JPRS ID: 9177 USSR REPORT AGRICULTURE

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9177
2 July 1980
USSR Re ort
p
AGRICULTURE
(FOUO 5/80)
~
FBIS FOREICaN BROe4DCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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JPRS L/9177
2 July 1980 _
USSR REPORT ~
AGRICULTUR~ -
~ (FOUO 5/80)
CONTENTS
- P06T HARVEST CROP PROCESSING
Scientif`3.c Conference on Amino Acids for Agriculture; Food
Industry
( V. M. Belikov, et al. ; VESS~TIK A$p1pEMC2 NAUK 35SR
No. 1980~) ~ 1
LIVESZ'OCK
Accounting Prices, Interenterprise Cooperation in Anima.l
Husbandry
(P. Meshcheryakov; VOPROSY IICONOMCILZ, Feb 80) 11
Progress, Problems in Kazekh Livestock Complexes Discussed
(T. Dzhakupov; SEL'SKOYE KHOZYAYSTVO KAZAHIiSTANA,
Mar 80) 20
; TILLING AND CROPP]NG TECHNOLOGY
~
Reaction of Winter Wheat to Time of Resumption of Spring
Vegetation
(K. V. Malusha, A.K. Medvedovskiy; PSHENISTA, 1977).. 24
- a - [III - USSR - 7 FOUO)
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POST HARVEST CROP PROCffiSING
unc 547.965
SCIffi1TIF'IC CONF~ENCE , ON AMINO ACIDS FOR ACRICIILTtTRS , FOOD INDUSTRY
Mosco~r VESZ'NIK AKADF~III 81IIB SSSA in Ansaisn No .~.98~ pp 18-25
LArticle by V.M. Belikov~ doctor o~ ch~aical sciences, V.G. Debabov~ doctor
of biological sciemcea, and N.Ya. ~uy~rev9 doctor of chemical sciencag/
rTezt Aiaino acids are the basis of all naturally occnrring proteins and �
cc~ns itute the most important and irreplaceabl~ part o~ the food oY man and -
Yeed for livestock. The utilitiation of amino acids makes it ~osaible to in- `
_ crease prodnction and raise the quality of lood producta~ vYiile sharply 3n-
areasing the eYficieazcy o~ feed uasge in an3mal husbandry. Possessing a
high level of physiological active~easi�~m3no acids are used to produce
neryt~ potirerf~l medicinal preparatia~s.
Joined by peptide bonds in more or less leo~gt2~y chains~ a~nino acids provide
the basis for peptides, e~zymes, and all other proteins. Peptides~ that is
chaina containing either a~ew ox tens o~ amino acids, carry out regulatory
f~inctions in a~ organism~ anch ae hormanal groxth~ ~ood digestion~ lacta-
- tion, and many other proceases. The longer amino acid chains ~orm enzymes
~hich act as catalyats in all biological processes~ as well as the other .
proteins xhich perform the motive~ stractnral~ defe~sive, ~d other f`anc-
tiona of an organism.
Thus~ the cheanistry and biochem~istry of am3no acids poaseas a Rmciame;ntal
~ signi.ficance ~or an imderstanding of the basis of life: for ~ understand-
ing of the mech~isms of biological processes; moreovor~ amino acids have
enorm~ous possibilities ~or practical applicatian.
9reas of application:
Me~tion should Yirst be made of the use of amino acids ~or the synthesis o~
pe~ptidea~ vhich are valuable :phartnaceutical agents aa ~rell aa a means for
sharply increasing productivity in an3mal husb~dry.
Amino acid compomids are f'inding brosd applicatian in the ~ield ot public
health, prf.marily in diet therapy~ but also in the diet of people eoigaged
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in heavy labor or snb~ected to high psy~chological aud physiological stress,
in parti~ular, top-level athletes.
Theae emino acid comapolmd8 are ~dely emYployed as nutrie~t mediums for the
grovth o~ viral. and micrebial cultures~ and for the rnltivation of muscle
and f'imctianal tissues~ particularly blood-Yorrning tissua.
The largest ahare of i;he ~rorld-wide production of amino acids is currently
allotted to the food inc3ustry. To this ea'id~ pz'ocluction in 1977 amounted to
more thaa 200~000 tons of mano-sodiwcn glntamate--a flavoring ~d preservat
tive~ thous~ds of tons o~ aspartic acid and teus of tons of cysteine---
camanercial additives ueed 3n bresdr-makingf thousaads of tons of glycine--
a e~reetener for non-alcoholic beveragea. Finally, the m~or part oY the
output of lyaine ~s emnQloyed ae a so-called bal~cing additive jn bread.
Balancing additives~ vhich bring the c~nte~t of indispeasable amino acids
in fcod products up to the optimal level ~d opti,mal ratio, provide for a
significant increase in the ePf"icieancy v.Lth which the proteins contained in
these producte are aesimilated.
Animal huabandry has becoane sa ea~ceedingly prom~.sin8 field for the applica-
tioa o~ amino acids. Here they are used chie~ly for bal~cing f'eeds. In
table 1 are sho~t resnlts oP the bal~cing of the proteins contained in
various plant products. Nv.tritiv~e valne is eapressed as the coefYicie~t
of protein efficie~cy (SEB)~ that is~ as the meight gain in euperimental
livestcck~ vhich is reali~ed per gram of prateira Ped. Taken as the stand-
ard ~or cam~parieon is the basic protein o~ milk~caseiu, the KC~B of which
is eqnivale~t to 2.5.
Table 1
Resalts of
bal~cing plant proteins
� ~-am3no acids
~Product KEB Dalsncing additive ~
~t~~ attained
Mi� et o.3 0.5~ ly~ssne+o,~2~ threonine 2t5
wheat l.o o.t~ lysine+otl5~ threonine 2.5
Corn 1.l~ 0.3~ lysin.9+0.'T~ tr9P'tophan 2.1~
Ri.ce 1.5 0.296 lysine+o,l~ threonsne 2.5
Oats 1.7 0.2;$ lysine+0,1~ threonine 2.5
SwnPloxer 1.3 4,lt~ lysine+0.3~ t1u'eonine 2.2
Cotton 1.? 0.1~ lys3ne+0.3~ ~'e~e 2.6
Soybean 1.9 0.23~ methionine~t+0.23~ lysine 2.8
_ 2
~ D~methionine
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The economic etf~.ciency o~ feed. balancing c~ be de~uonstrated by the eocam-
ple of I,olysine ead D~-methicmine. Tha addit3ou of tve to Sonr kg of these
~einc acida per ton of feed miature providss ~or a rednction o~ 15-20 per-
ceant in overall feed ezpeonditure~ vith an accom4pat~ing increaee in produc- -
tion outpat oP ronghly 20 percem~t. Thts means that if indnstry xere able
to establiah curre~t supply levela for liveat?ock production at 50-60,000
tona of these amino ecids ior the e~richmeat of 20 million tona o~ ieed
miatures, it xonld than be posBible to realize additional meat production
of around one millio~ tons.
In this regard, it is interesting to compare the economic ef~3.ciency of the
varioua che~nical means em~ployed in agricnlture,~ 3hovn below are data con-
cerning the value of additional co~ercial production per ton oP the chean-
ical means emaployed~ ~esa their inhereont cost.
~ Mineral ~ertilizers 300 rublea per ton
Chemiical agents tor plant protection 3000-5000 rnbles per ton
Amino acida 30s000 r~+,W1es per ton
These figures con~.rm the need ~or resolving the qnestion o~ the optimal
ratio of capital inveatme~ts in the vatrions area~ oP cheomicalization in
agriculture.
Finally, meation Yatst be made o~ the important role o~f amino acids in sci-
eaitiYic research~ primarily in basic aad applied research in the fields of
biochmaistry ~d molecular biology. It mn~t be ea~phasized that the snc-
cess~l. developaneat of these pramoiaing directioas in scieutifYc research
requirea not only sig~ni~icant mnonats oY amino acids and their derivatives,
but also a broad assorta~ent o~ these snbatances at a reasonably high level
of quality.
Status of prodnetions
Within our country~ the production of ffinino acids lags markedly behind the
require~nents o~ the national economy with respect to scale as ~rell as to
assortm~~ and production quality~~ despite the fact that the economic e,~fi-
ciency o~ s~nino acid application~ as sho~m above in the e~smpl~ ~rl.th live-
stock production, ma4y be qnite hi.gh.
In accordsuce ~,rith the CC CPSU aud USSR Council o~ Miniatera resolution of
25 M~y 1978, "On f~zrther developane~t o~ the production o~ feed additives~
methods of plant protection~ ~md other prodnction in the microbiologics in-
dnstry~ 1978-1985,n a progr~n was inatituted to increase the production
ontput o~ the microbiologics 3ndustry~ inclnding amino acids. The intra-
� duction of ne~ prodnction capacitiea ~*as e~avisaged ~or 1981-1985--in pat~-
- ticular, a three to fbnr-fold increase in the v~lwne of lysine productiont
Hovemer~ the de~n8nd in agriculture Yor this prodnct is so great that even
by 1985, the e~ctent of satisfaction ;~i17, amaunt to only ~.5 perce~t. In
additia~ to lysine~ both DL-methio~nine ~d mo~o~.sodiwn glutamate are be3ng
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produced in industrial qnaatitiea. Zndnstry is confronted with an eoior-
mous task in providing ~or the amino acid needs of
the national econw~y.
It should be noted that th,e data available to ns concerning deQnand ~or
these importaat prodncts is of'tem nnderatated. Sciemtific estimations and
univ~arsal eacperieaice con.P`irm the fact that the effective dime~aions of
amino acid application sha~uld be sig~iticently broad.er. _
About 380~000 toa~s of emin,o acids ~rere produced vorldwide in 1977, ~rhich
in evex~yda~Y terms smounts to rnnghly one billion dollars. The ma~or part
of this production vas achieved throngh the uss o~ microbiological synthe-
sis. Table 2 prc~vides a represemtatian of the d3mealsians aud structnre of
v+orldvide prodnctioai of a11 20 smino acids ~hich coaoQprise naturally occur-
ring proteins~ az~d their importaut derivatives.
