA INF'ORMATSII in Russian 1978 signed to press
4 May 78 pp 3. ld5-~.68
(F'oreword, table of contents and liat of abatracts from book edited by
Professor S. B. Gurevich, Izdatel'atvo "Nauka", 3,450 copies, ~68 ppj
[Textj Foreword
The sub,~ect matter of the articles in this coll~ction reflects the current
stage of development of inethods of optical information processfng. Together
with an effort aimed at the incor~eration of these methods into varioua areas
of science and techr:ology, work aimed at improving the availability of equip-
ment and recordi.ng matexials and improving coherent methods oP optical in-
formation praceasing is under Way. At the same time, a more profound under-
standing of the diff.iculties which must be met in solving a number of tasks
- by this method has resulted in a tendency to resort actively to noncoherent
or mixed (using e~ectronic components) methods of processing. A number of
the Xorks presented in this collection reflect this trend, which may possibly
continue to develop, uniting coherent and noncoherent methods with optoelec-
_ tronia methods and thue making pcassible a better coupling of optical methods _
with digital electronic ones (2~ybrid systems).
We may tentatively group the articles in this collection in three categories. ~
The first includes studies on Pundamental components for optical information
processing. It includes Work on the devel~pment of an acoustooptic deflector,
development oP hologram recording material based on electrooptic crystals,
and studies oP AsSe films. In the second category are articles dealing ~ith
the possibilities and applicationa of inethods of coherent optical infoz~nation
processing in astrono~y and in the classification of images containing fine-
structuxed ob~ects (three collective vorks). We may also include in this
category t~ro articles dealing With evaluation of the energy and information -
capabilities oP optical information processing systems~. The third group com-
prises xork on noncoheren~t methods for ogtcaelectronic processing of images
- xhich make use of original matrix scanistor photodetec.tors and maskons. It
is becoming possible to consider these noncoherent o~itoelectric methods on
~ the saae basis as noncoherent optical and coherent melhods. _
109
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Contents Page ~
- t~'oreword ~ =
S. I. 5tepsnov, A. A. Kamshilin and M. P. Petrov. Hologi^aphic Recording
of Images in Birefringent Electrooptic Crystals 4
_ M. P. Petrnv, G. A. Smolenskiy, V. V. Lemr~nov, A. A. Uvarorr, A. N.
Anis3mov, N. N. KovRlev, Yu. M. Sosov, N. K, 'Yushin, A. S. Fatov
and S. G. Yegorov. An Acoustooptic Laser Light Deflector 21
N. M. Ganzherli and V. I. Kochenov. Recording of Hologra.ms in AsSe -
Films with the Light of a Helium-Neon Laser 26
N. A. Yeaepkina, V. Yu. Petrwi'kin, I. A. Vodovatov, M. G. Vysotskiy
and S. V. Pruss-Zhukovskiy. Use of Optical Processing Methods in ~
Radio Astronomy 38
- A. M. Bekker, N. I. Bukhtoyarova, K. A. Veyner, V. P. Gorelik, S. N.
_ Nik~lqyev and B. G. Turukhano. An Automatic Correlating Unit for
Size Analysis of Bacterial Colonies 50
A. A. Kolesnokov and N. V. Lapteva. Investigation of the Statistical
Characteristics of Fine-Structured Images by the Correlation Met~od... 59
0. A. Bukin, Yu. A. Bykovs?ciy, A. I. Larkin, A. A. Markilov and
- S. N. Starikov. Analysis of the Microstructure of Tracks by the
Image Autocorrelation 72
B. S. Gurevich, S. B. Gurevich and B. I. Rapoport. Energy Calcula-
tions for Television Systems with Preliminary Optical Processing
- of Information 82
S. B. Gurevich and B. F. Relin. Information Calculations for Optical
Information Processing Units 92
_ K. F. Berkovskaya, S. B. Gurevich, B. G. Podlaskin and V. P. Polivko.
Correlation Processing of Images on a Miltiline Scanistor 102
K. F. Berkovskaya, Ya. P. Bernshteyn, N. V. Kirillova and L. A.
Luizova. Use of a Multiline Scanistor for Automatic Determination
of the Statistical Characteri~tics of Stationr~;�y Random Yrocesses..... 113
K. F. Berkovskaya and B. G. Podlaskin. A Coordinate Indicator for -
e Singly Luminous Ob~ject 127 -
K. F. Berkovskeya, G. K. Grigor'yev, S. B. Gurevich, B. G. Podlaskin
and V. P. Polivko. The Hadamard Transform as a Method of Signal
Analysis in Optical Information Processing Systems 135
110
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K. F. Berkovgkaya! G. K. Grigor'yev, N. V. Kirillova, K. M. i~turatikov -
and B. G. Podlaskin. The Possibility of Constructing a~Hadamard
Spectrwn Analyzer uaing a Maskon-Type Photodetector Unit i47
~ Abstracts
Holographic Recording of Images in Birefringent Electrooptic Crystals. S. I.
