JPRS ID: 9232 WEST EUROPE REPORT

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9521
a
3 February 1981 -
Translation -
- S~VIET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLfCY
FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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NOTE
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~TPRS L/9521
3 February 1981
SOVIET SCIENCE AI~D TECHNOtOGY POLICY
This non-serial report contains selected transl~tior~s of Ruysian
articles on the planning and administratian of Soviet research _
,and development aad the introductioa of scientific achievem~ents
into industry.
- CONTENTS
Replacing Embargoed Instruments Subject of Academies' Coordinating
Council Sesaion
(VESTNIR AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, No 11, 1980) 1
Uzbek, USSR Academies on Siberian River Reversal Plan
(VESTNIR AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, No 11, 1980) 8
Lithuanian CC Creates Commission on Scientific-Technological Pragresa -
(TRUDY ARADEMII NAiTK LITOVSKOY SSR, SERIYA A, 1980) 21
Integration of Science and Induetry Subject of Vilnius Conference
(A. Deynis, V. Logachev; VOPRJSY ERONOMIRI, No 1, 1980) 24
Industrywide Financing of Scientific-Technical Progresa
(K, Redrova; VOPROSY ERONOMIRI, Aug 80) . 27
- a - [I - USSR - O FOUO] '
.
;
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UDC 681.2
REPLACING EMBARGOED INSTRUMENTS SUBJECT OF ACADEMIES' COORDINATING COUNCIL SESSION
Moscow VESTNIR AKADEMII NAUK SSSR :~.n Rusaian No 11, 1980 pp 32-37 -
[Rep~:*_ of rhe 37th Session of the Council for the Coordination of the Scientific
Activities of the Union Republic Academies of Sciences, Alma-Ata, with introductory
remarks by Academician t~. P. Aleksandrov, president of the USSR Academy of Sciences,
and a report by Academician Ye. P. Velikhov, vice-president of the USSR Academy of
Sciences: "On the Coordination of Projects in the Field of Scientific Instrument
Building by the USSR and Union Republi~c Academies of Sciences"]
[Text] The 37th Regular session of the Council for the Coordination of the
Scientific Activities of the Union Republic Academies of Sciencea, which is
- subordinate to the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences, took place in Alma-
Ata from 20 to 23 Msy. Taking part in the work of the ses~aion were officials of
the USSR Academy of Sciences and of the union-republic academies of sciences and
- also of affiliates and scientific centers of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and
officials of the CPSU Central Committee, the Razakhstan Communist Party Central
Committee, the Council of Ministers of the republic, and the USSR State Committee
for Science and Technology.
Opening the session, the council chairnxan, Academician A. P. Aleksandrov, president
of the USSR Academy of Sciences, gave the floor to the chairman of the Razakhatan
' Council of Ministers, B. A. Ashimov, who welcomed the session's participants and
wished them success in their work on behalf of the Razakhstan Com~wnist Party �
Central Committee, the presidium of the republic Supreme Soviet, and the republic
Council of Ministers.
Aleksandrov's Introductory Remarks
In his opening remarks, A. P, Aleksandrov briefly characterized the aims and tasks
of the session, after pointing out the great importance of conducting ~early
Council sessions in the union republics, because this aids the more rapid exchange
of experience and of the results achieved in the course oi research and their
general improvement. He espec3ally emphasized the urgency of further atrengthening
work in the field of scientific instrumentation, the scale of whi�h is constantly
_ growing within the USSR A^~demy of Sciences and for which there is a need to ~
attract the republic academies. Our advanced scienee, said the president, must be
supplied with the ver~ l~stest laboratory equipment and the most perfect instruments.
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A. P. Aleksandrov turned a~tention to the fact that instruments being obtained from
abroad in many instances are to a certain degree ob~olescent or on the verge of
obaolescence. The problem is that from the beginning of their development to entry
into serial production it is usually three to five years and, by the time the Soviet
Union has the opportunity to buy these instruments, they have already e~isted for
- almoat ten yeara. The same is true at times with technologieal pror.Rasea that are
being purchased abroad. Moreover, the purchase of foreign equipment is frought with
great complications, especially right now, when certain capitalist states generally
are holding up the sale of their technology to the Soviet Union.
Today, in the year of the 110th anniversary of the birth of V. I. Lenin, continued
A. P. Aleksandrov, it mus*_ be remembered that after the October Revolution, at a
very severe time in our country, V. I. I.enin addressed the question of developing
the Soviet economy and Soviet science. From the first years of Soviet rule, he
posed the question of independence from Western countries in the development of our
science and our economy and he took practical steps to train our own manpower, to
develop education, and to open new educational and scientific institutions. It was
at that time, for example, that the Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute was
organized.
The question of the independent development of Soviet science atid economy has b~en
made an important issue up to now in connection with the complication~ in inter-
national relations being created by U.S. ruling circles who, in order to make the
development o~ our eco:,^m~; and our science more difficult, have introduced all kinds -
of prohibitions an the transfer to the USSR of imported equipment, apparatus, and ~
technology. A. F. Aleksandrov recalled that such prohibitions also took plzce in
the past. This was also p:anned to put pressure on our country not only by
curtailing the delivery of new instruments but also spare parts for many types of
- equipment that we already had bought. The situation is the same with certain types
of raw materials and chemical reagents. A. P. Aleksandrov expressed the opinion ~
that a definite share of responsibilitq for failures in the supply of seientific
research in ou country with up-to-date instruments and equipment also belongs to
our scientists who casually agree to purchase apgaratus abroad and put too little
effort into replacing foreign purehases of such appzratus with their own d~velop-
ments. It is now necessary to strengthen work in this direction, because it is the
level of scientific instrument building that in large ~easure determines the level -
of experimental science and the results of scientific research and, at t~iis
session, the Council for Coordination must give serious attention to it. _
A. P. Aleksandrov expressed thanks to the Razakhstan Communist Party Central _
Committee, to the Kazakhstan Council of Ministers, and to *~e Kazakhstan Academy of
_ Sciences for providing the opportunity to conduct the present session in Alma-Ata,
and he also exyressed thanks to the organizat~onal co~emittee responsible for the
aession's preparations for the creation of good conditions for the session's work.
Participants at the session heard and discussed reports by the following speakers:
Academician Ye. P. Velikhov, vice-president of the US3R Academy of Scie~ce~, ~n the
coordination of work by the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Union republic
academies of sciences in the field of instrument building; Acad2mi~i~n N. N.
Nekrasov, deputy academician-secretary of the Department of Economics of the USSR
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- Academy of Sciences, on ministerial and geographical ec~nomic nlanning and related
tasks of the union republic academies; and A. M. Kunaye~~, president of the Kazakh
~ Academy of Sciences and corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, on the
study and complex utilization of mineral raw material resources of Kazakhstan.
ApprOpri~Ee resolutions were adopted in response to each report.
Velikhov's Report
At this session of the Council for the Coordination of Scientific Activities of
, Union Republic Academies of Sciences, the question has been brought up that cencerns
the creation cf instruments and automated equipment for scientifi~ researafi. The
importance of this question for the academies of sciences and for the scientific
institutions of practically all ministries and agencies in the cauntry is generally
_ well-known. At the present time, scientists' labor productivity is det~rmined to a
significant degree by the:~iantity and, especislly, the quality of acientific equip-
ment.
Unfortunately, the needs of our scientific institutions for research instruments
are not being satisfied fully.
However, even greater are shortco-~ings in ttxe composition of the pool of available
instruments. The share of instruments especially developed for scientifi~ re~earch
in our institutes is, on the a~verage, 5 to 8 percent of the total volu~ae of
expenditures for scientific equip~nt inste~d of the desired 25 to 30 percent. For
the renlaining share of laboratory equipment, even experimental u~odels, we can and 4
must use general-purpose industrial instruments.
The experimental facilities of a~;adesry institutes and also of industrial enterprisea _
in many instances respond well to unique orders and requxrements for individual
pieces. We are speaking not only of such equipment as, for example, unique
telescopes or tokamaks, but also of relatively small-scale laboratory instruments.
Today, the difficulties are related to the production of those types of instruments
for which '.he demand in our country is measured on the average by hundreds of pieces
a year. There are hundreds of types of such instrum~nts where the cost af each item
wavers between tens of thousands and several hundreds of thousands of rvbles; from
the economic point of view, it is these that constitute the fundamental mass of
instruments for scientific research. It is not possible to build them and set them
up for serial production without having a design capability of a high level and of
high technology and without having com~lete sets of documentation which guarantee
qualitative reproducibility. On the other hand, series production of hundreds of
units a year and, even more, tens of units a year, are economically "awkward" for
industry.
I will limi; myself to these few reasons for the difficulties being discussed,
although there are, of course, more of them.
During the iast two or three five-year plans, the management of the USSR Academy of
Sciences, supported by the USSR State Coumittee for Science and Technology, has
se*:eral times tried serious initiatives with the aim of improving the s:tuatioa by
- means of appropriate partial reorientation in capital investment and in the variety
of products in the instrument-building industry. Enterprises for the manufacturP of
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instruments for scientific research were created (or specially rebuilt) in indugtry.
To a noticeable degree, under the influence of the needs of science, a portion of
indus trial enterprises for the prcduction of computer technology have gone over to
- the manufacture of so-called measurement and computer complexes, which are useful
to us. Planning and planning control have been strengthened; the line "instruments
for s cientific research" has appeared in the state economic plan. This year, the
outpu t of instruments for scientific research conaidered by the USSR State Planning
Commi t tee and the State Committee for Science and Technology are rea~hing signifi-
cant amounts. (The speaker provided further analysis of a number of economic
indicators. )
For th e development of scientific instrument building, a number of useful steps alsc
have b een taken in the field of relations with socialist countries. The Committee
for Scientific and Technical Cooperation of CEMA assumed as ~ basis tor 1981-1985
and for a longer period, the Long-Term Program for Cooperation Among CEMA Memher
Countries in the Field ~f Scientific Instrument Building and the Automation of
Scien tific Research. The academies o~ sciences of socialist countries concluded
the Agreement for Multilateral Cooperation in the Field of Scientific Instrument
Build ing and the Automation of Scientific Research, and a corresponding develop-
menta 1 program has already begun to operate. We anticipate that, as a result of
~ these measures, the flow from these countries of instruments for scientific research .
will increase.
- Never theless, a definite shurtage of scientific equipsnent persists. Only ~art of
- the d esignated enterprises have been built or rebuilt.
In th e next three five-year plans, according to the position of the Complex Program
- for S cientific-Technical Progress and its Long-Range Social and Economic Conse-
quenc es to the Year 2000, we are obliged to increa~e several times the production
of. in struments for scientific research. Thi~ is forcing us to come up with new
initi atives with relation to various instrument-building ministri.es and agencies
of the country.
But, at the same time, the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences i~as not con-
sider ed it possible. that the USSR Academy of Sciences would find itself in the
posit ion of an agency that only usea instruments. It is that the great growth in
varie ty of in~trument building and the volume or tasks being accomplish-~3 with the
, aid o f instruments long ago caused the majority of ministries and agencies to do
- their own instrument building. Besides the chief instrument-building ministries
that are manufacturing scientific equipment for the whole country, many ministries
and agencies are producing supplementary instruments, basically for their own use.
In ac ademy institutions, many scientists have worked or are working, who "feed"
ideas and scientific results to practically all branches of instrument building in
our e conomy. Small shops~ and design sections of a large number of institutes,
espec ially those that operate on the cost-accounting principle, and ~elatively large
design bureaus of a number of scientific institutions, in essence are instrument-
build ing organizations (it is true that a significant number of these instruments
are h and-crafted, bu2 these are also n~cessary).
