JPRS ID: 9506 TRANSLATION TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS BY IVAN GRIGOR'YEVICH PAULOVSKIY

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JPRS L/9506
206 January 1981
~ Translation
- TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT
- PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
By
_ ivan Grigor'yevich Paulovskiy
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JPRS L/9506
_ 26 January 1981
TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
Moscow PROBLEMY I PERSPERTIVY RAZVITIYA TRANSPORTA (Problems and Pros-
pects in Transport Development) in Russian 1980 signed to press
- 26 Feb 79 pp 1-125
[Book by Ivan Grigor'yevich Paulovskiy, Izdatel'stvo Transport,
13,000 copies, 125 pages, UDC [656"71"+385/388](571.1/.6)]
COiVTENTS
Annotation Z
Introduction 2
'iransport-Economic Ties of the Eas*_ern Regions 6
Material and labor resources and their economic importance 6
Main directions of the development and siting of territorial-production
complexes .....................................................................15
Siberian - Far Eastern Transport Network ..........................................21
Description of the transport system..........�...���-��������������������������Z1
_ Role of.different types of transport in developing economic ties ................26
.'.~i*::oads of Siberia and the Far East .............................................30
Equipment .......................................................................30
Operati.ons. Leading experience ..................................................37
Prospects for Rail Development ....................................................50
Problems of strengthening the network ...........................................50
, Baykal-Amur Mainline ............................................................51
Long-range transport equipment requirements .....................................57
:.zwecii.ate Tasks ...................................................................66
- a ~ [TI ~ U: r!'. - TOJO]
(TTI [FFc''? - 3gd FOUO]
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L
Annotation
[Text] Subtitled "Economic Development of Siberia and the Far Ea.st," the book ex- _
amines the economic development of eastern regions of the country, existing and pro-
jected economic ties and shipment volumes, and describes the transport network of
Siberia and the Far East. It shows the role of and prospects for developing indivi- -
- dual types of transport, describes railroad equipment and operations in the region
and reveals the importance and potential of the Baykal-Amur Railroad. It is intended ,
for engineering-technical workers in various types of transport, for economists in
_ industry and for workers in planning and material-technical supply agencies. It can be used in the economics education system for transport workers.
~
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Introduction
Under the leadership of the Communist Fart;, the Soviet people have achieved unpre-
cedented successes in building history's first society of developed socialism. This
indisputable fact is secured in the new Constitution of the Uuion of Soviet Socialist
- Repablics.
= Powerful productive forces have been created in our country, the economy is charac- _
terized by very dynamic development, the well-beinb of tre reople is growing con-
stantly, and ever more favorable conditions are being created for developing the _
well-rounded personality. Qne of the most important victories of the Soviet people
- has been the planned development of praductive forces as a unified national economic _
complex encompassing all links of social productian, distribution and exchange. The
= productive forces of the unien republics and economic regions are being developed as _
integral parts of the smoothiy developing national ecunomy. T'ze previously lagging =
national backwaters of Russia about which V. I. Lenin wrote that enormous expanses -
are ruled by patriarchality, semi-barbarism and actual savagery have been transformed =
- in a historically brief period into highly developed industrial regions with large -
' industrial and cultural centers. _
The 25th CPSU Congress outlined ambitious socioeconomic developmer,t tasks based on a
- realistic appraisal of our strengths and opportunities, which are growing with each
; new five-year plan, with each passing year. In the lOth Five-Year Plan and in the
more distant future, the strategy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's eco-
- nomic policy anzicipates continued strengthening of internal economic ties, increas-
ing the effectiveness of the territorial division of labor and a significant upswing
in the economies of all the republics and rayons, equalizing their levels of develop-
ment.
The country's economy will be developed at even higher rates in the future. CPSU
Central Committee General Secretary L. I. Brezhnev noted at the 25th CPSU Congress:
"Quite a bit of work remains to be done on concrete long-range figures and assign-
ments, but it follows from the calculations already done that the country wi11 have
available to it in 1976-1990 approximately twice the material and f inancial resources
- it has had in the previous 15-year geriod."1
The resolution of the CPSU Central Comwittee Politburo, USSF Supreme SoviEt Presidium
and USSR Council of Ministers on the results of the trip by CPSU Central Committee
General Secretary and USSR Supreme Soviet Presidium Chairman L. I. Brezhnev to Si-
beria and the Far East notes that Comrade L. I. Brezhnev's trip was of important
significance in carrying out the resolutions of the 25th CPSU Congress on the multi-
purpose uti'lization of the natural wealth and developing the productive forces of
these regions, which play an increasing role in the country's economy.2
The Communist Party and the Soviet government have singled out and continue to sinp;le
out in the plans for developing the unified national economic complex at each stage
' of beiilding communism those economic regions in which productive forces must be de-
veloped at higher rates than for the countay as a whole. These ar.e regions whose

1. "Materialy XXV s"yezda KPSS" [Materials of the 25t], CPSU Congress], Moscow, Izd-
vo Politizdat, 1976, p 40. ,
2. KOMiNNIST, No 6, 1978, p 11.
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economies exert a decisive influence on increasing the effectiveness of all social
production and facilitate resolving major soc4c,ecouomic tasks. That was the case in
- the prewar five-yeaz plans when, in carrying out the Leninist concepts of the GOELRO
plan, the party dnd government focused the efforts of the entire Soviet people on
creating a powerful coal and metallurgical base in the East. The Iargest socioeco-
- nomic problem, in terms of scope, that flf the outstripping developubent of produetive
forces in Siberia and the Far East, is being solved along the same lines today. ~
_ In connection with the necessity of rapidly drawing natural resources concentrated
in eastern regions into economic circulation, the annual rates of growth in indus- _
= trial production in these regions have cuns~.derably exceeded union average rates in
, recent five-year plans. With a view towdrds improving the distribution of the coun-
~ try's productive forces, the "Basic Pirections of USSR National Economic Development -
-
f.or 1976-1980" aiticipated continued grow*.h in the economic potential of the eastern
regions and increasing their role in union-wide industrial production. Branches with _
the natural requisites most favorable for this, especially in fuel industry, are be-
ing developed a.r accelerated rates. All the planned increment in petroleum and gas -
estraction, all the increment in aluminun production, more than 90 percent of the
increment in coal mining, approximately 80 percent of trie increment in copper pro- duction, 45 percent of the increinent in cellulose and about 60 percen.t of the inere- _
ment in cardboard production for the country as a whole in the five-year plan must be _
provided by thes2 regions.
Implementation of the long-range comprehensive program for developing the economy of
Siberia and the Far East and accelerated growth in the region's economic potential
_ caill create the conditions necessary to provide the European portion of the country
- and the Urals with fuel and other resources in short supply. Meeting the country's
needs for fuel, energy, metal and raw material has always been an important problem
, in developing the national economy, but as was noted at the 25th CPSU Congress, this
problem faces us due not to an actual lack of natural resources, but because reserves
of such resources are limited in long-inhabited regions close to industrial centers.
We are now going further east and north in search of petroleum, gas and coal.
_ Pz�oblems of the multipurpose utilization of the natural wealth and further accelerat-
- ing the development of Siberia and the Far East were examined comprehensively during
the trip co these regions by Comrade L. I. Brezhnev, CPSU Central Committee General
Secr2tary and USSR Supreme Soviet Presidium Chairman. His meetings with workers
and with kray and oblast party and soviet leaders, his instructions and recommenda-
tions as expressed during the coui:se of those meetings these are a comprehensive
_ program of action encompassing all aspects of the social and economic development of
an enormous region. Particular attention was paid to questions of further increas-
ing the extraction of coal, petroleum and gas, to the ful?er use of hydroelectric
~ resources to develop such energy-intensive types of production as nonferrous metal-
' lurgy, pulp and paper industry, chemistry and petrochemistry here. The instructionL
and recommendations from Comrade L. I. Brezhnev also broadly reflected problems of
carrying out all plan assignments, of increasing organization and discipline in each
sector of economic work, of the thrifty, intelligent use Qf raw and other materials
. and agricultural outpur_, of eliminating losses in the nationai economy.
The November (1978) CPSU Central Committce Plenum pointed out that a fundamentally
new factor is present in the rapid development of the country's economic potential.
That is the creation and development of a number of tezritorial-producLi.on complexes
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(TPK), foremost in the East. They include the West Siberian, Bratsk - Ust'-Ilimskiy,
Pavlodar-Ekibastuz, Orenburg and others. In this regard, it was characteristic dur-
ing the first three years of the lOth Five-Year Plan that it was these very complexes
which provided the entire increment in petroleum extraction, nearly all the increment
_ in gas extraction, and a significant portion of the increment in electric power pro-
~ duction, iron ore and coal mining, and truck and tractor production.
The possibility and economic effectiveness of utiliaing the natural resources of the
new regions, of creating territorial-production complexes there, generally in zones
with harsh climatic conditions, is practically unthinkable without the prompt and in -
a number of instances leading development of the transport network. This pro-
cess is inseparably linked to developing all types of transport, and foremost to the
construction of new railroads and the creation of a road network, airfields, river -
and sea ports, communication and electric power transmission lines. Development of
the transport system opens up access to deposits of coal, petroleum and gas, nonfer- -
rous metals, ores and other minerals and ensures acceleration of their rates of ex-
traction. In this regard, better conditions are created for increasir.g the effec-
tiveness of all the branches of production now being created, since expenditures on =
delivering needed building materials, technblogy, machinery, equipment, foodstuffs
and manufactured goods are sharply reduced.