Stepanov, A. A. Kamahilin and M. P. Petrov. pp 4-21. _
The most imp~rtant eapecta of fulftllment of the Bragg conditions in the dif- _
fraction of light by holograms recorded in birefr3ngent electrooptic crystals
are discus~ed. A general expression for the diffraction efficiency of a~
holographic grating of the dielectric tensor is given: E(~)=~'. ~ sE cos(K�r).
The posaibility of effective electric control pf the conditions for Bragg
diffraction in Holograms recorded in electrooptic cryatals is discussed. The
- results of the recording of polarization characteristics of an image and of ~
effective electric control of image reconstruction conditions, obtained in
experiments on holographic recording in the single-axis electrooptic ferra-
electric LiNb03, ere presented. Bibliograp2~r, 13 items; 8 illustrations.
An Acoustooptic Laser Light Deflector. M. P. Petrov, G. A. Smolenskiv, V. A.
Lemanov, A. A. Uvarov, A. N. Anisimov, N. N. Kovalev, Yu. M. Sosov, N. K. -
- Yushin, A. S. Fatov and S. G. Yegorov. pp 21-25.
The design and performance calGUlations of an acoustooptic deflector using
a paratellurite crystal are described. The authors made use of diffraction
- of light by a alow transverse elastic wave propagating along the [110] direc-
tion. The acoustooptic cell was controlled by a analog input voltage or by
- a code from a digital computer. The experimental characteristics of the de-
- flecter are given for light with a wavelength of 0.6328 microns. Biblio-
graphy, 3~tems; 4 illustrations, 1 table.
Recording of Iicalograms in AsSe Films with the Light of a Helium-Neon Laser.
N. M. Ganzherli and V. I. Kochenov. pp 26-38.
The amplitude and phase characteristics of AsSe films and the recording and
reconstruction of holograms in these films With helium-neon laser light were
investigated. The effect of interference phenomena in the films on photo-
induced changes in transmissivity and optical path difference and on the size
of the maximum attainable diffraction efficiency of the holograms and the
dependence of diffraction efficiency on the thickness of KhSP films were
studied. The exposure characteristics xere investigated and a figure for the
holographic sensitivity of AsSe films obtained. Certain possibilities for -
elimination of the effect of interPerence phenomena are indicated. Biblio- _
graphy, 15 items; 9 illustrations.
11].
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Use of Optical i'rocessing Methods in Radio Astr~no~y~ N. A. Yesepkina, V. Yu.
Petrun'kin, I. A. Vodovatov, M. G. Vystoskiy r.nd S. V. Pru3~-zhukovskiy. pp
38-50.
The possibilities of u~ing methnds of opticril aimulation of the character- ~
istica of radiote~escopes and optical proceasing for spectral analysis of
radiotelescope output signals are discussed. Optical simulation of the
directional patterna and space-frequency characteriatics of radiotelescope
antennas is discussed using the RATAN-600 radiotelescope as an example. -
Results of aimulation of directional patterns of the RATAN-600 with allow-
ance for phase errors resulting from movement of the irradiator out of the
antenna focua are determined. Methods ~~P gimulatin~ the directional. patterns
_ of correlating radiotelescopes are discussed. Questions of spectral analysis
using bhe acoustooptic apectrograph are examined. Certain experimental re-
sulta are presented. Bibliography, 21 items; 8 illustrations.
An Automatic Correlation Unit for Size Analysis of Bacterial Colonies. A. M.
Bekker, N. I. Bukhtoyarova, K. A. Veyner, V. P. Gorelik, S. N. Nikolayev and
B. G. Turukhano. pp 50-58.
By using the achievements of holographic correlation analysis of images and
electronics, the authors have developed a unit for measurement of the sizes
of bacterial colonies which appear in the form of circle3 of difPerent sizes.
A procedure for optimizing the recording parameters of the filter is proposed.