All this has led the Presidium of the DSSR ~cademy of Sciences to the decision to
deve 1 op its own network of design bureaus and enterprises witb a sufficiently high
leve 1 of design and technology, the chief task of which is to manufacture instru-
ments just for scientific research being conducted in academy institutes themselves.
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Permit me to review briefly the organizational measures that have been introduced
_ in the USSR Academy of Sciencee during the last two or threa fivP-year plans for
the development of its own scientific inatrument building in both small-volume and
medium-volume series. This review is not meant to provide an absolute model for
republic academies, bec~use the eize of each academy and its history and specific
nature, of course, impose and will impoae their own peculieritiea on the character -
of such activitv. But, in the first place, the management of many academies has
asked for such information and, in the second place, the draft prepared by
representatives of our aca~emies for decision by the present session has coneidered
to a noticeable degree the experience of the USSR Academy of Sciencas,
The measures for the creation of series production of scientifxc instrumants in the
USSR Academy of Sciences consist, basically, of the �o Llowing:
1. Organizations which develop and manufacture instruments
operate on the cost-accounting principle. -
2. Some of them, as in many republic academies, are connected
with institutes, but some of them, which are very important for
the development of experimental models for series and their
production, have entered the Scientific and Technical Associa-
tion of the USSR Academy of Sciences. (The speaker introduced
furtber detailed data on the structure and enterprises of the
Scientific and Technical Association.)
In addition, owing to certain organizational and economic measurea, another seven
design bureaus connected with institutes are developing instruments and m~nufactur- ~
ing them in small series for the needs of the academy as a whole, for which they
use about 16 percent of their capacity.
According to the 1980 plan, the system as a whole will produce a noticeable, although
insufficient share of all instruments being used for the needa of the IISSR Academy
of Sciences and, in part, those of the republic academies.
Every year, the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences provides for a centralized
fund for the development of instruments. From this fund, means are purposefully
distributed to one or another institute for ordering appropriate developments on a
cost-accounting basis. From this fund, about 44 percent of the yearly volume of the
develupments designated above are financed. From our point of view, tha role of
thia fund is exceptionally important, since it permits, on the one hand, the
direction of the activities of instrument builders in the interests of the academy
as a whole and, on the other hand, the participation in the creation of irrstruments
and in the obtaining of experimental models by smaller institutes wtiose own budgets
usually are insufficient to order a development with a cost, typical today, of
several hundred thousand rubles.
An i.mportant fe~ture of the adopted system is the approval by the Presidium of the
USSR Academy of Sciences of the "Plan for Especially Important Scintific Research
and Experimental Design Work and Assimilation of the Production of New Instruments
of the USSR A.cademy of Sciences Being Done by the Scientific and Technical Associa-
tion of the USSR Academy of Sciences, by Organizations Subordinate to It, and by
Design Bureaus Operating on a Cost-Accounting Basis that are Subordinate to Insti-
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tutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences" and the "Plan for Production and Delivery of
Sets of Experimental Models of Instruments of ehe Scientific and Technieal Asaocia-
tion of the USSR Academy of Sciences, of Organization~ Subordinate to It, and of _
Design Bureaus Operating on a Cost-Accounting Basis that are Subordina~e to
Institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences." Projects bei~g financed from the
central fund go into the first of these plans. This raises their prestige and
makes it possible to encourage the performers with supplementary bonusea.
r
The Presidium of the USSR Acadeary of Sciences hae two councils related to scientific
instruments: the Council for Scientific Instrument Building and the Coua~il for
Automation of Scientific Research. The first of thase considers trends and prospec~s
for scientific instrument building and after careful eaamination comes to an agree-
ment for expanded technical tasks for all developments that are in~lud~d in the
cited plan for especially impor~.ant work. 1'he Council for Autamation basically is
concentrated on the development of coneepts for applying computer technology to
the automation of scientific research. Without approval by the Council for Scienti- _
fic Instrument Building on ~he technical tasks for a development, it ca~not be put
into the plan for esgecially iu~portant work. Without the approval of the Council
for Automation, an institute cannot obtain a computer or, even more, an up-to-date
measurement-computer co~aplex.
According to tradition, ins~rument construction in the USSR Acade~iy of Sciences
comes under the vice-president of the USSR Acadesry of Sciences who heads the
Section for Applied Physical and Mathematical Sciencea. When a ehange of seetion
chief takes place, this function after a while passes to the new section chariman.
Therefore, at various times, the post has been held by AcademiciaAS B. P.
Konstantinov, M. D. Millionshch ikov, V. A. Rotel'nikov, and A. A. Logunov. After the
election of the new presidium staff, this function was accordingly given to me.
The president of the IISSR Acadeiay of Sciences has given a large affiount of attention
to scientific instrument building.
Instrument building in the Academy, naturally is not fenced off from industry by
some barrier. For example, of 21 types of instrum~nec with full documentation
developed in the organizations of the Scientific and Technical Association from 1976
to 1979, series production of 16 types has been aesimilated by factories of the
Ministry of Instrument Making, Automation Equipment, and Control Systems.
A significant role in scientific instrument buildin~t is also played by many republic -
academies. The total volume of amall-serie~ production of scientific inatruments
in republic academies is substantial. The USSR Academy of Sciences senda a~ertain
share of instruments produced by its organizations to the republic academies. A
number of important scientists of republic academies participate in the ~ited
councils of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the same time, both the productive
forces attracted to scientific instrua?ent building and the coordi~ation work among
the academies leaves room for improvement.
In preparing for the present session with an understanding with the managers of
' the republic academies we counted on attracting all of the union republic academies
- to the creation of scientific instruments and to substantial improvement in coordina-
tion among them, wi*.h the aim of increasing serial production enarywl~ere possible, and
on implementing the principle of specialization in development and production.
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- A preparatory meeting of vice-presidents of union republic academiea of sciences was
held. From the representatives of the union republic academies, a working group was
created under Che chairman:ship of Corresponding Mernber V. L. Tal'roze; the group
prepared the draft decis:ion for this ses~ion on the given subject. Th is draft was
handed out to session participants, with certain additions received af ter the eom-
pletion of the group's work. Especially substantial additions were made by
Academician V. A. Koptyug, chairman of the Sibe~rian Department of the USSR Academy
of Sciences and a vice-president of the USSR Academry of Sciences.
The draft decision considers questions of the creation of new production and
development organizations; the coordination of plans, and the exchange of informa-
tion. In it are contained proposals for creating appropriate councils (where there
are none) and centralized funds. (The speaker further elaborated in detail the
subject of developing the productive forces of the academies.)
_ In the draft is an assignment to the appropriate administrations of the USSR Academy
of Sciences, to the Scientific and Technical Association, and to the councils, to
develop a General Outline for the Development and Housing of Instrunent Building
Organizations of the USSR Academy of Sciences and Union Republic Acadetaies of Sciences -
for 1981 to 1985 and for the Long Term to the Year 1990. Naturally, all Ghis calls
for capital investments, and the republic academies especially (according to
estimates by the drafters) will need to attract significant additional sums for the
llth Five-Year P lan.
In conclusion, I will note that, having examined the problem and made a positive
decision, we will have u?ade, it seems to me, a very important strategic step in the
development in our country for both fundamental science and for science as a whole.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 'Nestnik Akademii nauk SSSR", 1980
9645
CSO: 1814
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~ UDC: 001.89
UZBEK, USSR ACADEMIES ON SIBERIAN RIVER REVIItSAL PI,AN
Moacaw VESTNIK AKADE~fII NAUK SSSR in Ruasian No 11, 1980 pp 3-13
[Report on USSR Academy of Sciences Preaidium discussion of work of Uzbek SSR Aca-
demy of Sciences; "Main Directions and Development Pxospects of the Uzbek SSR Aca-
demy~ of Sciences' Scientific Research"]
[Text] Created 37 years ago, the Uzbek SSB Academy of Sciences is now the republic~s
ma~or science center. Its seven departments r.uiite 35 ~cientific research establish-
menta where more than 13,000 assistants Work. The Karakalpak branch is also incor-
porated in the academy. Guided by the decisions of the 25th party congress and
CPSU Central Committee plentmos and the propositions and conclusions contained in the
reports and speeches of Comrade L.I. Brezhnev, geaeral secretary of the CPSU Central
Committee and chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet Pres3.dium, the Uzbek SSR Academy
of Sciences ie currently making an appreciable contribution to the republic's eco-
nomic, social and cultural progress.
The USSR Acade~my of Sciencea Presidi~ discusaed at its meeting the results of the
activ3.ty of the Uzbek SSR Acadeary of Sciences.
_ The report was delivered by Academician A.S. Sadykov, president of the Uzbek SSR
Academy of Sciences. He observed that thanka to the assistance of all our country's
peoples, primarily the Russian people and Russian scientists, the academy had made
an appreciable contribution to the development of Soviet science in the 37 years
eince it was founded.
Each republic academy, A.S. Sadykov emphasized, develops its own problems which are
specific to its republic together with the solution of general fundamental problems.
The specific features of the Uzbet SSR Acadeny of Sciences' scientific research are
conditioned bq the singularities of the structure of the republic's econr~my. The
aectora incorporated in the cotton camplex occupy a large proportion of Uzbekistan's
economy. Uzbekietan is th~ country's principal coLton center. Cotton production,
A.S. Sadykov said, is our people's basic international duty.
Scientists of the Uzbek SSR Academp of Sciences (for the firet time in world and
national breeding science) discovered and used in research as a genetic donor a
wilt-resistant wild form of Mezican cotton plant which ia relatively imrtnme to
verticilliose disease. An original procedure of breeding new wilt-resistant, high-
yield cotton-plant varieties (the "Tashkent" variety, fox example, which secured
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five strain changings thereof) were developed. Z~enty new promising cotton-plant
varieties which are succ~asfully undergoing testa have been created with the
aid of diatant hybridization methods, methods of the supplemental pollination and
close-relative and graduated crosa pollination of geographically distant forms and
also the impact of radioactive phosphorus, gamma rays and chemical mutagens. The
AN-402, AN-Uzbekiatan-3 a.nd AN-Samarkand-2 varieties have already been zoned.
Farming aystems leading to a conaiderable increase in the fertfility of irrigable
land and also a complea of agrarian methods connected with the use of the new strains
have been developed and scientifically substantiated. Large-scale measures for
irrigation and land reclamation have been implemented and new types of dams and
canals, hydraulic engineering terminals and vertical and horizontal drainage sys-
tems have been developed.
The academy's acientists have created and extensive use is now b eing made in all
the republic's cotton-sowing regions of campoeite nitrogenous-phosphorus fertilizers
--ammoniated superphosphate--and also fertilizers incorporating microelements of
copper, zinc and other metals (in accordance with the soil-climate singularities of
the republic's various regions). UDM low-toaic defoliants, Butylcaptax and others
(in place of the highly [oxic [butifos; Butylphosphorous and also the pesti-
cides Uzgen and Olgin are undergoing tests. The solution of this problem is parti-
cularly important in connection with the need to organically combine the tast of the
further development of cotton growing wit'h the protection of the envir~nment and
man's health.
Uncovered cotton-plant seeds are employed extensively in the sowing of the republic.
Special machines have been created for their sawing which have helped to secure a
fivefold saving of the seeds sown and a considerable increase in the cotton growers'
2abor productivity. Methods of stimulating seed growth have been developed in phy-
sice, biology and chemistry institutea and introdnced in practice: lasera, wetting
in a solution of succinic acid, in chlorella suspension and the influence of the
, polymer preparation A-1. Instruments to determine the parameters of cotton fiber,
a mechanized l~.ne for sorting and calibrating the seeds and so forth are being cre-
ated.