All experience in developing the country's economy, and in particular, in mastering -
the petroleum and gas deposits of Western Siberia, supports this conclusion convinc-
i.ngly. The Ivdel'-ab', Ravda-Sotnik, Asino-Belyy Yar, Zyumen'-Tobol'sk-Surgut- -
Nizhnevartovsk rail:oads created the conditions nece:~sary to utilize the large pe-
troleum and gas deposits, ti.mber and other resources conce.ntrated here. Without rail- _
roads able to operate around the year, geologists and construction workers and large -
amounts of freight must be delivered here over winter roads and by air. At the same
time, expenditures on delivering one ton of freight by winter road are 6-7 times
higher than expenditures on rail delivery and expenditures on delivery by air are
9-10 times higher.
- And annual shipments of f reight inro these regions, primarily building materials, are
- considerable. It must be noted in this regard tttat deliveries of freight by river
transport and by winter road lead to freight damage and losses.
In determining the directions of railroad and highway construction, the long-range
de.velopment of the regions now being mastered and possible increases in freight flows _
must be studied comprehensively and rather thorough technical and economic substan-
tiation provided.
In the lOth Five-Year Plan, we began building the Surgut-Urengoy line (which is to
- begin operating in 1984), but in 1978 a gas main was laid from the Urengoy Gas Depo-
sit to Chelyabinsk and gas began arriving at enterprises in the Southern Urals.
Practically all the freight f or laying the gas main was delivered by winter road,
river transport and air. It costs approximately 500 rubles to deliver one ton of
freight to this region by air. In this regard, consideration must be given to the
- fact that weather conditions in the region enable aviation to operate 7-8 months per
year. Al1 this supports once again the conclusion that the construction of rai?roads
and high;aays must outstrip development of productive forces in the regions now being
= mastered.
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= The decision to build the Baykal-Amur Mainline, the largest construction project in
the era of developed socialism, is an example of a statewide, comprehensive approach
to utilizing these broad new regions. Here, we first are laying the railroad and
. then, almost simultaneously, are resolving the tasks of building very large indus-
trial camplexes. As the mainline is built, we begin mastering and using the unique
- natural riches concentrated in the region adjacent to the BAM. Installation of the
line from Bam Station, located on the Transsiberian Railroad, to Tynda Station and be-
yond, to the South Yakutsk Coal Basin, has already enabled us to begin utilizing the
Neryungrinskiy Coal Deposit and build an enrichment plant and large GRES here. This
is the most intelligent, most effective method of utilizing new territory, a method
inh erent in the planned socialist economic system.
In the future, industry and agriculture will receive significant fsrther development
and the extraction of ore, coal, petroleum and gas and the production of pig iron,
steel, electric power, automation and computer equipment, resins, plastics and other
= national economic output will grow rapidly,
_ Of course, all this can be done only given significant advances in the distribution
of social production to the east and given a sharp increase in the use of the enorm-
- ous natural resources of Siberia and the Far East.
- The national economy's demand for shipments will increase correspondingly. At the
_ same time, even now, rail transport in the eastern regions is experiencing difficul-
ties in masteritig shipments.
There are also some difficulties associated with imperfections in the system of plan-
ning transport and with shortcomings in organizing shipments. Comrade L. I. Brezh-
nev focused attention on this in his speech at a meeting of Far East kraykom and ob-
kom first secretaries on 6 April 1978. He said that "...difficulties with transport
are more than a lack of ineans of transport. We must improve transport planning, be
involved in reducing empty runs, reduce time lost in loading and unloading, provide
cars for shipment at the proper. times, and put the warehousing system in proper or-
der."1 These instructions and recommendations by Comrade L. I. Brezhnev are of ex-
ceptionally important, fundamental significance to successfully solving many of the
_ problems associated with improving the operation of rail transport nationwide, and
- especially the roads in Siberia and the Far East.
- Carrying out the resolutions of the 25th CPSU Cor_bress and rhe July and November
(1978) Plenums of the CPSU Central Con7mittee, governed by the theses and conclusions
- stemming from speeches by Comrade L. I. Brezhnev, CPSU Central Committee General Sec-
retary and USSR Supreme Soviet Presidium Chairman, and actualizing the CPSU Central
Couunittee ar..d USSR Council of Ministers Decree "On Steps to Develop Rail Transport
in 1976-1980" and other decrees, rail transport workers have been seeking out addi-
tional reserves for better meeting the requirements of the national economy and the
population for shipments. A great deal of corresponding work is being done by rail-
road collectives of Siberia and the Far East under rhe slogan "Outstanding Transport
Service for Regions of Siberia and the Far East."
- Due to its specifics, transport production is a complex management mechanism which is
different from industry. In recent years, it has been r_onsiderably improved, but in
1, KOMMUNIST, No 6, 1978, p 22.
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a number of instances it has not fully met the growing demands for improved quality -
and efficie.ncy in transport services to the population and the national economy. For ~
that reason, workers in rail and other types of transp ort have greeted with profound
satisfaction the CPSU Centra'L Committee Decree "On Further Improving the Economic
_ Mechanism and the Tasks of Party and State Orgar>s," as well as the CPSU Central Com-
mittee and i1SSR Council of Ministers Decree "On Improv ing Planning and Strengthening -
the Influence of the Economic Mechanism on Improving P roduction Eff ectiveness and
Work Quality." With a view towards fundamentally improving the orgarLization of "
freight and passenger shipments and intensifying the influence of the economic mech-
anism on the end results of transport enterprise activity, the transport ministries
have worked out concrete proposals on improving planning, increasing the effective- ~
- ness of capital investments, strengthening the role of cost accounting, economic le-
vers and incentives with consideration of the branch f eatures of transport organiza-
= tion activity. The economic mechanism improved on th e basis of these proposals must _
arouse transport workers to make more active use of intensive growth factors, to ac- _
cept 2nd carry out taut plans, to better coordinate th eir work, reduce inefficient -
shipments, save resources, lower shipment net cost and increase labor productivity -
_ in every way possible.
_ Transport-Economic Ties of the Eastem Regions
Material and Labor Resources and Their Economic Importance
During the years of building socialism, the heroic labor of the Soviet people has
transformed Siberia and the Far East, backward outreaches of Russia in the prerevo-
lutionary period, into a region with powerful, modern industry and highly developed
agriculture. The largest hydroelectric power plants in the country and centers of
- tractor, agricultural and other bran.ches of mac:hine building, ferrous and nonferrous
metallurgy, chemistry and petrochemistry have been created here. Large new indus-
trial centers have arisen at Novosibirsk, Omsk, KemeXOVO, Novokuznetsk, Krasnoyarsk,
_ Irkutsk and Khabarovsk. Large scientific and personnel training centers of state-
wide importance have been created.
Siberia and the Far East currently include three autonomous soviet socialist repub-
lics Buryatia, Yakutia and Tuva; they include four krays Altayskiy, Krasno-
yarskiy, Khabarovskiy and Primorskiy, and 11 oblasts. Siberia and the Far East co-
ver a territocy of more than 13 million square kilometers, or slightly more than 60
percent of all the territory in the Soviet Union. Some 26.6 million peopley 10.5
percent of the country's population, live here.
Anticipating the enormous role of the natural wealth of Siberia in developing th e
country's economy, V. I. Lenin and the Soviet government he headed proposed, back
in 1918, that a comprehensive project be worked out f or uniting the iron ore of the
Urals with the anthracite coal of the Kuznetsk Basin. Attention was focused on the .
necessity of thoroughly studying the hydroelectric resources of this area. "Develop-
ment of these natural riches using the latest equipment will provide a basis for the -
unprecedented pro;ress of our productive furces."1 Later, in the GOELRO plan worked
out on the initiative and under the leadership of V. I. Lenin, which was with full
justification called the second party program, it was pointed out that the very rich

l. V. I. Lenin, "Poln. sobr. soch." [Complete Collected Works], Vol 36, p 188.
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anthracite coal deposits of the Kuznetsk region and the fortunate combinatian of coal
and iron almost immediately adjacent to one another give us every gr.ounds for describ-
ing the Kuznetsk Basin as a regi.on of anthracite coal and iron industry with broad
prospects for further development.
In carrying out these concepts of V. I. Lenin's, the Comnunist Party and Soviet go-
vernment, in the very first five-year plan, began creating the Urals-Kuznetsk com-
plex, the largest coal-metallurgical base in the country's East. This was the most
important industrial complex in the preurar period. The Magnitogorsk and Kuznetsk
metallurgical combines were built very quickly. The latter was already smelting
1,536,000 tons of pig in 1940. Coal mining in the Kuzbass increased from 3.6 mil-
lion tons in 1930 to 21.1 million tons in 1940. In the north, we began building the
Noril'sk Mining-Metallurgical Combine. The first machine-building and metalworking
enterprises were built in Omsk, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Barnaul, Ulan-Ude, Vladi-
vostok and Khabarovsk.
The far-sighted economic policy of the Communist Party was affirmed with particular
force during World War. II. When Fascist Germany temporarily occupied the Donbass
and other regions, the Urals and Siberia became the basic suppliers of coal and met-
al and the forge of our weapons. During World War II, more than 320 large industri-
al emterprises were relocated in Siberia from the European regions of the country.
In the post-war years, the productive forces of these regions began a new stage of
their development. There was accelerated utilizaCion of new territories, the exten-
sive involvement of coal, petroleum, gas, nonferrous metal and wood resources in eco-
nomic circulation, very large manufacturing enterprises, railroads and other roads
were built, and the entire nonproductive sphere was created. New construction has
been done here with the extensive use of the achievements of scientific and technical
- progress.
The country`s largest hydroelectric power plants were built on the Angara, Yenisey,
Ob' and other rivers. Energy-intensive branches of industry were developed quickly
on a cheap energy base. The Krasnoyarsk Aluminum Complex, Achinskiy Alumina Combine,
- Krasnoyarsk Metallurgical Piant and many other enterprises were built. A strong base
was created for chemical industry, its basis being the production of mineral ferti-
lizers, plastics, synthetic resins, synthetic fibers and tires. Zinc, lead, copper,
- nickel and other nonferrous metals are smelted at large enterprises with modern equip-
. ment. For many branches of industry, Siberia and the I'ar East have assumed a leading
position in the unionwide territorial division of labor in a brief historical period.
