JPRS ID: 9450 USSR REPORT MILITARY AFFAIRS

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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~ JPRS L/945~
18 December 1980
- USSR Re ort
_ p
N~IIITARY AFFAIRS
- CFOUO 17/80)
_ FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST IN~ORMATIC~N SERVI~~
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JPRS L/9450
- 18 Deaember 1980
USSR REPORT
MILITARY AFFAIRS
~ (FOUO i~/ao)
CO~VTENTS
Socioeconomic Problems of Di.sarmament
(SOTSIAL'NO-EKONOMICHESKIYE PROBLEMY RAZORUZHENIYA; SBOftNIK STATEY,
1978) ..o.~ .......................o..........oo...o................ 1
Book Excerptat History of Soviet Military Thought
(I. A. Korotkov; ISTORIYA SOVETSKOY VOYENNOY MlLSLI. KRATKIY OCHERK.
1917-IYUN~ 19LG1., 1980) ............oo.o.......oo.....,.a....o.ooo... 6
- a - [III - USSR - 4 FOUO]
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SOCTOECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF DISARMAMENT
Moscow SOTSIAL'NO-EKONOMICHESKIYE PROBLEMY RAZORUZHENIYA; SBOI:NIK STATEY (Socio-
economic Problems of Disarmament; Collection of Articles) in Rusaian 1978 signed
to press 31 Oct 80 pp 1-11
[Table of contents, and introduction of booklet by the Soviet CommiCtee to Defend
- the Peace, prepared for press by the Scientific Commission for Disarmament, Soviet
Committee to Aefend the Peace, 1100 copies, 11 pagesJ
[~xcerptsj
Z'able of Contents
Introduction 4
7. V. I. Vaneyev. Canvereion: Certain Concepts .....e 12
II. A. ll. Kurskiy, M. I. EQluslov. Postwar Reorganization of the U~SR
- NACi.onal rconomy (Experience of Reconversion in the 5ocialiat
Eeonomy) 51
"tII. R. A. Fara~azyan, V. P. Konobeyev. Economic Aapects of Disarn?ament.. 71
IV. N. P. Ivanov. Disaxmament, Conversion, Employment Rate 146
V. E. P. Pletnev. International Economic Relations as Seen 'i'hrough the
Priam of Disarmament 182
VI. R. I. Zimenko. Disarmament: Econamic and Social Consequences for the
Developing C~untri~s 207
VII. C. S. Khozin. Disarmament and Glob~l Problems of Modern Timea....... 228
Introduction
One of the most d~ngerous and moat persistent mythe of our time which have been ar-
tificially cr~ated by advocat~ea of the military-industrial complexea in the West for
Che purpose of juatifying the arme race that they are conducting is the myCh con-.
cernittg the impoaeibility af economic prosperi.ty in the industrially developed
- states ~~Lhout a tremendoua and conatantly growing military budget. In addition to
a nois~r ~ropaganda campaign interdiidto frighten broad aegmenty of the population
i
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wiL-h l�he nonexistent "military threat" from the Soviet Union and the other social-
ist etates, thie myth is being actively used by the gigantic propaganda machine of
~he opponente of detente and disarmament, as a means of exertin~ ideological prea-
aure i.n order to disorient the maesea of the peopl~ and deaden their vigilance and
actions in the fight to end the arms race, limit and reduce the number of arms,
and khe fight fox univereal and complete disarm~mient.
rn thie regerd the attention of the peace-loving public, the rolP of which in
L�he fi~yht for the consolidaCion of detente is becoming more effective with every
~~aeai.n~ year, is being attracted more and more frequently by `he probleme that
- fire~ linked with t~e economir_ and social conaequences ot diearmament. They, in 4
p~rticular, occupy an important place in the widely extended dialogue dealing with
probleme of detenke and diearmament, which was begun in October 1973 at tlhe World
Congrese of Peace-Loving Forcea in Moacow and which, to this d3y, is continuing
with the participation of representatives of various poliCical parties, trade
unione, and mass public moveme�ts that are cooperating in the system of the
iarum that was created by them the :International Forumfortielations Among -
Peace-Lovxng For.ces. The most thorough and moat complete discusRion of these prob-
l~r!e accurred at the World Conference "In Favor of the Ceasation of the Arme Race,
Diearrt?ament, arid betente," which was held in Helsinki on 23-26 September 1976.
Thzy were br~ught up for diacuesion at Che international aeminar "Alternatives to
Ch~ Production of Arme," which wae convoked by the International Forum for Rela-
t~.~ns ~mong Peace��Loving Forces in London, with the cooperation of the British
C~ngresa of Trade Ur.ions and other public organizations in Great Britain. A
ApeGial acientific aympoeium prepared by the International Peace Institute i:~
Vi.entta i.n 1979 is devoted to them.
