JPRS ID: 9310 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REPORT

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• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000300090030-6
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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9608
~ 13 March 1981
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USSR Re ort
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MATERIALS SCIENCE AND METALLURGY
CFOUO 1 /81)
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FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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Washington, D. C. 20013
_ 26 Februa~y 1981
iVUTE FROI~i T'f-IE DIRECTOR, FBIS:
Forty years ago, tlie U,S. Government inaug~arated a new
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JPRS L/9608
13 March 1981
USSR REPORT
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND METALLURGY
(FOUO 1/81)
GONTENTS
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Compaction of Reinforced and 'Sandwich-Type' Composite Materials
Described 1
CONSERVATION OF METALS
S~roybank Calls for Conservation of Metal 6
NONFERROUS METALLURGY
' Cost Effectiveness of Improving Production in Nonferrous Metallurgy..... 13
POWDER METALLURGY
Articles on Powder Metallurgy 17
RARE METALS
Rare Metals and Alloys. Physicochemical Analysis anc~ Physical
Metallurgy 19
REACTOR MATER'lALS
- Properties of Materials in Radiation Fluxes 22
~ - a- [III - USSR - 21G S&T FOUO]
FnR l1FFTfTAT. i?RF f1N1Y
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COMPOSITE MATERIALS
COMPACTION OF REINFORCED AND 'SANDWICH-TYPE' COMPOSITE MATERIALS DESCRIBID
Kiev TVERDOFAZNOYE UPLOTNENIYE ARMIROVANNYICH METALLOV in Russian 1980 .
pp 2, 7-11, 115
[Annotation, introduction and table of contents from book "Solid-?hase Com-
paction of Reinforced Metals", by L.I. Tuchinskiy, "Naukova dumka", 116 pages ]
[Text] This monograph is devoted to an analysis of the processes of compact-
ing composite materials by means of sintering and static and dynamic hot -
- pressing. A rheological theory is praposed for the compaction of materials
_ with a powder matrix reinforced by parallel, orthogonal and randomly oriented
fibers. The kinetic and energy mechanisms governing the formation of com- _
posite "sandwich-type" structures are described. The results of theo~y
and experimentation are compared. The characteristics of composite material
compaction are examined for various methods of manufacturing composites.
, This book is intended for materials specialists engaged in the development
' and study of composite materials and the methods for processing them, as
well as for specialists in the field of powder metallurgy. It may also
~ be helpful to graduate students and students in the advanced classes special-
izing in the field of powder metallurgy and the pressure working of inetals.
Introduction
One of the basic directions in the developffient of science in the lOth Five-
Year Plan is the creation of new materials capable of satisfyin~ the needs
of rapidly growing sectors of industry.
The most promising method~of accomplishing the task that has been set is
' ~~he synthesis of new composite materials (CM's), the application of which
will make it possible to sharply increase the strength, heat r.esistance,
fatigue strength, hardneas and shock-load resistance of many structures. _
! It will also make it possible to regulat~ the thermal and electrical con-
ductivity as well as the magnetic, nuclear and other characteristics of
materials over a broad range.
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There is a critical need for composite materials in space technology, power
engineering, aircraft and missile construction, nuclear engineering, turbine
construction, chemical engineering, shipbuilding and in other sectors of
i.ndus t ry .
Metallic composite materials are examined in the monograph. In this work,
the terms "composite material" and "composition" are used synonomously to
_ designate materials possessing a heterogeneous structure, consisting of
a metallic matrix and f ibers. The matrix and the fibers are combined, but -
they differ in their physicochemical properties. The materials obtained _
possess propPrties not inherent in either of the components individually.
Related to this ':lass of materials can also be two-phase compositions with
a matrix structure, containing disperse inclusi~ns of roughly equiaxial
form. From a technological point of view, they may be examined as a
particular case of reinforced materials with randomly oriented fibers that ~
possess a length-to-diameter ratio approximating unity. -
A great contribution in establishing the science of inetallic composite mate-
- rials has been provided by the studies of Soviet scientists--A. T. Tumanov,
Yu. N. Rabotnov, I. I~. Frantsevich, K. I. Portnoy, M. Kh. Shorshorov, V. S.
Ivanova, S. T. Mileyko, I. N. Fridlyander, D. M. Karpinos, A. I.
- Kolpashnikov, V. Ye. Panin, 0. V. Roman, V. I. Belyayev, et al.