- The geological surveying work being done with reserves of petroleum, gas and other
minerals on a broad front and the study of timber, water and other resources have
permitted a new appraisal of the region's resource potential. A new Siberia with
the entire gamut of natural resources needed for the long-range development of the
- country's economy has been opened up for our contemporaries and for future genera-
= tions.
Providing the country with natural resources is the most important factor in develop-
, ing social production. The presence of major, highly-effective natural resources
creates conditions for rapid growth in economic potential and largely determines the
- scientific substantiation of long-range plans for deve].oping the country's national
= economy. Studying more fully the natural resources af Siberia and the Far East and
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the opening up here of very large deposits of natural gas, coal, ores, ferrous and
nonferrous metals are therefore of enormous importance in determitiing prospects for
developing the economy not just of this region, but of the entire country.
As Chairman of the USSR Gosplan, G. M. Krzhizhanovskiy, one of the organizers of the
' Scviet economy and national economic planning, said, "It does happen quite often that
people do a little bragging when talking about local problems and defending local
needs, b,it when Siberia speaks of its riches, there is no danger of this kind of
= bias, for the question of Siberia's mineral wealth and of utilizing it is not na-
tional, but worldwide in scale. There are no elements of petty bragging whatsoever
_ here."
_ The regions of Siberia and the Far East have a great future. Whereas during the
first five-year plans these regions were known as a zone of endless taiga and mighty
- rivers where one could produce enormous amounts of hydroelectric power, as regions
~ with large coal basins and agriculture, today they are viewed from promising new na-
tional economic positions.
The opening of new deposits of nonferrous metals, petroleum and gas discoveries, the
fuller use of timber resources and utilization of the northern territories are radi-
cally altering the direction and scope of development of the region's economy in the
near, and especially the remote, future. Along with the fomation of the country's
- largest raw material and energy base, branches of processing industry will also be
developed at high rates. That is why the statement by the great Russian scientist
M. V. Lomonosov that Russian might will be augmented by Siberia has taken on unpre-
cedented topicality.
The present level of development of the country's economy permits allocating capital
� investments and material-technical means suf�icient to solve major, unionwide prob-
lems asscciated with developing the economy of Siberia and the Far East. The coun-
. try has highly skilled workers, engineers 3nd administrators to do this. The level
of scientific and technical progress achieved permits mastering the most remote,
hardest to reach regions.
- Let us examine several problems of the economic and social development of Siberia
- and the Far East.
One especially important major interbranch problem is that of fuel and energy. In
the era of scientific and technical progress, the demand for fuel resources is grow-
ing rapidly.
As was already noted, Siberia and the Far East have a fuel and energy potential.
Back in 1932, Academician I. M. Gubkin, anticipating major petroleum di.scoveries in
the eastern regions, asserted that it was time to begin a systematic search for pe-
troleum on the eastern slopes of the Urals. Geological conditions enabled him to
assume that searching for petroleum here would not be fruitless, that the prospect-
ing would be crowned with success and that the prospects for and importance of pe-
troleum development in these regions would be enormous. Academician I. M. Gubkin's
assumptions were borne out. The first gas deposits were proven in the Berezovo re-
gion in 1953 and the first oilfield was opened in September 1959 in the Mulym'insk-
aya structure, not far from Shaim villagz. Since that time, we have found dozens of
new petroleum, gas and gas-condensate deposits. Natural gas reserves just in Nadym-
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Purskaya petroleum and gas-bearing province are estimated at 23.5 trillion cubic
meters. In view of the fact that tt.is area is as yet poorly studied, we can assume -
that there will be new discoveries.
Gas reserves in Leno-Vilyuyskaya gas-bearing'province are tentatively estimated at
over one trillton cubic meters. Alongside the Leno-VLlyuyskaya, geologists think
we will have to delineate the I,eno-Aldanskaya and Anabarskaya petroleum-gas bearing
provinces and will have to begin studying them in the very near future. -
_The regions of Siberia and the Far East currently oc.r.upy an important place nationally in terms of petroleum and gas reserves. Even now, Western Siberia is one of the coun-
try's primary petroleum extraction centers. At tl:e end of the lOth Five-Year Plan,
petroleum extraction here will be 300-310 million tons, and Siberia and the Far East will be accounting for 50 percent of the country's total. Gas extract:ion will reach
125-155 billion cubic meters in 1980 and the region as a whole will account for about
38 percent of the country's total during this period. -
The regions of Siberia and the Far East are unique in terms of coal reserves and con-
centration. Geologists estimate that upwards of 90 percent of the Soviet Union's
coal reserves are in Siberia. The bulk of the country's coal basins are situated
- here.
The mining oF power and coking caals has increased rapidly in the Kuznetsk Coal Basin ~
and at open cuts in the Kansko-Achinskiy Basin, at the Neryungrinskiy basin and otfier
coal deposits. The bulk of the union's coal mining will be concentrated here in the
future. Heretofore inadequately surcreyed coal deposits in the Tungusskiy basin and -
in the central and northern portions of Krasnoyarskiy Kray will be called upon to
play a very significant role in solving the country's fuel and energy problem in the
more distant f uture. Large reserves of high-quality coking coals have been proven
near the Baykal-Amur Mainline and in Southern Yakutia. We began mining coal in the
Berezovo coal cut in the lOth Five-Year Plan. In this regard, it is to the point to -
- note that in terms of coal reserves, the Kuzbass, for example, has four times the re-
serves of the Donbass. In terms of coal quality, the Kuznetsk basin is unequalled.
One of the largest mines, the "Raspadskaya," is located here. -
- Deposits of f errous and nonferrotes metals are also concentrated in this region. One _
characteristic feature is a high concentration of highest-quality ores in large de- _
_ posits such as the Udokanskoye, Talnakhslcoye, Gorevskoye, Ozernoye and others, which
ensures that their exploitation will be very efficient. In terms of iron ore re-
serves, this region equals the Urals and the Ukraine.
Hydraelectric power generation is growing rapidly in Siberia and the Far F:ast. The
rivers of Eastern Siberia are especially rich in hydroelectric power resources
Yenisey, Angara, Aldan, Vitim. The total capacity of the Ob', Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk,
Bratsk, iJst'-Ilimskaya, Us t '-Khan tayskaya and Zeyskaya hydroel.ectric power plants
exceeds 15 million kilowatts. We are buiiding the country's largest GES, the Bere-
zovsicaya, with a capacity of 6.4 million kilowatts. After that will come construc-
tion of several other GES's with a total canacity of up to 20 million kilowatts. In
the future, when the Sayano-Shtishenskaya GES is at fuZl capacity and the Boguchain- -
skaya, Maynskaya, Central Yenisey, Osinovskaya, Nizhnye--Tungusskaya, Kureyskaya, Bur-
= eyskaya and other GES's have been built, the total capacity of the hydroelectric po- -
- wer ger.erating enterprises here will be 45-50 million kilowatts, and avexage annual
electric power generation will be 200 billion kilowatt-hours.
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Such a concentration of electric power generation at huge hydro- and thermal electric
_ power plants ensures that their production will be very economical. In turn, that _
creates conditior.s favorable to solving anotner most important problem, that of si-
" tuating new energy-intensive production in rhe East. Nonferrous metallurgy, chemis-
try and petxochemistry are the most energy-intensive branches of the national eco-
nomy. Sufrice it to say that 16,000 to 17,000 kW-hr of electricity is requ.ired to
- produce one ton of aluminum, 60 kW-hr to produce a ton of titanium, Lnd 12,000 kW-hr ~
~ to produce a ton of synthetic rubber. -
= It is also known that the proportion oF fuel and electricity in the net cost of these
_ types of output reaches 30-50 percent. Therefore, energy-intensive production is
generally situated in regions with cheap electricity.
_ In Eastern Siberia, with its tremendous, highly eff icient energy resources, such
large consumers of electricity as aluminum plants, electrochemical combines, arti-
ticial f ibers plants, ferroalloy s plants and pulp-paper combines will be put into
operation in the lOth and subsequent five-year plans. For example, the main consumer
= of electric power from tt-:e Sayano-Shushenskaya GES will be the Sayanskiy Aluminum
Plant. Putting the Tayshet and Far Eastern metallurgical plants, the Krasnoyarsk
i Elec trometallurgical Combine and other large facilities into operation will signif i-
- cantly increase the proportion of the eastern regions in unionwide production of the
_ main types of nonferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical output. Thus, the
amount of energy-intensive production is being introduced in the country's East, to-
wards sources of cheap raw material and fuel. The territorial proportions of the
- distribution of productive forces are being improved.
At the same time, given all the favorable conditlons for developing energy-intensive
production in Siberia and the Far East, the most important problem will be transport-
- ing power and commercial fuel.
The development o.f chemical and petrochemical industry in Siberia is ensured by the
_ presence of hydrocarbon raw material resources, cheap fuel, water and convenient en-
terprise sites. A powerful Siberian petrochemical industry is being created simul-
taneously with the increase in petroleum and gas extraction. In the central Ob' re-
gion, where petroleum extraction is concentrated, gas processing plant construction
has been proceeding at a rapid pace in recent years. The first central Ob' plants
� hav e already begun operating, processing several billion cubic meters of casin--head
_ gas per year.
By the end of the five-year plan, when several more gas processing plants will have
begun operating, the "Sib nef tegazpererabotka" production association will have con-
siderably increased its delivery of casing-head gas and unstable gasoline, a very
valuable hydrocarbon raw material, to tne national economy. All gas processing
plan ts will be provided with domestic equipment and will be highly automated and
mechanized.