_ The signals in the correlation plane are processed with a PT[J-102M television
unit modernized for the purpose. The automatic control block controls a coun-
ter, a digital printer, a series of filters and a tape drive unit which inputs
~ representations of the bacterial colonies. BibliograpY~y, 4 items; 7 illus-
trations.
Study of the Statistical Characteristics of Fine-Structured Imageg by the
Cerrelation Method. A. A. Kolesnokov and N. V. Lapteva. pp 59-72~
The possibility of studying a set of elements which fortn an analyzable image -
by the correlation method is discussed. The problem which is set is that of
determining two statistical characteristics of this se~: the integrai dis-
tribution of indivfdual elements according to size P(r) and the probability
~ density of distribution of the centers of the elements W(Rp). The mai.n _
theoretical relationships are derived and the results of experimental test-
ing of the method are presented, confirming the correctness of the theoretical
assumptions. Bibliogrpahy, 13 items; 5 illustrations.
Malysis of the Microstructure of Tracks by the Image Autocorrelation Func-
tion. 0. A. Bukin, Yu. A. Vykovskiy, A. I. Larkin, A. A. Markilov and S. N.
Starikov. pp 72-82.
An opticai. method for analysis of the mfcrostructure of tracks in photographs
from a bubble chamber is described. The theoretical basis for a method of
determining the density of the bubbles and their average size and distribntion
112
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from the e~utocorrelation function and its derivative is discussed. The de-
aign of experimental unite to implement the method uaing noncoherent illumi-
nation Qre deacribed. The resulta of determination oF the number of elementa
_ and their size d3stribution in model samplea and enlarged bubble chamber
photographs are ~iven. The effect of photograph parametera on the accuracy
of the resulte 3s conaidered. Bibliogrnphy, 12 items; 7 illustrations.
Energy Cnlculat3ons for Television Systems Using Preliminary Optical Proces- ~
sing of Tnformation. S. B. Gurevich, B. S. Gurevich and B. I. Rapoport. pp
82-91. ~
The pgssage of signal and noise through the input stagea of a transmitting `
television system with preliminary optica3. proceasing of images is analyzed.
The energy relationahips in the various stages with the use of a device to
convert noncoherent to coherent radiation are considered. Changes in the ~
signal-to-noiae ratio from the input to the output of the system are estimated.
Bibliogrpat~y, 9 items; 4 illustrations.
Information Calculations for Optical Inform~tion Processing Units. S. B.
Curevich and V. F. Relin. pp 92-102.
The information capacity of an optical information processing system is dis-
- cuased, the effect of varioua causes of information loss in the system is _
evaluated, and the necessity of optimal matching oi' the information character-
istics of the main elements of the system is indicated. A procedure for cal-
culating the information capacity of the system and its individual elements
is presented. Bibliograpt~y, 17 items; 4 illustrations, 1 table.
Correlation Processing of Imagea With a Multiline Scanistor. K. F. Berkov-
skaya, S. B. Gurevich, B. G. Podlaskin and V'. P. Polivko. pp 102-113.
A npw use for the common solid-atate sWitched photodetector is proposed: a
multilfne scanistor for celculation of the proximity of images analyzed in
noncoherent light and certain funationa serving as standards or prototypes.
The operating of preparing transparencies representing the standard fluiction
is eliminated, since the represPntation of the standard is input electrically
into the unit as a delay in the switching signals for the various lines. The
mask transparencies ahich can be synthesized directly on the photodetector
matrix have the form of silhouette functions, Which can also be shifted or
rotated around the,center electrically. The accuracy of correlation analysis
is limited by the real parameters of the multiline scanistor. Bibliography,
11 items; 5 illustrations.
Use of a Multiline 3canistor for Automatic Determination of the Statistical
Chsracteristics of Stationary Random Processes. K. F. Berkovskaya, Ya. P.
Bernshteyn, N. V. Kirillova and L. A. Luizova. pp 113-127.