Hy c~ay oF pr~paration �or these meetinge, a group of Soviet scientists participat-
i_n~ in t11~ activiti.ea of the ScientiPic Commisaion on Problems of Disarmament,
ettached to the Sovi.et Committee ~o~�Defend the Peace, made an attempt to general-
iz~~ und eyet~makixe certain ideas relative to the converaion of military production
s:o per~c~tirne purpoxes, as the contribution by the representatives of Soviet scien-
t:i.~i.r. public opin:ion to the diecuseion of thie imp~rtar.t ecientific problem.
tn ;~uhmit[znK thi~~ c~llrcrion of nrCiclee to the readera, the nuthore make abso-
- lu.tely no cl.ei.ms conc.err?in~ the exhauet3ve expoeitian of the prnblem that has
been posed. 'C'hey are campletely aware of the hypothetical n~tura of the very -
pueing oC this ~roblem ilnder conditione of the continuing arms rsce. Dut, at the -
eame time, they aze profoundly convinced of the neceasity of extending on a broad
AcaLe t-he ocientif.ic reaearch and the search for the moet efficient and most
etfective waye r~nd methods of converting military production ro civilian needs.
'Chis researcli, ~acti.ve disaemination, and diecuesion of their results at varioua
~evels, i.ri internatio~ial and national organizations will undoubtedly make it
~oeaible, ir: the final analysis, to refute and unmask in worldo~ide public opinion
the .fictitious atatements by the apologists of militarism concerning the "technical
i.rnpoeaibi.lity" of ~9iearmament.
It ah~uld be tr~ken into conaideration that as of the preaent day, in worldwide
- sciecitific literature on thie group of probleme, there ie a numerical predominance
of w~rke by auChore who, carrying out the eociel mandate of the military monopo- "
].i~e, graphicnlly poxtray Ch~ imaginary and real difficultiea of convereion,
intimidate the reader with the cataetraphic cona::quencea of disarmament, etc.
Major corporations .io not epare their funde to publieh and dieaemi.nate such
pB(.'11C109C1~11t1~1C literature. However, there exiat other research atudies, which
ars for the time being obviouely in it~eufficient quantity but which contain a
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convincing and ecientific refutation of the assertions by the a~ologiats of the
- arme race. Objective reaearchere, completely aware of the vital importance of the
problem of disarmcunent, ind icate the economic and political neana with the aid of
which it ie poeaible ar~d neceasary to achieve a change in priorities, the eharp `
reduction in military expenditures, the efficient use of Che gigantic induatrial,
ecientific, end human potential that ie currently engaged in che production o~
Coole of death, and to etrive fox the welfare af mankind as s whole. These
reeearchere, in c,ur opinion, deserve the most active aupport and encouragement _
on the part of the broad Fublic and primarily on the part of the organizations and
- movemente Fartic~pating in the fight for disarmament.
When considering certain concept:g espouaed by foreign scientists with regard to
this group of problema and when expounding their own views ar.d evaluations, the
authors proceed~d fram the cloae interrelation~hip and interdependence between
the capabilities and the prospecte for conversion with the c~evel~pment and deepen- ~
ing of the pr.oceas of detente. Tf conversion itself ig possible only under con- ~
ditione of real progrees and the confirmation of detente and the supplementing of
_ it by measurea of military detente, then both the development of the proceases of
_ detente, ite materialization, unambiguouel.y preauppose, in tlieir turn, co^^ersion,
the ehifting of the labar and material res;~urces of the statee from the military
sphere to the civilian. ~
zn undertaking thie research, the authors were guided by the fi:.~m conviction that
no difficulties or problems ari.aing as a result of conversion, no possible
socioeconomic coata, can be campared in their scope with that real loas that is
inflicted by the continuing arms race, with that lethal danger that it brings to
mankind. ConeequenCly, objectively apeaking, the cessation of the arms race,
the convereion of the military machine to purpose civilian purpoaes, constitutes
= a vital imperative, eince in our time the.re simply is no intelligent alternative
to detenre and disarmament.
An analysis of vaxioue aspecta o� this problem confirms the conclusion to which
mnny objective eci.entieta and political and public figures in varioua countries
flre coming, namely: the technical problema of convereion are n~ more complicated
thnn any other taeke in the reorganization of technology and the syetem of economic
priaritiPe which are bQing euccessfully resolved by modern acience and production.
it ie not the difficultiea of convereion which are etanding on the path of disarma-
ment, but, rether, the reaietance put up by the military-induatrial complex, the
lack of tht neceseary political will on the p3rt of the govertunents that bear
_ the reeponsibility for the continuation of the Arms race.
Naturally, the probleme of the convereion of military production are viewed
variouely in the ~,ocialiet and cap~taliat countries. Socialist society conaiata of
working claeaes and social groupa. This society hae no place for thoae classea
or social groupa that would pureue selfish goals, that would etrive for social
privileges at the expenae of othera, would atrive for annexation, aggresaion
- againat other natione, or would view warfare as a source of their own proeperity.