_ Ir. 1977, a gas pipeline was laid from the central Ob' area to the Kuzbass. This very
efficient fuel began arriving at Kemerovo enterprises of the "Azot" production asso-
ciation and at other manufacturing centers of the industrial Kuzbass. Unstable gaso-
line will go to the Tobol'sk and Tomsk petrochemical coinplexes, which will produce
- synthetic rubber, household chemicals and chemical fibers. The construction and
= start-up of enterprises of the Tobol'sk, Tcnsk, Ach insk and other petrochemical
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complexes, as well as enterprises to produce mineral fertilizers and fiberglass, and
- the renovation and expansion of existing enterprises in this region to supplement
the petrochemical combines in operation at Omsk and Angarsk will ensure the rapid
development of petrochemistry of unionwide importance.
2'he production of chlororganic synthesis output, viscose f ibers and other output is
being expanded in Eastern Siberia. Bringing up the Ziminskiy and Usol'ye-Sibirskiy
electrochemical combines and other chemical enterprises to fu11 capacity will ensure
accelerated growth in the production of output of this branch. Siberia will become
= a region with important chemical industry.
One of the most important conditions for developing productive forces in the eastern -
regions is a high level of provision of them with modern machinery and equipment and
continued improvement of the multibranch machine-building complex which has been
created here.
Under present conditions in Western Siberia, machine building is a production special-
ization branch. This complex occupies a considerable proportion of unionwide produc-
- tion in terms of energy, electrical-engineering, tractor and agricultural machine
building. Large, specialized enterprises have been created here which are producing
- up to 50 percent of the d.c. electrical machinery, upwards of 35 percent of the large
steam boilers, about eight percent of the tractors, more than 40 percent of the trac-
tor plows and a significant amount of other machine-building industry output.
= Along w'Lth the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Combine, West Siberia and Novosibirsk metallur-
= gical plants and the metallurgical plant in Komsomol'sk-on-Amur, large machine-build-
ing plants have risen up in Novosibirsk, Omsk, Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk, Krasnoyarsk, -
Irkutsk and Abakan, and transport machine-building plants have arisen in Krasnoyarsk,
Altaysk and Vladivostok. Locomotive repair plants in Novosibirsk, Ulan-Ude and Us-
suriysk and car-repair plants in Barnaul, Anzhero-Sudzhensk and Bogotol are engaged
in repairing rolling stock and producing spare parts. Mach ine-build ing enterprises
of Siberia and the Far East ship their output to European regions of the country,
Central Asia and Kazakhstan. At the same time, large amounts of technology and
equipment are being received from the European portion of the country and from the
Urals, especially for utilizing the new territories.
Development of the economy of the eastern regions and utilizing the northern terri-
tories have required further development of heavy machine-building complexes and
growth in capacities to produce equipment for metallurgical and ore-mining industry,
. lift-transport and loading-unloading work, roadbuilding equipment and drilling equip-
- ment.
In view of the labor resources def icit in the eastern regions, energy- and metal-
intensive and relatively low labor-intensive branches of machine building are being
developed there. Electrical engineering machine building is being expanded a
large center of enterprises in this branch is being created in Minusinsk. Electrical
engineering plants in Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk and other cities are being renovated
and expanded. Particular attention is being paid to increasing the capacities of
machine-building enterprises which supply output te chemical, petrochemical, petrol-
eum and gas industry; we anticipate producing northein modifications of correspond-
ing machinery and equipment.
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The timber resources of the eastern regions are enormously valuable to the national
- economy. The resolutions of the 25th Communist Party Congress on prospects for de-
- veloping the economy of Siberia and the Far East pay a great deal of attention to
- th e fuller, comprehensive use of timber resources of this zone. The "Basic Direc-
t ions of Developing the USSR National Economy in 1976-1980" stress the necessity of
expanding procurements of wood and processing it in Siberia and the Far East, of im-
- p roving the use of the wood procured, and accelerating growth in capacities for the
chemical and mechanical processing of wood scraps, substandard and deciduous wood.
- Th e timber resources of the eastern regions are more than 61 billion cubic meters,
more than 75 percent of unionwide reserves of valuable varieties of mature and over-
mature wood. Each year, up to 360-370 million cubic meters of wood could be shippe3
- out of here. Thus, with intelligent use of these resources and thorough chemical and
mechanical processing ef wood, we could meet practically all the demand for timber,
- wood-processing and pulp-paper industry output in Siberia and the Far East.
- The 24th Party Congress set the very important task of considerably increasing the
release of timber material, cellulose, paper, cardboard, furniture and sheet wood
without substantially expanding the amount of timber procured. As a result, the
c ountry has developed a new and very progressive form of organizing timber, wood-
p rocessing and pulp-paper industry industrial timber complexes. They are con-
c erned with the thorough chemical and mechanical processing of wood and scrap, which
- p ermits *_he comprehensive use of aIl the wood procured.
_ S uffice it to say that the amount of wood shipped out in the Ninth Five-Year Plan
increased by only 2.6 percent, while glywood production grew by 7.3 percent, cellu-
1 ose production by 33.8 percent, and paper and cardboard production by 26.6
p ercent. Production of splint-slab and wood-fiber sheet has increased even more sig-
_ nificantly.
_ The industrial timber complexes are set up as continuous timber use enterprises.
Th ey not only use timber resources thriftily, but also reforest.
Th is form of industrial timber production organization is of especially important
- significance for Siberia and the Far East, with their enormous timber resources and
cheap fuel and electricity. A very great deal of attention is being paid to creat-
ing a system of large timber-industry complexes in these regions. The Bratsk Timber
Industry Complex was started up at full capacity in the Ninth Five-Year Plan. Con-
s truction of all facilities at the Ust'-Ilimskiy Timber Industry Complex, the new gi-
an t of Siberian timber chemistry, is proceeding apace. Thorough chemical and mechan-
ical processing of all wood, including leaves, as well as timber-felling and wood-
p rocessing scrap, is being nrganized at enterprises of the Ust-'Ilimskiy Timber In-
dustry Complex. The cellulose plant in this complex will produce 550,000 tons of
_ c ellulose, 1.2 million cubic meters of lumber, 250,000 cubic meters of splint-slah
sh eet, a considerable amount of glued sheet, light oils, turpentine and other out-
- put each year. The hycirolytic-yeast plant in this complex will manufacture several
tens of thousands of tons of feed yeasts and more than 10,000 tons of furfural per
year.
Su ch comprehensive use of wood ensures a significant savings of raw material. It
is known that each ton of box cardboarci, for which substandard raw material and wood
processing scrap is generally used, replaces up to 15 cubic meters of commercial wood.
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" Enterprises of the complex are being provided with the latest technology and equip-
ment. The use of unique highly productive equipment and progressive technological
processes ensures high labor productivity, which is especially iuiportant for regions
experiencing a shortage of labor resources.
Construction of this complex is one of the most important tasks of the lOth Five-Year
_ Plan. During his visit ta Irkutsk, Comrade L. I. Brezhnev, CPSU Central Committee
General Secretary and USSR Supreme Soviet Presidium Chairman, said in a conversation
_ with leaders of the oblast party organization: "...The Ust'-Ilimskiy complex is to
_ be specialized for timber industry, which will improve the provision of the country
with paper, cardboard and other timber-chemistry products. As you know, the country
is in grea.t need of such output."1
In the future, we plan to create a system of industrial timber complexes in the hea-
- vily forested regions of Siberia and the Far East. Some of these complexes (Asinov-
- skiy, Maklakovo-Yeniseyskiy) are already being built and planning documentation is
being worked out for others. The start-up of enterprises of these complexes will
- enable us to sharply increase the production of paper, cardboard and other output
_ of the chemical and mechanical processing of wood. Siberia and the Far East will
become very important producers of this output.
The formation of very large centers to ship out and thoroughly process wood chemically
and mechanically in this region is characterized by high economic effectiveness. Gi-
- ven output capital intensiveness equal to that in the European regions and the Urals,
the net cost of shipping out one cubic meter of wood is 20 percent lower here than
on average for the country and expenditures to produce one cubic meter of lumber are
- 25 percent lower. The organization of thorough chemical-mechanical processing re-
quires very large expenditures of fuel. The fuel component for Siberian timber in-
dustry complexes is five-fold lower than for complexes located in the Komi ASSR and
six-fold lower than for complexes in Arkhangel'skaya Oblast.
The creation of timber industry complexes also provides an opportunity to reduce im-
ports of raw material in connection with the fact the bulk of it will be processed
locally. Unprocessed timber is currently being shipped in significant amounts. Thus,
just the regions of Eastern Siberia and the Far East now ship out more than 30 mil-
lion tons of rough timber. It should be noted that 35-40 percent less rolling stock
is required to ship processed wood than to ship rough timber. Consideration must
- also be given to the fact that in the eastern regions, which are thus far basically
- raw material regions, there is no surplus of empties, so they must be sent, empty,
- some 4,000 to 5,000 km, which is very expensive and which ties up the throughput ca-
pacity of the lines with the heaviest freight traffic.
- Tn terms of water reserves and catchment area, Siberia and the Far East also Iead the
country. Such large rivers as the Ob', Yenisey, Angara, Lena and Amur play an espe-
cially important role in the water balance of this enplfmous region. The Irtysh, Tom',
Biya, Katun', Abakan, Biryusa, Kiya, Chulym, Zeya,,-1!rureya and other rivers are of
gr.eat importance in providing tne southern portion of the region with water resources.
Lake Baykal�plays a very important r.ole among the country's reservoirs, and protect-
ing it from pollution and using it inte].ligently are of nationwide importance.

1. KOMMIJNIST, No 6, 1978, p
.