11.3
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mh~ posaibi].itiea of uaing a switched solid-st~te photodetector, the multil.i.ne -
acanistor, f�or ann,lysis of instances of stationary random processes is dis-
cusaed. It is ahown that such functionals as the area bounded by the procesa
atid a horiznntal :line, the length of time the process remains above a given
level, and t;he number ~f times the process intersecta a given level, can be
calculated ~tnalogicalJ.y with the acan3ator without intermediate storage of
the profilograph of the proceas. It ia propoaed to use the degree of modula-
- tion of the overall video signal of a multiple recording of the random pro-
cess as an ~asily measurable new apecific functional. A simple relationship -
between this functianal. and the sampling estimate of the variance and the
averag~ arithm~~tical deviation of the curve from the stationary lev~el is
identifted. The reaults of clasaificaticn of irregular surfaces using the -
~canistor are presented. Bibliograpt~y, 4 items; 7 illustrations. -
A Coordinate Indicator for a Uniformly Luminescent Ob,ject. K. F. Berkorrskaya :
and B. G. Podlaskin. pp 127-135�
A new use for some well-known semiconductor instruments, the multiline scan- -
_ istor and the maskon, an optical image spectrum analyzer, for rapid determina-
tion of the coordinates of a singly luminescent ob~ect is proposed. The
device has promise for use in induatrial process automatic control systems
_ using a gallium araenide LED as ~ li~ght source. Bibliography, 7 items; 4
illustrations.
The Hadamard TransFarm as a Method of Signal Analysis in Optical Information
Processing Syste:ns. K. F. Berkovskaya, G. K. Grigor'yev, S. B. Gurevich, _
B. G. Podlaskin and V. P. Polivko. pp 135-1~+7.
The properties of the Hadamard transform in its realization at the output of
an optoelectric information processinR system are discussed; the noise
characteristics of the system, the possibiZity of implementing the princfple
of energy storage using the Hadamard analysis, and the nature of operation of
_ photodiode Matrices switched according to the two-dimensional Walsh function
are analyzed. Bibliography, 23 items; k illustrations.
The possibility of Contructing a Iiadamard Spectrum Analyzer Using a Maskon- -
Type Photodetector Unit. K. F. Berkovskaya, G. K. Grigor'yev, N. V. Kirillova,
K. L. Muratikov and B. u. Podlaskin. pp 147-164.
The advantages and shortcomings of television transmiasion of images in the
form af their component space-frequency spectra are discussed. The component
elements of such a system are described individually. The possibilities for
technical realizatian af such units are discussed. A photodetector matrix
combined aith e dynami~cally controllable transparency is analyzed fn detail.
Bibliograp}~y, 35 items; 9 illus~rstions.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1978
~14
9480
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~oK c~i~�rtc; ~ n~ usr, c~Nt,Y
PUBLICA~YONS
SPECTROSCOPY OF GAS DISCHARGE PLASMA
Leningrad SPEKTROSKOPIYA GAZORl~ZRYADNOY PLAZMY (Spectroacopy of Gna Dis-
- charge Plasm~) in Rueaian 1976 signed to presa 8 Jul 76 pp 1-2, 161
. [Annotation and table of contents from book by G. A. Grigench, editor,
, Izdatel'stvo LGU, 1,395 copies, 164 pages]
[Text] This book deals with study of the various elementary processes
which take place in a low-temperature gae-discharge plasma. The articles
discuss the results of investigations of widening of apectral lines by low
' pressurea of the specific and contaminant gases; excitation and ionization
during atom-atom and atom-molecule collisions CakinE place with the partici-
pation of excited particles, etc. The book also contains articles on applica-
tion of the method of delayed coincidences in atomic and molecular apectro- ;
scopy and on the procesaes of formation of an ultrathin atructure of epectral
lines in gae-discharge light aourcea.
This book will be useful to pereona working in plasma physics and chemistry
and its technical applicaCione, physics of electron and atomic collisions,
gas lasers, as well as graduate atudents and upper-divieion undergraduate -
studen~:s sp~cializing in the above-enumerated areas of knowledge.
Contenta PBge
Transfer of Excitation Energy During Atom-Atom and Atom-Molecule
Colliaions I. P. Bogdanova, 0. P. Bochkova, and S. E. Frish 3
Diffusion of Excited Atoms in Specific Gas and Admixtures
N. P. Pen'kin and T. P. Red'ko 51
Influence of Reactions with Participation of Molecular Ions on
the Character of Discharge Afterglow in Inert Gases V. S.
Yegorov and A. A. Pastor 65
Transfer Proceeaes in a Disintegrating Plasma Yu. G. Kozlov
and V. N. Skrebov gp
~
115
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Theury of a Light Source with an Atomic I3eam and ?'Cs ExperimenCal
VerificaCion A. G. 2higlinskiy, A. A. Kalmakov, and A. S.