Table 2
Worlxide ~anino acid production in 197? `
I~~~~ �
Amino acids Production Amino- Prodnctian
1000 tons acids 1000 tons
~-gluteoo~tc acia 25o rtleaaine o.05-0.1
D~.methi,onine 100 L-methi0nine "
L-lysine-HC1 25 L-proline " -
Qrly~cine 3 L-threon3ne " -
L-aspartic acid 0.5-1 L-tryptophau "
L-glut~mine 0.2-0.3 L-phe~Ylalanine "
L-arginine-HC1 0.2-0.3 L-cysteine "
Ir ( 2.1~-dioaKypherc~yl ) alaniae (DOFA) 0.1-0.2 L-asparagine 0.01-0.05 -
~~,~8 0.0~-0.1 L-isole~ucine "
Irv8line " Iro~yproline �
~histidine-HC1 " I~-serine "
I,-tyrosine "
L-cystine "
.
_ To the above data ma~y be added the ~act thst in 1979 the production of -
lysine grew to 50~000 tons, aud gly~cine--to 7000 tons. From this, a re-
presentation of the rates of developme~t in this field is easily drawn.
In aCC9rd.ance ~rith the ts,no pr~mazy mearia o~' amino acid synthesis--microbio-
logical aad che~nical--their production i~ concentrated chie~ly in the
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domestic euterprises oP GlavmikrobiopromLAain Directorate for the Microbio-
logioal Industr~ snd MinkhimpromLPlinistry o~ the Chemical Industr~.
The beaea of industr.ial microbiological production of amino acida~ particu- _
larly lysine~ ~rere laid dovn as early as the beginning of the aixtiea at
the Institu~e of Ato~mic Bnergy imeni I.V. BurGhatov with the pioneering
wark oY acadea~niician A.P. Aleksandrov. In Glavmikrobioprom enterprises,
lysine is presently manufactnred in the ~orm of a feed concentrate vith
appro~dmately a 10 percent ground snbstaace contealt. Hovever, in universal
practice, 98-99.8 percent ~ure crystalline l~sine is recognized as the op-
ti,mal form for use 3n animal hnsbaadry, nutrition~ and mdicine. In 1978,
the manutacture o~ this prodnet conformin& to xorld atandards was achieved
in the IISS$ tor the first time. IInder development is a new technology vith
a capacity fbr producing crystalline lysine on the order o~ 2500 tons per
year. In line wS.th t~he organization of large-scale production oY amino -
acids~ a critical question arises ~ith regard to eapansion oY the rav ma-
terial base~ particularly as cor~cerns replacmae~t ot prese~tly used molass-
es ~rith au inedible material. The All-IInion Scieaatific Besearch Institute
oY (~e~etics vithin Qr].avmikrobioprom has developed a nex technology for ob-
taining lysine from acetic acid~ which has reached the stage of eaperime~tal
industrial prodnctiam.
The tecrnnology of industrial prodnction of mono-sodiwn glntamate vas devel-
oped under the Q~lavmikrobiopromi syste~a Yor the IISSR Ministry o~ the Food
Industry. Ao~ever, initial prodnction at the plant assi~ed to manu~acture
this product has been delayed.
There is some eaperimemtal microbiological prodnction of other am~no acids
(tiyptophan~ glutemic acid~ le~ucine~ isolencine~ threamine~ prol.ine) in
minor amounts.
Also under develop~aeat is the chmni.cal pruduction of amino acids.
Industrial prodnction of DL-methion.ine frooQa acrolain has been accompliahed. -
The resultant product is used chief'ly Por poultry and livestock feeda.
Methionine is sub~ected to partial purifYcation and uaed as a pharmace~uti-
cal preparation.
The production of reactive amino acids ~or scientific research is gradually
accelerating. In 1978, aeveral plants urider the Ministry o~ the Chemical
Industry were engaged in the manufacture of 265 designated am~no acids and
their derivatives(including 15 oY 20 naturally occurring I~-amino acids),
which exceeds even the dmnand pro~ected four years ago for 1985(200 de9ig-
nated am3no acids). However, both the quality and the qusntity of this
~roduction are substantially inadequate. MRn~y amino acids are produced in
an smount totaling only a~e~r grmms. Moreover' their cost is still so high
as to be vnacceptable even ~or mere research into the possibilities o~ their _
application, not to me~tion broad practical utilization.
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Development of ne~r methods oP synthesis;
In comparing long-range production developan~t and pro~ected demand~ it
caa be seen that at prea~nt neither microbiology nor cheQnistry alone c~
provide for the amino aci.d needs oP the national econoa~~ particularly in
view of the limitedness of the rav material ba~e. It is therefore essen-
tial that all available investigative directions be pnrsued in the field
of smino acid synthesis--both microbiological and chercnical. 0~ course~
the Academ~ of Sciemces mnst actively participate in these efforts in co-
operation with branch institntes of the vsrious sectors.
The search ~or new types o~ rasr material for synthesis and the developmeat
o~ more e~ficiealt ~d econaeo~ic processes in the m~ufacture o~ amino acids
must becaQne the primary researah ob~ectives. At the preaent time~ there
is in this tield a glnt of timcompleted scienti.fi.c and eacperlmental-desi~
pro~ecta~ vhil.e collectivea have beem organiged to deal vith these probleans,
and mar~,y nex and original processes have bee~ aeveloped.
Of all achievements in the field of microbiological synthesis~ primary men-
' tian must tielaang to the xork of the Al1-IInion Scieoati~ic Research Institute
of Genetics Yor the devel.op~n~t o~ an unusually active strain of producers
of amino acids such as lysine~ tryptophazi~ threonine, glutamic acid~ and
others through the applicatian of modern methods in the field of geaetics.
IIsing methods involving the isolatia~n o~ auaotrophic and ragulator mutaats~
scientif'ic research is being eacp~ded ia the area oY developing new~ highly
ePficient amino acid-producing microorganisms tirith industrial applications.
Among the achieveanents of recemt year~ is the development through intricate
selection methods of an isole~ncine strain vhi.ch is one of the most active
producers of this amino acid lmawn 3n tlne ~rorld. Through genetic research~ -
regulator matants have beem isolated which are capable of direct synthesis
of tryptoph~ in structurally simple nutriemt media~ yrithout the need to _
introduce a precursor.
- At the All-IInion Scientific Rssearch lnstitut~ oY Qemetics, an esPentially
ne~w approach was ~�mrked out Yor the developanent o~ amino acid-p~-oducing
strains based on the use of g~e'tic engineering techniques. Alreac~y de-
~eloped bZ* such methods is a threanine-producing strain. This entremaely
interesting and pianeering vork is the sole ax~ple in the IISSR of the
practical application o~ a syuthetic strain ~rhi.ch has bee~ artiPicially ,
altered by the implantation oP the needed genes, ItTS growth rate axceeds
~ that of foreign specimeras by a 4actor oP 2.5.
The State Inatitute of Applied Che~mistry(QrIPBh) of the IISSR Ministry of the
Chmui.cal Industry~ together Wi.th a n~ber of other institutes~ most notably ~
the Institute of Hetero-org~ic Ccu~povnds(INBOS) o~ the IISSB Academy of
Scieaces~ and the MASCOw Chmaical-TecYmological Institute imeni D.I. Men-
deleyev, hae developed an original tecYinological process for obta3ning
L-lysine Pram cycloheacanone~ Ir-glutamic acid from acrylonitryl~ as well as
Irtryptoph~ f'rom nitroacetic ester and indole. Wide-spread testing of
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( synthetic L-lysine in fattening progrems for hogs~ chicks~ and calves did ~
not reveal a difference ~rom the lysine obtained from other sources. Th~
total experimental production of the Q]~'Bh provides up to 50 kg per year o~
the various ami.no acids for testing. The ministry has laid do~m the tech-
nical and economic basea Por the design oP experimental and industrial pro-
duction of the aforeanentioned products; their economic indicators corres- ~
pond to standards established by the IISSR Gosstroy and USSR Gosplan. IIn-
fortunately~ however, grobleQns concerning the organization of experimental
and industrial production o~ lysine, glutamic acid, and tryptophan have yet
to be resolved by the ministry.
The Institute of Organic Chemmistry of the II~SR Acaderr~y o~ Sciences has made -
a detailed study af the process of as~mnetric s~nthesis of I,-phenylalanine,
and has developed a method for employing it.
The INBOS has ~rorked out a~eral method ~or the synthesis of aanino acids
from nitrometh~e(tryptophan, DOFA, phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, iso-
leuci~e, valine~ threonine, and glycine).
Particularly notevort~ 't~ t
~e dev~elopanent o~ a series of syntheses from
glycine, interesting ~or the i~ct that very nearly qusntita~ive asy~netric
results s,rere obtained by ennploying techniqnes of coordination chemistry.
" These reactions(termed biomimetic)simm].ated the principles of operation of
euzymes Which catalyze reactions in living org~nj.sms.
As specific e~camples of structurea synthesized at the INFAS, which imitate
the action of natural enzymea~ the author has presented sterochmnical mod-
els based on the metalline complea~es containing cobalt and copper. They
employ the catalytic principlea of natural pyrid~azal enzymes and are able
to achieve asynanetric synthesis of amin~o acids.
o `c ,o . .
II ` occ_\~ o -
~ ~ / \ .
� ~ cu
O 0
I ~N~~ C \N~ -
: /`~o ~ ~
N 1~ ~/'C CH2
~
O '
/ O ~
0~--o--- M
O~G~ " .
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~rthermore, the author has introduced the Yormnla for the newly developed
eynthetic macromolecular model o~ the proteases--natural enzymes which cat-
alyse suah easeaitial reactions for the production of amino acids as the
2~,ydroly~is of proteine s
r--CH---C\ CH--t~ll~H-C:H-C\-Cf[Z
~n
- OC CO CeHs ~HS .
N ~
H~j_..(~ ~ ~HZOI{ _
~
HOOC ~ HOOC H.
H
~
This cat,aly$t is rem~arkable for the fact that it maintains its activity
eveu a'; 100 C .
