JPRS ID: 9056 USSR REPORT ENERGY

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9056
25 April 1980 -
U SS R Re ort
p
. ENERGY
,
CFOUO 5/80)
'
. ~
_ FBIS FOR~IGN BRO~DCAST INFORMATiON SERVICE -
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JPR5 L/9056
25 April 1980 , -
l~SSR REPORT
ENERGY
(rouo 5/so)
CONTENTS
' ELECTRIC POWER
Compressed-Air Power Storage Researched
(Yu. G. Korsov, et al.; TEFLOENERGETIKA, Mar 80) . 1
Construction of Towers for Northern Power Lines
(A. M. Aatafeyev, B. P. Novgorodtsev; -
ENERGETICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO, Jan 80)........... 15
Construction of 220-kV Subetationa in Northern Climes
(S. A. Kolbin, A. M. Parkhomenko; ENERGETICHESKOYE
STROITEL'STVO, Jan 80) 26
- a- IIII - USSR - 37 FOUO) ~
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ELECTRIC POWER
UDC 621.438 ~
COMPRESSED-AIR POWER STORAGE RESEARCHED
Moecow TEPLOENERGETIRA in Ruasian No 3, Mar 80 pp 53-58
[Article by candidates of technical sciencea Yu. G. Korsov, V. Ye. Mikhayl'-
- tsev, and V. A. MoZyakov and engineere I. S. Bodrov, G. A. Dmitriyev, P, A.
Yermolayev, V. Ya. Reznichenko and B. A. Kunikeyevof of the Scientific -
Planning Department of Central Scisntific Research, Planning and Deaign
Boiler and ~urbine Institute im. I. I. Polzunov, r[oscow Higher Technical
School im. N. E. Bauman and the Planning Section of the L~ningrad Metal
Plant: "Studiea on the Thermodynamic Efficiency of Heat Circuite of Com-
presaed Air Storage Powex Plants"]
[TextJ In the European part of the country at present the load is reduced ~
to 60 percent at night because peak and aemi-peak loads conetituting 10
and 30 percent of the total load are switched off.
The forced uae of base-power generating facilities under these conditions
means that they muat operate in variable modes and with shutdowns, which
hae an adverse effect on the reliability and efficiency of power delivery
to the entire country (1,2). Thia situation requires putting into opera- _
~ tion high-power adaptable equipment which can effectively handle variable
_ loada and normalize the operation of the base-power generating facilities.
The acheduled wideapread incorparation of atomic power plante (AES's) will
increaee even more the inadequacy of special forms of variable function
- equipment. The most important of them are puanped-storage and gas-turbine
compressed-air storage power planzs (GAES's and VAES's).
, .
In VAES's the uae of compressed-air accumularors makes it possible to
apread the procesaes of compression and expan~ion of the working fluid in
~ the gas turbine engines out over a period of time so that compresaion (the -
= compressing operation) is accompliehed with power generated in highly ef-
ficient solid fuei or atomic pcwer planta when the load is decreased in `
the po*.:�er systema, thereby charging them more, while during peak load the
stored air in the gas turbi.ne is activated (turbine mode) producing elec-
Cric ~ower. The standard location of VAES's in a diagram of power system
loads ia shown in figure 1(3). `
1
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The advantages of VAES's over GAESts are the smaller (2.5-3 timea) rela-
' tive capital costs and an increase (more than 10-40 percent depending on
the VAES layout) in the power recovered in tha networic during peak load '
_ over Che power eupplied from the network in filling the accumulator since ~
the recovered power in GAES's :Cs approximately 25 percent less than that ~
removed. In addition, VAES's, unlike GAES's, may operate without consum-
ing electric power from the electrical network. In this case the com-
preseor and turbine groups operate simultaneously while the electric power
of the plant is determined by the difference in power of the turbines and
compresaors (in much the same way as an autonomous gas turbine engin~).
Thie enables VP_FS's ~to operate in emergency situa.tions when power reserves -
in the power syaLem ar.e lacking and milking the air accumulator is not
possible. As a result, VAES power systems will be more stablA in emergency
situationa and therefore require a smaller redundancy of electric power.
VAES construction is less restricted by geographic conditions than GAES
construction, aince air accumulators can 'ue developed in porous, water-
bearing strata, salt domea, natural underground cavities and rocky massifs,
wha~h makes it pod3ible to Find VAES sites in almost any area of the coun-
try. 'Ihe liated geological formations, eapecial~y the porous, water-
bearing strats, allow tt.~ development of air accumulators with a large
capacity, which have the potential for longer plant operation in the gen--
- erating mode than GAES's therefc~re expand the VAES capability for
- load regulation, making it poasible, for instance, to carry out weekly
ad~ustment. '
: ~
- -
_ ...K.~.
_ ~
~ ~o
,s, u0
Z -
VO �
_ a0 0 6 J? .1I 1~V
.
Figure 1. Location of VAES in Power System Load Diagram -
- When there is a ahor*_age of gae turbine fuel, VAES's may be developed using
eysteme in which gas turbine fuel is not burned, but the sj.r ahead of the
- turbine is heated by exhaust from the compressor cooler. In this case the
VAES's will be ~ust as efficient as GAES's if the temperarure ahead of the '
turbine exceeda 523 K, which is possible with the use of a high-temperature ~
oil-based cooler. However, combustion of the gas turbine fuel increases
VAES efficiency even more.
VAES's have two to three times m~re individual capacity tham autonomoua gas
turbfne plante and may generar.e icwo to three times more elec:tric power tor
each kilogram of high-quality ggs turbine fuel consumed, which is very im-
- portant when fuel is scarce and expensive.
-
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` Table 1. Technical Specifications of VAES's in Foreign Deaigns
_ Country, manufacturer or power plant desiAner _
GDR
FRG USA Bergman- Sweden
Technical parameters Broc~rn-Bovari General Electric Borzig Stal-Laval
- Peak power, megawatta 290 4X200 6X1.15 260
~ Peak power generating
time, hours/day 2 500 hr/year 4 no data
- Air preasure before -
high pressure turbine,
Mp8 4.48 4.4 1.25 5.0
Gas zemperatu:-e before ~
- h.p. turbine, K 810 714 87~ 1048
Gas temp. before
l.p. turbine, K 1088 1073 1073 -
Air flow through tur-
bine, kg/sec 408 252 280 350
Compressor power, Mwatt 59 117 4X90 no data
Air flow through com-
pressor, kg/sec 100 252 203 no data _
Preseure in air accum-
ulator, MPa 6.89 8.4 1.5-2.5 5.0
Air accumulator charg-
ing time, hr/day 8 2700 hr/year 7.84 no aata _
Air accumulator volume, 480,000- -
m3 284,000 167,000 800,000 no data
Cansumption of 'liquid
fuel heat, kilojoules/
_ kilowatt-hour 5797 4237-4535 4255 4770
Efficiency factor of
facilities with power
_ eupplied by compressora ~
from s~eam turbine power '
plants with efficiency ~
42 percent, ~ 28.2 32.7-31.8 27.7 no data
Commente Operating Solid fuel
= VAES Huntorf Planned Planned VAES, planned
~
VAES pro~ects have already been developed abroad. Test run of the first VAES -
in the world, the 290 megawatt capacity Huntorf began in the FRG in 1978
(4-7). The main units of the planned AES as well as the heat-power. operated
equipment of the Huntorf VAES are based on gas-turbine equipment whose pro-
duction angineering hss already been dane by the firms. The main specifica-
tions of the foreign VAES's are given in table 1.