Research is being conducted connected with the use of cotton waste and the products
j of its ginning. Growth substances and effective peptizing agents for the production
of boracic solutions and construction materials have been obtained. The Uzbek SSR
Academy of Sciences Institute of Microbiology in conjunction with the All-Union
Academy of Agricultural Sciences imeni V.I. Lenin [VASKhrTIL~ has shown the possi-
bility of obtaining fodder for livestock by way of the fermentation in silage
trenches of cotton-plant stalks with the enzyme [trichodexYn lignorum]-19.
Biological methods of fighting cotton-plant pests are being applied succeasfully
after having been develo~ea in conjunction with VASRhNIL's Central Asian Department.
Research into current problems of the theory of probability and mathematical statiis- �
tics, particularly into asymptotic theorems and stochastic process theory, has been
further developed in the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences Department of Physicomathema-
tical Sciences.
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_ Theoretical representations concerning the process of the anomalously high atomizing
of the surface strata of nonconductors and semiconductores upon bombardment With
_ highly ch~lrged ions ha~re been elaborated. A photoelecfric gen~:rator oA a single
~ "F~~ovol't"-type multicrystsl sublayer has been developed by the ;on implantation
mpthod. A new type of ion-electron eac~iss~ion called ''stimulated electron emiseion"
hae been discovered in nonconductors of the ion crystal type. The theory of this
phenomenon has been developed. ~
Radiation processes in silicon depending on the composiition of the admixturea, the
- type and energy of radiation and ita intensiveness and on the integrated flux and
temperature of the sample at the time of its irradiation have been investigated.
A comprehensive geochemical study of the plutonic composition of the Earth's core
and upper mantle for ascertaining the regularities of the location of Uzbekistan's
minerals is being conducted. Theoretical and applied research is being conducted
in the sphere of seisiaology. The Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences Institute of Seis-
- mology and the USSR Academy of Sciences Institute of Earth Physics imeni 0. Yu.
Shmidt are the authors of the discoverq of the phenomenon of the change in the con-
tent of [rodonJ and certain other elements in the composition of subterranean waters.
- A great deal of work is being perfor-med on the seismic zoning of tY?e republic's
_ territory.
The theory and practical reco~endations and norm,ative material on the seismic
stability of surface and underground installations wexe elaborated in the Uzbek SSR
_ Academy of Sciences Department of Mechanics and Control Processes. They were the
basis for the construction of the subway in Tashkent, tunnels on the Baykal-Amur
Main Railroad, the Ragunslcaya GES and so forth.
The "Kibernetika" Science-Production .Association has handed over the first stage of
the republic ASU and is developing the draft of its second stage.
Among the reaearch in the biology aphere mention should be made of the development
of inethods of the use of chlorella in the feed rations of agricu.ltural animals and
also local silkworm, which is considerably increasing the animals' weight gains Emd
the weight of the cocoons. Botanists have substantiated methods of phytomelioration
and increasing the productiveness of desert and semidesert pasture. Biochemists
have obtained fractions with proteolytic activeness from viper venom which stimulate
blood coagulati~n thanks to their effect on fibrir~pg,ien and prothrombin. The [3.ono-
fornyy; iontophoresic effects and complex-forming characteristice of new syn-
thetic cyclopolyesters distinguished by the dimensions of the macrocycle and also
the structure of the substituents have been inveatigated.
A Red Book of rare animals of IIzbekistan has been created and measures formulated
for the protection and reproduction~~rare animals and plants.
A fundamental scientific field--investigation of the chemical aspects of the me-
chanism of the regulation of genetic information--has evolved and is developing it?
the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry. Work is being performed in close contact
with the USSR Academy of Sciences Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry imeni M.M.
Shemyakin. The i~unodepressors [patrigen] and [~ikosen] and also antivirue prep-
arations such as elements of [kossepol], fox eaample, have been created for the
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_ first time in national practice. An inductor for the production of interferon
in the human organism has been created on the basis of vegetable matter.
The Inetitute of the Chemistry of Vegetable Matter has determined the regulari-
ties of the coxr~elation of the composition, reactivity and p~armacological active-
ness of a number of diterpene and quinazolene alkaloids. Several medical prepara-
tions have been created.
- The Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences' humanities establishments are performing a great
deal of work in the social sciences sphere. Research is being conducted in close
contact with the corresponding institutions of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the
academies of sciencea of the republics of Central Asia and Kazakhetan and with de-
partments of Uzbekistan's WZ's.
Economists are formulating the main directions of the republic's socioeconomic de-
velopment, forecasts of the growth of ~ts population and labor resources and methods
of forecasting capital in~restments and determining the economic efficiency of
scientific resea~ch and design work. Questions of optimizing cotton growing and -
the sectors of the republic's economy connected with this occupy a special place in
their activity. This research is being conducted in con~unction with the USSR Aca-
demy of Sciences Central Economico~Sathematical Institute. The republic's econo-
_ miste participated actively in the elaboration of the "Comprehensive Program of
Scientific-Technical Prugress and ita Socioeconamic Consequences for the Long Term
up to the Year 2000." Questions connected with the development of economic and
social problems of diverting part of the flaw of Siberian rivers to Central Asia
have been studied.
The Institute of Philosophy and Law is studying ques~ions of the theory of material-
ist dialectics and scientific cognition, the theory and practice of the noncapital-
ist path of development of the peoples, the historq of the social-philosophical
thought of the peoples of Central Asia and the foreign East and also the experience
of the emergence and deve�lopment of the statehood of the Central Asian peoples.
The Institute of History and the Institute of Oriental Studies are studying the
history of the preparation and realization of the socialist revolution in Turkestan,
the nature of the fundamental socioeconomic transformations in the region in the
course of socialist building and under the conditions of mature socialism and the
hiatory of the countries of the Near and Middle East. Archaeological exploration
is being carried on extensively. There have been considerable successes in study
of the questions of ttie antique culture of the peoples of Central Asia and Ka.zakh- -
stan.
The Institute of Language and Literature imeni A.S. Pushkin has studied questions of
- the theory and history of Uzbek literature and the role of Russian in the rapproche-
ment of the socialist nations. An Eaplanatory Dictianarq of Uzbek has been compiled,
and the most important historical written monuments of Uzbek literature have been
published. Significant results have also been obtained in the sphere of study of
the history, language, literature ~and art of the Karakalpak people from the most
ancient times to our day.
.t
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Scientific research and experimental design work is performed for the needs and
upon the requests of individual sectors of the economy. It is essential to examine
the following questions for a further improvement in the organization of thia work
at the time of the forn~latio~n of the academy~s res~arch plan for 1981-1985: the
forms of relations bet~een clients, chief performers and coexecutants; an increase
in mutual exactingness and respaasibility in obtaining the final results of this
activitq; the creation of a procedure of determining the efficiency of work; an
i~provement in the systea of its financing and material-technical support; a rea-
Eonable reduction in accountability; and an improvement in the system bf stimulating
this work.
A.S. Sadykov went on to apeak ab~uut the scientific establishments incorporated in the
Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences, their activity, the numerical gro~wth of scientific
- assistants, the proble~s of financing scientific research and developmEnts, the in-
creased volume of economic contract work and ths development prospects of this form
of activity. He requested of the USSR Academy of Sciencea Presidium assistance in
the solution of the question of financing economic con~ract work. A.S. Sadykov
emphasized particularly the positive experience of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of
Sciences and the USSR Academy of Sciences Siberian Department in the introductiun in
practice of contracts on creative collaboration with related institues, WZ's, enter-
prises and design offices and noted the great influence of these contracts on the
introduction of the results of scienti~ic research in the economy, science and cul-
ture. The total savings from the introduction of the results of the scientific
research of Uzbekistan's scientists, ,A.S. Sadykov said, Will amount to apprc~Rimately
R1 billion in the 10th Fiva-Year Plan, and many developments of the republic's
scientists are being applied extensively at enterprises of the Soviet Union.
- Since ~.9~6 the academy has been worki~e, on 13 comprehensive programs connected with
the solution of many urgent problems of the development of the republic's economy--
cotton growing, the mi~er~l-raw material base, tha creation of effective fertilizers
and pesticides and others. Eleven academic and 10 gectorial institutes, 15 design
and planning organizations and 6 plants are participating in the implementation of
these programs. The number of comprehensive programs will rise to 30 in the llth
Five-Yea.r Plan.
The increased prestige of the Uz~ek SSR Academy of Sciences and the further develop-
ment of its scientific relations are evidenced, in particular, by the increased num-
ber of scientif ic fora conducted in the republic: 26 conferences were held here
(including I2 international conferences) in 1978-1979 alone; the academy received
163 foreign scientific delegations ln 1979. Scientific cooperation is being exer-
cised with the CEMA countries on 31 scientific subjects.
The academy's publishing activity has been further developed. Approximately 500
monographs and single-subject collections have been published in the lOth Five-Year
Plan; 42 books have been awarded honorary diplomas at international and all-union
competitions. Ten scientific ~ournals (two of which--GF.I.IOTEK~~TIKA and RHIMIYA
PRIRODNYKH SOYIDINENIY--are all-union ~ournals) and the FAN VA T[JRMUSH popular
s~iEnce magaziney whose circulation is over 500,000 copies, are published. Publi-
cation of the Uzbek Soviet Encyclopedia (13 of 14 volumes have appeared) is being
completed.
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There are, of course, certain shortcomings and unsolved questions in the activity
of the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences. The chief ones are the academy's inadequate
performance of the role of coordinator of all the republic's science, inadequate .
relations wit~ the sectorial acientific reaearch institutes, WZ's and large-scale
production aseociations and the insufficient amount of joint work with union and
repubi~c scientific establishmenta, ministrie~ and departments. The question of the
creation of sectorial laboratories has not qet been solved. Not all branches of
learning are yet fullq staffed with specialiste w~th high qualifications (doctors of
sciences).
The republic acad~my presidium and other executive suthorities are adopting certain _
measures to rectify the existing shortcomings. Draft regulations governing a re-
public council for coordinating ecientific research and its composition have been
submitted for examination. The council's principal task is the settlement of ques-
tions connected with determination of the sub3ect matter of research, the period
of its performance and the introduction of the results of the research in practice.
Questions of strengthening the Uzbek SSB Academy of Sciences' relations with the -
republic Ministry of Education have been examined. Corresponding decrees of the
Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciencea Pre,sidium and the republic ministries of higher and
second3rq specialized education, geology and health have already been adopted on
these questions. It is essential to etep up supervision of the uns~:~erving fulfill-
ment of a1Z clauses of these decrees.
The business of organizing relations with the sectorial institu~es (particularly
the union institutes) is more complicated. The union ministries still do not co-
ordinate the plans of the scientific research activfty of their institutes with the
Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences, which frequently leads to the duplicat~on of work
and other undesirable phenomena. I believe that it would be advisable to f~rmu.late
general regulations for the entire union on cuordinating the plans of scientific
research of the sectorial and academic institutes.
Nor has the question of the organization of sectorial laboratories yet been fully
solved. Only seven such laboratories have as yet been created. A fiAed procedure
of their financing has not been determined. The ministries and departments which
have agreed t4 create these laboratories maq pasa on the necessary resourc~:s to the
_ academy, but without wage funde and labor ceiliags; the acadEmy itaelf, on the other
hand, does not have a chance to apportion these ceilings. We need help in the solu-
tion of these questions.