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The problem of diverting a portion of the Ob' and Irtysh to Central Asia and Kazakh-
stan has been discussed for many years now in the press and is being worked out in �
planning and scientific research organizations. The concept is taking on especially -
important significance now. But the problem can be solved only after research is =
complete on the impact it will have on the natural complex of Western Siberia, ice `
conditions in the Ob' gulf, climatic conditions in the North, and conditions asso-
ciated with further developing fishing and water transport in the Ob'-Irtysh basin.
Researching all the ecological equilibrium problems in this territory will require
a certain amount of time.
- The problems of developing and improving the agroindustrial complex of Siberia and
the Far East are now being solved basically along the lines of ineeting the demands.,_,
of the local population for basic foodstuffs. At the same time, the immense tracts
of arable agricultural land here are of great value statewide. The changeover of
all branches of agricultural production to industrial methods and technology is one
of the most important problems of agricultural development. Given very insignificant
expansion of the area sown, grain production could in the very near future be in-
- creased by 60-70 percent over the 1975 level and potato and vegetable production
- could be increased nearly two-fold. Production of ineat, milk and eggs will also
increase.
At the July (1978) CPSU Central Committee Plenum, Comrade L. I. Brezhnev emphasized
the great importance of solving the problem of agricultural production in Siberia
and the Far East. He said, "The fact is that this problem has not yet found its
proper place in the complex of ineasures to develop the zone's economy. We will
have to spend large sums to import agricultural products to this zone, many of
which could be successfully produced locally. I think this must be corrected so
that the people's needs for such products as meat, milk, eggs, vegetibles, potatoes
and certain others are met as much as possible by local production."
Substantial changes have occurred in recent years in agriculture in the region. Po-
werful dairy stockraising complexes and cattle and hog raising and fattening com-
plexes are being created in all krays and oblasts, and we are also building poultry
farms and hothouse-greenhouse farms.
The increase in the amount of agricultural autput produced must be achieved basically
by increasing the yields of all crops and by growth in stockraising productiveness.
Given modern equipment, the extensive use of fertilizers and improvement in plowed
field cultivation, this task is already being resolved successfully. The region's
agriculture now produces 25-26 million tons of grain, nore than one million tons of
meat and up to one million tons of potatoes annually. Some 1.9 million northern
deer, 82.5 percent of the nation's total, are concentrated here. Finally, Siberia
- and the Far East in particular play an important role in providing the population
with fish and seafood.
One of the most c:flmplex problems in neveloping the economy of Siberia and the Far _
East is that of labor resources. Although the popii]_ation of this region's enormous
territory more than doubled (from 12.3 to 26.6 mi?].ion) in the SO years from 1926
through 1975, the increment in population was 4.1 million from 1959 through 1975,
l. KOIyIIrIUNIST, No 10, 1978, p 30.
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and accelerated implementation of the long-range comprehensive probram for develop-
ing productive forces will require a consj.derable increase in labor resources.
The basic source for meeting the national economy's demand for labor resources is
young people. Their role in reinforcing labor resources is growing steadily. In
the Seventh Five-Year Plan (1961-1965), they provided 29.1 percent of the increment
in labor resources, in 1966-1970 74.5 percent, and in the Ninth Five-Year Plan ~
92.3 percent. Calculations support the conclusion that the demand for labor re-
sources in all branches of the economy of Siberia and the Far East will continue to
be met basically through this source. At the same time, it will contirrse to be ne- _
cessary ta reinforce the region's population and labor resources from the European
- part of the country. People are being drawn to these regions by the tremendous scope
of the construction, by the broad prospects for developing the economy. But the
needs here are not just for labor resources in general, but for skilled workers, en- -
_ gineers and workers for pJ.anning and scientific research organizations.
The labor resources reproduction problem is closely linked to meeting people's di-
verse material and spiritual needs. This feature of labor resources as a factor in
social production demands creation of the conditions needed for people to live and
work, for steady growth in the well-being of the workers.
During his trip through Siberia and the Far East, Comrade L. I. Brezhnev paid excep-
tionally close attention to questions of creating conditions which will ensure the
securing of labor resources here.
_ In his speech to members of the Irkutskaya obkom bureau, in his speech to partici-
- pants in the meeting of Far East kraykom and obkom fi.rst secretaries, and in other
meetings, questions of creating the conditions necessary to secure labor resources
were broadly reflected. Thus, in noting the enormous role of Komsomol members and
y ouung people summoned by their hearts to build the Baykal-Amur Mainline and master
the natural resources of this area, Comrade L. I. Brezhnev said: "We need to create
good living conditions near the construction sites, paying more attention to the con-
struction of housing, clubs and schools, and do this with the necessary scope and at
the necessary technical level, with consideration of climatic conditions. This task
is thoroughly a party task and it must be resolved at the present stage by paity or-
ganizations of all the krays and oblasts through which the BAM route passes."
_ In order to solve the problem of increasing labor resources in Siberia and the Far
East, we are already doing a great deal. Thus, we anticipate high rates of housing,
cultural- and personal-services construction. Wage supplements have been established
for length of employment, as have higher regional wage factors for workers and em-
ployees. About 52 million square meters of housing was put into operation here in
the Niath Five-Year Plan and the number of hospital beds increased by nearly 100,000
as compared with 1965. The availability of physicians to the pogulation in Western
Siberia and the Far East is higher than on average for the RSFSR.
Main Directions of the Development and Siting of Territorial-Production Complexes
The resolutions of the 25th Party Congress and subsequent CPSU Central Committee
Plenums pay a great deal of attention to questions of working out comprehensive

1. KOMMUNIST, No 6, 1978, p 19.
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territorial programs. Comrade L. I. Brezhnev said in the CPSU Central Committee Ac-
countability Report to the 25th Party Congress, "...the question has arisen of im--
proving the methods of comprehensively solving large-scale statewide interbranch and
territorial problems. We require unified, centralized programs covering all work
stages froM planning to practical implementation."1 Such long-r3nge regional pro-
_ grams encompassing the entire work complex from scientific-technical preparation and
_ uti'.izing new territory to the release of finished products are being carried out in
nearly all regions of the country.
The large-scale long-term comprehensive programs being i.mplemented in Siberia and the _
Far East tiow deCermine in significant measure the rates, lr:vels and effectiveness of
- developing the economies of both of these regions and of the country as a whole. Com-
prehensive development of the economy in newly utilized regions with various highly -
economical minerals signifies first of all the.more intelligent use of labor resourcesy =
a higher level of capital investment eff ectiveness and a reduction in operating ex- -
penses.
The comprehensive programs must anticipate production specialization, cooperation and _
consolidation with consideration of interbrancn and interregional production ties, as
well as minimization of transport outlays. Locating industrial enterprises in large
_ industrial centers ensures an average savings of about 20 percent in capital invest-
ments as compared with the construction of isolated enterprises, including a savings
of 17--20 percent on power engineering, an 18-20 percent savings on housing, municipal-
and personal-services construction, a savings of 8-12 percent on the construction and _
= operation of railroads and local-traffic roads, and a 13-17 percent savings for the '
complex as a whole. Comprehensive development of the economy also ensures a signifi- -
cant savings in operating outlays thanks to the creation of a power-engineering base
common to all branches, the creation of unified utilities and the organization of
group services by auxiliary enterprises for all branches of the economy. According
to preliminary calculations, this savings will be 14-18 percent. In order to obtain =
_ that economic impact, we will require precise organization in the planning, construc-
tion and management of each territorial production complex, with consideration of all
- factors, especially transport. Thus, whereas shipments on interrayon tracks are com-
paratively short (approximately 300-400 km) in the European portion of the country,
they are approximately 1,000 km or more in the eastern regions. -
- Amcng the territorial production complexes being formed and those already in opera-
tion in various parts of the country, the West Siberia national economic complex has
no equal in terms of scope of industrial construction or importance of the socioeco-
- nomic problems being solved. This complex is being created in Tyumenskaya and Tomsk-
aya oblasts on an area of upwards of 1,750,000 1m2. Accelerated utilization of the
petroleum, gas, timber and other resources on this sparsely inhabited territory, with
its harsh climatic conditions, the construction of numerous enterprises of various
- branches of the national economy, development of agricultural production, and crea-
tion of the production and social infrastructure have become possible only under de-
veloped socialism.
- The powerful economic potential which has been created in the country and the avail-
ability of highly skilled workers, engineers and administrators ensure the solution
of many very large problems in this region.

1. "Materialy XXV s"yezda KPSS," Moscow, Izd-vo Politixdat, 1976, p 61. -
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The most powerful fuel and energy base in r.he country has beea created here in a very
_ brief period (1965-1979). Over that same period, a whole series of railroads and
~ highways were built to serve the population and enterprises of this complex. Large _
- oil and gas pipeline systems were laid and more than 17 million square meters of
' housing was built. -
- In the lOth Five-Year Plan, we have begun creating the "second stories" of the com-
plex, the processing industry branches. We are building gas-processing plants to
- use casing-head gas and the Tobol'sk and Tomsk petrochemical combines. The first
, line of the Surgutskaya GRES has been put into operation and the second line is be-
- ing built; capacity will reach 2.5 million kilowatts by 1980.
In view of the labor resources deficit, all branches of the compZex are making exten-
- sive use of the achievements of scientif ic and technical progress, which ensures la-
bor expenditure economy. Petroleum and gas deposits are being mastered using the
_ latest achievemerits of science and engineering. Maximum industrialization of con-
struction and the extensive use of progressive complete-unit installations when put-
ting up many facilities are permitting a sharp improvement in labor productivity.
Major socioeconomic problems of unionwide importance will be solved successfully as
a result of the :reation of this national economic complex. There will be a substan-
- tial equalization of the levels of economic development of the country's western and -
eastern regions. A new fuel and energy base, the country's largest, is being formed
in Western Siberia. The long-range program for developing productive forces at the
West Siberia complex which was worked out by the 25th CPSU Congress and which is be-
- ing successfully implemented ensures high rates of development of the region's pro- `
ductive forces.