Preliminary analyses of the technical feasibility of developing VAES heat-
power producing components based on domestic equipment made by the Leningrad
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Metal Plant Planning Section and the Sci,entific Planning ~Ppartment of the
Central Scientific Reaearch, Planning and Design Boiler and Turbine Insti-
tute have ehown that several VAES modifications may be developed on the
basis of heavy-duty power-producing gas turbine engines of the existing type
GT-100 and on the p~.anned type GTE-150 of the Leningrad Metal Plant Planning =
Section. A very efficier.t peak VAES may be based on the 150 megawatt gas
tur.bine engine ;STE-150). The heat circuit of this equipment with a aingle-
unit ~apa~ity of 500 megawatts is shown in figure 2 and its main features
are given in table 2. T?ie turbine section of this equipment consiats of
high and low pressc~re gas turbines with intermediate heating of the gas and
a GTE-150 tiirbine is used for the low preasure turbine operating at full
- volume in a conservation mode like that used in the autc+nomous GTE-150.
Also include~ ie series of three compressors operating from a single
drive: two end thrust (low and nedium pressure) and one axial-flow (hish -
presaure). The main heat power-producing equipment may be designed and
= manufactured in the form of separate portable units not requiring disassem-
bly during inatallation at a plant. For one hour of operation of this _
- e~uipment we need a constant volume air accumulator with a 200,000 m3 volume
or a conetant pressure with a 50,000 m3 volume. A less efficient VAES modi-
fication may be developed on the basis of a GT-100 type gas turbine engine.
X' tl, ~ ~1~ (7) ~ g~
~ a ~3~ (6) ~e,q r
' K~ K~ K~ ~ t5~3~ ar
- (4
= ~g~ ~ ~
r
x,~ . Xx ~t . ~g~
(10) ~ ~ . .
,
~ ~
' . BA ~ ~ ' ~
Figure 2. VAES Diagram Using GTE-150 Gas Turbine
Equipment From Leningrad Metal Plant -
Key:
= 1. xl, x2 intermediate air 7. High pressure turi~ine -
coolers 8. High and low presaure combustion
2. Low presaure compressor chambers -
3. Medium preasure compressor 9. Low pressure turbine
- 4. High presaure compressor 10. Einal air cooler
5. Electric motor 11. Air accumulator
6. Generator
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To identify an efficient VAES design and parameters we need comprehensive
- technical and economic evaluation on the level of the .relative costa for -
- the power syetem as a whole, including etudies of th.e effectivenesa and coet
- of the heat-power producing equipment and the air accumulator, ae well ae
the coneidered effect of mode variationa introduced by inserting VAES's into _
- the operation of all types of power-system generating equipment (8). How-
ever, this should precede reaearch on various VAES deaigns and parametera
for selection ~f the moet promi~ing.
Table 2. Basic Technical Specificatione of the Leningrad Metal Plant =
Planning Section 500 Megawatt VAES ~
- Technical parametere Numerical values
Turbine Group
Power, megawatts 50Q
Frequency of rotation, revolutions/min 3000 ~
Air flow, kilograms/aec 630
Pressure ahead of high preseure turbine, MPa 4.6
Temperature ahead of high presaure turbine, K 923
Pressure ahe~d of low pressure tu~bine, I~.'a 1.27
= Temperature ahead of low pressure turbine, K 1223
Temperature of exhauet gases, K 703
Liquid fuel consumptfon with QH ~ 42,000 kilo~oules/kg,
kg/sec ' p 18
- Relative conaumption of liquid fuel heat, k~/kwt-hr 5410
Heat efficiency in liquid fuel consumption, X 66.5
Ef�~.ciency fac,tor of facility with electric motor
power aupply to the compressors from a steam turbine
power plant with efficiency ~ 42 percent, % 31.7
Compreasor Group
Total power of coiapressors, megawatts 110
Frequency of rotation, rev%min 3000 _
Air flow, kg/sec Z00
Compression level of low pxessure compressor 5.7 -
= Compresaion level ~~f inedium pressure compressor 4.0
Compreasion level of high pressure compressor 3.0
Presaure before high preasure compreasor, MPa 6.6
- Number of intermediate coolers 2
Number of final coolers 1
= Air temperature in final cooler, K 323
; Air temperature in intermediate cooler, K 303 ~
' Total amount of heat ;-ecovered in coolerR, k~/hr 365�106
This task has been accomplished in atudies performea by the Planning Dep_~t-
ment of the Central.Sc~entific Reaearch, Planning and Design Boiler and
Turbine Institute and the Moacow Higher Technical School on the fuel effi- _
ciency of various VAES turbine equipmant designs taking their possible
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operating conditions into account. The method used in the studies for esti- -
mating the parametera of the VAES heat power-producing equipment allows
determination of the plant capacity in the compreasor and turbine modes,
the consumption of electric power in driving the compressors and the plant
efficiency taking into account the following characteriatics of its opera-
tion :
--the absence of direct mechanical and gas dynamic connection between the
compreaeor and turbine; .
_ --the gen:ration of the total turbine power in the power network;
--the uae of ~?ari~us types of fuel in compreasor and turb ine operation;
_ --the presence of additi.onal hydraulic resistance in the circuit joining
the compreasor, turbine and air accumulator;
--the presence of leaks in the air accumulator;
--vaYiation of pressure in the sir accumulator. associated with heating or -
cooling of the air in it.
~ The lack of a single criterion for these estimates is creating considerabie -
difficulty in evaluating VAES fue.l efficiency. For this reason three types _
- of efficienr..y factors have been proposed for evaluating plant fuel effi-
ciency.
1. Turbine efficiency is i~adicated by the efficiency of gas-turbine fuel
coneumption and is represented ae:
~ ~
~ ~,R = 1~, QT,~ -
t=I ~
~
where NT~ is the sum of the turbine capacities; ~~T; is the sum
~ r_~ r:=i
~ of heat flows supplied to the air in the combustion ci~a~mb ers of the turbines
in burning the gas turbine fuel.
- The overall efficiency of a plant as a whole is indicated L~y the efficiency
of complete fuel consumption both in the turbine and in tlie compressor ap-
_ erating modes: `
n _ _ . -
- . - _
_ ' !J NT i ~
!wl
~
~cL - n ~ m
~L ZK
~ . ~ QTJ T ~ QT.KI z,r
.L~
' /al lcl
6 =
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~
where ~ QT,~~ le the sum of heat expenditure on compresaing air during
- air accumulator chargin~s; zk is the compresaor operating time; zt ie the �
turbine operating time.
3. Overall conditional efficiency in a plant ae a whole is indicated by
- efficiency in the complete conaumption of fuel, allowing for the different
costa of solid and gae turbine fuel (st,t, and st.r.~~
n
..lJ .
~rf
� !=1
~eE- n1 mi
~ ~ QTI L Q7.KI , ZR ST.T
f.~ :zi ST.1'
fn] ' 1=1
VAES air accumulators may be divided into two main types: constant pres-
sure (p ~ const) and constant volume (V = const) which primarily identify
the different turbine and compressor operating modes of the VAES. With a _
conetant pressure air accumulator turbine and compressor operation are ac-
complished with constant pressure and air f low. With accumulatora of this
- type belong accumulators implemented in porous, water-bearing atrata with
- a high permeability and also accumulators with a hydroatatic pressure
equalizatiun system which.is r~ special accumulator associated properly with
the capacity of an air accumulator located at a higher geodeaic level. In
the procesa of filling an air accumulator, the compressors pump in com-
pressed air, forcing c~ut w~ter, and during turbine operation the water is
_ diaplaced from the air accumulator. Uaing constant volume sir accumulators,
that is air accumulators with a cloaed capacity washed out in a salt dome _
or cut out in a rocky massif, various turbine operating modes are possible. _
FiraC, in thia case the turbine can operate with constant pressure and flow,
although with added loeses due to the installation of a throttle valve be-
~ tween the air accumulator and turbine which reduces the pressure ahead of ~
it to the least pressure in the accumulator during its discharge. This
operating mode, as witli the use of a constant pressure accumulator, makes
it possible to obtain car.tinuous useful power with a constant gas temperature
in the combustion c~ambers. Second, the turbine can operate with varying
preasure correaponding to changes of pressure in the accumulator. However,
in this variation with a conatant gas temperature ahead of the turbines both -
- the inatantaneous diacharge of air and also the power generated in the ac-
cumulator diecharge process will be reduced and the turbines will operate
in the variable mode for the entire period. Continuous generated power may
- be obtained if a high pressure turbine with an ad~ustable nozzle is used -
and the effect of reducing the air preasure compensates for the inerease in
- the gas temperature ahead of the turbines. _
- In the etudies performed, the following turhine operating modes were con-
sidered:
_ *
~ air discharge Gg, gas temperature T~, air pressure constant; _
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sir discharge and gas temperature cQnstant and ai.r gressure variable; _
air 3ischarge constant, gae temperature v3riable from the state of conser~va-
tion of the total continuous turbine power and air pressure variable.