+ The Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences is taking certain steps to increase the nimber of
highly qualified scientists (particularly in the sphere of physicomathematical and _
technical sciences). The number of candidates and doctors of sciences in these
branches of learning is increasing. The USSR Acadeay of Sciences renders our aca-
demy great assistance in training scientific personnel: more than 50 candidates
and doctors of sciences were trained in its scientific establishments in the period
1975-1979, and approximately 100 scientisCs are currentlq involved in graduate work
or serving their qualification apprenticeship within its walls.
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Concrete measures are being adopted to impra~ve the work of the design subdivisions.
The Central Planning-Design Bureau of Scientific Instrument Building, the Deaign-
Engineering Bureau of the Phyaicotechnical Institute imeni S.V. Starodubtsev and the
Institute of Electronice imeni U..A. Arifov operate within the system of the Uzbek
- SSR Academy of Sciences. A special design buresu of the republic ASU, an e~perimental-
testing plant of the "Kibernetika" ~S~ience-Production Association and also the
"Rad ioprepsrat" Experimental Enterpriae of the Institute of Nuclear Phqsics have been
created. More than 50 different instruments, small series of which will be suppiied
beyond the sepublic, have been and are being created in these organizations.
_ But the physical plant of the design buresus and experimental w4rks is still ina~e-
~ quate. We request assistance fram the USSR Academy of Sciences in fitting out these ~
aubdivisions with modern equipment, batching components, instruments and transport
facilities. It is essential to solve tbe question of the construction of a scien-
tific instrument-building plant here to accelerate the development of scientific
inatrument huilding in the republic.
The republic's leading party authorities have adopted a number of ineasure to assist
the Karakalpak branch of the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences. The branch is allocated
premises, equipmer.t and motor transport. The main areas of ita scientific and
ecientific-organizational activity have been determined. The Uzbek SSR Academy of
Scierices Presidium plans to conduct sn out-of-town session in the very near future _
to determine the directions of the further development of its branch. We requeat -
that the Regulations Governing Branches of the USSR Academy of Sciences be extended
to the Uzbek SSR Academy of Scien,ces Rarakalpalc branch.
The acceleration of the development of scientific-technical progress is confronting
the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences with increasingly new tasks. It is essential
for their successful accomplishment to esamine certain scientif ic-organizational
, questions.
One of the main ones is the complex of problems connected with the further develop-
ment both of cotton growing and tbe entire farming of the republic as a whole, which
are caused by the increased shortage of water for irrigating the f ielde. A compu-
tation and evaluation of the land and water resources of the Central Asia region
have shown that considerable areas of vacant lars�i ca~ot be used owin.g to a water
ahortage. It has been determined that regulating the flows of the Amudar'ya and
Syrdar'ya and also measures to in~prove the irrigation network will not help in fully
solv ing these problems. The question of conducting scientific research and the
implementation ot~ its basis of a plann~~i sti~dy connected with the problem of divert-
ing part of the flow of northern and Siberian rivers to Central Asia, Kazakhstan
and the Volga basin was raised in timely fashion at the 25th CPSU Congress. We
believe that it is essential to retuzn the Institute of Water Problems to the Uzbek
SSR Academy of Sciences for an in-klepth and co~prehenaine analysis and solution of
these global problems. ~
The speaker then dwelt on certain concrete organizational questions connected with
the creation of machinery for cotton growing and other sectors of the agriculture
of the region, the further development in the republic of mining and smelting re-
search, development of the problems of power engineering, the crestion of a science-
production association and a number of euperimental production enterprises, the
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more clear-cut apecialization of certain scientific establishments, the organization
in Central Asia of a special institute of the economics and pulj_tics of foreign
oriental countries and an improvement in the structure of the management machinery
of the Uzbek SSR Aeademy of Scier.ces.
The decisions of the 25th party congress and the CPSU Central Cou~nittee: November
(1979) Plenum and the instructione and conclusions contained in the reports and
speeches of Com~ade L.I. Brezhnev, general secretar~ of the CPSU Central Cammittee
and chairman of the USSR Suprenre Soviet Presidiwa, S. Sadykov em~hasized in con-
clusion, mobilize us for a further increase in the level of scientific research,
scientific-organizational work, diecipline, personal respoasibility, bold criticism .
and the decisive rectification of the shortcomings in our work.
- Academician V.A. Kotel'nikov, chairman of the ccm~ission which familiarized itself
with the activity of the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences and vice president of the
USSR Acadeary of Sciences, obseroed that aembera of repub.'~ic academies--A.A. Reerna,
member of the Eston ian SSR Academy of Sciences, and A,V. Drumya, corre~aponding member
of the Mo~(davian SSR Acadeary of Sciences--had been enlisted in participation in the
work of the commission for the first time. This had positive resu~ts and, in parti-
cular, contributed to an exchange of experience between the repubZic academies. This
practice should be continued.
, The commission unanimously cancluded that the level of activity and the qualifica-
- tions of the scientific personnel of the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences were suffi-
cientZy high and that research is being performed at a modern scientific level. The `
equipment of the institute~ of the republic academy as a whole is satisfactory.
The academy`s acientists have done much for their republic and the economy of the
entire Soviet Union. Particularly important and valuable research is, naturally,
being conducted in the sphere of cotton $rowing. It is also i~portant that the
academy's scientists attach great significance to the practical use of the results
of their research in instrument making. The shortcoming here is the almost total
lack of coordination between the republic's instr~ent-building organizations and
the USSR Academy of Science's production association and also coordination of the
plan of work and mutual assistance. This is more due to the inadequate work of'the
central rather than the republic authorities. It is essential that the question -
of coordination be discussed very soon at a session of the Council for Coordinating
the Sc3entific Activity of the Union Republic Academies of~Seiencea attached to the
USSR Academy of Sciences Presidium.
V.A. Kotel'nikovemphasized that it is necessary to study in depth and exteneively
utilize the Uzbek S SR Academy of Sciences' positive eaperience in the organization
and activity of the "Ribernetika" Science-Production 6ssociation, which is engaged
in introducing modern computers and monitoring this process in the republic's sci-
entific establiahments. ~
A basic shortcoming (whicl: is primarily attributable to the central authorities)
is the inadequate coordination of scientific research. This, am~ng other things,
may be seen in the example of the work With respect to microelectronica--the basis
of computers. There are highly qualified persons in Uzbekistan, but the unreserved-
ly useful tasks which they are performing are determined mainly by the small-scale
assignments of various industrial organizations. And this, naturally, is diverting
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the scientific forces from the master line of development of the work with respect
to perfecting com~uters. To a considerable extent this ig the fault of the scienti-
fic counciis_ and other coordinating bodies of the USSR Academ~ of Sciences. It
is essential that the USSR Academy of Sciencea Departmeut of Geaeral Physics and
Astronomy fncrease the coordinatiaa of scientific research and point the ecientista
of all the republic acsdemies in the direction of the development of the main di~
rections in the sphere of microelectronics and computers.
Another example is work in the Maydanak region. This group of h~gh mountains attracts
astronomers with its very dry climate and light winds (and, consequently, abaence of
turbulence and the slight "erosion" of the image connected with this). Radio astro-
nomers of the Uzbek, Lithuanian and Estonian SSR's and also Moscow and Leningrad.
state universities wish to begin the construction of observatories in this area. -
The USSR Academy of Sciences Department of General Physics and Astronomy should .
discuss this question with the Astronomical Council and adopt measures for the cre-
ation of a single plan of the construction of an astronomical tawnship in thia area. ~
~ Certsin other questions are in need of~�a centralized solution.. In particular,
inadequate use is as yet being made of the possibilitiea of the USSR Academy of
Sciences in the training of the republic's scientific personnel. The question of
patenta has been insufficiently developed, and the pace of construction is still
slow, but here we hope for effective aesistance on the part of the republic party
and soviet suthorities.
Having dwelt on the question of the diversion of part of the flow of Siberian rivers
to Central Asia a.nd R.azakhstan, V.A. Kotel'nikov stressed that the main problem here
is not only how to divert this water but Whether it caa be drawn off and to what
thia will lead. We are as yet studying this problem only in a very amall way. If,
on the other hand, we now elaborate merely the engineering solutions and the buai-
- nesa is thus advanced, we will at aome point find ourselves incapable of answering
the main questions: is it possible (and is it necessary) to do this in principle
and if so, in what volimie? For this reason it seems to me that these questions
should be studied persistently not only in the republic but in the IISSR Academy of
Sciences also.
V.A. Kotel'nikov observed in conclusion that the number of scientific workers in our
country is no less than in any major capitalist country. Therefore the main path of
an improvement in the quality of scientific work and ita productiveness is not only
an increase in the staffs of the scientific research establishments but their pro-
viaion with modern instruments, computere and other equipment. The automation of
research and the cooperation of exploratory work must also play a big part.
A.K. Kuchkarov (Uzbek Comaunist Party Central Committee), who spoke in the debate,
emphasized that examination of the queation of the activity of the IIzbek SSR Academy
of Sciences at a session of the USSR Academy of Sciences Presid_iwm is a big event
not only in the scientific but also in the economic and political life of the re-
public. The material of the work of the prestigious commission, which is headed by
Academician V.A. Kotel'nikov, vice president of the USSR Academy of Sciences, will
~ be program documents for Uzbekistan's scientists in increasing the level~ efficiency
and quality of their activity.
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The republic's scientists constantly perceive the fraternal assistance of the USSR
Academy of Sciences Presidium, tlne central academic institutes and all scieutisra
of the Soviet Union. Major international and all-union conferences are ~xerting a
fruitful influence on the development of ecience and an improvement in the quality _
of ideoloRical educatioa in the republic. A.K. Ruchkarav conveyed to the USSIt
Academy of Sciences Presidium big gratitude fram Sh.R. Rashidov, candidate of the
CPSU Central Committee Politburo and first secretary of the Uzbek Coffiaunist Party
Central Coffinittee, and his wishes to the USSR Academy of Sciences' acientista for
- further success in their activity to the glory of Soviet science. _
In accomplishing the tasks aet by the 25th ~CPSU Congresa, A.K. Ruchkarov observed,
the Uzbek Communist Party Central Committee relies constantlq on the assistance of
the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciencea, supports all its useful initiatives and ~ontri-
butes to the strengthening of ita physical plant, an increase in the ef�iciency of
scientific research and the training and education of perso~el. In recent years
alone the republic Communist Party Central Co~nittee has examined qu~stions.concern-
ing the main areas of scientific research in the lOth Five-Year Plan in the light of
th~ decisions of the 25th CPSII Congresa, the development of genetic science, the
activity of the Institute of Seismology and the Institute of Geologq and Geophyaics~
assistance to the Institute of Nuclear Physics, an increase in the efficiencq of the
introduction of the results of the academy's ecientific research in practice, the
activity of the Uzbek SSR Academy af Scieaces' Karakalpak branch and many others.
Permit me to exprese certsin wishes connected with an improvement in the activity of
the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences. We request an acceleration in the solution of
the question of the creation of institutea of inechanical engineering and mining and
smelting in the system of the republic academy, which is connected with the increased
pxoportion of these sectore in the republic economy and the need for fundamental
research in these problems. We thank the II~SR Academy of Sciences Preeidium for
the assistance in the solution of the question of the transfer of the Institute of
Power Engineering and Automation to the Uzbek SSx Academy of Sciences. We r.equest
that we also be supported on the question of the creation of a scientific instrwnent-
building plant in the republic. In turn, we promise in the future to step up the
pace of housing construction for the scientists' needs.