Subseqnently the author noted that the IN1~OS~ in con,,junction ~rlth the Insti-
tute oY the TecYmology of Blood Snbstitutes snd Hormone Preparations of the
Ministry of the Medical Industry~ has developed a promising process for hy-
drolysis of a b3canass of microorg~isms with the use of proteolytic enzymes.
' The resalting amino acid prepa~atiaoi~ "Autol.yeine," ma~ fYnd ~,ri.de application.
Lastly, the ~uthor diacuased the 2~05-synthesized coordinatian systems
capable af r~ttaining ao~e ot the most important stages in the synthesis of
amino acids--the segme~ntation of raceamates and the raceanization of D-isomers
by a coQapletely original method~-the chromatograph3.c process; slso discussed
irere lo~molecular and polymeric syst,~rns vhich accc~np].ish ca~alytic raceani-
zatio~n of b-isoo~ners xith the a3.d o~ na~ural e~ymea.
Ma~y of the speciPic dev~elop~aen~ts of the Il~TE05 have been passed along to
industry.
No doubt there is ma~jor importence in the determination of the specifics of
the interaction o~ amino acids with coorc~ination compounds and their modifi-
cations dnring coordination. Adaltressing theznselves to this task is a team ~
of rssearchers at the II5SR Acadeaoy o~ Scieaicea Institute of (~eneral and In-
organic Cheomistry imeai N.S. Kurnakov. Eere~ the primriry focus is ~n the _
broad developaneat of research into coordination arid metalloorgar~.c bonds
~rlth emino acids of dissimilar strnctnre~ vhich underlies the de~relopmeut
of ine~thods comple~c cheemical isolation of amino acids frc,m compotmds and
their subseqnealt pau~i~ication. The stndy o~ the stereochemistr~y ~f such
bonds~ particularly ~r3.th the help oY modern chirotypical methods~ will as-
sure the denelopanes~t of inethods fcir the stereospecific synthesis of optic-
ally pure amino acids in coordinatiou bonded matrices.
gs stated previously~ despite the gnormous national economic importance and
high economic eYticieucy of amino ~cid production~ it does not in a~Y Na;T
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raeasure up to demands for it in agriculture, the food industry~ the Yields
of public health and science~ aud these very damands are in fact under-
stated.
Orie of the reasona Yor thts is the alow rate of development of scientiYi-
cally sound standards for amino acida and recamer~dationa for their use in
the abovementioned Yielda, as w~ell as in technical engi.neer3ng and peptide
synthesis, in view o~ which it is difficult to determine actual dmnand.
But these standards ~d recoamnendations can be worked out only on the basis
of testing oP a large nmaber standardized preparatians,, the accomplishment
of which~ for its part~ dependa on a su.fficie~tly large amwnt o~ experi-
mental-industrial productipn.
In order to break up this vicious cycle~ redeci~.cation is needed in the -
joint efYorts oY chemLi.sts~ microbiologists~ and specia.lists in the Yields
oP agricvltvre, public health, aad the food industry, with the aim of de-
veloping the requisite standards sud rec~nea?dations, as well as the opti-
mal framework o~ capital investmeats in agroche~mical practices.
During a reviex of this report, IISSR Acade~ of Sciences meanber-correspon-
- dent, V.S. Shpak, pointed out that until relative~ recently~ amino acids
were prodnced in indastrial qn,~tities only by the microbiological method.
A.s of late~ the aIPffi1 has t'ully developed tecYmological processes for ob-
taining a number of import~at emino acids. The Minkhimprom considers de-
velopanent o~' the amino acicl industry a matter of enorinous importance ~or
the entire national ecamomy.
The need to dsvelop a complaac acie~nti~ic-technical program in this area in -
con~unction with all interested departments is quite apparent.
Quite recently~ as Shpak stated~ we consulted vith the director of the
Glavmikrobiopram an how to e~pedite a solution to this problem. Eben now ~
we could drav up for the Presidiw~n of the USSR Acadmqy of Sciences a pro- _
posal to the governme~nt that the production of amino acids be raised to a
level o:P at least 100,000 tons per year, Estimates indicate that capital -
_ innestments in this area are recouped in even less than a year?s time.
The attitude of the consumer and the eatent of his readiness for the use
of amino acids constitute a serious problem. -
The deputy chairman of the Glavmikrobioprom Scientific-Technical Council~
I.I. Dikovskiy, has emphgsized that the overriding problezn of microbiolog- _
ical production of amino acids has been and reznains the lack of a domestic
supply of suf~i~ient volwne arid strength~ and of a quality adequate to en-
sure the sterile conditions under which the process is conducted.
In c~mparing the possibilities of the chemical and microbiological methods
of obtaining amino acids, Dikovskiy took note of the fact that the latter
remains sig~nific~tly more cost-ef~active. Despite the simplicity of the
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production process itself~ and the much lower cos~, and greater availability -
of raW material.s, the chera~.cal method al.lows production of only the DL~-con-
f`iguration of emino acid9. The difficulty oP isolating thc~ D- and L- ~orms
- far eutweighs , all gaina in eff'ici~cy in the 3nitial stage. Along with
thia, it is essential that ne~r, progreasive methods of isolating the D- and
L- forms be given coi~sideration; some of these, in particular, the author
has discussed 3n this report. In eaploiting the advantages oY both methods,
cheaai.sts ~nd microbiologiats~ having ~oined Porces tmder the aegis of the
AcadarrpT of Sciences~ cun develop economically profitable procasses for the
production of amino acids in large quantities.
Dikovskiy fhrther revealed that the dmaaud for smj~o acid.s in agriculture
was recently determined and con~Pirmed for each year up to 1990.
Summd.ng up the discussion~ the president of the IISSR Academ~r of Sciemces~
acadeQn3.cisn A.P. Aleksandrov~ directed atte~tion to the signif3cant gap be-
twee~ scie~ce and industry in the area of amino acid synthesis.
There is no doubt~ as he stated, that the development of amino acid produc-
tion is a problem of extraordinary importance for the nation. It is esseon-
tial that this problean be assi~ed particular ex3.gency and that it receive
_ serious consideration w3.thin the Academ~ o: Scie~nces, ~rith the mandatory
attendance of reprea~tatives o~' (~lavmikrobioprom ~d the Ministry of the -
Cheanj.cal Industry.
The purpose oY said consideration should be the preparat~on of ~oint pro-
posals concerning measures for developing amino acid production.
- COP~tIGHT: Izdatel~atvo "Nauka"~ "Vest,n3k Akademii Nauk"~ 1980
~ 91~81
' CSO s 182l4
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LIVESTOCK
- ACCOUNTING PRICES, INTERENTERPRISE COOPERATION IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Moscow VOPROSY EKONOMIKI in Russian No 2, Feb 80 pp 130-136 -
[Article by P. Meshcheryakov: "Calculated Prices in Interfarm Animal Hus-
bandry Cooperation"] ~
[Text] With interfarm cooperation in animal husbandry production there is
considerably greater exchange among individual farms of such products as
feed, young animals and so forth, and the role of stage-by-stage specializa-
tion increases (reproduction, completion of raising, fatCening). The crea-
tion of new production units and associations as well as progressive techni-
cal equipment and technology complicate the practice of ec~nomic ties. Here
the application of calculated prices for products in interfarm circulation
is preferable to other forms of accounting. The utilization of the price
mechanism makes it possible to stimulate the development of production since -
the price not only reimburses the farms for the expenditures they have made,
but also transfars part of the pure profit created in the association.
The formation of prices for goods in interfarm circulation should proceed
f rom the need to create approximately equal possibilities of expanded repro-
duction for a11 participants in the cooperation. When there is specializa-
tion in various individual ob3ects, th~ collective motivation for the de-
velopment of production is achieved by providing for equal profitability
- (the profit as compared to production costs). As calculations show, the
profitability of production, calculated on the basis of the distribution of
profit in proportion to fixed capital or expenditures on live labor, remains
the sa~e in practice. This method was constructed on the principle of com-
pensation, whereby the ecox?omic results of each member in the cooperation
for producing products on an ix~terfarm basis correspond to the results of
the activity of the interfarm formation as a whole. ~
With stage-b~-stage specialization the distribution of pr~fit in order to
- create equal opportunities for expanded reproduction can not be made in pro-
portion to the production cost, fixed capital or expenditure of live labor.
- In the first place, in the early stages it is necpssary to have more rapid
rates of expansi~on of production (as a guarantee of a fuller load on produc-
tion capacities on subsequent stages. In the second place, the utilization
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of a large mass of circulating capital in subsequent and final stages of
production with proportional distribiition of profit creates conditions for
ob taining a volume of profit which is not necessary for expansion or econo-
mic stimulation of production. For example, when the profitability of the
reproduction hog farn~s is 63 percent and fattening farms, 21 percent, the
prof it that is obtained ~kes it possible to maintain normal rates of ex-
panc~.:d reproduction and equal material incentives for the collectives of
these iax~ms .1
In order for the proportions necessary for expanded reproduction in each
stage of groduction to be more fully reflected in the calculated price, one
should use the indicator of the structural coefficient in terms of capital-
intensiveness. The amounts of the funds are adjusted (weighted) by the a-
- mount of the structural coefficient in keeping with the differential propor-
tional capital-intensiveness of the output from each stage of production. -
The overall sum of the association's profit is distributed among the various ,
- stages of production in proportion to the overall sum of production costs,
adj usted by the structural coefficient of the volume of capital. The struc-
tural coefficient for capital-intensiveness is calculated as the ratio be-
tween Che capital-intensiveness of the products from various stages of pro-
duction and the capital-intensiveness of the prepared (final) product, taken
as a unit. For example, the capital-intensiveness of products of hog rais-
ing at the Kuznetsov hog complex in Narofominskiy Rayon in Moscow Oblast
3mounts to the following in the various stages: reproduction--1.48; comple- _
tion of raising--0.63; fattening--0.54, and the prepared product--0.62.
Then the structural coefficient for capital-intensiveness will be equal to
the following for the various stages: reproduction--2.39 (1.48; 0.62);
completion of raising--1.02 (0.63; 0.62); fattening--n.73 (0.45; 0.62).