~ Calculations were done for 12 designs and groupings of turbine and cc~uprea-
sor equipment, the more general of which are given in figure 3. For con-
venience, the turbine and compressor group typeB are assign,ed general sym-
bols. For the turbine groups: _
aTeTPIl; -
where a is tn~ number of turbines (expanaion stagea); B is the numb er of ~
combuetion chambers (heat input points obtained by burning the gas turbine
fuel); P ie ths pxesence of a regenerator; Tf is the presence of a heater
, for heatizig air with heat stored during compressor operation. _
For the compressor groups:
cKdX, -
where c is the number of compressors (compression stages); d is the number
of coolers.
r ~ '
_ ~l, L d'~C .I~, r. - - 1 �
~2~ 3~3a i . ~ .
~ ~3Q~3~ 9~ -
t4) ~ ~4 Ke~ . r~ rca ~ ~n4 -
, ~ ~ ~ .
_ ~ . ,-~L~~ ~ ~
_ ,r~ Xt X,~ ~ I P
_ i i
_ )r~`LJ4 n (13) -
- - - ~ rrr ~ � -
. . BA ' ~ -
_ Figure 3. Calculated T1AES Heat Circuit
Key: ~
1. Atomic power plant 8. High pressure turbine
- 2. Steam power plant 9. Medium pressure turbine -
- 3. Generator 10. Low pressure turbine
4. Low pressure compressor 11. Heat accumulator
5. Medium pressure compressor 12. Regenerator _
6. High pressure c4mpressor 13. Air heater
- 7. Electric motor 14. Air accumulator
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~
Tn the calculation, the air flow through the turb~ne is assumed to be equal _
to 500 kilograms/second.
Two levels of maximum pressure in the air accumulator (6.48 and 1Q.0 MPa) -
were atudied. In the first case the calculations were applied to a 3K3X
compreaeor group with a diacharge of 200 kg/sec snd in the second a 4K4X
compressor group was used.
In calculating the parametera of all the designs with regenerators, the -
~ degree of regeneration was assumed to be variable due to li'.uiits in the
reduction of temperature in the ragenerator at the point 403 K to prevent
low-temperature corrosion.
In designs where the air flowing from the accumulator is heated by exhaust
from the compressor coolers, the air f:.emperature after the heater is assumed -
to be the same when the total amount of compression in the compressors is
the same.
- Due to the fact that all the turbine power in a VAES is useful, increasing -
~ the starting gas t~.mperature does not lead to as pronaunced an increase in
- power and e�ficiency as in autonomous gas turbine facilities. Simple com-
parieon shows that with a 1.5-fold increase in the gas temperature from
1000 to 1500, the peak VAES power also undergoes a 1.5-fold increase where- _
' as the power of an autonomous gas turbine facility is increased 2- to 2.5- ~
fold. In addition, efficient air reaovery in cooling gas turbine componente -
has been a problem in VAES's since it may only be drawn from an accumulator
= with a higher pressure than necessary. Because of this, it is expedient to
limit the gas temperature ahead of the VAES turbines to a point not requir-
ing cooling of the vanes. In the given studiea, the gas temperature is as- -
aumed to equal 1073 K.
The dependence of efficiency, power and relative consumption of gas turbine
fuel for various VAES designs with constant gas temperatures and air dis-
charges for both types of accumulator is shown in figures 4 and 5.
The results obtained in the studies show that complication of the VAES heat
circuit resulting from an increase In the level of heat input (number of
combustion chambers) makes it possible, with all other conditions equal, to =
. obtain 20 percent more useful power in a two chamber facility and 40 percent
more in a three chamber facility than in a single chamber facility. The use
of a p= const air sccumulator compared with a V= const accumulator with
identical maximum pressure makes it possible to obtain a large amount of -
power: 6 percent for a single chamber, 10 percent for a two chamber and
11 percent for a three chamber facility. _
The turbine efficiency of a single chamber facility with a simpler design
~ for the p= const air accumulatcr equals 0.825; heating the air ahead of
' the combustion chamber increases the efficiency by 5 percent and a regene- _
~ xator increases it by 12 percent. Using a V= const accumulator reduces
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~
= Fox oF~r'll:lAL vsE uaL~
the ef ficiency in this case by 5 percent . An increase in the number of =
- n~mbustion chambers also lowers turbine efficiency (by 7 percent fo~ a two ~
chamber and 20 pe~cent for a three chamber facility due to the increase in
gae turbine fue]. conaumption) . Usin.g a regenerator reduces the lowering
oF turbine efficiency~ arith an increase in tfie number of cfiamb~rs by 2 to .
5 percent.
~ The overall efficiency factor for a single chamber of the simplest design
equals 0.3. Inaerting a heater has a slight effect on ita value while
using a regenerator raiap~ its value by 5 percent. ~dith a change to twe
chamber and three chamber designs without a regenerator, this efficiency
_ factor is increased by approximately 10 percent and by 13 percent with a -
regenerator for a two chamber and 18 percent for a three chamber design. _
_ Analyeie of the operation of VAES compressors and turbines with variation -
of preesure 1.n a constant volume accumulator of 10 to 6.8 MPa and of 6.5
to 4.5 i~k'a for varioua levels of maximum pressure srows that, in the ac-
cumulator charging proceas, low and medium gressure accumulators operate
feae~bly at the calculated points, variation of the overall degree of com-
presaion is provided mainly by the last high preseure compressor and its
degree of compresaion is reduced from two to three as in the 3K3X deaign.
This requirea careful matchir.g of the compresaors, the adoption of an ad- _
Juetable input control device and an ad~ustable rotary diffuser for the =
high presaure rotary compreseor for increasing the efficiency factor of -
Che compreasor group in a variable operating mode.
Reducing pressure by discharging the accumulator in the same range with a
_ constant gae temperature ahead of the turbines leads to a sharp reduction
_ in useful power (approxima~tely~36 percent). Continuous power with a drop
in pressure can be obtained over and above the expansion by providing for -
uniformity of air discharge by rotation of the nozzle of the high pressure
turbir~e one point from abouC a 15 to a 27 degree angle and ad3ueting the _
gas tzmperature ahead of the high pressure turbine as shown in figure 6.
With such ad~uetment, the VAES power is equal to the power obtained with
air expanaion and the eiiiciency factor value is somewhat higher. Thus, ~
- from Che point of view of thermodynamics the most efficient VAES deaigns
are those with constant pressure air accumulators and designs with constant
volume accumulators and expansion of the air ahead of the turbine are l~ss =
efficient. Other modifications for regulating the parameters ahead of the
turbine with a V= const accumulator occupy an intermediate position.
Complicating the heat circuit by increasing the number of heat inputs (com- _
bustion chambers) leads to an increase not only in power and ovarall effi-
~ ciency of the VAES but also in the relative gae turbine fuel consumption
- and therefore lowers the plant's turbine efficiency.