Thia was expreesed very well by the General Secretary of the CPSU Central CommiC-
tee, Chairman of the Preeid ium of the USSR Supreme Soviet, Comrade L. I. Brezhnev,
apeaking over televieion during a visit to West Germany in May 1978. "In our
country, in the Soviet Union," L, I. Brezhnev remarked, "there are no clasaes,
no eocial atrata, no socigl g~oupe that would have a self-intereetEdnesa in war or
ite preparation, that would count an using a war for their own profit. We do have,
oP courae, milit$ry plante. We do have an army. But no one not the
managere of th:,se plants, r.ot the command complement in the army, not the workers,
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not the aoldiers none of them link their well-being with warfare, with military
producCion orders. We would like very much for the tremen~ous advantage for
society as a whols to awitch the war plants over to the pr~duction of peacetime
output, to serve peaceful creative purposes" (PRAVDA, 7 May 1978). -
~ The poaing of thie p~roblem with regard to the largest capitaliFt etatea, and
primari.ly the United Statee, inevitably leade to the question ~f the sinister
' role played by the military-induetrial complex, which currently has reached such
a hypertrophied scope there that it is beginning, as iC were, to live its own
life and is threstening to become, in essence, uncontrollable. The chief difficul-
- tiea in converting military production to peaceti;~e conditions are liniced there
wi[h the ~tubborn lack of deaire on the part of the largest national and trans-
national monopoiies operating in that aphere to loae their so~irce of gigantic prof-
, ite, a source that ie provided vaith governmental military orders and lavish
subsidiee at the expense of millione of ordinary taxpayers.
Thia idea wae expresaed very effectively by the famous American ec:onomiat Professor

~ Kennath Sowlding in our of his staCertents in Congreas. "The military industry," -
~ he eaid, "~s a canceroue tumor on the body of American aociety. It has its
- own growth madel. It represenCs asystem which, practically spPaking, ia independer:t -
and, in fact, is objpctively hoetile to the welfare of the American nation, although
it depicte itself us ite defender" (American hliZitarism 1970: A DiaZogue on
Distortion of our NationaZ PriorZtie~. New York, 1970, p 94).
Hence it evolvea that a very important condition for the resoliition of the problem
of converaion as, incidentally, the entire problem of disarmament as a whole
ia the necesai.ty of bridling the greedy strivings of the military-industrial com-
p1ex. In this q+ieeCion also, a large and responeible role is played by all Che
peace--loving social foxcas. By the conetant, pereietent, and deciaive efforta of
pnlitical partiee~ parliamenta, trade unions, and other masa organizaCiona, it is
- nec~seary to strive for the reorientation of the entire socioeconomic and budgetary
policy of the statea. The use of the levera ~hat already exiQt in the capitaliat
countries for exerting etate influence upon the economy for the purposea of .
encouraging convereion ie capable of facilitating that enGire pro~ess, of increasing
i.te favoreble eocial coneequences, and lessening the reaiatance put up by the forces
that have been oppoeing diearmament. The eyetem of state me`qureF and inatitutiona
wh~.ch currently ie ~irecting the growth of military production can and muat be
converted into a eyetem that mobilizes the economic and acientific potential of
eociety for the reeolution of the exitical probleme that are confronting mankind
. ae a whole and every nation individually. In other words, the pea~.e-loving forces
have befare them today a difficult but completely attainable go~l: the conversion
of the military-induatrial complex into a scientific-industrial complex that is
oriented toward the resolution of the vitally important economic and aocial
~roblemA of mankind.
In thie regard there also arises the question of the social dang~r that ia
- repreeented in our day by the fact that in the United Statea, and in oCher developed
- capitalist counCries, the gigantic production capacities intended for the production
. of the latest and moet destructive types and eyetema of weapons are still concentra-
ted, entirely or to a coneiderab~.e degree, esaentially in private h.ands, are the
property of a number oP the largest companies. This circumatance ahould not be "
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ignored when analyzing the poeaible forme and methods of carrying out the conver-
sion of military production.
At the same time, the extenaive amount of material cited in this Gollection indi- _
catea that many major ecunomists in the Weat, when objectively analyzing the
eeeence of the proble.m, cite convincing arguments, computatione, and models that
attest to the reality of convereion in the capitaliat countries without any
major reorganization of the exieting production relations.
The achievementa of the human mind, the unlimited capabilities of acientific-
~ technxcal progreea, are currently capable of providing every nation, every
family, ever~ individual with a worthy life. But this requi:es eliminating once
and for all the threat of war, it requires atopping the arms race and achieving
real diearmament.