The profit per imit of expenditures, taking into account the structural co- _
- efficient for capital-intensiveness is determined from the formula:
- _ ~o _ - -
K~ _ ~ .
~ (Q;j -I- ~{t X pti X Tz) .
where ~o --branch profit for cooperation (association); Q~--the sum of ex-
penditures in i stage for praducing ~ product; Q'I~,/�--branch capital in i
= stage; F~y~ --structural coefficient for capital-intensiveness; and T--
growth rate.
~ _ . . _ .
The total profit in i stage will be nr =~Qij~l'~~1XP~1X~+)XK1~:
We did a methodological calculation to establish calculated prices for
p roducts in each stage of port production. The following indicators of pro-
' duction profitability were obtained for individual stages: taking into ac-
count the structural coefficient for capital-intensiveness ~3.n :.the st~ge of
reproduction--68 percent, completion of raising--35 percent, fattening--
34 percent); without taking into account the structural coefficient for ca-
_ pital-intensiveness, that is, the distribution of profit in terms of the
total sum af expenditures (production costs) and fixed capital (in the stage
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of reproduction--41 percent, completion of raising--37 percent, fattening--
39 percent). Thus production profitability in the stage of reproduction
without taking into account the coefficient ( ) is equal to 41 percent
as against 39 percent in fattening, while the profitability in the stage of
reproduction is twice as great as in the stage of fattening when this co-
efficient is not taken into account.
Calculated prices are established for products in interfarm circulation
within the limits of the payments for the prepared (final) products sold by
the cooperation organization to the state at procurement priaes that are
established taking into account increments for quality and other conditions
of sale. When selling the prepared products (fattened livestock and so
forth) the association receives pure income (profit) which is distribuCed
among the participants in the production. When selling non-commercial pro-
ducts (feed, young animals for replenishing the herd and so for~:~) within
the association among the shareholding farn~s, the pure income i~ not realiz- ~
_ ed, although it is created both when producing products that have commercial
importance for th e national economy and those that have no commercial impor-
tance but are necessary for raising and fattening.livestock (feed) and aug-
- menting the herd (non-calving young cows, first heifers). The pure income
_ created in nou-commercial branches of agricultural production is realized
in the zonal procurement prices for the commercial products. -
An agricultural association should redistribute the pure profit it obtains
from the sale of products to the state not only among direct participants in
the production of a given product, but also among the collectives that do
not independently carry out commercial production, but contribute to the
prepared product indirectlq through the results of their economic activity.
Herein lies the essence of the mutually advantageous economic relations
through calculated prices. Improvement of the mechanism for the operation
- of calculated prices through including in the calculated price for non-
_ commercial products (feed, young animals) the profit, which creates condi-
tions of normal development of production in all stages (s~ctions) strength-
- ens the collective incentive to increase pure income and to increase the pro- -
duction of the final product.
With cooperation in breeding large-horned cattle the calculated prices are
formed taking into aecount more complicated production relations than in hog
raising. Qne must take into account that dairy and meat cattle raising are
� economically, organizationally and technologically independent branches of
animal husbandry and the procurement and processing of their products (milk,
meat) are carried out by different branches of industry. When these products
- are produced the pure income (profit) created in each of the aforementioned
sub-branches is realized. Pure income from the sale of milk to the state is ~
not related to the pure income that is received from the sale of high-quality
young animals. What we have said justifys considering the process of repro-
duction in cattle raisfng not as a single, but as a dual complex process:
the first--increasing the production of young animals and milk, and the se-
cond--increasing the production of adult Iivestock.
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_ When cooperating in milk production one specializes in various items (the
- good are young animals, milk and feed). Here the motivatior. to organize an '
interfarm association, to develop specialization, to intr~3uce the latest
.technology and, on the basis of this, to increase produ~cion efficiency is
achieved through the distributian of the realized pure income from the sale
of ~tlk to the state in pr.;portion to the total cost; of the.,production of
mi.lk, feeds, and young animals. This takes place in any kind of cooperation
where there is specfalization in individual item~.
_ The technological process of raising adult l.arge-horned cattle is differen-
tiated in terms of the areas of their further utilization. The conditions
�or maintaining young animals intended for replenishing the herd are dif-
- ferent from the conditions for maintaining young animals for fattening.
This is also specialization in individual items where two commodities are
- produced: non-calving young cows and young animals for slaughtering. The
processes of producing non-calving young cows for dairy farms and fattening
- young animals for slaughtering are carri~d out on the model of stage-by-
stage specialization--raising, completion of raising and fattening. Thus -
in one and the same process of reproduction the adult cattle simultaneously
participate in both kinds of specialization: specialization in individual
items and stage-by-stage specialization. There are a number of recommenda-
tions which are not completely developed on the methodological plane re-
garding this economic and technological process. Some economists do not
make distinctions in the methods of forming calculated prices with different
kinds of specialization,2 and others do not draw a clear distinction between
calculated ar~d release prices,3 while still others recommend establishing
a stable profitability norm for farms specializing in the raising of non-
calving young cows.4
Under the conditions of the development of large-scale, narrowly specialized
production, calculated prices for agricultural goods can noi: be formed with-
out taking into account the type of specialization: organizational (indivi-
dual items) and technological (stage-by-stage) and orient procurement prices
with reference to the general economic profitability of the multibranch
enterprise and not with reference to the extensive development of speciali-
zation, whereby com~odity profitability acquires independent significance.
One should also not establish a stable profitability norm for an individual
~ interfarm enterprise in multibranch production since this makes it possible
for it to function by using the profit obtained by the interfarm enterprise
as whole and not its own accumulations. This does not motivate the enter-
- prise to deepen specialization or to expand cooperation.
It is also incorre~t ~o orient the profit:~bility of narrowly specialized
interfarm enterprises of one of the sub-branches of livestock raising with
- reference to the average weighted profitability of livestoclc raising as a �
whole. The motivation of these participants in the cooperaCion to increase
- production is achieved by providing them with those sums of profits which
create equal opportur.ities for exp.anded reproduction, the formatian of eco-
nomic incentive funds.and improvement of production in keeping with the
lk
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planned rates. The only co~ercial product for the national economy in the
- complex of repruducing adult large-horned cattle is the cattle that are fat-
tened for slaughtering. The pure income (profit) created by collectives of
complexes for non-calving young cows and fattening complexes through sales
to the state is the only source for the formation of economic incentive
funds and the necessary accumulations in both of these complexes.
The overall sum of profit from the sale of fattened young animals to the
state is determined as the difference between the cost of the sold livestock
at existing prices and its production cost (see table).
Table. Expenditures on Raising Young Anima.ls*
Complex
Indicators Units of for non- Fattening
measurement calving complex
young cows
Number of calves delivered head 5,000 10,000
Overall weight gain of young animals
in stage of raising quintals 5,000 10,000
Cost of all weight gain in stage
of raising thousands
~ of rubles 862.5 1,525 -
Including:
cost of feeds thousands
of rubles 505 905
Overall weight gain of young animals quintals 11,250 22,500
Cost of all weight gain in stage of thousands
completion of raising of rubles 1,575 2,700
Including:
cost of feeds " 941.3 1,942.5
� Cast of all weight gain during stages
of raising and completion of raising " 2,437.5 4,225
Cost of all weight gain during period
of raising, completion of raising
and fattening " 5,215
Including: _
- cost of feeds " 3,612.5
*Initial data of average association (in the Nonchernozem zone), in round
figures: number of head of cows and noncalving young cows at beginning of
year--15,000; averaga milk yield from 1 cow--3,500 kilograms; and average
sales price per 1 quintal of milk--21 rubles.
The overall lived weight of animals that are taken from fattening amounts
to 45,000 quintals, including the delivery weight of cows--3,500 quintals,
the weight gain in the stage of raising--10,000 quintals, the weight gain
in the stage of completion of raising--22,500 quintals, and the weight gain _
in the stage of fattening--9,000 quintals. The complete production eost
is 6,501,000 rubles, of which the cost of the calves that are delivered is -
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1,286,000 rubles and the internal expenditures of the fattening complex
are 5,215,000 rubles. With an average sales pr.ice of one quintal of live _
weight of young animals being 192.2 rubles the earnings equal 8,649,000
rubles (45,000 X 192.2) and the profit is 2,148,000 rubles (8,649 - 6,501).
This profit is obtained in the stage of reproduction of the adult large-
horned cattle by collectives of complexes for noncalving young cows and
fattening complexes and therefore it should be distributed among them in .
proportion to their inte~nal expenditures. The internal expenditures for
raising young animals to replenish the herd in the comple:~ for non- _
calving young cows (including feed production) and young animals raised in
excess of the number needed for replenishing the herd in the fattening
complex are equal to 7,652,500 rubles (2,437,500 + 5,215,000), i.ncluding
the production cost of feeds that are used which amounts to 5,058,800
rubles (1,446,300 + 3,612,500). The profitability of the entire production
amounts to 28.1 percent (2,148,000:7,652,500).
The profit that goes ta workers of the complex for noncalving young cows
(including feed production) is equal to 684,000 rubles (2,437,500 X 28.07)
and of the fattening complex--1,464,000 (5,215,000 X 28.07). As was men-
tioned above, in the process of reproduction of large-horned cattle there
are two kinds of specialization (in individual items and stage-by-stage).
The principle of equal distribufion of pure income according to the expendi-
tures of the participants in the cooperation is fair under the conditions
of specialization in individual items, which is to be found in the reproduc-
tion of young animals for replenishing the herd and fattening them. The
- profit obtained from raising all af the young animals (2,148,000 rubles)
is distributed among the complexes for noncalving young cows and the fat-
tening complexes in proportion to their exgenditures (684,000 rubles and
1,464,000 rubles). In the process of producing noncalving young cows and
young animals for slaughter itself there is stage-by-stage specialization
where the distribution of the calculated profits (684,000 rubles and
1,464,000 rubles) in proportidn to the expenditures in each stage (raising,
completion of raising, fattening) does not contribute to uniform stimula-
tion of production in each of the stages. This profit is distributed among
the various stages of production of the young animals for replenishing the
herd and those raised in excess of the amount necessary for this in order
to eatablish calculated prices for.:the products, taking into account the
coeffient Pij. To do this it is necessary to calculate the structural co-
efficient in terms of capital-intensiveness and to adjust (weight) it by
the amount of fixed capital in thE various stages of production. The profit -
in the complexes will be distributed among the stages of production in the
following way (thousands of rubles):
Complex for non- Fattening
calving young cows complex _
Raising 319 575 -
Completion of raising 365 691
Fattening 198
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The calculated prices for the products from each stage of production are
determined according to the formula.