I would like to say a few words about the diversion of part of the f1oW of Siberian
rivers to Central Asia. The study and solution of this problem is a political and
social question. It is connected with the deve~opment of a huge area embracing
the territory of more than ~ust our republic and with the destiny of the milliona of
people who live there. This directive of the 25th party congress is supported tay
all the Central Aeian repub~.ics.
The queation of the creation of an institute of the economics and politics of foreign
oriental countries is important. Now, under the conditions of the grawth of the
ideological struggle, we sh~ould give thought to atepping up our work and to a com-
prehensive investigation of foreign oriental countries--social, economic, political
and cultural problems and questions of religion (primarily Islam).
Visits to the republic by members of the DSSR Academy of Sciences and top Soviet
scientists are of great assistance in the further improvement of the activity of the
Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences and its ecientific establishments and ecientists. I
.
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r~ec vrrt~.ttu. u~~ unt.t
would like to express the wish for such visits and assistance to the republic's
scientists locally to be more regular and plan-based. The participation in our ,
work of scipntists of other republic academies is also rendering us great aseistance.
??or a further improvement in the co~prehensiv~ "Cotton" program it would be advis-
able to set up a coordinating council uader the USSR Academy of Sciences, vhich would _
also deal with the research work of the scientific establishments of the cowntry's .
ministries and departments. ~
In conclusion A. K. Kuchkarov gave the assurance that 'che republic's scientists
would make a worthy contribution to the development of Soviet science and that they
- would receive reliable support here on the part of the Uzbek Conmunist Party Central
Committee.
Academician P.N. Fedoseyev, vice president of the USSR Academy of Sciences, observed
that the question of the inadequate coordination of ecientific reaearch arises each
time there is a discussion of the activity of the republic academies or braaches of
the USSR Academy of Sciences. The role of the USSB Academy of Sciences as the
country's coordinating scientific center was recorded by the decisions of the 25 th
CPSU Congress, but this proposition has not yet been recorded officially or en-
ahrined on a general legal level. The USSR Acadeay of Sciences InBtitute of State
and Law has prepared certain provisions with respect to regulating the legal aspect
of the organizatioa of scientific reaearch activity 3n the coua~ry. We expect to
examine and discuss these proposals in the USSR Academy of Sciences Presidium.
P.N. Fedoseyev drew attention to three aain areas of the activity of the Uzbek S SR
Academy of Scienc~s in the social sciences aphere. The firat is the analysis aad
collation of the experience of the transition fron patriarchal and feudal relations
to socialism. All foreignera visting the republics of Central Asia can clearly see
the impressive successes of t~e peoples of thiF regica. ~s?c+the= aspe.ct: cf this
questien ia how this process occurred and with what forces and resources aad, what
is most important, at what ecientifically substantiated rate. Research neeais to be
developed and experience collated in precisely this area. Many developiRg countries
of a socialist orientation are in acute need of such exp~rience. Haste in socio-
economic transformations is not always beneficial. Co~leac problems and taska re-
quire a sufficient length of time for their conclusive and correct solution. It is
known, for example, that the accomplishment of such a camplex task as water-laad .
reform took several years in Uzbekistan (right up to 1924-1925). Then agricultural
cooperation lasted a further 10 years aad more.
The second area is the analysie of the hietory and nature of the different forms -
of oriental ideology and culture (particularly Islam, whose political galvanization
is being manifested particularly ia our time). Zt should be emphasized that Uzbek-
istan's ecientist4 are studying thia problem in earnest. Uzbek scientieta are also
making an in-depth study of~the experience of the formation of socialiet, interna-
" tionalist ideology.
And, f inally, the problem of linguistic construction. Uzbekistan's acieatists have
done much to propagandize study of Russian in the national schools and, altogether,
for the further spread ef Russian. This is a very important internatioaal and poli- ,
tical question. Work in this area should be approved and actively eupported.
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- Academician N.P. Fedorenko described the practical assistance of the institutes of
the USSR Academy of Sciences Department of Economics in the training of scientific -
personnel for the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences. He supported the proposal for the
creation in Uzbekistan of a coordinating council for the "Cotton" problem and noted
the urgency o� the tasks confronting the scientists engaged in inveatigation of the
problems of cotton growing (impravement of the processes of the ~rechanized harvest-
ing of cotton, processing of the raw ~saterial, the struggle against losses and
others). These problems affect the interests of all the Central Asian republics,
N.P. Fedosenko emphasized, and therefore reprsentatives of all the Central Asian
academies should be included in the coordinating council.
V.P. Shcheglov~ member of the Uzbek SSR Acaderny of Sciences and director of the _
Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences Institute of Astronomy, described the changes in the
correlation of fundamental and applied research being conducted on the basis of
economic contracts. He emphasj~ed the need for the development of such fundamental
problems as eolar physica, continental drift and others.
In his closing remarks Academician A.P. /~leksandrov, president of the USSR Academy
of Sciences, noted the usefulness and fruitfulness of the visits of USSR Academy of
Sciences Preaidium members and top scientists to the republic academies and supported
the proposal for the creation of an instrument-building plant in the republic.
- In its decree the USSR Academy of Sciences Presiditun approved the scientific and
scientific-organizational activity of the Uztek SSR Academy of Sciencea simed at
the development of science, acceleration of the rate of scientific-technical prog-
rese and solution of the problems of the further develop~ment of the republic's eco-
nomy and culture and also the main areas of IIzbekietan's ecientists' scientific
research.
To put an end to existing shortcomings the USSR Academy of Sciences Presidi~ re-
commended that the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences adopt measures to improve the plan-
ning and financing of scientific research on the basis of the progra.m-goal mezhod -
for the purpose of concentrating the main scientific forces and resources in the
most urgent areas, bringing the structure of individual scientific establishmente
into line with the principal areas of acientif~c research and formulating regula-
tions for strengthening the academy's management machinery;
_ iarprove work on the training of highly qualified scientific personnel, make more
extensive use of specific-purpose graduate atudy and the attachment of qualification
apprentice-research assistants to scientific establishments of the USSR Academy of
Sciences and increase the demands made on the quality of the dissertationa;
increase the coordination of research in the sphere of the natural and social sci-
ences between academic and sectorial institutes and WZ's of the republic and als~
with respect to the collective use of unique equipment and instruments;
increase the work connected with enviran~ental protection. The USSR ~cademy of
Sciences Scientific Council for Problems of the Bioaphere should render the Uzbek
SSR Academy of Sciences' scientific establisi~menta the necessary assistance in the '
organization of this research and also formulate With the appropriate ministries,
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departments and s cientific estab lishments joint plane for the chemicalization of
agriculture, protection of the biosphere and irrigation of the soil in the Uzbek
SSR for the llth Five-Year Plan; and
improve work on inventions, patenting and licensing and production efficiency in
the republic's sc ientific establishments and create a patent-licensing department
- under the auspices of the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences Presidi~.
The decree also deals with the need for the further development of the material-
technical and scienCific-experimental base of the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences and
the expansion in the llth Five-Yesr plan of planning-construction work and other
measures connected with a further improvement in the activity of the scientif ic
research establishments of the IIzbek SSR Academy of Sciences and the strengthening
of their scientific and material-technical base and with the optimization of the
organizational forms of assistance to the scientists of the republic academy on the _
_ part of departments of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Supervision of the fulfillment of the decree is entrusted to the USSR Academy of
Sciences Council for Coordinating the Scientific Activity of the Union Republic
Academies of Sciences.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR", 1980
8850
CSO: 1800
20
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LITHUANIAN CC CREATES COI~IISSION ON SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS
Vilnius TRUDY AKADEMII NAUK LITOVSKOY SSR, SERIYA A in Russian No 3(72), 1980
pp 116-117
[Decrees summarized by M. Rimkyavichene and Y. Samaytis: "Improvement in the System
of Coordinating Scientific-Research and Experimental-Design Projects (Resume)"]
[Text] On 10 September 1979, the Presidium of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences
held a meeting at which there was a discussion re lating to the fulfillment of a
13 August 1979 decree by the Lithuanian Communist Party Central Committee and the
Lithuanian Council of Ministers, No. 280, "On Fur ther Improvement in the System of
Coordinating Scientific-Research and Experimental-Design Projects in the Republic."
The Presidium of the Academy of Sciences adopted decree No. 260, "On the Fulfill-
- ment of the 13 August 1979 decree No. 280 of the Lithuanian Communist Party Central
Committee and the Lithuanian Council of Ministers," in which it was stated that the
_ cited document notes insufficient cooperation in scientific-research and experi-
mental-design projects being conduczed by higher educational institutions and by
institutes of applied research, that union institutes located in the republic are
rarely enlisted in research on scientific-technical problems, that republic
coordination councils do not give needed attention to ~he introduction of scienti-
fic results into practice, and that the activities of these bodies are inadequately
coordinated.
The Lithuanian Co~unist Party and the Lithuanian Council of Ministers have created
the Republic Commission of Scientific-Techiiical Progress, which is headed by
A. Drobnis, deputy chairman of the Lithuanian ^ouncil of Ministers and chairman of
the Lithuanian State Planning Committee (commission chairman), Yu. Matulis,
president of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (deputy commission chairman), and
A. Deynis, ch ief of a section of the Lithuanian State Planning Committee (scienti-
fic secretary of the commission). The Commission includes another 20 members
well-known scientists and specialists, managers of large institutions of science
and technology, higher educational institutions, and planning and administrative
bodies of the republic.
In the approved Statute on the Republic Co~nission on Scientific-Technical
Progress, it is stated that the Commission is a body of the Lithuanian Communist
Party Central Committee and the Lithuanian Council of Ministers for the coordina-
tion of principal problems in the development of scientific-technical progress in
the repub lic.
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The basic tasks of the Co~?ission are the following: the preparation of proposals
reflecting the basic trends in science and technology and the increase of effective-
ness in integrating science and production in the republic; and improvement of the
syatem of bodies for coordinating the scientific-technical and social-economic
development of the republic.
In its activities, the Commission relies on the republic councils for coordination
of the Academy of Sciences, the State Planning Committee, the Committee for Construc-
tion Affairs, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Health, and other republic
coordinating bodies.
The Commission organizes the study of the scientific and technical levels of produc-
tioii, the explanation of the most importanC republic sciantific and technical prob-
lems, anc3 the preparation and implementation of complex problems:
it studies problems in the forecasting of science and technology
_ and establishes tasks and basic lines of development for
scientific research and experimental-design work;
it establishes the most important tasks and measures to support
the more effective integration of science and production;
it discusses problems relating to the improvement in the network
of scientific-research, project-design, and experimental _
organizations;
it prepares and implements measures for the improvement of the
system of coordination bodies for the solution of scientific-
technical and social-economic problems; and
it discusses long-range plans for the tr~ining of scientific and
engineering personnel in accordance with forecasts of scientific-
technical developments for civil production.
The ComQaission is given the right to charge re~ublic coordination bodies, ministries,
agencies, and scientific-research, project-design, and other republic organizations
with the study of individual problems and with the preparation of ineasures in accord
with basic problems of science and technology; to create expert groups for the study -
of urgent problems of sr.ience and technology and the preparation of design proposals
- for their implementation; and to receive information and to hear accounts and
reports by managers of republic coordination councils, ministries, and agencies, on
the work of coordination bodies and research on the most importa~t problems of
science and technology.