~ From t;~e point of ~~iew of fuel economy, a regenerator facility is extremely
= efficier?t and makes it possible to increase both the overall and the turbine -
~ efficiency of the VAES. Heating the air at the output of the accumulator
' using heat removed from the compressor group coolers is considerably leas _
, efficient, which is related to tfie assumed value of the intermediate heater -
~ io
FOR flFFICIAL USE ONLY
.
I
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temperature (90 degrees C). The effectiveness of the heating may be in-
creased by increasing this temperature.
~n ~ ~ r~ I
49 .r . . x.
�p ~-I,/,1�
qe o~ ~-3'~~J _
q7 -
Q6
' Qs _
4p - -
Q3 � - - -
_ 4? IJ1~lR 712( 111(1P 31,i/1/1 tzena '
~i~r nu~a tizrrn .~~,~r 91,7f1P
_ Figure 4. Values '~,.~1; '~`,.g for Various VAES Heat Circuits with Constant
T*o ~ 1073 K and G~ 500 kg/sec and also Three VAES Diagrams
with Leningrad Me~al Pla~nt Equipment.
1-3 pak ~ const; 1'-3' V k= const; 1"-3 VAES designs with LMP
equipment with T*01 ~ 923 K, T~02 m 1223 K, GB ~ 630 kg/sec with V8k = const.
. _ _
' d(kB~~v1 . _ . -
- 130 ~ �6m -
1119 ? ~ h'!l
l10 Py9
f00 - ~ _
.
- .R7 Zd'I
- c-f ~-0 #f
v-2 t 2' '~'Y -
~ 11 f0 211/' ~ 111f1P 31,;Y1N upraQ -
!If( 11!(1P �?IZl1R 3/,~ 3f3f1P '
. Figure 5. Valuea of Turbine Power NT and Relative Consumption of Gas
T~rbine Fuel geT for various VAES Heat Circuits with Constant
T p m 1073 K and Gg = 500 kg/sec and also for Three VAES .
Designs witn LMP Equipment.
191~~1~~ NT' 2' 2~' 2~~ geT' 1,2 Pak = const; 1',2' Vak = const; .
1",2 VAES designs wirh LMP equipment with T*01 = 923 K, T~02 = 1223 K, _
GB s 630 kg/sec with Vak = const. -
11
~
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~ 3` -
H T~ ~nr; -
1000 ~ i 3, ~
1 p
90U 2~S ~
. B~ ~ 1,0
y
~ ~M
- 70o y f 6 7 B y nna ~'s
* *
Figure 6. Program for Regulating T rl and n T1.High Pressure Turbines ~
Depending on Air Pressure in the Accumulator pak with GB =
cc:~st; NT = const for 3T3~, 3T3~1P, 3T3f1A, 2T2F, 2T2t"1P,
; 2T2 r lTf Heat Circuits . 1, 2-- T*~~ ; 3, 4-- 1T *TZ.
- Technical and economic analyaea of a 500 megawatt VAES with turbine equip- _
ment based on the Leningrad Metal P1ant Planning Section GTE-150 showed
that capital costs not depending on hours of use, capital expendituxes on
VAES's as compared with autonomous gas turbine plants are increased with
more hours of use becauae of the increase in required air accumulator
volume, and arE therefore more expensive. The relative cost of a plant -
without taking into account the accumulator cost equals 37 rubles/kilowatt
with one compresaor group for 2 houra operation per day in the generating
mode and 45 ru~les/kilowatt with two compresaor groupe for 4 hours opera- -
- tion per day. The total relative coet of a VAES for 2 houra operation per
day amounts to about 45 rublea/kilowatt for an accumulator in a salt dome
and about 38.5 rublea/kilowatt for an accumulator in porous, water-bearing _
atrata while for 4 hours operation per day it is about 61 and 48 ru~les/
kilowatt respectively for these two types of sir accumulators. In this _
connection VAES�s are most efficient operating in the peak zone of the l~ad
diagram. Thus, operating in the turbine mode for 400-500 hours per year, a
VAES, compared with an aut~..iomaus GTE-150, provides a savinga in relative
coste in the range of 1.1 - 1.5 kopecks/kilowatt-hour, that ia about 20 - _
30 percent. With an increase in the duration of operation, this savings ia -
- reduced while with the use of VAES's more than 2000 hours/year, their use
ie economically advantageous only in the case of the use of 1ow-cost air -
- accumulators such as thoae implemented in porous, water-bear~ng strata.
Ar~alyzing the coneidered designs from the point of view of their national =
economic impact, it should be expected that the effect of factors which
~ increase the thermodynamic efficiency will be lessened. Thus, the thermo-
- dynamic effectiveness of complicating the design (increasing the number of =
compression and expansion steps) will be reduced with an increase in cost
of equipment due to the increase in the capital components of the relative
- coats, while the efficiency of using a regenerator will be reduced by an -
increase in the equipment coat and the period during which the VAES tur-
bines are in operation.
12
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Conclusions ~ ~
1. The use of rn air accumulator makes uossible the development of an
adaptable facility with rather high thermodynamic and technical-economic
= indicatora. For example, with the development of a VAES based on gas
- turbine engines of the GTE-150 type i.t will have a heat diecharge equal
~ to 5420 kilo~oulee/kilowatt-hour, wh~.ch corresponds to a turbine ef~i-
� ciency of 66.5 pPrcenc. Uaing a regenerator makes it posaible to increase -
ita value to 92 percent.
~ 2. Final choice of the base design for a VAES and its actual modification
- for accu~nulator type may be done only after careful technical and economic
analyeis and comparison of alternative versions according to relative ex-~
penditures by the power system as a whole taking into account the mode
changes caused by putt3ng VAES's into operation for all forms of generat-
ing equipment of the power system.
3. However, the results of thermodynamic analysis of the VAES heat cir-
cuita allowing.for their expected impact on the national economic efficiency
_ of the power syetem as a whole makea it possible even at this atage to se-
lect with a reasonable de~ree of accuracy a medium-complexity design of the
_ 2T2G type as the basis for an experimental industrial VAES oriented toward
implementation of a turbine group on existing (GT~lO~J l.p. turbine) or
scheduled for production (GTE-150 turbine) equipment.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
_ 1. Dobrokhotov, V. I.; and Troitskiy, A. A. "Technical Progress in Heat
Power Engineering and the Fuel and Energy Balance of the Country,"
- TEPLOENER~ETIKA, No 7, 1976.
- 2. Gorin, V. I.; and Chernya, G. A. "Development of Power Systems in the
Tenth Five-Year Plan," TEPLOENERGETIKA, No 2, 1976.
3. "Huntorf in Operation," GAS TURBINE WORLD, Jan 1979.
4. Gasparovic, N.; and Schubert, B. "Betriebssichere und kostengunatige
Gasturbinen im Luftspeicherkraftwerk zur Spitzenlastdeckung," ELEKTRI-
ZITATSWIRTSCHAFT, Jg 77, Heft 7, 1978. ~
5. Zugg, P.; and Hoffeins, H. "Brown Boveri Luftspeicher-Gasturbinen,"
BROWN BOVERI MITT., Bd 64, No 1, 1977.
6. Butler, P. "Compregsed air plana for storing power," ENGINEER, Vol 245, ,
_ No 6338, 1977.
7. Harboe, H. "Importance of coal for heat and power generation," STAL-
LAVAL, Sweden, 1974.
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rvtt Vrry~leaa., u~L v.r..,.