. Q,~ I1=j
u~f = e,j ~
where L~~~' --the calculated price per unit of ~-product from i-stage of pro-
duction; Qi~--the volume of expenditures in i-stage of production of 3-pro-
duct; Bi --the amount of production of ~-product in i-stage in physical
units;j('~~ --the profit from i-stage of production of j-pro3uct.
The prices calculated according to this formula for one quintal of product
in the various stages amount to (in rubles):
Complex for non- Fattening
calving young cows complex
Raising 236.3 210 ~
Completion of raising 172.4 150.7
Fattening 132
Here the release price of one calf after the stage of raising with a weight
of 135 kiZograms (35 kilograms delivery weight and 100 kilograms of weight
gain) will be 354.3 rubles (118 + 236.3), and the release price of one non- _
calving young cow after the stage of comgletion of raising with a weight
gain of 3.6 quintals is equal to 742.3 rubles, of which 354.3 rubles is
the price of the delivery weight and 388.rubles is the price of the wei~ht
_ gain (2.25 quintals) during the completion of raising. The release price
of one quintal of live weight of noncalving young cows w311 be equal to
206.2 rubles (742.3:3.6).
It should be noted that to confuse the concepts calculated price and
"release price" in practice leads to pumping the�distributed profit from
products produced in various stages of production (for example, reproduc-
tion) into the products that are created in the final stages (fattening)
and thus reduces the incentive for cooperative production. The calculated
price reflects the increasing accounting-distributive and stimulating role
of the price in production and becomes a form of distribution of profit in
cooperative production while the release price is only the weighted amount
of the calculated prices of the various stages.
In the opinion of a number of economists, the calculated (or release) price
for calves and noncalving young cows raised at interfarm enterprises shouZd
include an increment not only for the grade category (development), but also -
for the breed category (origin). There is no doubt about the need for an
increment for the grade category since it depends upon the quality of the
work of the farm, the conditions for the maintenar.ce, feeding and care for
the young animals to replenish the~herd. The application of increments for
the breed category under the conditions of interfarm associations, in our
opi~nion, is inexpedient. Breeding work conducted on farms of the associa-
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tion is based on the selection of young animals from those that are avail-
able in order to augment the b as ic herd, which is the best way to carry out
_ the tasks facing the kolkhozes and sovkhozes for increasing the production
of high-quality and inexpensive products for the national economy. Inter-
farm enterprisea that raise young animale of high conditions to replenish
the herd in the quantities necessary for all participants in the associa-
tion should not use list prices for thoroughbred and improved livestock
(or ratio of prices for them) when evaluating the young animals raised for
the farms of their own association.
- Increments for breeding qualities should be introduced in scientific produc-
tion associations for animal breeding. There is now a need to create new,
highly productive lines, families and breeds of livestock that fully meet
the requirements of industrial production technology for animal husbandry
products. In order to stimular e the creation of such herds, it would be
expedient to apply list prices (or ratios of prices) for breeding animals
within the association.
The difference between the procurement and calculated price for a fattening
enterprise is reflected in its bookkeeping accounts as ~expenditures to pay
for young animals of the farm for the completion of raising. The profita-
bility of production (in terms of production costs) in a fattening complex
amounts to: in the stage of raising--37.7 percent, in the stage of comple-
tion of raising--35.6 ~ercent, and in the stage of fattening--20 percent.
The profitability in the stage of raising is almost twice (1.9) as great as -
in the stage ~f fattening. If the profit were distributed without taking
into account the structural coefficient for capital-intensiveness (from the
- sum of production costs and fixed capital), the profitability for the afore-
mentioned stages would be: 31 percent, 28 percent and 24 percent, that is,
the difference is profitability is not significant (1.3-fold). Calcul:~ted
prices per one quintal of product in Chese stages would be: 200.5 rubles,
153.2 rubles and 136 rubles. The difference in the prices is insignificant
--4=10 rubles per one quintal. But because the mass ot circulating capital
is greater in subsequent stages fhan in the first stage, 95,000 rubles are
withdrawn from the profit obtained in the first stage (575-480), or almost
otne-fifth of it, which has a negative effect on the stimulation of expanded
reproduction. '
Prices that are constructed tak~ng into account only internal expenditures
and a small propor~ior.. of surplus product (profit) without including a cer-
tain part of the surplus product from revenues obtained as a result of the
division of labor and specialization do not create economic incentive for
the cooperating farms to expand and deepen specialization and concentration
= on an interfarm basis. When improving economic relations on the basis of
calculated prices within interfarm associations, one should observe the
policy for the distribution of profit among collectives according to their -
own expenditures without including the cost of products and services that
come from the outside.
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FOOTNOTES
1. "Penzenskiye zhivotnovodcheskiye kompleksy" [Penzenskaya Oblast Animal
Husbandry Complexes], Izdatel'stvo "Kolos," 1973, p 213.
Z. See A. Chursin, "Calculated Prices for Cattle, Poultry and Feed,"
DKONOMIKA SEL'SKOGO KHOZYAYSTVA, No 2, 1978.
3. See A. A. Omel'yanenko and Yu. D. Shapovalov, "Experience in Determin-
ing Calculated Prices for Young Cattle Under Conditions of Interfarm
Cooperation," UCHET I FINANSY V KOLKHOZAI~i I SOVI~iOZAKH, No 12, 1977.
4. See V. Frolov, "Calculated Prices for Long Horned Cattle to Replenish
the Herd," EKONOMIRA SEL'SROGO KHOZYAYSTVA, No 4, 1978; A. I. Yesin,
"Vzaimootnosheniya uchastnikov mezhkhozyaystvennogo kooperirovaniya"
[Interrelations of ParticipanCs in Interfarm Cooperation], Izdatel'atvo
"Ekonomika," 1977.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Pravda", "Voprosy ekonomiki", 1980
11772
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rutt urrl~l~ u~~, V1YL1
LIVESTOCK
PROGRESS, PRO$LEI~'S IN~ KAZAHIi LIVESTOCK CQMPIE~ES DISCUSSID
Alma-Ata SELSKOYE KHOZYAYSTVO KA7AKHSTANA in Russian No 3, Mar 80 pp 20-21
[Article by T.,Dzhakupov, chief of the sector for the location of animal
husbandry complex~s of the Kazakh Scientif ic Research Institute of Economics
of Agriculture, candidate of agricultural sciences, honored economist of -
the Kazakh SSR: "A Comprehensive Pro gram for Development of the Branch"]
[Text] Industrialization of animal husbandry is a most important constituent
part of the comprehensive program for the development of agriculture which
was developed and subsequently implemented by the Communist Party. The
work experience of consolidated animal husbandry complexes convincingly
confirms their undisputed advantage in essentially increasing production
efficiency. Therefore in Kazakhstan, as in other republics of the country,
a large amount of attention is being devoted to the expansion of the network
of large complexes for producing milk, beef, pork and mutton, as well as to
goal-directed raising of non-calving young cows. There are aare than 450
animal husbandry compleses and fattening areas in operation in the republic. _
By the end of this five-year plan (taking into account those under con-
struction), there are to be a~bout 680 of them.
The production of ineat, milk and other aTaimal husbandry products on an
industrial basis has made it possible significantly to increase labor
productivity, to reduce expenditures per unit of output, to reduce production ~
costs and to increase the economic efficiency of the production as a whole.
Thus in places where the creation of an optimal feed base was taken into
account when planning the construction of complexes, good indicators were
achieved. For ~xample, in the dairy complex of the Kolkhoz imeni
30-letiya Kazakh SSR in Pavlodarskoy Oblast, where they organized a -
green conveyor on land that was irrigated by underground waters, relatively
good results were achieved. Aere in 1978 the average milk yield from the
cows was about 3,000 kilograms, the production cost of a quirtal of output--
22.47 rubles, the expenditure of feeds per quintal of milk--1.08 quintals
of feed units, and labor expenditures--6.5 man-hours. -
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But the assimilation of the planned capacities of dairy complexes is still
proceeding slowly on the whole. Many of them have not been fully pro~ided
with animals of the appropriate productivity. Thus in 1978 in Alma-~tinskaya
Oblast the dairy complexes had only 57.8 percent of the necessary animals,
- Tselinogradskaya--77.7 percent, Pavlodarskaya--42.9 percent, and
in the republic as a whole--70 percent. It is not surprising that the
productivity of the cows here amounted to an average of 2,268 kilograms.
Expenditures of labor and feeds per unit of output were extremely high:
on an average per quintal of milk they amounted to 7.2 man-hours and 1.66
quintals of feed units with the cost of the feed averaging up to 30.25
rubles. The indicators of the dairy complexes of the Chernoretskiy and
Zarya Sovkhozes in Pavlodarskaya Oblast are extremely tygical in this
respect. Their profitability levels were 31 and 36 percent.
The work experience of complexes for producing beef showed that, despite
the large capital investments in their construction, they make it possible
_ to produce their products with optimal expenditures of labor and material
- funds. Thus the high concentration of animals and the possibility of
extensive ar~plication of the achievements of science and advanced practice -
made it possible at the Dzhetygenskiy Complex to increase the average daily
weight gain of young animals to 937 grams in 1978 while the average for
sovkhozes of Alma-Atinskaya Oblast was 351 grams, to reduce the expenditures
of feed per quintals of weight gain 2.5-3-fold, to reduce productian outlays
per unit of output by 30-35 percent, and to increase labor productivity
8-10-fold as compared to the usual technology on the farms of the kolkhozes
and sovkhozes. This high efficiency of beef production was also achieved
at fatteni.ng areas of the Zhelayevskiy Rayon specialized farming association.