The dominant role of the West Siberia national economic complex in shaping the coun-
try's long-range fuel and energy balance had been set by the end of the Ninth Five-
_ Year Plan. This region provided 83 percent of the unionwide increment in petroleum .
extraction in the Ninth Five-Year Plan. Intensive utilization of the petroleum and
_ gas resources of Western Siberia will provide all the unionwide increment in petro-
leum extraction and more than 80 percent of the increment in gas extraction in the
lOth Five-Year Plan. The transfer of gas and petroleum from Tyumenskaya Oblast to
European regions of the country is the primary direction in which the deficit in -
this zone's fuel and energy balance is being covered. Resolution of this task is ~
- inseparably connected with strengthening transport ties between the country's west-
ern and eastern regions.
We propose to meet the electric and thermal energy needs of the West Siberia complex
- in an economically effective way (estimating the possible interregional importance
_ of the branch) primarily through the construction of large electric power plants us-
ing central Ob' natural and casing-head gas.
- The timber zone of Western Siberia, which is located considerably closer to the main
consumers of wood than the timber zone of Eastern Siberia and the Far East, will in
the future become one of the largest, nationally important centers for thoroughly
processing wood chemically and mechanically and shipping it. We plan the construc-
- tion of several industrial timber complexes here. Creation of these complexes and
, combines to produce protein-vitamin compounds and individual specialized enterprises
will make radical changes in the structure of timber-industry production and will
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sharply increase the proportion of thoroughly processed wood products cellulose,
paper, cardbaard, plywood, feed yeast and other output.
According to available estimates, the net output of the West Siberia petroleum and
_ gas complex during the Ninth Five-Year Plan was 26 billion rubles, and the volume
of petroleum and natural gas extraction planned for the lOth Five-Year Plan is es-
timated to be possibly 90 billion rubles in terms of net output.
The new Tyumen' - Surgut railroad has played an enormous role in developing the capa-
cities of this complex. Organizing its temporary operation and its acceptance for
. full operation ahead of schedule approximated the schedules for utilizing the petro-
leun and gas deposits by approximately two years. This confirms once again the con-
clusion that the effectiveness of the new railroads cannot be evaluated in isolation
from the effecti-veness of the entire complex. 'Phe effectiveness of building trans-
port communications as part of a complex's infrastructure should be evaluated in
terms of integral impact obtained for the entire territorial production complex as
a whole.
A system of Angara-Yenisey territorial producta.on complexes with various directions
of economic development is being formed in Eastern Siberia. Among these complexes
are the Central-Krasnoyarsk, Nizhne-Angarskiy, Central-Irkutsk, Sayanskiy and Bratsko-
Ust'-Ilimskiy. The latter two complexes have been developed rapidly in the Ninth and
lOth five-year plans. Other complexes are in the planning stage. The plans for
~ creating these complexes anticipate the development of electric power engineering
and coal industry and the creation of new and expansion of existing energy-intensive
production and large timber processing enterprises. In this regard, there will be
the most effective development of various types of transport, ensuring successful
utilization of the growing shipments.
Construction of the large open-pit coal mine in the Kansk-Achinsk basin, as well as
- the Berezorska.ya GRES in its area was expanded during this five-year plan. Geologists
- have explored huge reserves of lignite coals in a seam estimated to be 25-30 meters
wide, 70 and even 100 meters wide in places, along the Transsiberian Railroad from
Bogotol and Achinsk to Kansk and Abakan. The coal is 12-16 meters deep, but it does
not ship well and has a high ash and moisture content. T'herefore, we propose creat-
ing several large GRES's with a total capacity of more than 26 million kilowatts
here. The f irst, the Berezovskaya, is already being built. Tne complex's GRES's
will produce 160-170 billion kilowatt-hours of electric power annually. For compa-
rison, note that in 1955 the electric power plants of the Soviet Union produced a
total of 170 billion kilowatt-hours of electric power. The power from these GRES's
- will reach many enterprises of Siberia and meet the needs of the municipal- and
personal-services sector. Several open-pit coal mines with a capacity of 55-60 mil-
lion tons of coal each will begin operating; coal is already being mined at the Ir-
- sha-Borodinskiy and Nazarovskiy open-pit mines and the Berezovskiy cut, with a capa-
city of 55 million tons of coal per year, is being built. Huge amounts of coal will
move by conveyor to the Berezovskaya and other GRES's. At the same time, the fuel
mined and the energy generated cannot all be used here. Moreover, consicieration must
be given to the shortage of power fuel in the Ura:i.s and the European part of the coun-
try. In this connection, the task o~ transporting large amounts of fuel or trans-
mitting ele.ctric power from the Kanske-Achinskiy complex considerable distances will
become very pressing. Research is being done now in this area,
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In accord wiih the resci_utions ot: the 25tn C~SU Congre:ss, we iulve basicai-y com~~l~_tc�d
shaping the Bratsk - Ust`-Ilimskiy territorial production complex in th~ central. por--
tion of the Angara's course. Its basis is hydroelectric, tiniber and i-ron ore re-
sources. During his trip to Siberia and the Far East, Comrade L. I. Brezhnev pointed
out in his speech to members of the Irku[skaya obkom bureau that "Irkutskaya Oblast
provides approximately five percent of the country's electric power outout. ...You
have a good power base for r_he comprehensive development of such energy-intensive
production as nonferrous metallurgy, puip and paper industry, and chemistry."1
The Bratskaya and Ust'-Iliuiskaya GES's, a timber-industry complex and an aluminum
plant 'nave already been built and a large construction industry base has been created.
~ Qne other giant of Siberian timber chemistry, the Ust'-Ilimskiy tiraber industry com-
plex, is being built at rapid rates. Enterprises of the Bratslc and Ust'-Ilimskiy tim-
ber-industry complexes will produce considerable aniounts of paper, cardboard, ply-
wood, sheet wood and other output.
The complex's production and social infrastructure is taking shape. In the future,
the cities of Bratsk and Ust'-Ilimsk will become the main bases from which utiliza-
tion ai the northern territories will begin. The comparatively high degree of util-
ization of the regio:z and the availability ot cheap electric power create conditions
for siting new nonferrous metallurgy and chemical enterprises here.
The Central Krasnoyarsk complex is the largest processing industry center in Siberia,
foremast for machine building and metalworking. We propose long-range development
of the complex along lines dictated by the availability of major deposits of natural
- resources here.
The rirst direction is the creation of a large fuel and energy base using coals from
the Kansko-Achinskiy coal basin and canstruction of large GRES's. The second direc-
tion is the development of energy-intensive production, primarily nonferrous metal-
lurgy and chemistry: Achinskiy Petrochemical Combine, aluminum plants, enterprises
of energy- and metals-intensive machine building. Third, and finally, development
- of the production and social infrastructure. Locating construction industry and build-
ing materials industry capacities here and creating a strong repair base are neces-
sa-ry both for developing the coraplex's economy and for the most effective utilization
. of the new northern territories. Development of the agroindustrial complex is being
seC up so as to provide the local population with food and ensure deliveries of food
- to the area's northern regions.
The Krasnoyarsk, Prichulymskiy�and Kanslc industrial centers are located within this
complex. Whereas the Krasnoyarsk center is basically laid out and it remains only
to improve its str.ucture, intensive development of the Prichulymskiy and Kansk struc-
tures has just begun. The Prichulymskiy center will be specialized as dictated by
_ the Nazarovskiy Open-Pit Coal Mine and by the GRFS and alumina plant operating using
coal�from it. In the future, it will also be possible to create enterprises to pro-
duce aluminum. The largest facility at the Kansk center will be the Irsha-Borodin-
skiy Open-Pit Coal Mine. In the future, we anticipate increasing the amount of coal
mined and building a Iarge GRES and nonferrous ar.i-s chen7ical industry enterprises.
One of the very important probI.ems of developing che economy of these centers is wa-
_ ter supply and environmental protection.

l. KOtRMUNIST, No 6, 1978, p 18.
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- The Sayanskiy complex is taking shape in the southern portion of Krasnoyarskiy Kray .
in one of the most densely pcpulated regions of Siberia, the Khakassko-Minusinskiy _
area. The "Rasic Airectious of. USSR National Econamic Development 1"or 1976-I980" -
say about it: "Continue developing the Sayanskiy territorial producL-ion complex.
Put the first units of the Sayano-ShLShenskaya GF.S into operation and ensure the
start-up of the first electrolysis facilities at the Sayanskiy Aluminum Plailt and
build the first line of the complex of electrical engineering plants at Minusinsk.
Continue construction of the Abakan Rail Car-Building PJ_ant."
The complex is situated in a region with very favorable ciimatic conditions. Fer-
- r.ile soils, a mild climate and a Iong growing season create conditions for develop-
ing agriculture. Forty percent of the arable land in Krasnoyarskiy Kray, 40 percent
of its wheat pl.antings, more than SO percent of its pasturage, 35 percent of its
cattle, 60 percent of its sheep and about 70 percent of its orchards are concentrated
here.l
41e11-developed agricultural production creates condition.s for siting food and light
industry enterprises at the complex. The Chernogorsk Worsted-Cloth Combine, a wool ~
initial processing factory, packing plants and other enterprises of these branches
have been located in the Abakan, Minusinsk and Oznachensk indusCrial centers.
The Central Irkutsk complex is being laid out in a relatively well-utilized portion
of Irkutskaya Oblast. The regi.on's largest industrial enterpr~ses are located here,
the transport network is well developed, and a large Irlcutsk metropolitan area with
a population of about one million has developed here. The primary problems in de-
veloping the economy in this region are Lo complete construction of the chemical
combine and other large facilities. Agriculture has been considerably developed at
the complex. In the future, the economy of the complex will be dominated by branches
_ of processing industry.