= 8. I:orsov, Yu. G.; Ge1'tman, A. E.; I1'ina, L. V.; and others. "Survey of
~ Efficient Outlines for Future Heav~~-Duty Power Producing Gas Turbine
Engines," TRUDY T~KTI, iaeue 165, 1978. `
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", "Tep~oenergetika", 1980. _
~
8945 -
" CSO: 1822
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' FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 6
ELECTRIC POWER . -
UDC 621.315.1.1001.2:621.315.66
CaNSTRUCTION OF TOWERS FOR NORTHERN POWER LINES
Moscow ENERGETICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVC1 in Russian No 1, Jan 80 pp 49-52
_ [Article by Engineers A. M. Astafeyev and B. P. Novgorodtsev]
[Text] The need has arisen for development of base designs specially in-
- tended for regions of the Far North ~nd Western Siberia, which are charac-
terizad by almost total lack of roads, the presence of large almoat un-
passable marahy and wooded sections, lengthy spring flooding, low negative
air temperatures (the abeolute minimum reaches -55�C) and very aparse
population density. In connection with the growth of the volume of elec-
tric power tranamiasion lines in these regions, the following requirements
are placed on designa for such basea:
--sharp reduction of weight;
--technological feasibility, taking the posaibility of using helicoptere
into coneideration;
--reliability at air temperatures at below -40�C;
--good plant availability.
- The pro~ect "Designs for Electric Power Transmission Lines in Permafrost
Regions and the Far North" was performed in accordance with the plan for
- new technology at the ynergoset'proyekt [All-union Order of the October -
Revolution State Planning and Surveying Scientific Research Institut~ of
Power Syetems and Power Supply Networks] Institute. In the initial pxan-
ning stage the advisability of using wooden, reinforced concrete and steel
towera and meana for fixing them in the soil were examined. Blueprints
- were drawn up for wooden and steel towers and their fastenings. _
Development o� base designs was carried out for three arbitrary zones with
various ice-glaze, wind and temperatuxe permafrost conditions (Table 1). -
15
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- Table 1
Zones
Indicator A B C
Wind apeed, m/aec 25 40 50
Thickneae of ice glaze aheet, mm 10 20 40
Soil temperature at dspth of lOm, �C -1 - -3 -3 - -9 -6 - -10
Four suspeneion and anchor~angle wooden towers secured to wooden piles for -
110 and 220 icV ot~~erhead lines, have b een developed for zones A and B. Fur-
thermore, for zone B four suapension and anchor-angle steel towera with
triangular arrangement of the cables secured to pile foundatiions made from
ateel pipes have been developed for zone B(cf. Table 2, e.g. 1, 2, y, 10).
The ateel towers intended for installation in this zone are aimilar to
standard towers. The only difference ie replacement of the butt weld by _
bolt connectora (the use of a butt weld is undesirable when performing
= work in regions of the Far North}. The small dimensions of towers for ~
110 kV overhead lines (OL) permit them to be put together at assembly
pointa with subsequent transporting to the line by any means, including -
by helicopter. The auapension tower for 220 kV OL is single-based, with
guys made from small sections. The anchor-angle tower has somewhat larger =
dimensions and weight.
Four suapeneion and anchor-angle steel towers ~vith horizontally arranged
cables were developed for zone C. Such a cable arrangement is mandatory
in accordance with the specifications for installation of electrical equip-
m~nt for the particular ice-glaze region (cf. Table 2S et., 3, 4, 11, 12). ~
Bolt connections are also used in the designs of two-guyed suspension
- portal towers and two T-shaped anchor-angle towers. It must be noted that -
the towers for zone C~re designed to support the strengthened steel- ,
aluminum cables and for loads corresponding to the heaviest estimated
climatic conditions. Thus, these towers may be considered univereal in -
spite of the fact that their weight, naturally, exceeds the weight of the
other types of steel towers.
The aeries of towers under consideration for regions of the Far North was ,
developed up to confirmation of the Decision of Glavtekhupravleniye [Main
Technical Administration for the Operation of Power Systems] and Glavnii-
proyekt [Main Administration of Scientific-Research and Design Organiza-
tionaJ (1975), in accordance with which increased voltage in the cables
- is permitted. At the present time, as towers of this series wit~. cables,
the croae-section of which is smaller than that accepted in the designs '
- are being introduced, the voltage in the cables may be increased, thereby
permitting us to increase the spans and, correspondingly, to reduce the
number of towers on the electric power transmission lines.
16 -
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" The result of the calculations executed within the scope of the pro~ect
showed that in zone B the use of the new towers will permit the cost of
conetruction of 1 kilometer of 110 kV OL to be reduced by R 4~500 and
by R 9,000 for 220 kV OL; the figurea in zone C are reepectively R 2,100 _
and 7,400.
The experience of construction in the northern regions demonstrates that
under the particularly complex conditions for carrying out construction
and installation operatione, preference muat be given to tower designs
made from welded sections, the use of which will permit us to reduce labor
expenses on the line. The use of welded designs ia part~cularly advisable
in most cases when the towers are not transported by rail.
A aeries of welded towers for 110 and 220 kV OL intended for installation
in tne regions under investigation was developed taking these conditions
under consideration. They may be used on single-circuit and double-circuit
_ electric-power transmission lines erected in the I-IV ice-glaze regions and
up to and including region II?, based on wind load with weak line play.
Suepeneion and anchor-angle single-circuit and double-circuit towers we~-e
developed for 110 and 220 kV electric-power tranamission lines (cf. Tsble
2, eg. 5-8, 13-16). The suspension towers are the same height; the anchor-
angle towers for 110 kV OL are 5 meters high with their bases and the
anchor-angle towers for 220 kV OL are 9 metera high with their bases (the
anchor-corner towers are simultaneously terminal towers). The 110 kV
- towera are designed to carry AS 120/19 cable and a single TK 9.1 (5-50)
overhead lightning ground wize, the 220 kV towers, for carry~ing AS 300/39
cable and a single CK 11 (S-70) ground wire. The voltages in the cables
are taken in accordance with the following "Specificationa for Setting Up
Electrical Installations-76." The voltages in the ground wirea are in- _
sured by the aelection of the required distancea between the ground wire _
and the cable in the middle of the span. Ground wire supports are speci-
fied on the ground wires for melting the ice glaze. .
The insulated suspension of the ground wire, nzcessary for melting the ice
glaze, ia permitted on towers of all types. The AS 70/72 ground line used
_ for communications may also be suspended on 220 kv OL. Ground-wire sup-
ports for carrying two ground wires are not called for on the towers. _
The anchor-angle towers for 110 kV OL are designed for the break of two
AS 120/19 cables and for 22~ kV OL with a break of a single AS 300/39
_ cable (emergency condition) in accordance with the requirement of "Speci- -
fications for Setting Up Electrical Installations-76." Thus, all of the
~ anchor-angle towers are normal (not lightenec~) and may be used without
any restrictions whatsoever.
17 -
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TABLE 2 '
Design and Tower _
Tower Voltage, Kind of Weight, _
- Type of Tower Number kV Cable t.
- Suspenaion Fig. 1 35, 110 AS 70/11- 2.8
AS 240/32 -
rig. 2 22o As 300/39, 3.~
_ AS 400/51 -
Fig. 3 35, 110 AS 150/34 5.4
Fig. 4 220 AS 300/66 6.1
Fig. 5 110 AS 120/19 1.6 .