The Lithuanian Communist Party Central Com~ittee and the Lithuanian Council of
Ministers have decreed that new republic councils for coordination are to be
created with approval by the Republic Commission for Scientific-Technical Progress;
they have charged the Council for Coordination of Scientif ic-
Research Work in the Fields of Na~ural and Social Sciences of
the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences wi~th the coordination
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of fundamental scientific research in the fields of natural,
technical, and social sciences, and have decreed that the
Council is responsible for rational utilization of the
scientific potential of higher educational institutions and of
other scientific organizations for research in fundamental
problems;
they have charged the Republic Council for Scientific-Technical
Problems of the State Planning Committee with the coordination of
the most important industrial research and experimental-design
projects for the study of the most important republic inter-
agency scientific problems and with fulfilling the function of
a methodological center, �or preparing and implementing
scientific-technical programs;
they have charged the Ministries of Higher and Secondary
Specialized Education, Agriculture, Health, and other minis~ries -
and agencies with determini~g and refining the basic lines of
scientific development for h.igher educational institutions and
for ministerial institutes;
they have charged the State Planning Coamiittee, the Academy of
Sciences, the Committee for Construction Affairs, the Ministries
of Agriculture, Health, Education, and other ministries and
agencies with the examination and affirmation of the statutes
and the composition of republic coordination councils, problem
councils and commissions, after having foreseen more goal-
directed and complex solutions by these bodies that have been
tasked by them and an assurance of more agreement in the system
of activities of coordinatir..g bodies; and
in the State Planning Com~ittee, they have established a
Section for Scientific-Technieal Problems, having charged it
with the provision of organizational and technical service to
the Republic Commission for Scientific-Technical Progress and
to the Republic Council for Scientific-Technical Problems of ~
the State Planning Committee.
The Presidium of the Academy of Sciences has decreed that the Council for the
Coordination of Scientific-Research Projects in the Fields of Natural and Social
- Sciences of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences must coordinate fundamental
scientific research in the fields of natural, technical, and social seiences
throughout the republic;
it has charged the Cour.cil for Coordination through established
procedures to prepare and make proposals for refining the system,
- composition, and statutes concerning the Council for Coordina-
tion and its problem councils; cvith the ezersi~e~of concern
- for the expansion of cooperation between institutes of the
Academy of Sciences, higher educational institutions, and
ministerial institutes; and with the systematic anaAysis of
of scientific problem councils and with taking measuree for
raising the effectiveness of their activity.
COPYRIGHT: ..Trudy Akademii nauk Litovskoy SSR. Seriya A~ 1980
9645 '
CSO: 1$14 23 ~
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INTEGRATION OF SCIENCE AN~ INDUSTRY SUB~ECT OF VILN~US ~
CONFERENCE
Moscow VOPROSY EKONOMIKI in Russian No 1, 1980 pp 151-152
/Article by A. Deynis and V. Logachev, Vilnius: "Modern Ways
to Integrate Sci.ence and Production!'?
/Text7 In April 1979 in Vi2nius a conference was held on "Mo-
dern ways to integrate science and production". The confe- _
- rence was organized by the S~ientific Council of the State
- Committee for Science and Technology on the "Organization and _
economics of scientific-technical research and designs" and
by the Lithuanian SSR Gosplan.
The conference got underway with a report by the Deputy Chair-
man of the Lithuanian SSR Gosplan B. A. Zaykauskas. He de- _
tailed the ~romising, in his opinion, forms for integrating
science and production: the further development of the system -
of production associations, the raising af the level of com-
- plexity of scientific-research organization s and production
associations.
At present the scientific-produ~tion association (NPO) is the
basic form of uniting the achievements of science and produc-
tion. However, up until now there have been difficulties in
planning the work of the NPOs, particularly of the individual
structural elements that comprise the NPO. Planning in the
NPO by types of activity (research, designing and series pro-
duction), it was noted in the report of B. Motorygin (State
Committee for Science and Technology), prolongs the rates for
adopting the results of science. The adoption of the "matrix
structure", which makes it possible to rationally combine the
functional and subJect sectoral structures of management in
the sectors, is becoming very important.
In the report of A. Deynis (Lithuanian SSR Gosplan) particular
attention was devoted to the problem approach to managing sci-
entifc technical progress, to experience and ways for improving
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the system of coordinating scientific-research and experimen-
tal design work (NIOKR) at the level of the union republic.
One of the effective organizational measures for integrating
science and production in conditions of the Lituanian SSR is
coordination in the development of science, which has the fol-
lowing aspects: the coordination of the activity of the sci-
entific-research institutes, design bureaus, institutions of
higher learning and other republic organiiations; and using
scientific-research institutes and design bureaus of republic
subordination that are located in the republic to solve repub-
lic problems. Responsibility for the codrdination of work on
intersectorial ~:;~entific-technical and economic problems has
been placed upon the Lithuanian SSR Gosplan. In the republic
there are more than 10 specialized coordinating organs for in-
dividual scientific-technical, organizational and social pro-
blems, the membership of which includes the managers of se-
veral production, planning and other republic organs.
The inadequate efficiency of program-target methods, in the
opinion of Doctor of Economic Sciences D. Bobryshev of the All-
Union Scientific Research of Sanitary Te~ting (VNIISI), can be
explained by the lack of an appropriate methodology. The basic
task for today is to come up with a methodology for sElecting
the most important scientific-technical problems. It is very
important not only to compile optimal plans for realizing the
programs but also to skillfully manage over a 5 ta 10 year per-
iod the process of their realization. It is necessary to con-
centrate attention on the development of a system of management
of the realization of scientific-technical achievements on the
- part of the scientific-research institutes.
Doctor of Economic Sciences V. Baranuskas discussed the work
experience of the "Sigma" production association.
Also speaking at the conference were Doctor of Economic Scien-
ces K. Taksir (Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of
Sciences), Candidate of Ec~nomic Sciences P. Sedlov (Insti.-
- tute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences), A. Kvedar- -
avichyus (RSNTO, Lithuanian SSR), Candidate of Economic Scien-
ces S. Sterkin (All-Union Institute of Econor~ics imeni V. I.
Lenin), and Candidate of technicalSciences Yu. Krivonosov
(Central Scientific Research Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy).
In the recommendations that were approved by the conference
the main trend in the integration of science and production was
considered to be the further development of production associa-
tions. It is necessary to improve the mechanism for managing
the comprehensive renovation of production on the basis of the
latest achievements of science and technolgy. Moreover, all
stages of scientific-research, planning and designing, techno-
logical and experimental work, series and mass production, the
technological improvement of the production apparatus must be
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. embraced. The scientific-research institutes of the Lithuanian
SSR Academy of Sciences and the sectoral institutes that are lo-
cated within the republic and which specialize in specific
fields of scientific and scientific-Lechnical development~ must
perform the functions of lead organizati~ns. The ministries
(departments and associations), scientific-research institutions
and institutions of higher learning of the republic are advised
to switch away from short term contracts in favor of long~term
contracts, which call for the study and comprehensive solution
of important long-term scientific-technical and social-economic
problems on a sectoral scale (the production complex). The pso-
duction associations (enterprises) must more extensively prac-
tice the creation of special topic-planning groups and compre-
hensive brigades (researchers, designe*s, experimental and se-
ries production workers, adJusters and other specialists) for
carrying out measures to speed up the realization of scientific-
technical programs.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Pravda", "Voprosy ekonomiki", 1980
- 8927
CSO: 1814
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INDUSTRYWIDE FINANCING OF SCI~NTIFIC-TECI~IICAL PROGRESS
- Moscow VOPROSY EKONOMIKI in Russian No 8, Aug 80 pp 31-39
[Article by K. Kedrova]
[Text] Important changes have been made in the system for financing scien-
tific-technical progress by the decree of the CPSU Central Committee and
USSR Council of Ministers entitled "On Improving Planning and Strengthening
the Influence of the Economic Mechanism on Increasing Production Efficiency
and Work Quality." Especial emphasis should be put on the new approach to
the mechanism for supplying financial resources for scientific-technical _
development of production, which is manifested in enhancement of the cost-
accounting motivation of collectives of enterpr~.ses (associations) and sci-
entific-technical organizations to speed up scientific-technical advance
and to make efficient use of the funds assigned to creating, putting into
production and applying new technology. Paramount among the measures en-
visaged by the decree are the tiansition to financing scientific-technical
progress in the industrial sector with the resources of the industrywide
unified fund formed from the profit of subordinate industrial enterprises.
In that fund are pooled the industry's resources for scientific research
projects, the resources of the fund for putting new technology into produc-
tion, and also budget appropriations to develop that industry's science.
Among the shortcomings of the present method of financing scientific-tech-
nical progress we should mention first of all the lack of an effective
linkage of the industrywide mechanism for financing the "science--technol-
ogy--production" ^ycle with profit, which constitutes one of the principal
forms of the final economic result of utiliaation of scientific-technical
achievements in production. Creation of the unified fund for financing
scientific-technical progress in the industry so as to unify the various
souices of funds for financing new technology will make it possible to link
together the stages in the "research--production" cycle into a unified fi-
nancial-economic complex, to mobilize all moneys earmarked for that purpose
and on that basis to conduct a more flexible financial policy in the sphere
of the industry's acientific-technical development.
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The transition to profit as a source of supplying financial resources for
industrywide projects of creating, putting into production and applying new
technology makes it easier to estatlish a direct relation between industry-
wide expenditures for development of science and technology and the eco-
nomic benefit obtained by enterprises from the production and application
of the new technology in the form of additional profit. The planned expen-
ditures related to the industry's scientific-teehnical development will now

_ circulate within tine limits of the industry's profit.* lfiis method of fi-
nancing scientific-technical progress in the industry will make it possible
to increase the effectiveness of feedback in the "science--technology--pro-
_ duction" system.
It is especially important to creating stable economic conditions for de-
velopment of science and technology and for application of their advances
to production that the transi.*.ion envisaged by the decree be made to the
methods of long-term financing of ineasures for scientific-technical devel-
opment of production and that the principle be implemented of "pooling" the
funds annually allocated by the industry to develop science and technology.
The resources of the unified fund are earmarked, and should they not be
used in the current year (S-year period), they are not confiscated, but are
carried over to the next planning period. This ensures not only stability,
but also high maneuverability of the financial mechanism for management of
- the industry's scientific-technical development.
The effectiveness of financing scientific-technical progress is determined
. not only by the economically sound sources for financing the development of
_ science and technology, but also by such factors as selection of the base
used in formation of the targeted financial funds, establishment of the
quantitative value of the rate of transfers to the tar~pted funds so as to
guarantee the necessary money resources required to develop the industry's
science and to realize its advances in production, and also selection of
the method by which the transfers are to be made Co the special-purpose
f und .
Selection of an economically sound normative base for formation of the
YeFRNT [Unified Fund for Development of Science and TechnologyJ has funda-
mental importance to enhancing the effect of the financing mechanism on
speeding up scientific-technical progress and on raising the eff iciency of
* Planned outlays for development and application of new technology will
not be included:in the production costs of industrial output. Neverthe- r
less, it must be taken into account that at industrial enterprises the
planned sources for financing measures under tha head of new technology
are not the only sources for reimbursement of actual outlays to put into
production and apply new technology (not covered by the budget for place-
ment of the resources of specific funds). As a rule these outlays are cov-
ered from the funds of the principal activity (working capital), from cen-
tralized capital investments and from other sources.
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social production on that basis. An analysis conducted in ttie machine-
building industries into the quantitative relationship and dynamic behavior
of the principal cost indicators of development of industrywide science and
the indicators of the development of production (commodity output, sales,
normative output, net output, profit, wages, the value of fixed capital)
has shown that the indicator~ displaying the closest economic relatioaship
are the volume of outlays for R&D [literally "scientific-research and ex-
perimental-design developments"j and the volume of commodity output. To
ensure the organic unity and stability of the indicators of the volume of
- outlays for science and the indicators of the volume of financing of scien-
tific-technical projects, one and the same indicator should be adopted as
the normative base for formation of the YeFRNT.