Kochemirovskiy , 105
COPYRTGHT: Izdatel'stvo Leningradskogo universiteta, 1976
3024
CSO: 1870
~
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~
PUBLICATIONS
AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF VIBRATION TESTS _
Moscow AVTOMATICHESKOYE UPRAVLENIYE VIBRATSIONNYMI ISPYTANIYAMI in Rusaian
197~ signed to press 20 Jan 78 pp 110-111
[Annotation and table of contents from book by A. G. Getmanov, P. I. Dekh- -
_ tyarenko, B. Yu. Ma,ndrovakiy-Sokolov et al., Energiya, 5,500 copies, 112 pp]
[Text] This book is devoted to discusaion of a series of questions related ~
to the analyais, synthesis and practical realization of closed automatic
control systems for vibration testing with random and determined (monc- and
polyharmonic) perturbatians. Syatems for control of single-component and
multicomponent (vector) random vibrations are discussed. Questior~s of con-
~ struction of such systems using analog, digital and hybrid equipment are
, treated. The resulte of calculations for apecific practical systems, their
structural e.rrangement and some results from their practical use are pre-
sented.
The book is intended for a broad range of engineers and scientific personnel
engaged in the planning of automatic computer and information measuring sys-
tems. -
Contents Page
Foreword 3
Chapter 1. Principles of Organization of Vibration Experiments....... 5
1. Methods of conducting vibration experiments.......� 5 -
2. Structure of syatems for control of vibration experiments....... 8
Chapter 2. Analog Syatems for Control of Random-Load Vibration
Experiments .~.4
3. Analytical basia for structure of the control system............ 14 ~
4. Control system for sfngle-component vibrations 20
5� Control system for multicomponent vibrations 26
6. Stability of vibration test control systems with random
. excitation 32
~ 7. Accuracy of vibration test control systems with random
excitation 42
117
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�
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,
Chapter 3. Control of Vibration Tests with Determined ~xcitation..... 54
8. Control of vibration tests with monoharmonic (sinusoidal)
excitation 54
9� Control of vibrat3on teats with polyharmonic excitation........, 59 -
~ 10. Vibration ~est control systems wich built-in feedback circuitsa. 67 =
11. S~1eo.tion of optimal excitation signal frequency acanning modes. 73
_ Chapter 4. Digital and Hybrid Cor~trol Systems 80
12. Hybrid systems for control of nonlinear processes in vibration
testc f~0
13� Structure of a digital ayatem for control of microcomponent
random vibrations 85
14. Use of the BPF [fast Fourier trar.sform].algorithm to generate
and analyze random processes 89 -
15. Control and identification algorithms 99
- Bibliography 106 -
8480 -
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118
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PUBLICATIONS =
' RECOGATITION OF SPEECH SIGNALS BY THEIR STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES
Leningrad RASI'OZNAVANIYE RECHEVYIQi SIGNALOV PO IKH STRUKTURNYYAM SVOYJTVAM
_ in Russian 1977 aigned to preas 27 Jan 77 pp 2-�4, 62
- [Annotation, foreword and table of contents from book by R. V. GudonavicY~yus,
P. P. Kemeshis and A. V. Chitavichyus, Izdatel'stvo "Enzrgiya", 5,000 copies,
62 PP ~ -
[Text] This book i~ the first attempt at a systemRtic discussion of the
- theoretical and practical questinns of the use of structural properties of
~ speech sfgnals for their recognition. The bases for desi~;n of devices to
distinguish characteristics in terms of the structural properties of the
signals are discussed, and specific circuits and results of experiments on =
_ the recognition of oral commands are presented.
The book may be useflxl to engineering, technical and scientific workers
dealing with problems of information processing in automatic control systems,
those who are developing apparatus for processing and recognition of signals,
and students in advanced studies and graduate atudents in the above_mentioned
- specialties.
Foreword
In recent years an extensive literature has been devoted to recognition of
sound specimens. This problem is now occupying specialists working in ex-
tremely varied disciplines: psychologiats, linguists, pY~ysiologists, math-
ematicians, and engineers; the interest in the sub~ect is easy to explain,
since this is a problem whose successful solution will make it possible to
partially substitute automata for human intellectual activity. The neces-
sity of solving this problem is being particularly acutely felt in a number
of areas of engineering cybernetics, and particularly in the development of
= means for exchange of information between humans and computers.