But because of the fact that they were late in solving a number of _
organizational problems, the complexes and fattening areas, in terms of ~
certain indicators, did not promptly reach the calculated parameters for
average daily weight gain, release weight or level of profitability. Up
to this point, for example; the planned capacity of. the Dzhetygenskiy
Complex has been reached only by 92 percent, despite the undoubted
successes of this complex.
The development of complexes for producing pork is proceeding more rapidly.
The Iliyskiy Complex in Alma Atinskaya Oblast, the Efremovskiy in
Pavlodarskaya, and the Volynskiy in Karagandinskaya Oblast are operating
relatively well. They are producing more than 35 percent of all the pork
that is produced on complexes of the republic. The production cost per
quintal of weight gain is the lowest--78-100 rubles. But not all the
complexes that are in operation for producing pork coordinate their work
with reproduction farms, as a result of which the young animals do not
arrive regularly and they are frequently substandard, which impedes the -
cycle of work of the complexes and is one of the main reasons for the delay
in reaching the planned capacities.
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The majority of sheep raising farms of the rep~iblic are ~fairly large
- enterprises and therefore they have the opportunity to organize mechanized
feeding areas to accomodate 5,000 and 10,000 on the basis of interfarm
~pecialization. But it is expedient to create this type of interfarm
enterprise only in places where the concentration of sheep makes it impossible
to organize large fattening areas directly on the farms.
Practice shows that we have not been able to avoid serious shortcomings in
the construction and operation of aaimal husbandry complexes and fattening
areas in the republic. This makes it necessary, when designing and -
constructing them, to solve a large grouu of problems simultaneously,
important ones being:
scientifically substantiated distribution of animal husbandry complexes and
fattening areas, and expansion and renovation of inechanized farms with a
clear determination of the reproduction and fattening farms and an optimal
~ radius for the delivery of young animals;
the~creation of a herd that meets the requirements of industrial technolog y
through directed raising of young animals on specialized farms and complexes;
reorganization of the feed base, providing full-value and inexpensi~~e feeds
for the planned number of animals, in the assimilation of the planned
capacities of the complexes through compulsory planning of feed production
- with irrigaCed fields; _
optimal determination of financial and economic relations and mutual
- accounts among cooperating farms;
planned training of skilled personnel in special courses within the system
of vocational and technical education on the basis of study in conditions
under which one must work in the complexes.
The scheme for the development an~d distribution of an3:ma1 husbandry compiexes =
under the Eleventh Five-Year Plan, which was first developed in the republic
with the extensive participation of planning (construction, water, manage-
ment, land construction) and scientif ic research institutes and agricultural
agencies, determines the future level of production of animal husbandry
products on an industrial basis, the construction of new complexes, the
expansion and renovation of existing fattening areas and mechanized farms,
and their scientifically substantiated distribution, the final goal of which
is the formation of specialized farms for producing milk, beef, pork and
mutton as a constituent part of the development, distribution and specializa-
tion of agricultural production.
At the basis of the development of the scheme lie the decisions of the 25th
partq congress, the 14th congress of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan,
and the corresponding plenums of the CPSU Central Committee and the Central
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Committee of the Co~unist Party of Kazakhstan. Under the Eleventh Five-
Year Plan it is intanded to construction 94 complexes for producing milk with
a capacity of 52,000 cows (400-800 cows each), 24 for raising non-calving
young cows--to acco~odate 72,000, 37 fattening areas and complexes for
producin g beef--to accomcdate 198,000 head, 17 complexes far producing
pork--to accomodate 403,000 head, and 149 fattening areas and comprehensively
mechanized farms for producing mutton--to accomodate 731,000 sheep.
All this will make it possible by the end of 1985 to increase the proportion
of the production of milk on an industrial basis in the public sector by
almost 15 percent, beef--by more than 22 percent, and pork--in the range of
36 percent. Moreover there will be a significant improvement in the
economic indicatars for the production of animal husbandry products on an
industrial bas is. In particular, the production cost of a quintal of milk
at dairy complexes on an average for the republic (calculated) wi11 amount
to 16.2 rubles, the profitability. level will be 78.2 percent, the production
cost of a quintal of beef at complexes and fattening areas--82.3
rubles, the profitability level--82 percent, the production cost of pork--
89.9 rub les, and the profitability level--68 percent. There will also be
an increase in the efficiency of the production of sheep raising products.
The overall savings on production expenditures (in terms of production costs)
as compared to the level of sovkhoz and kolkhoz farms will amount to
_ 168 million rubles by 1985, the prof it from the sale of products will be
about 34 8 million rubles, and 27,000 average annual workers wi11 be released.
COPYRIGHT: "Sel'skoye khozyaystvo Ka.zakhstana--Qazaqstan auyl sharuashylyghy",
1980
11772
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TILLING AND CROPPING TECHNOLOGY � ,
REAC'rION OF WINTER WHEAT TO TIME OF RESUI~TION OF SPRING VEGETATION
Kiev PSHENITSA in Russian 1977 pp 63-73
_ [Excerpt from book compiled by K, V. Malusha and A. K. Medvedovskiy:
"Wheat"J .
[Text] Unlike spring wheat, there is a period of winter dormancy after
- the tillering stage of winter wheat. Resumption of spring vegetation
_ occurs when mean daily air temperature goes beyond 0 and 5�C. This pheno-
logical phase is observed when there is 1 cm growth of new plant tissue.
- In the European part of the USSR,,according to data covering many years
for various~strain-testing stations, spring vegetat ion of wheat occurs
as follows: on 15 March in the region of Nal'chik, 23 March in Crimea,
29 March in Poltava, 8 April~in Belgorod, 17 April in Tula and 28 April
in Vologda. There are even wider fluctuations (50- 60 days) of time
_ of resumption of epring vegetation in the same region in different
years (Tab1e 40).
Wintering plants present a certain reaction to the time of resumption
of spring vegetation (V. D. Medinets, 1968, 1972), and this affects
their subseqr~ent growth and development. Knowledge about this phenomenon
broadens the possibil~ty of controlling productivi ty of wintering plants,
including winter wheat, under specific conditions during the spring and
~ summer.
The time of resumption of vegetation affects regenerative processes, onset '
of developmental phases and stages of organogenesis, formation of plant '
density, area of leaf surface, photosynthetic activity of plants, their ;
resistance to lodging, correlation between mass of vegetative and repro-
ductive organs, ultimate productivit~~~ structure of harvest, accumulation
_ in plants and grain of protein and gluten, as well as fc~rmation of other
grain qualities.
_ The influence of the time of resumption of spring vegetation on wheat
growth is demonstrable immediately after "waking" in the spring. The
plants that sprout earlier are sub3ect to more int ensive tillering and
rooting than later onea.
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Table 40. Date of spring vegetation of zoned cultivars over a 2~- �~ear -
period (1945-1970) , temperatures i:~ the spring and winter
of these yeare
atart
Oblast, Stratn~teating of spring p, g
republic " s#,atiAn_-_. vegetation
I ~ E E L E L
Khersonskaya ysok~pol'skiy t;1.11.G(i 3.1V.h8 ~,1 t~S,O 1U0 fi7,a
Zakarpatskaya lukac evskiy t6.lI.GG 26.I[I.03 10~0 12,0 100 ~8,5
Brestskaya D.Gor~dokskiy t8.11(.~3! 24.1V.56 ii,9 iG,9 97,8 15,'l
Kaliningrad- Gusevskiy t.III.Gt; 30.LV.56 8.4 ih,0, 87,7 70,6
skaya
Latvian SSR Yelgavskiy ?5.111.59 30.1V.55 0,~ ! i,5 t00 70 ~i
Poltavskay~ Semendvskiy :2.11, 00 17.IV.09 9,G lB,A t00 f17,4
Eelgorodekaya Ura2oVSkiy Y':.II(,(il 17,IV.a3 0,8 fU,S 02,0 80,0
Volgogradskaya Milchayloyskiy ~~�ll[.86 t7.1V.54 !i,(~ i4,0 100 1di
Kuybyshevskaya Bagat~vs;ciy 7.IV.uG 2.V.48 i3,3. i9,9 96,3 85,t
Ma~rSyskaya Gorno-Mariyskiy t'?.tV.5f G.V.52 i2,4 i5,2 77,8 i4,B
R
Tyumenskaya Yalut~r~ov$kiy t5.lV.G6 8.V.52 i0,3 i~,fi 00~~ f~~i,?
Vologodskaya Voloqo skiy t.iV.GO t5.V.58 7,2 t3,a B0,'l 2,8 -
Key: E) earliest ~
_ L) latest
A) mean daily temperature during the period from start of _
of vegetation to tillering at start of vegetation, �C
B) Number of plants surviving the winter as related to
earliest and latest vegetation, %
Thus, in 1971, at the Kozel'shchinskiy strain-testing station in Poltavskaya
6blast, Mironovskaya 808 cultivar at the "shooting" stage formed an
average of 2016 roots per 100 plants in the case o� natural sprouting
time, 1222 roots with artificially delayed sprouting, with 658 and 429
atems, respectively. In 1972, at the same testing station, Mironovskaya
808 and Bezostaya 1 formed a very large leaf surface area (58,000-
79,000 m2/ha [hectare]) in the case of natural and 12 days earlier
start of vegetation, whereas in the case of delayed, experimentally
induced sprouting the area was considerably smaller (29, 600-49,600 m2/ha) .
The density of vegEta~ive mass , and difference in illumination affected
the length of the bottom internodes of the stem, which were elongated
(5.1-7.2 cm) in plants that sprouted early and short (1.1-2.7 cm) in
~those that did so late.
A 15-day delay in vegetation, and particularly a 30-day delay, depressed -
markedly the formation of photosynthesizing plant surface (Figure 10) .
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_
- The photosynthetic potentia con-
b stituted 3.8 million m2/days in
~ tillering the case of spontaneous resumption
of spring vegetation, and only
; b 60 mig~a eFe 1.8 and 1.2 for the later times.
~ ~ g In the case of delayed spring
~ ~ yel.~ow~� a vegetation there is a shift in on-
o ripe~~age set of developmental phases and
stages of organogenesis to a later
time. This involves reduction in -
~?o , duration of not only the vegetative
~ but also reproductive period of
ro i i p~,an~ d~ve~.apm~nt.