Departure from this unity has an adverse effect on the effectiveness of
managing the processes of the development of science and technology and
realization of their achievements in production. In 1969 in the 2lectrical
equipment industry, for example, the volume of commodity output was se-
lected as the basis for planning the volume of R&D, while the volume of
- industrywide profit was taken as the basis for financing those proj ects,
and the result was disruption of the stability of the planned rar_e for fi-
nancing scientific -technical projects. In essence only one planned stand-
ard was in effect--the standard volume of R&D. The standard of the size of
the YeFRNT (13 percent of profit) adopted at the outset of the experiment
subsequently lost the status of a standard and was "pushed up" to meet the -
necessary amount of financing because of the instability of the indicator
of the volume of industrywide profit as a normative base.
The quantitative value of the standard used to determine the amount of R&D
and the standard for determining the amount of resources of the YeFFNT will
diFfol'. R~Tt('P c.._.., yc .~y Rj.TI ~a ~ny!'T:::~ cf'^_a;~r:~i,~ ;ogn~~r..r,,. ~~.~ci~sPd .
- Prom other industries and departments under business contracts.* At the
same time a portion of the resources of the unified fund are assigned to
reimburse the cos[ of putting scientific-technical advances into produc- -
tion.
The prospects for development of industrial production by manufacturing ef-
ficient new types of technology and applying advanced manufacturing methods
and highly productive equipment should be taken into account in determining
the quantitative value of rates governing transfers to~funds for Pinancing
the industry's scientific-technical development. The rates should reflect
the specific nature of khe development of science and technology in the in-
dustry and of realization of its achievements in.physical production as
well as progressive shifts in the technical faci3.ities furnished to acience
in the industry that enhance the efficiency with which research and devel-
opment is carried on. The method of making transfers to the YeFRNT, then,
* Under a decision of the USSR State Committee for Science and Technology
and the USSR Ministry of Finance, especially important scientific research
pro,jects requiring sizable outlays may be financed from the state budget.
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should be such as to guarantee stable economic motivation of industrial en-
_ terprises to systematically raise the technical-and-economic level of pro-
duction by manuf acturing efficient forms of technology whose adoption as
products and whose manufacture are in turn possible thanks to the introduc-
tion of highly productive and efficient technology and equipment.
The size of transfers to the industrywide fund for development of science
and technology should in our opinion be made directly dependent on the sc i-
entif ic-technical level and quality of the product the enterprise produces
and the distribution of its commodity output among quality categories in
_ order to strengthen the cost-accounting motivation of enterprises to speed
up the technological development of the industry. The industry's average -
rate of transfers from profit to the unified fund for development of sci-
ence and technology is the principal planning standard used as the basis
for calculating the total amount of contributions to the unified fund for
development of science and technology for each VPO [all-union industrial
association].
When the system of differentiated transfers as a function of quality, eff i-
ciency and the scientific-technical level of the product is being worked
out, it is indispensable that the value of the rate be set for each group
of products of the VPO. The sum total of transfers from prof it to the
YeFRNT should be distributed among the particular groups of products pro-
duced in the subindustry (by quality categories and the year when produc-
tion co?~enced) in such manner that the highest percentage of transfers
will be made for products in the second-quality category. Combined with _
the present procedure of deductions from the price of such products, this
will make it possible to erect a reliable barrier to the manufacture of
ol~Cdated and low-efficiency technology (which not uncommonly is highly
profitable to the manufacturer). -
1fie lowest rate of transfer should be set on products in the superior cat e-
gory bearing the quality emblem in order to encourage its expanded produc -
tion. Products in the superior category which the enterprise is putting
into production for the f irst time in the USSR and also highly efficient
products created by using inventions should in our opinion be exempted from
contributions to the YeFRNT for the first 2 years after series production
begins. Products bearing the quality emblem which have been put into pro-
duction by the enterprise but which are already manufactured elsewhere in
the country might be exempted from the contributions only for the first
year after series production is organized. This system of financial bene-
fits to be granted both to the VPO as a whole and also to enterprises ac-
tively participating in the technical development of the entire national
economy will make it possible to create infective incentives for speeding
up the industry's scientific-technical deveYopment.
The actual size of the total amount of transfers and their differentiation
by categories of products within the VPO (industrial associations) and
within individual enterprises (associations) should be calculated so as to
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take into account the peculiarities of technical progress in L-he subindus--
try and.[he economic conditions under which the given economic complex op-
erates. This method of forming funds earmarked for financing NTP [scien-
tific-technical progress] in the industry affords the possibility, in our -
view, of fuller realization of the fundamental principles af the decree on
strPngthening the influence of the economic mechanism on increasing produc-
tion efficiency.
We have developed sample scales of deductions to the YeFRNT for. a number of
m,3r_hinebuilding industries so as to take into account their specif ic fea-
titres witi~ a view to realizing this method of forming the fund. We give
below scales for enterprises in the industry of construcrion, road and mu-
nicipal machinebuilding.
Sample Scale of Rates of Transfers From the Enterprise (Association) to the
XeFRNT (in percentage of cormmodity, net and normative output)
Years Product Has ~3~en rroduced
Since It Was Put Into Production
lst 2d 3d 4th Sth 6th 7th 8th
Products bearing the quality emblem 0 1 ? 7_ 2 3 3 3
Includ'_ng:
Products based on inventions 0 0 2 2 2 3 3 3
Products put into prodt~cti.on for
the f.irst time in the tISSF~ 0 0 2 2 2 3 3 3
Products in the first-quality cate-
gory 4 4 4 4 G 4 4
Products in the second-quality ca-
_ egory 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Calcu]_ations at entezprisPS which have converted to the new conditions for
financing have shown that the use of the scale proposed here makes it pos-
sible to redistribute transfers to the YeFRNT within the limits of the to-
tal amount in order to stimulate renewal of products being produced. The
interconnection between the technica~ level of the product ~roduced and the
size of transfers to the industrywide fund for financing scientific-techni-
cal progress in L978 car. be followed for the enterprises of the M3.nistzy of
Construction, Road and ~~tunicipal 2~;,ach:~nebuilding (iii percentage):
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, Relative Share Transfers to YeFRNT* -
� of Products Under Present According to
Produced First Conditions Proposed Scaie -
Put Into Pro- Relative Relative
- duction in to Com- Com-
1976-1978 Pe- modity Relative modity Relative
Enterprises riod Output to Profit Output to Prof it
Metallorukav
Production As-
sociation 14.4 2.30 21.3 2.5 23.0
Fan and Ventila-
tor Plant 19.3 0.18 1.9 1.0 13.0
Stroymash Pro-
duction Associ-
- ation 37.7 2.2U 12.9 2,0 10.8
Machinebuilding
~ Plant imeni
M. I. Kalinin 9.2 1.90 6.0 5.0 16.2
Pnevmostroy-
mashina Plant 4.1 2.30 7.7 8.0 28.9
* The volume of commodity output was the indicator taken as the base for
calculating the voluma of the YeFRNT, si.nce in the industries where the
calculations were made net output standards had not yet been devised for
the entire list of products produced. -
As we see from the figures in the table, the transfers to the unified fund
on the basis of this scale were barely a third as much for the Stroymash
Association, where the relative share of high-quality new products was 37.7
percent, as it was for the Pnevm~ostroymashina Plant, where the relative
share of new products was 4 percent. By setting up the system of diff eren-
tiated rates of transfers to the YeFRNT as a function of the progressive-
ness of the products the enterprises produce wi~l make it possible to fur-
_ nish financial benefits to enterprises actively participating in the tech-
nical revamping of the entire national economy. The system of differenti-
ated rates of transfers from profit makes it possible to implement the
principle of forming funds earmarked for financial stimulation of scien-
tific-technical progress not "according to the base," but as a function of
the technical-and-economic level of production the enterprise has achieved.
These financial norms will thereby have a stronger effect in speeding up
rates of renewal of productive capital. "The purpose of a standard,"
S. Sitaryan has observed, "is to ensure a constant rise in the motivation
and responsibility of all enterprises in the industry to improve the quali-
tative indicators of their performance."*
* S. Sitaryan, "Finance and the Economic Mechanism," SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA
_ IIYDUSTRIYA, 17 May 1980.
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In drafting measures to improve the mechanism for financing NTP it is im-
portant to take into account that the unified fund for development of sci-
ence and technology should be transfo rmed from a money "tank," which to a
certain degree arbitrarily stores up the financial resources of the indus-
try as a function of factors which have no bearing on encouragement of new
technology, into an active financial lever for managing scientific-techni-
cal progress.
In the industry's conversion to the new conditions for financing scien-
tific-technical progress it would be wise, in our view, to distinguish the
following stages: 1) determination of the industry's average rate of
i transfers to the YeFRNT and its total size for the planning period (5-year
period, year) on the basis of the aggregate need for money to develop the
industry's science and technology and to apply scientific-technical ad-
vances (on the basis of report data and taking into account the necessary
- growth of expenditures); 2) calculation (on the basis of the industry's
average relative size of the YeFRNT) of the planned amount of resources of
the unified fund earmarked for the all-union industrial association so as
to take into account the technical-and-economic level of development of the
subindustry in the planning period; 3) distribution of the planned amount
of funds transferred to the YeFRNT at ttie level of the subindustry (VPO)
among enterprises as a function of the rate of renewal of products being
produced and their technical-and-economic level.
The methods of forming the YeFRNT should be improved simultaneously with
improvement of the procedure for targeted use of this fund's resources.
This necessitates developing both a methodology and also methods specific
to the various industr:Les for devising scientifically sound norms governing
distribution of the fi~lancial resources by purposes and stages of the "re-
; search--production" cy~~le so as to take into account the shifts forecast in
development of the tectinical capability being developed by the given indus-
try and adherence to d!_finite proportions between the various purposas of
technical progress ar.~d stages in the "research--production" cycle. Obser-
vance of this optir~um relation on the basis of scientifically sound distri-
bution of financial resources will make it possible to guarantee the indus-
try's scientific-technical developmen t tt conformity with plans and propor-
tionality between the development of science on the one hand and the devel-
opment of production on the other.
~
The effectiveness of the mechanism f or financial management of scientific-
technical progress depends in large part on working out in advance the f i-
nancial requirements for various purposes or groups of expenditures (re- _
search, development, putting scientific-technical advances into production}
and on their linkage to allowances for financing with the resources of the
unified fund for development of seience and technology. One might take as �
- an initial basis for working out the system of standards governing ear-
~ marked financing of the industry's scientific-technical developmetit the ac-
tual relationship in amounts of f inancing from various sources that have
been fox~ned in practice (before formation of the YeFRNT: 1) budget funds
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previously allocated to finance exploratory theoretical research, to create
the sci,entific-technical backlog and for projects on new topics; these
pro~ects are mainly related to development of the industry's science, which
determines the prospects for technical progress in the industry over the
following 10-20 years; 2) the funds of the industry itself (deductions from
production costs) for scientific research projects appropriated for applied
research and for product and process design and development with prospects
of beir.g put into production over the following 5-10 years; 3) resources of
the fund for organizing the production of new technology, which are as-
signed to experimental design and process development to create new types
of products (new technology) and also for work related to preparing and or-
ganizing series production of a new product over the planning period--the
S-year period.