The ceesation of the arma race would provide not only an econ~mizing of tremendous
reeources for productive purposee, but also would clear the entire psychological
atmoephere in the world. The apiritual life of many nationa would be liberated
from the pernicious influence of thoee forcea which are living paraeiticall~? off
the arme race, off the incitement of hoatility and distrust among nations.
- G. Lokshin, Secretary of the
Soviet Committ~e to Defend the
- Peace
- 5075
CSO: 1807

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BQOIC EXCERl'TS : HISTURY OF SOVIE 1 MILITARY THOUGHT
' Moscow ISTORIYA SOVETSKOY VOYENNOY MYSLI. KRATKIY OCHERK. 1g17-IYUN' 1941
(Hieto~ry of Soviet Military Thought. A Brief Outline. 1917-Ju:ie 1941) in -
Ruesian 1980 si~ned to press 12 Feb 80 pp 2, 3-4, 5-16, 221-234, 235�240
[Annotation, Cab1e of contents, introduct:on, historiography ~nd conclusion
of book by I. A. Korotkov, Izdate~.'sCvo "NaLka", 2,900 copies, 272 pages]
~ [E:ccerpta] -
Ar~no t a t ion
In tY~is book t:tie a;~thor examines the moat important directions of Soviet military -
thought in the 1920's and 1930's and reveals the relationship hetween military
theory Hnd practi~al defense of the soci8list state. The author shows the successes
of Sov~.et m~ilitary thought in the ideological struggle against b~urgeois and
Men[~ievlk-Trotekyite views on queetions of military theory and practical military
- organizatianal dev~lopment. This book ahows how Soviet milit~ry theory was born and
evolved through the effarts of V. I. Leni.n, the Communis~ Party, military leaders,
- and mi].itary scientists.
'Tah l.e of Contents
X.ntroduction 5
Chaptcr 1. Marxist-Leninist Military-Theory Thought at the Beginning of
- the 1920's
Eatnbliehment cf Marxiet Military Thought in the Pre-October Period 23 _
_ Origin of Soviet Military Science ........�s���������~����������� '
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_ ~
- Chapter 2. Training of Soviet Military-Sc~.entific Cadres
Mastery of the Fundamentals of Marxism-Leninism. Training fn Mili-
tary Theory 32
Improviag the Syetem of Scientific Cadre Training 51 ~
Chapter 3. The Campaign for Eetablishment of Marxist-Leninist Theory in
the Military Area
For a Uniform Military Doctrine 59
Against Anti-Leniniet Viewa in Military Theory 74
Chapter 4. Studying the Experience of Wars
Problems of Syntheeizing the Experience of World War I and the Civil
War 92
Studying Che Experience of Local Wars and the Initial St3ge of World
War II 103
Chepter 5. Principal Probleme of the Art of Warfare
Determination of the eociopolitical Character of ~a Futur~ War 114
Strategy Concept~ ~f a Potential War 120
Conteat of ~`ha Initial Period of a War 329
Problems of ?'heory of Operational Art and Tactics 145
Charecter of Employment of Branches of the Armed Forces and ~ombat
Arme 161
Chapter 6. Theory of Mili.tary Econo~ics. The Nation's Material-Technologi-
, cal Founda*ion
Theory of Military Economics 185
The Ce~mpaign for Peace aad Strengthening the Defense Might of ~he
USSR 194
Hiatoriography o� the 3ub~ect 221
Concluaion 235
Brief Chrono~.ogy (Octubar 1917-J3sae 1941) 241 _
Index 269
Introduction
~he Creat October Socialiat Revolution is the principal event oF this century,
which radically altered the course of development of all mankind. It awakened
milliona of workere to vigorous political~acti.vity and immeasurably enhanced the
social role of mi:ti.tary affairs and ntilitary theory. Interest in it was dictated
by the neceesity of defending the revolut'~onary gains from the interventionists
and domestic counterrevolutionaries in 1918-1920. The victorious revolution in
our country opened up a new atage in the development of Marxist military thought.
This book discusees the hietory of Soviet military thought fror~ 1917. Principal
attention ~1e focuse3 on the periad between wars (1921-1941). The Soviet state,
which wae in a situaCion of hoatile capita].iat encirclement and counterrevolutionary
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acY.i~ritte~ by reuu~ants of L-he ~exploitrr clas5es within our country, directed its
ef~ar.ts toward over.corairig tne low level af dev4~lopment of producti.ve resources and
culC~ir_e inherit:ed f.ro~n czarist Russia. and tl~~e devastatin~ ~'~nsequences of World
War ~r ~nd thc Ctvil War. T~enin's p1~::~ for bu~lding soclalism was being implemented
durin$ zhese earr~P yea-r~.
Stu.~y of kre p~criod preceding Wor1d War tI aud the Great Patriotic War is essential
far amassing e:~perj.enc~: in readying the nation and J.te armed forces for defense.
_ Thi~ t~.sk correspon