The 7.iminskiy and Tayshet industriai cerxters are taking shape at the complex. Large
electrochemical enterprises and a mineral fercilizers plant are being iocated here,
and in the future we propose to build a metallurgical plant and metals-intensive
machine-building enterprises.
The basis for the Nizhne-Angdrskiy complex is the utiliZation of hydroelectric, min-
era1, raw material and timber resources. Construction of the Boguchanskaya and Cen-
tral Yenisey GES's will permi.t tne production of about 50 biliion ;cilowatt-hours of
- electric power yearly. Along with further development of the Novo-Yeniseyskiy in-
_ dustrial center, where we anticipate supplementing existing lurnbering enterprises
with large pulp-paper and hydrolysis facilities, we plan to create new industrial
centers.
Very large unutilized timber resources are concentrated near the Angara. The amount
of wood snipped otit rnight reach 15 billion cubic metPrs. The cheap electric power
Erom the GES planned wil.l create conditions favorable to lor_ating timber industry
complexes here. The features of the development of each of them will depend on so-
lutions to problems of the sequence and technical zesolutions of bui-lding a number
1. N. N. Nekrasov, "Rebional'naya ekonenika" ? R.egi::nal Lcoeomi_cs], MO:;COW, Izd-vo
Ekonomika, 1978, p 304.
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of hydroelectric power plants. A large industrial center will arise in connection
with cons tructien of the Boguchanskaya GES and the siting of a timber-industry com-
plex here. This center might also include aluminum industry: an alumina plant based
on Chadobetskiy bauxites and a metallurgical plant.
The creat ion of a large minirg-industry center is associated with utilization of the
Gorevskiy lead-zinc deposit. Viscose fiber and other chemical production could be
located at the Nizhne-Angarskiy complex.
~ Tae main development in the northen_ portion of Krasnoyarskiy Kray is the Noril'sk
~ industrial region. The most important task of this region is to increase the mining
of copper-nickel ores. At the same time, it is necessary to solve the problem of
creating efficient transport ties with the southern regions. Construction of the
Surgut-Urengoy railroad and its subsequent continuation on to Noril'sk is of great
- importance to the Noril'sk industrial region.
_ We have b egun shaping the South Yakutsk territorial production complex based on the
large reserves of anthracite coal in Southern Yakutsk deposits.
Proven reserves of high-quality power and coking coals in Southern Yakutia have been
estimated at 2.6 billion tons. Construction of a railroad to the coal basin is be-
- ing completed. In the first year of the lOth Five-Year Plan, we began buildi.ng the
- Neryungrinskiy Open-Pit Coal Mine, with a planned output of 13 million tons of coal
per year. We are building an enriching plant which will be able to process nine mil-
lion tons of coking coal per year.
A new city of coal miners, power engineers, construction workers and railroaders is
being created in the remotes trackless taiga.
Siberian - Far Eastern Transport Network
Description of the Transport System
As is known, the cransport system of our country is an aggregate of various types of
transport. Its primary task is to meet more fully and promptly the needs of the na-
tional economy and the populace for shipments. At the start of 1979, the transport
network included upwards of 140,000 km of rail'roads, about 742,000 km of surfaced
roads, 142,600 km of internal navigable waterways, 63,000 km of oil pipelines,
117,600 km of gas pipelines and 908,000 km of air routes.
Given the huge territory of our country and the distribution of industry, raw mater-
ial and fuel resources which has evolved, the necessity of regularly and relatively
quickly transporting enormous amounts of raw material, fuel, materials and finished
products, the steady strengthening and development of economic ties among economic
regions and international trade, the leading place in the country's unified trans-
port system belongs to rail transport. At present, the main types of large-scale
_ shipments are by rail anthracite coal, ores, petroleum, timber and building ma-
terials, ferrous metals, grains and other agricul.tural freight and they will con-
tinue to be into the foreseeable future. Steel z�ails link all the country's repub-
_ 1ics, economic regions and nearly all its krays atid oblasts economically and with
transport. Railroads account for nearly two-thirds of all internal freight turn-
over and 40 percent of all passenger shipments.
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At the same time, an increasingly big role in developing the economy and in shipping
belongs to other types of transport, whose freight turnover is constantly growing.
Motor transport ships a great deal of freight between production sites and consump-
tion sites which do not have other lines of transport; it is extensively involved in
- intracity shipment, in supplying f reight from enterprises, kolkhozes and sovkhozes
' to and f rom mainline transport shipping centers.
- Along with shipments in regions with no other types of transport and between enter-
prises located on waterways linking them directly, river transport participates in
many mixed transport operations also including rail, maritime or motor transport.
Maritime transport provides primarily intercontinental communications with countries
abroad. Moreover, it ships within the country in long and short sea trade, foremost
to regions of the Far North, Far East, Kamchatka, Chukotka and Sakhalin.
Air transport ships a number of dif ferent types of freight to regions of the North
and Far East it is hard for other types of transport to reach. The basic task of
this type of transport is to carry passengers long distances.
" Pipeline transport thus far has transported only petroleum and gas. It is very pro-
mising in the area of transporting free-flowing and certain other types of freight.
- Soviet power inherited from Tsarist Russia a poorly developed transport system with a
technically backward and in considerable measure worn out and ruined economy. The
transport system of prerevolutionary Russia was formed as a component of its produc-
tive forces in accordance with the requirements of developing capitalism. Its de-
velopment naturally ref lected the patterns inherent to the capitalist economic sys- ~
tem: spontaneity, cyclical growth, uneven distribution. As a result, for example,
85 percent of the rail network available in Russia in 1917 (70,000 km) was accounted
for by the European portion of the country. The regions of Siberia and the Far East
were served by only the Transsiberian Mainline, which was completed in 1917 after
construction of the Amur railroad, built under easier technical conditions.
The locomotive fleet consisted basically of steam locomotives of 550-650 hp, and the
- freight car fleet consisted almost entirely of two-axle wooden cars, primarily closed
_ cars with load capacities of 10 to 16.5 tons. Cars had helical couplings and manual
brakes. The track consisted of lightweight rails, nonimpregnated wooden ties and
sand ballast. The trains moved with the help of telegraph, telephone and the staff
system.
During the civil war and military intervention, transport in Siberia and the Far
East, in addition to being technically backward, was almost completely destroyed.
The main Siberian mainline was str ewn with mutilated steam locomotives and cars.
The water supply was disrupted, many bridges were blown up, inclLding those across
such large rivers as the Amur and Biryus, and long stretches of railroad line were
taken out of operation.
The Soviet government took immediate, resolute steps to restore the railroads of
Siberia and the Far East. In a telegram to the Sa.berian Revolutionary Committee on
3 March 1920, V. I. Lenin indicated that restoring rail and water transport in Si-
= beria was one of the republic's main taGks. Some 200 million rubles was released to
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meet the urgent needs of Siberian transport. In the severe winter co1d, with a
shortage of food, fuel and clothing, workers and Fted Army soldiers, communists and
Komsomol members made yeoman efforts to restore transport in Siberia and the Far
Eaet. In 1926, the work volume of the rail.roads had reached the prewar level.
The industrialization policy adapted by the Communist Party and Soviet government, _
including development of the economy of Siberia and the Far East, has been linked
inseparably to railroad construction. New lines were built prior to the start of _
- the 1930's to develop the productive forces of southern Siberia: Yuga - Proyektn-
aya, Proyektnaya - Novokuznetsk, Inskaya - Proyektnaya, Novokuznetsk - Tashtagol,
_ Achinsk - Abakan. As a consequence, these lines played a large role in creating
the country's second coal and metallurgical base. During the initial five-year plans, the question arose of building the Baykal-Amur
Mainline. Planning was done and rails were laid on the Bam - Tynda sector, but in
1942, when the Battle of Stalingrad began, that track was torn up and the rails
were quickly sent to build the Saratov - Stalingrad Volga border road.
The Volochayevka - Komsomol'sk line was a most important new construction project
which played an enormous role in developing the economy of the Far East. It was
built with a view towards comprehensive utilization of the region and building the
- new city of Komsomol'sk-on-Amur. The line to Sovetskaya Gavan', a new Pacitic
Ocean port, was completed by the start of World War II. Raft (summer) and ice (win- -
ter) crossings were made across the Amur at Komsomol'sk-on-Amur. Subsequently, the
Uglovaya - Nakhodka line also became very important. Right after the war, a new
- c3ty and the largest port in the Far East, Nakhodka, rose up here.
- The Transsiberian Mainline was renovated extensively during the prewar period to
develop the throughput and carrying capacities of the railroads of Siberi.a and the
_ Far East. Additional primary tracks were laid, many sectors were equipped with
automatic blocking, rhe track superstructure was strenathened, stations were de- ~
veloped and other work was done. All this ensured an increase in the amount of
traffic and improvement in rolling stock use. At the same time, there were also
shortcomings and unsolved problems in developing rail transport in the East. The
technical re-equipping of the lines lagged behind the economic development of the -
region and the growing shipments of passengers and freight were not adequately met.
Even then, shortcomings were felt in the development of throughput capacity in the
rail network of the Eastern regions. _
In the post-war years, radical changes occurred iii Siberia and the Far East in the
character, structure and distribution of productive forces. The rapid rates of de-
_ velopment of the economy of these regions necessitated accelerated railroad con-
- struction and the technical renovation of other types of transport.