~ ~
90.11 ?0.8 1QY .TQY 10,II ~vP~ The crops of the most widespread
; Days of vegetation period cultivars respond well to early
Figure 10. ~ resumption of spring vegetation
EffecC of time of spring vegetation ~Table 41). In this case, there
on leaf surface area in Kavkaz is formation of rather dense and
tall stand of stems, as well as
cultivar (Kozel'shchinskiy strain-
_ large harvest of dry above-ground
te~ting statioii; ~~FoltavsTca3?a 0'61ast,
mass and grain, with low specific
1972). Sprouting time: share thereof in the overall mass.
a) spontaneous The grain is notable for high
b) 15-day delay weight per liter.
c) 30-day delay
Later spring vegetation resuJ.ts
in shorter plants, sparser stand
of stems at harvesting time, lower yield of dry above-ground mass and
grain, but high yield thereof in the overall mass and low weight per liter.
The correlation between grain and straw is consistent with the correla-
tion between duration of vegetative and reproductive periods, which are
~ determined by the time of spring vegetation.
;:.':the former case, there is prevalence nf vegetative direction of plant
growth and development, and in the latter, generative. This situation
has a practical application in preparing measures pertaining to spring
and summer care of wheat plantings aad early prediction of the harvest
(V: D. Medinets, 1968; I. I. Garus, P. A. Zabaznyy, I. I. Kovtun, 1970;
N. A. Fedorova, 1972, and others).
The reaction of the plants to the time of spring vegetation is also mani-
fested by a change in their winter hardiness. In particular, a rather
- distinct pattern was demonstrated in Poltavskaya Oblast (V. D. Medinets,
19~i8), which amounts to the fact that the plantings that suffered in the
' wi~ter perished in the years of late resumption of spring vegetation
(1~23, 1929, 1956, 1963, 1964, 1969, 1972, 1976) and were viable in
the years of early sprouting (1945, 1951, 1961, 1966, 1971, 1973, 1975,
- 1977). _
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Table 41. Reaction of winter wheat cultivars to time of start of spring
vegetation (Kozel'shchinskiy strain-testing station,
1969-1973)
Start of ~ Start of
_ vegetation . vegetation
~b delay del~y
~N of a~i~ of
~
Cultivar ~ N ; N Cultivar ~ ~
N~ ~r ' ~ 'CS~ ~-1 b ~Q
~ fd 'L7 R7 N ~1 ~ 'U R3
~ ~
1 ~ ~ tt1 O ~ i ~ ~ .N-1 ~~'1
. _ - - /ha
_ $ plants surviving winter Dry mass y~:elcl, centners
Mi p ovs a 808 ~~~5 94,4 8fl,9 79,5
Jub~.~ee ~3~~onovslay ~vkazvskayal;~ I!i7 I 70 I 90 ,
Jubilee Mironovskay J6,3 93,2 87,0 7G,J
Dezostaya 1 89,3 83,6 74,0 G0,5 Grain yield, centners/ha
Kavkaz 82,8 77,4 65,0 58,0 ~ronovskaya
Fruit-bearing stems/.m2 Jubilee ~ � 50,7 48,2 38,9 29,b -
� Mironovska 5y,3 5i,7 4i,5 31~t
rlironovskaya 808 I f,87 I bif? I 5(~ I 4t0 Bezostaya~ 1 50,1 bG,b 3l,5 2t,6
Kavkaz 4SY, SO~i 31G 25U ~vkaz 52,$ bD. ,2i,B.,
� _ _ _ . Grain
vie~.d~_~
Plant heiqht~, cm (not cour.ting 1972)
- Mironovska a 808 ~ronovskaya
Y 418 A5 3(i 78 808 3(i 3T 40 h4
Kavkaz I 8G ~&f ~ 78 ` 7t Kavkaz 42 I 42 44 b6
Resistahce to lodgin , grade Grain w~ight, g/liter ~
- (for 1971,and 1973~
~ Plironovskay
Mironovskaya 808 3 ~,5 5 �5 R~8 78'l T85 791 703` -
Kavkaz ~,5 5 5 5~ Kavkaz 784 774 765 7i8
Analysis of the data of ~the State commission for agricultural crop strain-
testing made it possible to determine that this phenomenon is o6served in
many parts of the Soviet Union (see Table 40). Thus, in the pe:iod from
1945 to 1970, there were 5 yeara with late spring vegetation of winter
wheat, in 4 of which all of the plantings perished, at the Urazovskiy _
_ strain-testing station in Belgorodskaya Oblaet. At the same time, when
spring vegetation started at an early or average time, the crops did not
perish and even failed to thin out over the entire 12 years.
The longer period of winter dormancy and abrupt transition~from this state
to active vital functions with intensive rise in plus temperatures were
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the cause of death of the winter crops in the case of late spring vegeta-
tion. The rapid temperature rise is more dangerous to plants after the
winter than a return to cold weather in the spring (Table 42).
Table 42. Percentage of Mironovskaya 808 cultivars that perished as�
related to time and conditions of spring vegetation
a.okhvitskiy strain-testing station, 1969)
Vegetation started 8 April' Vegetation started 29 April
Variant of under natural conditions after freezing weather, with _
experiment (open fields) use of str~-+w for protection
No food
supplement 42.6 96.4
N60 food in
the spring 26.2 41.9
This phenotnenon made it possible to validate recommendations to agricultural _
production on reglanting wheat fields that were thinned down by 50% or
more as a result of damage in the winter. Thus, in years with late start
of spring vegetation, no matter how much water is available in the soil,
such areas should be resown; in y~ars of early and optimum resumption of
apring vegetation, it is desirable to leave the fields alone, taking
into consideration the condition of the plants.
On the basis of the results of experimental studies, a method has been
proposed for evaluating winter hardiness of cultivars in the case of
ar~ificial delay in spring vegetation (covering the snow on the crops
_ before it starts to thaw with straw or mats). It has been established that ~
the rating of winter hardiness obtained by this method coincides with the
evaluations made under natural conditions in inclement years (Table 43).
Use of the method of artificially delaying spring vegetation permits
evaluation of winter hardineas in years with a mild winter, which is of
conaiderable interest to breeding and strain testing of this crop. TY~e new
- method of evaluating hardiness of cultivars has been tested in several
oblasts, and it is now mandatory at all strain-testing stations.
When winter plant3ngs are covered with polyethylene sheets before the snow
begins to thaw, the snow melts rapidly and spring vegetation begins
sooner *by an average of 9 days). As shown by the data in the table, this
procedure results in better survival of plants that were damaged in the
winter, It can be considered as a means of preserving particularly
valuable plants for breeding purposes.
Covering sections of a wheat field with polyethylene sheets is also used
as a method of field determination of quality of wintering, at the
suggeation of the Poltavskaya Oblast inspection office af the State
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Commission for Agri~ultural Strain Testing. For this purpose, snow is
removed from field sections each 1 m2 in size at the end of the winter.
They are covered with the plastic sheets, the edges of which are attached
to a wood frame. The plants in such sections sprout sooner than usual,
which enables us to obtain information about their condition on a g~!ven
field before the start of ~ventual resowin~, This method of evaluating
Che condition of winter crops can be used extensively instead of the
labor-consuming work of collectingcore samplesl~ 15 March at the latest.
, Table 43. Percentage of wheat plants that perished as related to
different vegetation starting time at the Kozel'shchinskiy
strain-testing station
Start of ve etation
earlier than usual (crops later than usual (snow
covered with polyethylene) usual surface on crops
Cu'tivar earlier than usual (con- covered with straw)
(crops covered with poly- trol) 15-20 days 27-35 days
eth lene sheets) later later
1969 (mild winter) _
~ Bezostaya 1
(awnless) 0 2.9 ~C.O 19.5
Kavkaz 0 3.7 8.1 21.2
Mironovskaya 808 0 1.4 2.5 11.3 -
Jubilee Mirononskaya 0 2.0 5.7 13.8
1970 (harsh winter)
Bezostaya 1 29.3 51.2 80.8 96.9
- Kavkaz 62.8 79.4 100 100
~ Mironovskaya 808 9.6 20.5 31.1 49.5
Jubilee Mir~novskaya 12.6 23.9 33.0 51.8
The reaction of winter wheat plants to time of resumption of spring vege-
tation is also manifested by a change in their resistance to lodging. On
this basis, a method was developed for early prediction of lodging of
nonresistant cultivars raised in Ukrainian SSR after the best precursors
with adherence to the adopted agrotechnology.
Expected lodging graded as at least 4 points (on a 5-point scale of rating
resistance) is predicted on the basis of total fall and winter precivita-
tion, which is calculated using the following hyperbolic equation:
~500
~ ~ ~ . 20-x
~ 29
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where y is the total precipitation, in mm, in the period from sowing to
resumption of vegetation and x is the deviation from the mean in a given
area of start of spring vegetation, in days.
Accuracy of prediction of lodging is about 90%. It can be increased if
the actual air temperature during the first 20 days after the plants
come out of dormancy is taken into consideration (V. D. Medinets, 1972).
Scientific forecasting of lodging permits effective control of this
undesirable phenomenon and, in particular, to use product SSS.
The time that spring vegetation begins also affects the quality of the
future grain. In the case of late start, such parameters as hyalinity of
the grain, protein and gluten content of grain are high and with an
early start, they are considerably lower (V. D. Medinets, 1968, 1970).
The biological essence of this relationship is that the time of resump-
tion of spring vegetation is determined by light and temperature condi-
tions during plant growth up to heading, which in turn determine the
nitrogen and protein content of vegetative organs and ripe grain
(Tables 44, 45).