Fig. 6 110 AS 120/19 2.3
- Fig. 7 220 AS 300/39 3.3
Fi~. 8 220 AS 300/39 4.4 -
Anchor-angle Fig. 9 35, 110 AS 70/11- 5.3/7.51
(angle of rotation AS 240/32
0-60�) Fig. 10 220 AS 300/39, 7.5/10.8
- AS 400/51
Fig. 11 35, 110 AS 150/34 6.2/9.1 -
Fig. 12 220 AS 300/66 9.8/13.6
Fig. 13 li0 AS 12Q/19 2/2.9
Fig. 14 110 AS 120/19 4.1/5.2
Fig. 15 220 AS 300/39 5.6/8.1
Fig. 16 220 AS 300/39 8.9/12 _
1The wei.ght of anchor-angle towers without base is given in the numerator,
with the base in the denominator.
is _
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~
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
1. 2. ~~r~a-i ? 3. O ~
~ ~e �o-s 4 � ~~r:n_r
~'rGi~O-J ` . _ . arr rO Ri
O N y '
l b__ ' f6 ql 1 d t ~ 7,4 7,0
7 ~ y1 M t -
H % ti ~ ti I I I N
A ~ I ~ N I I
I
~ b
Y ~
M ~ b ..T T T T b ~ T
' e ~ i4 s~ s q9 s,i �
8 . nzro-rq e
.6. ' 7. ,
5. nii�_i_ O nrlo-~.C Oj h
- n,~o - i,o O - - 4 . ~ � a
s t"I i b ti 'd -
- 'a t ~ ~ y -
. r b ~ ~t._ J , ~ ~6
? t v ~ = t ' h . 7
~ . ' y'
- " e e ~ . :
I ~ : ~v N
1 ~ + ' ' ~
_~1.
, ~s
� ~
Key:
- 1. PV 110-3
2. PV 220-1
3. PV 110-9 -
- 4. PV 220-5
5. P110-1D -
6. P110-2D
7. P220-1D
8. P220-2D
19
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I
rux or~r~l~laL ua~ u,~L~ -
10. 11: 12. ~
9. . re7~o-i: rezra-i�s ~o � ye~,o,r; re,ic-~~,s ~ yerro-J; rer~n ~�s
' reiia-i; yeiio-i+~ ~ ~ r 3~ Q .cs s 1z
! a
. ~ . a . ; ~ y
. ~ ' i n b ~ . ~
~ ~ a ~ ~ o : o:
~ t. + ~ . s a . ~ , '~e s,s
~ ~ ~ e ~ e
d d o~ t b6 p^ o^
~ y w ; ~ N N ct p~ N
- * ~ M - ~ ~ a 1 ~ y -
~ ~ w ~ ^ -
w ~
j ey ~ bw ~y bw ~tib~ -
- ' -
. ~ � ~
~ ~ ,7! , ~ T T b T... ~ 7,9..'.. .
_ ~ 16.
14 . � 15 : yrro-r,t ; yrro-r,~�~ �
_ 1 3 � Y720-I,Q; Y1P0-l,Q~9 ~
y,~o-rq ; r ~~o-~,~+s
_ yi,o-~Q i y�o-~,q�s ~4 ~ K
- � !d
w
' ~ M i~� r 6+ ' ~ ~ S, 6 S,6 b
� ~ ~ , 6� . ~ 0 � . q~ x 6 b t h Q J ~ f, J b
?
~ h I Q d r~~j 7, ti ~ J,6 4J J,6 J,! ~
~ ~ . ~ ~ � ~ ~
a b ` ~ i Q
a. b ~ g" b ~ y _ ;
h
_ tI ~ -1
, ,~1 g b j .
_ ~ � .s .
~ a ~ ;
- Key:
9. UV 110-1; W 110-1+9 13. U 110-1D; U 110-1D+5
a. W 110-1+9 a. U 110-1D+5
b. W 110-1 b. U 110-1D
- 10. UV 220-1; UV 220-1+9 14. U 110-2D; U 110-2D+5
a. U 220-1+9 a. U 110-~D+5
b. U 220-1 b. U 110-2D
_ 11. W 110-3; UV 110-3+9 15. U 220-1D; U 220-1D+9
a. W 110-3+9 a. U 220-1D+9
b. W 110-3 b. U 220-1D
12. W 220-3; W 220-3+9 16. U 220-2D; U 22a-2D-h9
a. W 220-3+9 a. U 220-2D+9
b. W 220-3 b. U 220-2D
20
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The hei.ght of the lower cross piece was taken a~ one ~eter less than in
standardized towera to reduce the weight, a fact which will permit heli-
coptera to be uaed. The standard cable sag of all the towers was reduced =
- accordingly (by 1 meter) as well as wae the distance between the cablea,
a fact which permitted i~s to further reduce the tower weight.
The increase in the voltages in the cables, in accordance with the "Speci-
_ ficztions for Setting up Elsctrical Installations-76," permits us to obtain -
almos~ the same standard spans on the new towers as on the standardized
- ones. ~
The new towera are manufactured from low-alloy, high-strength clasa 46/33 ~
eteels, taking the basic area of their application into consideration (the
estimated temperature of the coldeat five-day period is from -40�C to _
_ -50�C), a fact whxch also permits us to reduce the tower weight.
Welding is done with E-42A electrodes; construction no~ms and specifications
permit submerged-arc welding and welding in carbon dioxide. The use of -
bolts with a strength of ~5.6 is specified for ~oining the sections and the
crose piecea of the towers.
All of the towers under considQration are assembled from welded sections.
' The auepension, single-circuit and double-circuit towers for 110 kV OL as
well as the aingle-circuit anchor-angle towers of normal height fur 110
kV OL are narrow-based for the maximum possiblP reduction in weight. Their
use ie also advisable when they are to be trar~sported by rail. However,
when such towers are installed on their foundations, specific complexities
- may ariae. In this case, it is advisable to use surface foundationa.
- The single-circuit elevated anchor-angle tower for 110 kV OI. is mounted on -
a base (th~ width of the base at the foundation is 2.8 metfrs) which may be
secured on muahroom shaped foundations or pilea. The standard dimensions
_ of the base are selected taking the restrictions imposed by rail transport
~ into conaideration.
The middle sections of double-circuit anchor-angle towers for 110 kV OL are
also assembled taking these restrictions into consideration. The lower
sections of the normal and elevated towers consist of four assembled ele-
ments which may be installed on mushroom shaped feet, piles or special
foundations. -
When the new design decisions were used, the weight of the single-circuit
and double-circuit suspension towers for 110 kV OL as well as that for
single circuit anchor-angle towers for 110 kV OL of normal height was not =
more than 2300 kilograms, permitting fully assembled towers to be trans-
ported by MI-sid helicopters. In 1980, the towers will be put into opera-
= tion on the 110 kV OL Bavenda-Mogocha (REU [Regional Power Administration?]
- Chitaenergo). It is neceasary to place a timely order for the required -
amount of rolled metal of the required shapes from class 46/33 steel to
manufacture them.
21
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rvx or~r�lc;la,.. u5~ ur,LY -
, The suspension single-circuit and the double-circuit towers for 220 kV OL
are made from welded narrow-base sections, the dimensions of which do not
- exceed railroad size. It is possible to transport these towera using the -
- MI-8 helicopter on ly in sections.
The anchor-angle towers for 220 kV OL both of normal height and the ele-
vated ones have lower aections and bases made of 4 components. These _
towers may be mounted on any type of foundation or on piles; they also
may be transported by helicopter only in sections.
The croes pieces of all of the anchor-angle towers are made with parallel
_ booms and two mold ed pieces for suspending the double-circuit inaulator
- chaina. Sin21e circuit insulator chains must be suspended on molded pieces
placed at some distance from the tower trunk. It must be noted that the
crose pieces of anchor-angle towers for 220 kV OL have m~Ided pieces for
hanging SK 16-1A brackets, i.e., for insulatcr chains without KGN-16-5
attaching units, simplifying the cross piece design. Standard insulatior =
chaina are suspended on the cross pieces of anchor-angle towers for 110 "
- kV OL.
A comparative analysis of the new towers and the analog currently in use,
atandardized field towers, was performed when the new towers were being
developed. The kinds of steel for the analog and the new tower were taken
to be the same (class 46/33 eteel) taking the 1ow temperatures on the main
part of the region under consideration into account.