As the measures envisaged by the decree are carried out, it is indispens-
able to take into account those adverse factors which could arise if a
formalistic approach is taken to forming the YeFRNT and to the use of its
funds, resulting from a mere mechanical pooling of differenc sources of
funding for this purpose. As an analysis of the initial stages of conver-
- sion of the machinebuilding industries to the new conditions for financing
NTP has shown, in certain of them this was the reason for a reduced amount
of financing of projects to put scientific-technical advances into produc-
tion and also of a reduced share of projects to build up the scientific-
technical backlog. At the same time there was an increase in the volume of
- development projects never introduced and never c~mvleted.*
The planned financing form of managing the processes of creating and apply-
ing new technology (~ob orders), which is operative in the machinebuiding
industries, does not entirely embrace as yet the stage of organizing seties
production of new types of technology and the stage of organizing their
regular production in general. Thus the final stage of the "research--pro-
duction" cycle often remains "left out." Yet the greatest difficulties
arise in those final stages of the cyc~e because of the growing technical
and technological complexity of the new means, instruments and subjects of
labor created as well as because of the conditions of the economic passage
of the experimental prototype from the sphere of science to the sphere of
physical production.
There are objective reasons (in a number of cases the lack of reserve pro-
J duction capacities, the necessary materials or components, or inadequate
level of skills of the labor force) why in the stage of putting scientific-
technical advances into production a gap occurs in the unified process of
creating and applying thF 3dvances of science and technology in production.
At the same time the industry and the enterprises possess the necessary fi-
nancing to ensure continuity and to speed up processes in the cycle of the
"creation, production and application of new technology." An analysis o.f
* P. A. Sedlov, "Economic and Legal Problems of Planning and Encouraging
Scientific-Technical Progress," VESTNIR AN SSSR, No 1, 1980, pp 37-38.
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the use of special-purpose funds for financial stimulation of sciez~tific-
_ technical progress has shown that in those industries where there is a fund
for organiziiig production of new technology ~and where unified funds have
been created, their resources were underutilized year after year in a num-
ber o~' ministries, whereas assignments for creation and application of new
technology were not altogether fulfiYled.
Many enterprises were not motivated to use funds from the YeFRNT* and pre-
ferred either to "lay the burden" on the production cost by diverting their
own working capital to reimbursement of the costs of putting new technology
into production (wherever the level of productfon costs was not high) or to
reduce the amount of new technol.ogy put into series production so as to re-
~ duce the adverse effect which the processes of putting new products into
production has on the enterprise's cost-accounting indicators. Al1 this
evidenced the need to strengthen the connection between financial-and-eco-
nomi~ methods of managing scientific-technical progress and the economic
- mechanism of industri.al enterprises, which indeed was envisaged by the new
decree. It is above all a question of enhancing the role of cost-account-
ing elements in the mechanism of financing scientific-technical progress.
- The decision which has now been made to include in the total volurae of out-
put ttae val.ue of projects of an industrial nature to put new technology
into production and to apply new L-echnology financed from the unified fund
for development of science and technology eliminates th~ contradiction be-
tween the indicators used to evaluate the results of the economic perfor-
. mance of associations and enterprises and their right to spend centralized
funds to put new technology intv producti~n.
~ The decree on improving planning and perfecting the economic mechanism has
envisaged a strengthening of the influence ot the benefit to the national
economy of technology produced, taken as an indicator, on the mechanism for
building up financial funds earmarked for technical development of produc-
tion in the inaustry. A certain share of the economic benefit from the new
technology created in the industry is to be assigned to reinforce the uni-
fied fund for development of science and technology as a~ portion of the sum
total of incentive supplements for the manufacture of highly efficient
types of new technology (15 percent). For instance, for the 11 machine-
building ministries the proportion of the unified fund for financing scien-
tific-technical progress resulting from transferring this part of the total
amount of. supplements for planned output of products bearing the qualit:y
emb].em could increase to 3.5 percent of the total amount of resources in
the YeFRNT in 1980.
Establishment of an econ~mic connection between the mechanism for financing
scientific-technical progress and the indicator of the national economic
benefit from the cXeation of new technology and the cost-accoiinting
* Enterprises mainly use funds obtained from the YeFRNT to pay for devel-
- opment pro~ects performed by other organizations under business contracts.
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indicators of the benefit of using production resources in the given eco- _
nomic entity that reflect reduced costs on the basis of use of new technol-
ogy, will make it possible to strengthen the influence of the financial
mechanism on the effectiveness of scientific-technical progress. "
The indicator of the national economic benefit of new technology is now be-
ing used in a number of industries to evaluate the effectiveness of using
money allocated for the industry's technical development.* It is essential
to strengthen the mechanism whereby this indicator exerts a planned influ-
ence in the stage of compiling financial plans, that is, when money is dis-
- tribuLed from industrywide funds for development of science and technology
among individual VPO, and also among particular directions of scientific-
technical progress. In our opinion it would be wise if the indicator of
the benefit from use of new technology (in the for*~ of xeduced expenditures
of materials, energy and fuel for production of output) were taken into ac- ~
count when financial funds are allocated to enterprises and associations
for purposes of technical improvement of production. This will also con-
tribute to better orientation of the mechanism for management of scien-
tif ic-technical progress toward the final national economic results of ap- _
plying new technology and toward achievement of savings by using techni- ,
cally new means, implements and methods of labor.
It would help to guarantee that the indicator of the national economic ben-
_ efit from use of technology has a real significance if a close connection
were established between calculations of the indicator of the actual eco-
nomic benefit and the indicators of reduction of standard costs and stand-
ard rates of consumption for all types of resources (labor, physical and
financial) by virtue of application of new technology. This would serve as
the basis for connecting the mechanism of furnishing financial resources to
pro~ ects involvi.ng new technology in the "research--production." cycle and
the indicators of the effectiveness of each group of expenditures to con-
duct scientific-technical proj ects relevant to the particular directions
and stages of scientific-technical progress.
T'he transition to payment for R6D projects completed and accepted by the
customer will contribute to further development of cost-accounting rela-'
tions in the sphere of scientific-technical progress. A temporary lack of
funds to perform scientific and technical development projects will be cov-
ered with money borrowed on the basis of credits from USSR Gosbank, which
will ur~questionably make it possible to enhance the economic responsibility
of scientific organizations for effective use of financial resources. This
transition is to be accomplished in all industries during the llth Five-
Year Plan.
Strengthening cost-accounting levers in the domain of creation and applica-
tion of new t~.chnology imposes higher requirements on the economic soundness
* V. Astaf'yev, "System of Incentives for New Technology (Experience, Re-
- sults and Prospects)," VOPROSY EKONOMIKI, No 1, 1980, p 53.
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of compilation of cost budge~s for each topic and specific programs, which
_ serve as the basis for shaping plans for financing scientific-*echnical
progress. Sizable departur.es of the autlays planned for the various pro~-
- ects (estimated cost) from actual outlays on the side of falling short of
the planned amounts indicate tn~,t calculations of the standards used in
planning outlays for R&D are not on a sufficientlv high level. This in
turn weakens the financial mechanism for managing NTP because finrzncial re-
sources are "frozen" and because the industry's financial resources "leak
out because they are partially confiscated into the budget in the form of
the surplus of "income" over expenditures under budgets for performance o� _
scientific research projects in scientific organizations.
The specific nature of scientific-technical activity in each stage of NTP
must be taken into account in working out the system of financial standards -
used for management in the sphere of scientific -technical progress. 5~tting
up a system of ~~igid standards for f3nancing outlays for each type of prQj-
ect is not possible because of the specific nature of creative work and of
the product of scientific-technical activity. At the same time the wark
standards in effect in the science of the industry pertaining to the con-
duct of standard projects make it possible to devise a system of consoli-
dated financial standards for performance of pro~er_ts in particular direc-�
tions and stages of development of the industry's science and technology--
on the basis o~ groups of expenditures. It would be wise if the financial
standards were developed by graups of expenditures for the aggregate of
- pro~ects of the same kind (scien~ific research projects, experimental de- -
sign projects, and organization of the production of new types of technol-
ogy). In determining departures of glanned outlays for scientif.ic-techni-
cal developments from actual outlays the calculation should also be made
fur the entire group of projects of the same kind. In our view this proce-
dure would create a real basis for spplying economically sound standaxds.
The absence of a system of planning calculations of the financial require-
ment of specif ic purposes tends in practice to disrupt the proportional r~-
lationship in develoFment of particular stages ar.d directions of scien- _
tific-technical development in the industry. At the Zevel of the industry
(and subindustry) there are no data on full costs in a brea~cdown into re-
search, process design and development, product design and d~velopment, and
production engineering conducted by scientific research orga*:izati~ns, de--
sign organizations and process engineering organizations. Figures of this
kind are also lacking for research and development in the sphere of so-
_ called "plant science." There are no precise figures on full actual costs
for measures under the head of new technology at the enterprises of the in-
dustry. The procedure in effect for recording costs and the reporting
forms in the sphere of financing scientific-technical progress do not even
afiord a p~ssibility of discoverir.g at the level of enterprises the full
amount or expenditures relat~d to the particular directions of scientific- -
technical progress, including funds under capital investments.
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To work out standards for financing specific purpo ses will require appropri- .
ate organization of comprehensive recording and analysis of costs in the
spher~ of scientific-technical progress. Adoption of this kind of account-
ing is being held back not only because the method ology is lacking, but
a1~o because the personnel of scientific research, project planning and de-
sign, and process engineeri~zg organizations and industrial enterprises ~lo
not have a ma:erial incentive or full and reliable reporting on actual out-
lays for performance of scientific-technical measures. ~ne of the reasons
for the lack of this motivation is the axistence of a secret mechanism of
":~elf-insurance," which results from the factor of financial and economic
risk.
Inadequate use of the capability of the planning mechanism to provide the
financial guarantee against the risk related to the effect of the factor of
indeterminacy resuJ.ts in a substantial dis~crepancy between figures on the _
estimated cost and th~ actual outlays to perform various R&D projects. The
reason for this is that reliable data are lacking on full actual costs to
conduct specific measures :elated to new technology at industrial enter-
prises.
In our opinion creation of earmarked financial reserves has great i.mpor-
r_ance to increasing the effectiveness of the mechanism for financing scien-
A tific-technical progress, provided that normative methods of managing the ~
processes of creating and applying new technology are strengthened. Qn the
one hand this is a financi~l guarantee for coverage of an overrun of plan-
- ned costs to carry out the measures of scientific-technical progress, and
on the other it is a source of financing to cover outlays on measures whose
need has arisen during the current period. The latter is related to the
need to expand the inter industry exchange of sci en tific-technical advances
and their applicatio~.
~ As a result of this interindustry exchange of highly effective scientific-
technical solutions a sizable saving of financial resources can be achievGd
in the borrowing industries (thanks to economy in t~ie conduct ~f research,
experimental design, and so on). To ~nco~irage a s trengthening of interin-
dustry exchange of ~.ompleted technical solutions and their application it
would be wise to establish financiai benefits and create economic advan-
tages for enterprises and scientific-technical o rg anizations of industries
actively involved in mak~ng transfers of scientific-technical advances to
other industries and rendering assistance in tt~e ir applzcation.
The transition to normative methods of f inancing scientific-technical ~rog-
ress, which presupposES not only the existence of economically sound narms
for formation of industrywide funds for development of science and~ technol-
ogy, but also application of a system of standard s used in distribution of
the resources of those fund~ among specific purposes (including incentive =
standards) so as to take into account the indicator of the benefit of the
technology developed, will make it possible to strengthen the influence of _
the f inancial mechanism as a management tool on the processes of creating
and applying new technology. ~
COPYRIGNT: Izdatel'stvo ~'Pravda", "Voprosy ekonomiki", 1980
7045 F~ .
CSO: 1820 38
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