Development of the rail network of Siberia is at present characterized by the crea-
tion of the Central Siberia and South Siberia mainlines. The most important lati-
tudinal mainline is unquestionably the Main Siberian mainline, branching at Omsk to
� Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk. At the same ti_me, ttce importance of the Sauth Siberian
and Central Siberian mainlines is constantly growing. The South Siberia has secured
rail communications with the South tJrals, northern K.azakhstan, the Kuzbass, fihe A1-
tay steppes, regions of the Upper Yenisey and the central Angara regi.on. T'he Central
Siberia extends from Novo-Uritskoye Station through Kokchetav - Irtyshskoye - Kamen'-
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on-Ob' to near Barnaul af ter j oining the South Siberia. This f ive-year plan, we are
completing construction of a new Kustanay - Uritskoye line; then shipments will be
made on the Central Siberia f rom Altay to the South Urals (ending at Zolotaya Sopka).
� There were recently no railroads at all in the huge expanses of northern and central
_ Siberia. The Ivdel' - Ob', Tavda - Ust'ye Akha and Asino - Belyy Yar railraad lines
have now been built in these timber industry regions. The Tyumen' - Surgut line has
been built to serve the gas regions of Tyumenskaya Oblast and we are completing con-
~ struction of the Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk line. A new Surgut - Urengoy line is being
_ built at accelerated rates to the very rich new gas deposits of the north.
In the 1960's, the Achinsk - Lesosibirsk line was built in Eastern Siberia, connect-
ing the developing Maklakovsko-Yeniseys'_ciy industrial region with the existing rail
network. In the south, at Abakan, the Barnaul - Novokuznetsk - Abakan sector of the -
South Siberia was joined to the Achinsk - Abakan meridional line. In 1965, an elec- _
trified line was put into op eration from Abakan to Tayshet; its installation in moun-
tainous terrain difficult t-.o reach was a real test, a school for the skill of trans- _
port construction workers. The exper.ience accumulated when instailing this line has
subsequently been used extensively at other transport construction projects of Si-
beria and the Far East. -
Znstallation of the eastern por[ion of the South Siberia and completion of construc-
tion of the Abakan - Tayshet line and the Tayshet - Lena line have provided a direct _
link between the South Kuzbass and Ka2akhstan and Eastern Siberia and the Far East.
Kuzbass metallurgy is now reliablq linked to a raw material base, the Korshunovskiy _
Iron Ore Deposit.
The Khreb tovaya - Ust'-Ilimskaya line accepted for operation in the Ninth Five-Year =
Plan is of great national economic importance.
We are continuing construction of the Reshoty - Boguchany railroad line, the portion
to Karabul Station having already been accepted for operation. When its construction
- is f inished develop,�2nt of the Boguchanskiy industrial complex will come. This wi11
operate using electric power from the Boguchanskaya GES now being built.
The Bam - Tynda sector, a link in the Bam - Tynda - Berkakit Iine, has been released -
for continuous operation ahead of schedule. This sector ensures a reliable supply
of everything needed by many BAM construction workers and is the link connecting the
~ BAM and the Transsiberian Mainline. _
_ Extensive work is presently being done to finish building the Tynda - Berkakit - -
Ugol`naya sector. At the same time, Lraffic has been opened on the western portion -
of the Ust'-Kut - Zvezdnyy mainline, and sectors are also being operated east of the
BAM.
In January 1979, a decision was made to disband the West Siberia and East Siberia
' roads and form two new roads in their stead, the Kemerovo and Krasnoyarsk. The West
- Siberia now includes the Altay, Barabin, Karasulc= havosibirsk and Omsk divisions; the
Kemerovo includes the Belovskoye, Novokuznetsk and Kayginskoye divisions; the Krasno- -
yarsk includes the Abakan, Achinsk and Krasnoyarsk divisions, and the East Siberia
~ includes the Bratsk, Irkutsk, Tayshet and Ulan-Ude divisior.s. This was done with a
view towards improving shipment organization on these roads and divisions and improv--
ing management of all operations. -
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In connection wi[h the .EacC that the organized iormatiOn af the nc+w rai~{-roads was
only recently completed, there is tnus far no experience in operating under the new
conditions and no reporting datn for analysis, so we will subsaqu ..tly be using al1
data relating to the four railroads which existed in Siberia and the Far East West
Siberi2, East Siberia, Transbaykal and Far East when examining particular ques-
tions. This method of presentation will not influence the course of the discussions
or the posing of questions.
- River transport will be of considerable and ever-increasing importance in ensuring
freight shipment in regions of Siberia and the Far East. Its role will be first of
all determined by the presence of enormous natural resources reserves in the river
basins and 'oy the meridional flow of the main rivers, the Ob' and Irtysh, Yenisey
- and Lena, which penetrate deep into Siberia and the North where rail and motor
transport are inadequately developed. Rivers are the sole means of transport which
can ensure utilization of these natural resources, development of the economy and
satisfaction of the people's demand for shipments on a iarge territory.
The Ob'-Irtysh system linking southern Siberia and northeastern Kazakhstan with re-
gions of the North and Far North is of important signif icance in the region's trans-
port services.
The largest river basins of Siberia are the Angara-Yenisey and the Lena. The Yeni.sey
is the main waterway of Krasnoyarskiy Kray. The remote northern regions of Krasno-
yarslciy Kray consume about one-third of all the freight arriving in the zone adja-
cent to the YenisPy. The bulk of the foteign shipments of the Noril'sk Mining and
Metallurgical Combitie go by river i:ransport. Large freight-handling ports are lo-
cared on the central Yenisey.
Timber is hauled in rafts down the Angara for processing at Maklakovo and Krasnoyarsk.
Petroleum products and freight to supply timber industry and mining enterprises are
shipped up the Angara.
The Lena is very important to development of the economy of Yakutskaya ASSR. It ba-
sically ensures the delivery of equipnent, machines and machinery, industrial goods
- and foodstuffs. Some of the shipments are made on Lake Baykal and on the Selenga,
- Chikoy, Barguzin and Upper Angara. The importance of the Far Eastern river basin
formed by the Amur and its tributaries in the region's transport services is growing.
Motor transport is being developed increasingly intensively in Siberia and the Far
East and road construction is being increased, but the availability of motor trans-
por* in this region is still inadequate.
Pipe.line transport p].ays an important role in mastering petroleum freight flows.
There are 2,300 tam of oil pipeline in Western Siberia. There are pipelines from
Tuymazy to Omsk to Angarsk, from Omsk tu 2lovosibirsk to Irkutsk, from Ust'-Balyic to
Omsk, from Aleksandrovskoye to Tomsk to Anzhero-Sudzhensk to Krasnoyarsk to Irkutsic,
and a petro].eum products pipeline f rom Ufa to Omsk to Novosibirsk. Komsomol'sk-on-
Amur is linked by pipeline to Sakhalin.
The Northern Sea Route is acquiring inereasing importance in uti-lizing the natural
resources of the Arctic coast. The nuclear ice-breakers are opening up broad oppor-
tunities for using it to conduct shipso Unexampled runs by the "Sibir'," "Arktika"
and other nuclear ice-breakers have conf.irmed these opporturiities.
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Air transport plays a considerable ro1e, making a siz2ablc number of shipments, in
the transport mastering of freight flows in Siberia and the Far East. At the same
time, its importance in ensuring passenger and freight shipment to remote poinCs in
,j regions of che Far North now being mastered is gr_eat.
7
One sFecial question is that of transpoxt ties with the country's nortYeast. The
sc:vere natural conditions extremely low cainter temperatures, nearly omnipresent
permafrost, sparse settlement and huge expanses determine the exceptional com-
plexity of the transport problem's solutio:z. Until recently, these f actors deter-
mined the devoIopment here of only sur:h types of industry as did not demand large-
scale shipmenr_s of raw material and finished products. However, the discovexy of
fuel and raw material resources i.n these regions which are in a nuwber of instances
unique in scale and quali.ty, as well as the presence of enorcnous timber reserves,
put farward a very important new national econamic task under present conditions,
- that of creating reliable transport ties with the industrially developed regions of
the country.
Tn order to intensify tlie industrial utilization of the natu-al wealth available
here, which has already become one of the important conditions for developing the
country's productive iorces, along with further expanding the use of river, mari-
time, motor and air transport, we are developing new means of transporC which meet
the specific requirements of work in Siberia and the Far North.
At the same time, broadening new �raiiroad construction in these regions is an urgent
- requirement. In fact, bui7ding a railroad creates a reliable transport network ca-
pable of makirig laroe-scale shipments of freight throughout the year regulariy, re-
liably and relatively inexpensively. Given the high rates of scientifi:: and tech-
nical p-:ogress, we can create cne necessary track structures, rolling stock and other
- technical means for these regions.
Role of Difierenc Types of Transport 4-n Developing Economic Ties.
The high rates of economic development and the nature of the specialization and co-
operation ot enterprises of various branches of the economy of Siberia and the Far
East predeterniine tile far-flung interregional ar.d intraregional transport-economic
ties of these regions. Careful analysis of the indicated ties is of impartant sig--
niiicance to making freight shipments more efficient, in view of the long distances
Freight naist be shipped.
The main freight in the present freight-turnover structure of 5iberia and tne Far
East with other regions of the country is coal, petr.oleum, tiraber and metallurgical
, ore. A considerable portion of the shipments is donc within regions and between re-
gions of Western and Eastern Siberia and tne Far East. Intecregional ties are char-
acterized by a preponderance of exports over imports. The regions being examined
' have rhe largest economi.c ties, in terms of volume, with the European portion of the
country, whicYi necessi.tates making shipments over great nistaZCes.
The European portion oE the USSR accounts for about haif of freight shipped from the
east and two-f iftns of that imported to the east. Ire this regard, the amount shipped
to European regions c:.xceeds the amount shipped frum Lhem by neariy 2.5-fold.
Large aiIlOUTItS Of anthracite C02l ii'O;ll t}lf' Ki:i2b8S5y i:l:[1i72_r, petroi.f:Liil 2i7C''. n