P500-9S/P500-9B
- . . 9,B B, 7. B, 7 B _
_ _ ~ ~
~o ' -
- 6, 5 6~- 6 6, S
. ^ - -
~ ~
o;
N
1
' h _
� . ~ ~
O
~ , . , - - ,.~i~ . ~ I ~
N B 6 6 B -
Figure 1. P500-9S (P500-9B) Suspension portal tower with guy lines for
- 500 kV OL -
22
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- The economic efficiency from the use of the towprs which were examined
- w&s calculated taking the following supposed scales of introduction into
conaideration: 100 km of single cj.rcuit and double cixcuit 110 kV GL and
~ 200 km of 220 kV OL ~i.e., 600 km per year in all). At such a volume of
conetruction, the annual economic savings is about 2,100 tone of rolled
~ metal, R 1 million of capital investments and Z0,000 man-day~ of labor
expensea.
An analysis of the various types o� towers for 220 and 500 kV OL being
- erected in regions with particularly complex installation conditions was
performed in the North-West Department of the Energoset'proyekt Institute,
and blueprinte for a new type of special suspension portal tower with guy _
wires were developed on the basis of their results (Figure 1).
Two vertical stands which may be installed separately are specified in the -
design. Each stand is separated by three guy lines, two of which are
- fastened to anchor slabs or piles on the axis of the electric-power trans-
mission lines, while~the third is fastened in a plane perpendicular ~o
- this a~cis, i.e., in the tower's transverse sy~etry plane. Such a system `
insures effective distribution of forces in the tower elements. The stands
- are connected by a rigid cross bar supported in the mid3le by guide con-
necting rods. The prese~ce of a rigid cross bar insures identical dis-
placement of the upper ends of the stand. This permits the guy-wire base _
- to be selected so that under given tension the stands are identically
loaded.
_ When the tower standa are installed aeparately, the MI-8 helicopter may
~ be ueed; when the asae~bled tower is being inatalled by pivoting it around
inatallation hinges, the MI-6 helicopter is used. -
Two tower variants have been propooed: a welded paintable one and a bolt
one. In the first case the weight of the tower is 5,307 kg, in the second
- the weight of the tower without the zinc coating is 5,914 kg, and 6,105 kg
with the zinc coating.
Estimation of the economic savings has shown that, given the anticipated
volume of construction, the use of the new towers will permit a savings
of R 820,000 in capital investments, 1,910 tons of rolled metal and about
10,500 man-days of labor costs per year.
The towers made from pipes for 35 and 110 kV OL which were developed by
tl~e North-West Department of the Energoset'proyekt Institute and which are -
being erected in the regions of western Siberia have specific features.
~ A series of single-circuit and double-circuit suspenaian and anchor-angle -
towers for 35 and 110 kV OL intended primarily for tower supply to petro-
leum- and gas-yields were accepted in the project in accordance with an _
agreement with the Zapsibelektroset'stroy Trust.
, 23
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FOR OFr'iCIAL USE UNLi -
~ - I..- - : _
b 1
~i ~ ~ ~
`J I - - - ~ II
_ ~ ' ~ !0 1,7 '
4 _ /6 1S _ ~
- ,
~
i
N . 1
ti �
v~n n l� ~nw ~c, i__.; ,~v71~711C971'r
tB JB JB tB �
_ 9? ~
Figure 2. Portal tower with flexible crossbar -
_ The uae of aub-atandard pipes 426, 402, and 325 ~n in diameter as well as -
= a emall number of new pipes of smaller diameters is specified in the de-
eigns for towers of this series. The tower cross pieces are made from
- structural angles with dimensions 75x6, 63x5 and 50x4
The single-circuit and double-circuit suspension towers for 35 and 110 kV
= OL have been developed in several mod3fications, depending on the method
for securing them in the ground:
--with a atand buried directly in a foundation;
--with a atand being installed on a pile or other type of foundation and -
secured by three guy wires which are also fastened onto piles or another
type of foundation; .
--with a atand merging into a 3-edged base for installation on surface
- foundation; '
--with a 3-edged base for installation on floating foundations and wi~h a
stand and 3-aided base made entirely from substandard pipes 325 mm in
- diameter. -
~ Introduction of the new tower series will provide for a significant eco-
- nomic savings, since the cost of substandard pipes and expenses for their
delivery are inconsequential. -
The portal tower wi*h a flexible cross piece is among the first of the -
~romiaing tower-design efforte. Towers of this type consist of two
prismatic atands and a sqstem of flexible connections, insuring the work-
_ ing poaition of the stands and the cable suspension. The standa may be
_ vertical (Figure 2) ar inclined. ~n the latter inatance, the distance
between their tops is greater than at the bottom.
The tower croas piece may be made from two span ties (the first taking on
_ the ehape of a funicular polygon after suspenaion of the cables and the
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- second being hori.zontal and fastened to the top of the etands) as we11
ae angled ties eonnecting the auspension points of the individual stages -
with the tope of the stands. The atages may be auepended horizontally =
or with the extreme stages raised, thereby permitting the electrical
parameters of the line to be improved.
The weight af the portal towera with a flexible croas piece is about half
L-hat of the lightest towera of other types. -
It ia firat of all necessary to evaluate the mechanical strength of an
electric power transmission line when exposed to the longitudinal loads
which may arise given non-uniform ice-glaze depasits and cable breakage
before putting towers with flexible cross pieces into operation, as well
as to work out and master the procedures for insta111ng cables on these
towers.
The creation of new tower designs for the northern regions requires the
application of modern methods for the optimization of tower parameters
_ and linea being erected, using programs in "Fortran" :~hich have been
_ developed at the North-West Department of the Energoset~proyekt Institute.
The weight or the coat of a tower, taking the foundations into considera-
tion, is the minimizing criterion.
The program for designing suspension and anchor-angle towers for OL of
any voltage is intended for the development of designs which are optimal _
in accordance with the appropriate crit~rion and which include units made -
- from single angles. The variable parameters are the tower base, the size
and the number of panels and the type of grid work.
~
- The towera deeigned using the developed programs gre more economical by `
7-15 percent than the towere for which traditional methods were used with-
, out the mathematical-design equipment. Based on preliminary estimates,
incorporation of the new towers on ~ust 40 percent of the 110 and 220 kV
OL being erected in the Northern Regions of the country will permit us to
- save 2,500 tons of rolled metal, 13,000 man-days of labor expenses snd
R 1.2 million of capital investments.
~ COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", "Energeticheskoye stroitel'stvo", 1980 -
~
9194
- CSO: 1822
25
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~
- FUic Ur'r~t~tEw u~~ v~vL~
ELECTRIC POWER
,
UDC 621.4.002.2
- CONS"~I~UCTION OF 220-KV SUBSTATIONS IN NORTHERN CLIMES
Moscow ENFRGETICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO in Rusaian No 1, Jan 80 pp 52-54
[Article by Engfneers S. A. Kolbin and A. M. Parkhomenko] -
[TextJ At the present time capital investments in the conatruction of
' substations in the northern regions of the country have grawn significantly. -
Questione concerning improvementa in the construction of such pro~ects are
urgent because of this fact. Let us examine certain trends for improving
the efficiency of substation construction in northern regions based on the _
example o� the designs and coastruction of the Yagodnoye Substation, lo-
cated in the central region of Magadanskaya Oblast. .
The Yagodnoye Subetation Pro~ect was executed by the Siberian Department
of Energoset'proyekt [All-union Order of the October Revolution State Plan-
ning and Surveying Scientific Research Institute of Power Syatems and
- Power Supply Networks] Inetitute. Ch3nges were made in the initial de-
eign during development of the start-up circuit with the aim of accelerat- .
_ ing the pro~ect's being put into operation. The basic indicatore of the
substation are presented :.i the table. .
The relative arrangement of the open 220 and 110 kV distribution units at
a 90� angle which was specified by the design was determined by the direc-
tion of the line entries: a 220 kV overhead line (OL) from the north and
a 110 kV OL from the east. The 220 and 110 kV open distribution unita
(ODU) were built in a circuit with two systems of bus bars with a transfer
bus, which will permit expansion of the distribution units later on.