- Table 44. Protein content of vegetative mass of cultivars, % absolutely
~ dry sub stance, 1973
rain- es ing station and _
- time sam le was collected
Kozel'shchinski Lokhvits '
Start of ' - '
Cultivar sPring ' ~ ~ ~
vegetat. ~ rn ~ ~ ~
u~'i o� o+ ro a~ b~+
- a~ w u~i a~i + a a~,
~d N t Ul N U1 Ul .iC N
Mironovsk~ya 808 Early ~g,G 20,G 9,7 20,4 f0,6
~ Late '10,3 ~G,O li,h 'l'l,! 12,~
Deviation -I-'1~~� ~~5,4 -Ff,7 -{-f,6 -~-2,3 '
Jubilee M~ronovskay ~arly 20,! 2i,i f0,t - - -
' Late 20,G 2G,5 f f,fi - -
Deviation -}-0,5 -f-5,4 -~i,5 - -
Bezostaya 1 Early 20~~i 2'l,5 fr?,7 2~,3 1:~,~
_ Late 20,9 '18,1 f 0,8 2l,i f b,f
Deviation -~0,3 -~-5,6 -}-i,0 -{-0,8 -}-0,7
Kavkaz ' Ea ly i9,2 20,6 10,2 - -
La~e 20,4 20,3 10,9 - -
Deviation -~.l,2 -}-5,7 -}-p,7 - -
1
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Table 45. Quality of Bezostaya 1 grain as related to usual and artificially -
delayed start of spring vegetation in different years
Strain-testin station
Parameter of Start of ozel'shchinskiy Semenov Lokhvits-
qrain quality Vegetation ski ki
~no~ ~ ~ot~ ~ io~s ~ ioTa ~urz >>3 ~e~o ~mi ~ ~+nz -
Hyalinity, Usual U3 - 50 fl8 f00 71 3G 76
I.~te 95 - - 54 l00 .99 88 9i 95
D~viation -}-2 - - -{-4 -I-2 -i -~-i~ -}-55 -}-2i
Protein con~ent, ~ U~ual i3,4 8,? l2,5 l4,4 i4,2 i2,7 1i~4 ii,3 : i3,7
L~te f4,~i 10,8 14,5 14,9 l5,4 14,2 i2,G l3r7 15,0
D viation -}-i,0 +wt -~2,0 -}-0,5 -~-f,2 -~-1,5 -}-t,i -f-2,4 -}-i~3
Gluten content, $ U~ual ~ 2fl,5 - - 32,9 29,8 Z7,8 25,5 '12,5. 30,!
'
Late 32,5 - 34,9 32,4 3f,3 27,8 30,0 33~2
D~viation -1-3~0 - - -{-2,0 -{-2,6 -{-3,5 -~-2,3 -~-7,5 -}-3,!
~ .
Table 46. Mean protein and crude gluten content of commercial wheat
grain procured in different oblasts of the Ukraine in years
of early and late start of vegetation
Protein content, ~ Crude luten ~
Zone and start of sprin devia` tart of sprir~g devia-
oblast ve eta~ion tion ve etation tion
_ late early from late early from
(1963, (1965, early (1963, ,(1965, early _
1954f 196~) veget 1964) 1966) veget.
. - .
. . . _
Forest-steppe
Poltavskaya l3,J2 ii,G2 -}-2,30 22,0 f7,0 -}-5,0
Cherkasskaya i2.70 l0,28 -}-2~41 1'.?,3 1~,9 _
Vlririit~Skdy !2,li lf,07 -}-1,O~i 10,.3 l5,4 -}-4,A
:thmel nits~aya if~l13 !l,i9 -}-0,7'~ i(;,~ 12,3 -~-4,i
~ Steppe
Odesskaya i2,93 !l,95 -}-0,~8 27,4 22,5 4,J
~aporozhskaya l3,418 43,43 -}-O,S5 25 ~ 21,0 +3,'L
I~?er5onskaya f3,i8 72,i3 -}-f,03 23,3 !!~,Ii -~-3~7
Donetskaya i3,33 i2,49 -}-0,84 ?/,,i '1i,9 -{-2,2
~
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Table 47. Tentative estimate of expected quality of Mironovskaya 808
grain obtained from fax~ns with organized crop rotation and
proper system of fertilizers in Poltavskaya Oblast, 7
~ ' ~ - ~Total- falY=w3.nter reci ita ` ~
Start of over 200 under 200
sprinq bLack after corn after corn
vegetation fallow for fallow for
ground . silage ground silage
Grain protein content, ~
Early f2-i3 S-f0 iJ-14 I~ i!-t'l
Late 1~i-f5 I i3-i4 ~ l5-16 !h-t5
_ Crude gluten content of grain, $
Early ?Ii-26 f4-f7 2.5-28 I l7--22
Late 28-3i I 23-28 I 30-~ 2~-3~
~rude gluten content of flour from 70$
yield, ~
Early 30--3f '20-23 3l-32 23-26
Late 34-37 I 30-34 ~ 3G-40 I 34-37 .
The established correlation between time of spring vegetation of winter
wheat and grain quality was conf irmed for the production conditions in
Poltavskaqa and Khar'kovskaya oblasts, as well as southern Ukraine (M. G.
Klimov, 1969; G. I. Penigin et al., ?972; A. A. Sobko et al., ~.974). It
can be illustrated by the data pertaining to the quality of procured
[or stored] grain in several Ukrainian oblasts (Table 46).
In the forest-ateppe rEgion of the Ukraine and north of this region, -
the above correlation is more distinct that in areas that are south of
45� north latitude in the European part of the Soviet Union. For example,
in the region of Khar'kov, spring vegetation of wheat began very early
in 1961 and 1966, on 5-15 March, and late in 1963 and 1964, 5-15 April.
According to the data of M. M. Strel'nikova (1971), in the former case
wheat grain contained 8-lly protein, 21-24% gluten, and in the latter
15.5-16.6 and 38.5-42x, respectively. In the Stavropol' region (south
of 45� north latitutde), the conditions in the spring of these years were
about the same as in the Khar'kov area. Aowever, there were virtually no
differences in grain quality as a function of start of vegetation
(15-16X protein, 26-30X gluten).
- This is attributable to the fact that lighting conditions and particularly
the presence of ahort-wave blue-violet rays in the flux of solar radiation
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- are of enormous significance to protein synthesis (Voskresenskaya, 1965;
Shul'gin, 1967). In the south (Stavropol'), the intensity of these rays
is high, even in early spring, while in the temperate zone (Khar'kov)
it increases only in April (when spring is late) and even later in the
north.
On the basis of the established influence of time of resumption of spring
vegetation on grain quality, a method was proposed ~or early prediction
of protein and gluten content of grain. It consists of the fact that one
should expect different qualities of grain, depending on the precursor,
precipitation in the fall and winter and time of resumption of spring
vegeCation. The data in Table 57 can be used for this purpose.
- A new method was also proposed for making up batches of grain of good
quality (V. D. Medinets, 1968).
Table 48. Conditions of spring development and harvest of winter wheat
in a strain-testing competition as related to different times
of start of spring vegetation (data from 150 tests at
strain-testing stations in the forest-steppe region of
Ukrainian SSR over an 11-year period)
aranle ers e- � Harvest, .
.tween start of y~_centners . N '
Len ve et.&headin ha _
of da N w ~ o~
Start at v ~ ~ o ` ~
start
= of spring of a a~ a~� N~ ~n ~ ~
vegetation, ~ ~ ~ ~N
date eget. , a~�~+ a~ ~a ro�~ o a~ a~ ~a o s~ rts ~
hours ~ b~ w ro~ x~ w~t cr c~ e~ ~ a~
f f-15.111 11,1i ~ 8,8 f7~G 8i 174,0 3:1,0 . 22,4 2
iG-2n.111 tf.q 9,4 l8,4 78~ l3~i,fl 42,7 3i,7 9
21-25.111 12,3 f0,0 i8,5 72 fi9,i 39,3 33,0 !8
2G-3f.111 12.7 10,a f:l,'l 84 lOS,6 37,2 35,6 42
~i.lv i3,i � f1,5 f9,7 Gt 9G,fi 3.3,b 3~,f 19
Ii-!O.I V 13,5 12,~i 20,0 57 8~,fi 32,fi :~li,b 2.4
it-~:~.1V f3,8 i3,4 20,G 53 G0,9 2/,5 40,2 !8
iG=20.IV i/i,f i~i,5 20,7 ~i8 G3,4 23,5 37,1 7
2l-25.iV 14,4 lfi,C I 2f,4 4i 54,5 23,6 48,3 i
*FAR--photosynthesis acti.vating radiation
- Field tests established that late nitrogen food supplements (during
heading) are more effective in years of early srart of spring vegetation,
whereas early feeding of partly frozen and partly thawed soil is, on
the contrary, more eifective in years of late spring vegetation. Utili-
zation of nitrogen chie�ly for growth processes, as well as worsening of
nitrogen metabolism of plants due to mutual shading of plants that are .
very well-developed in this case are the cause of diminished effectiveness
of the niCrogen food supplement.
33
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? rooa r96.~ Thus, it may be concluded that
the plants develop into mutually
~,gipp 19~~ 6i exclusive (opposite) types with
- ~ 1967 /9~ regard to their most important
~ eoa - i9,s.~ qualities with early and late
o~o0 19Q9 -+965 onset of spring vegetation. _
~ 600 The biological reaction of wheat
N s~ to the time of resumption of
spring vegetation is a conse-
~ 4 , quence of its indirect, rather
W than direct, influence, which
�j~ affects the crops through factors
~ 1A~ that have a direct action, light
. and heat.
y,~ 100
0
20 .i0 ~0 SO 60 70 d0 !0 In years with early onset of
v~ Days from start of veqetation spring vegetation, the plants
develop under conditions of a
Figure 11. short day, low temperatures and
Accumulation of sum o� positive tempe- prevalence of orange-red light, _
ratures in years with early (a) and , which stimulates growth processes.
late (b) start of spring vegetation of In years with late onset of spring
winter wheat (Semenovskiy strain-test- vegetation, the plants are ex-
ing station, Poltavskaya Oblast) posed to high and rapidly ris ing
temperatures (Figure 11); they
develop under conditians of long days (Table 48) and very high position
of the sun, with increase in blue-violet part of the spectrum, which _
accelerate hea,ding.
Knowledge of tne patterns of development of winter plants, as related to
time of spring vegetation, enables agronomists to wisely control growth,
plant development and formation of plant productivity.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Urozhay", 1977
10,657
CSO: 8144/1158 ~ ~
3~+ -
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