The ways the probl~m is articulated in various works on the recognition of
speech, the scientific research procedures andthe practical conclusions
reached by various authors frequently have rather little in co~non. A
_ ~~9
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~ ~
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- unified ~pprdgch to the nolution of the various problemg which arise in the
distinguighing of chnrncteri~ticg, the cr~ation of algorithms and the gynthe-
~ig of inech~nisma for recdgnition still daes not exi~t, Moreover, f~r too
little attention is beirg devoted to the questions df' selection of an initial
de~cription of speech signals. M~ny invegtigatnrs [b, 6~ sre of the opin-
ion that almost any logically cnnetructed initial descriptic~n r?hi~h preserven
the data can untimetely lead to pdgitive results giv~n the prc~per organiz~ti~n
oT higher level~ of the recogniti~n ~y~tem. But thi~ epproach is not entirely
correct, if only because it may l.ead to exces~ively complex dpersting algo-
rithms for the system ~e a whol.e. In co:~tr~st, s proper~.y ~elected Snitigl
' descript3on would unqueetionably legd to great elgorithmic and h~rdaare sim-
plification.
The authors believe that the use of a structural model for signals which com-
prises several generally acceptable contour models [13, 23J may represent s
significant step forward in solving the gen~ral problem of recognition of
~ speech signals and in the particulsr metter of sel~cting an initial descrip-
tion of them. This assumption, ba~ed on the fact that in cnntrsst to the
contour model, which encompasses both the signal and any of its functional
transformations, a structural model makes it posaible to develop algorithms
' the results of whose use are invariant to certain signal properties; these
advantages show up particularly clearly when there is a paucity of a priori
information on the initial signal.
The structural properties of signals are already being successfully used to
solve a series of problems in communications, measuring technology and pro-
cess diagnostics [13, 23J. The first experiments in recognition of speech
signals in terms of structural characteristics gave encouraging results;
further work has removed doubts as to the promise of this approach [8, 9~.
mhis book, which reflects the authors' experience fn recent years, discusses
theoretical questions of the use of structural properties of signals for
recognition of speech signals, makes recommendations for the design of
recognizers and presents the results of experimental studies.
The first chapter deals with theoretical problems of the construction of a
structural model of signals. The second chapter discusses numerical char-
acteristics of the structural model of speech signals, i.e. characteristics
to be recognized. The third and fourth chapters deal with questions of dis-
tinguishing ch~racterfstics by the structural model and their practical
utilization for recognition.
- The authors are far from believing that it is already possible to give con-
clusive formulas for the recognition of speech signals; work in this area is
only beginning. Hos~ever, the authors are firmly convinced that the use of
structural properties of signals ~rill make it possible to bring xork in the
_ recognition of speech signals to a stage at which recognition can be carried
out with a high level of reliability using relatively simple equipment.
- 120
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.
~dit O~~IGtAL US~ ~NLY
'rhe authors expre~s~ their deep gratitude to A~ M. `Layezdnyy for valuable udvice
and ~~~igt~nCe given during prep~r~tion of th~ book~
Commente and ~uggestiong msy be gent to: 1g2041, Leningr~d, Maranvo pole, nl,
Leningracl Division, Izd~tel'~tvo "~nergiya".
Cdnt~ntg Page
Foreword 3
Ch~pter 1. The 8tructurs~ Mode1 of the Speech Signsl 5
' 1. Structural rh~racterigtics and ~tructur~l Connecttons 5
2. Preliminary trsnafdrmatidng of the speech gigngl 8
- 3. Some struetural connections 9
4~ Obgervationa on the adequacy of the structural model of the
apeech signal for modele of the he~ring mech~ni.gm 12
Chapter 2. Chnracterietiics for Ftecognition 16
5. Gener~l principlea 16 -
6, Topological invariants 18
7~ Quasitopological characteriatica 21 _
8. Time spent in the aectora of the plane by the representstion
point of the phQae repreaentatinn 27
9. Coding of phase representations 32
_ 10. Integrel determination of atructure?1 connections aith
explicit time 32
11. Some problema of preliminary segn?enta~ion ~f apeech signals....... 34
Chapter 3. Perception and MeaBUrement of ~haracteriatics 36
12. Me$surea?ent of quasitopological characteristica 36
13. Measurement of time of stay 1~0
14. Development oP codea for phase representations 43 -
15. Integral estimates 48
16. Determination of certain structural connections with
explicit time k8
Chapter 4. Experimental Studies of Effectiveness of Chgracteristics.... ~9
17. Apparatus and general e~cperimental procedure k9
18. Study of the effectiveness of quasitopological characterist~es.... 52 �
19� Study of the effectiveneas of characteristics based on
estimation of time of atay...... 55
20. Study of the effectiveness of integi�al estimates 57
21. Study of the efPectiveneas of ^~ixed characteristics 58
Conclusion ' ~9
Bibliography 6p
COPYRICHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", 1977
END
8480 121
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