The synchronous compensators are situated in a co~ered apace wh3ch is _
located between the autotranaformers--the 6 kV closed distribution unit
(CDU) and the 35 kV ODU, in series one after the other on the south side
of the autotransformers. �
The open atart-up devices (OSD), water supply reservoirs, an open oil ware- _
house and a pump house are located on the aastern side of the substation. -
26 `
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According to According to
Indicator Confirmed Deaign Start-up Complex
- ATDTe TNG-63000/220:
' voltage, kV 220/110/6 220/110/6 _
power, MV'A' 63 63
numb er 2 1
KS16-6UZ Synchronous
campensator:
voltage, kV 6.3 6.3
power, MV�A 16 16 ,
_ numb er 2 1
TM-4000/35 transformers:
- voltage, kV 6/35
- power, MV�A 4
~ numb er 1
_ Total estimated cost,
- thousar_da of rubles 6468 4551
Including:
SMR [n.ot further identified] 4524 3299
= equipment 1241 861
The 220, 110 and 35 kV ODU are executed according to individual deaigns:
the cable conduita (surface, made from UBK-1 trougha), according to a -
etandardized design.
a The construction work at the substation was done by the conatruction ad-
minietr�ation of the Kolymskaya GES and the electrical installation and wir-
ing work and inatallation of doorways and standardized metal structures to
- accommodate equipment (UMO) was done by installation sector nu~ber 12 of
the Elektrosibmontazh Trust. Construction of the substation was begun in
1967 and the first phase was put into ope.ration :.~y~~~,~b~~ i">77.
On the basie of the experience of constructing the Yagodnoye Substation,
= it is neceasary to isolate a number of organ:Lzational and production process
queations, on whose resolution the efficiency of constructing similar proj- _
ects in regions of the Far North dependa.~
; When designing substations rated at 220 kV and more, it i~ necessary first
_ of all to take into consideration the specific features of the regions:
difficult climatic conditions and arduous transport plans for delivering f
building materials and equipment. Only closed distribution units of 6-10
kV ahould be specified in the northern regions, it being desirable Chat -
they 3e combined with OSD buildings with the aim of reducing cable lines.
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FUK O~r~lc;i.~ u5~ u~vL~
In recent yeara the question of re~ecting combined portals has been widely
- discuesed since the cost of operations during their installation is ex- -
tremely high. The Energoaet'proyekt Institute had to develop a standard
220-330 kV closed distribution unit equipped for an inspection of large
tranaformere to solve this question. This type of deaign was incorporated
_ by the Ural Department of the Teploelektroproyekt Inetitute when designing
the 110 kV CDU at the Bilibinskaya Nuclear Heat and Electric Power Station.
The practice of inetalling and operating cable services in the Far North
hae ahown that upon delivery to a conatruction unit in the winter time,
or in the caee of an accident, it is imposaible to lay and connecC the _
usual kinds of control cables being delivered at the preaent time. _
- The cabling should be epecified exclueively as being of frost-proof de-
sign (the inCernal cable connections in the SDU and the OSD are excep-
tions).
The same thing holds for the equipment: It is designed for operation at _
-40�C and less frequently at -45�C. Equipment delivery is usually planned
for the second qua.rter, but it arrives a*_ the pro~ect in the third and -
fourth quarter when its accurate assembly and ad~ustment is impossible be-
cause of very low temperatures. .
MKP-110 oil awitchea have been in use for a number of years at the REU
Magadanenergo, and, beginning in 1978, U-220 switches. Technical and
_ operational data from the manufacturer's certificate guarantee reliable
operation of these switches only in a temperature range of from +40�C to
-40�C and leae frequently at -45�C. Furthermore, such switches are cum-
bereome; the volume of oil for the U-220 is 27 tons and S tons for the ~
NKP-110. The difficult conditions of transporting them, the high cost
- for cnanufacturing foundations on permafrost soils, unreliable operation
at low temperaturee, and :.igh labor expenses during the inatallation
period, all of this indicates that it has long been necessary to convert
to manufacture of low-volume oil switches in a noxthern design.
The possibility of using low-volume oil switches, in the opinion of the
- a~sthora, would permit the Energoset'proyekt Institute to develop a stan-
dardized design for closed distribution units based on the type of the
220/110-35 kV Sinegor'ye Substation, at which HLR-245/2500 switches pro-
duced by the Swedish firm ASEA are in operation. ~ -
In 1977 an APDTs TNG-63000/220 autotransformer from the Moscow production
association "Elektrozavod imini V. V. Kuybyshab" was installed at the
Yagodnoye Substation. During the course of installation and operation
of the autotransformer (and other similar devices) it was found that it
- is not designed for use under northern conditions: non frost-resistant
rubber was inatalled on all of the connectors, the cut-off fittings were
made from cast iron, the thermosiphon filtera were practically incapable
of functioning at low temperaturea and there was no electric heat up in
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the remote RPN [?mercury-arc rectifier unit?]. In association with this,
it is necessary to deliver tranaformers (autotransformers) which have been
epecially developed for northern regions to the proJects.
It ie necessary to dwell particularly on deaigning oil facilities for large
aubstations. Thus, open oil-storage facilities coneisting of two 40 m3
containere horizontally mounted on foundationa were designed by the Sibe-
rian Department of Energoset'proyekt Institute for the Yagodnoye and
Berelekh 5ubstatione. They ehould be of Che closed type with the tanka
mounted vertically and with a bottom heatiug unit to inaure efficiency
of the oil facilitiea undex winter conditiona.
In accordance with the decision of the USSR Glavtekhupravleniye of Minergo
_ [Mair~ Technical Administration fQr Use of Power Systems of the Ministry of
- Power Engineering and ElectrificationJ for electrical equipment being duly
put into operation and in use in the Far North, filling with ATM-65 (TU38- _
1-225-69) arctic oil, the pour point of which is -65�C, is specified.
However, as a rule, arctic oil does not come to the building site. In
connection with this, it was necessary to reprocess about 200 tons of
transformer oil which resulted in nonproductive expenses.
_ This causea further difficulties during the period for installing and
_ operating oil-field equipment at -50�C and below. _
Installation of an SK-18 storage battery was specified by design at the
- Yagodnoye Substation. Ita installation was also associated with a number
of difficultiea (in particular, it was necessary to organize the delivery
of 5 tons of distilled water and 2 tona of sulfuric acid; furthermore,
the storage battery housing which was built-into the OSD building with -
electric heating was an unsucceasful deciaion: at outside temperaturea
of -55�C and belew the temperature i.n the battery housing chamber fell
to 0�C. -
Under these conditions, closed medium-voltage storage batteries are the
- most advisable. Under specific operating conditions (operation at constant
recharging and charge at a voltage no higher than 2.3-2.35 v per element)
such storage batteries may also be installed outside of the storage battery
housing, and experience in using similar storage battery designs abroad
for many years conclusively confirms such a possibility.
For exterio.r lighting of substations situated in regions of the Far North,
the design institutes must specify xenon lamps of the "Serius" type rated
at 5-10 kWt, which will sharply reduce the labor expenses for their in-
~ stallation and operation.
Thus, to improve the efficiency of substation construction in the northern
regions of the country it is advisable for the Energoset'proyekt Institute
to develop a standard design for 110-22Q kV CDU using low~volume oil
awitchea, interconnect the buildings to the maximum extent, uae closed
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, rux urrl~itu. u~r, vivL.
SN type storage batteries, and use "Serius" lamps for exterior lighting.
- Tiie Ministry of the Electrical Engineering Industry must develop and manu-
, facture electrical equipment in a northern design and a frost resistant
- cable product.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya," "Energeticheskoye stroitel'stvo," 1980
9194
CSQ: 1822 END
30
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