~
In the period of time since the first publications on metallic composi-
tions appear~ed, there has been a qualitative leap in their development and
a transition from the stage of laboratory experiment to industrial intro- _
- duction. The mechanics of composite ma.terials have been successfully de-
_ veloped. This achievement has made it possible to determine the potential
' practicability of composite materials and to plan methods for utilizing
them in actual structures. A number of compositions have been successful-
- ly created which possess unique mechanical properties. ~
The main problems confronting ma~erials specialists engaged in the synthe-
_ sis of reinforced metals are manufacturing problems. Is is basically clear
what sort of potential possibilities composite materials have, although
for the time being it is not clear in many cases how these possibilities ~
may be realized in practice. Problems of manufacturing reiiiforced marerials ;
have now been brought into the foreground. Progress in the deveZopment
of the whole composite-materials problem depends u~on a successful solu-
tion to these questions.
Despite the fact that the overwhelming majority of materials specialists
recognize the importance o� industrial research, questions regarding the
manufacture of composite materials are rarely taken up in the literature,
In the first place, they pertain t~ the theoretical aspects of the problem.
Publications relating to these aspects hardly amount to a few percent of
- the total number of publications on composite materials. Meanwhile, it _
is impossible to develop optimum manufacturing methods without a theoretical -
analysis of the practicability of various methods of obtaining reinforced
ms;+.srials with specific compositions. This means that it is not possible
~
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to regulate the properties of composite materials in a controlled manner.
~ For this reas4n, an analysis of the methods of obtaining composite materials, "
that is, reseaxch into tl~e processes taking place during the formation of
~ their structure, is an important and pressing task.
The primary purpose of t'he investigations described in this monograph in-
~ volv~ed the development of a phenomenological theory for solid-phase com-
paction of powder and laminar reinforced composite materials by such wide-
ly used manufacturing methods as sintering, hot pressing and smith forging.
The creation of this theory is truly necessary in order to make possible -
the calculation of the kinetic and energy parameters of the formation pro-
cesses for composite materials possessing various degrees of anisotropy �
and, on tk?e basis of these calculations, the choice of conditions for ob-
Caining composite materials and the selection of the manufacturir.g equipment.
The description of solid-phase methods of forming composite materials with
a pawder matrix is drawn from general opinions based on the rheological
approach that has been used lately for the theoretical analysis of com-
- paction of ordinary (unreinforced) materials. The description is also based
on a concept that successfully combines the continuous theory of bulk vis-
cous flow of porous nodies with the theo~cy of inetal creepage.
~ Since, as a rule, the compaction of powder composite materials occurs due
to the shrinka~e of the matrix material alone, the application of theoreti-
_ cal methods developed in connection with ordinary porous bodies proved to _
be fruitful also for reinforced composite materials.
The description of the dynamic methods of forming "sandwiches" is based
upon theoretical propositions regarding the working of inetals by pressure.
A theoretical analysis of the laws governing the compaction of composite
' materials makes it possible to understand more deeply the nature of the
processes taking place, to show up the advantages and the disadvantages
of each method, to decrease sharply the expenditure of time and labor in
conducting experimental work and to provide scientifically based recom-
mendations for selecting the optimum production process for obtaining com-
posite materials.
The methods uf obtaining metallic ccmposite materials which depend upon
the initial state of the matrix material may be divided into liquid-phase
and solid-phase methods. The methods of deposition axe divided into plating
~ and combined methods. A block-diagram classification of these methoc~s is
given in the table.
The utilization of a matrix iu a solid ~tate--in thP form of powder or
~ foil--is characteri~tic far solid-phase methods. Liquid-ghase methods -
~ provide f~r introducing the matrix into the composite material in a molten
- state. I:n the case of obtaining c~nposite materials through a deposition
method, the matrix is plated onto the fibers from salt solutions or from
other compounds, from a vapor-gae phase, from a plasma, etc. The combined
! methods include the subsequent or parallel application of the first three
methods.
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In the majority of cases, the fibers are introduced in the liquid-phase
state. The exception is the "in situ" liquid-phase method, during which
th~ increase in the amount of reinforcement comes about directly as a result
of fusion during controlled crystallization of the eutectic substances.
Sc*lid-phase methods have become the most widely used methods in the manu-
f acture of inetallic compositions. They are applied both in the "pure" form
as well as in conjunction with other methods. For example, Flasma deposi-
tion is used as a preliminary operation, while hot pressing or dynamic com-
- paction is employed as the final operation. We will also give primary
consideration to the study of these methods.
Solid-phase methods may be divided into powder-metallurgy and pressure-
_ working methods. This division is arbitrary and is based mainly on the
difference in the initial states of the tnatrices. Reinforced materials
whose matrix is a powder in the initial state we will call powder CM's,
that is, composite materials with a powder matrix.
Materials whose matrix in the initial state is composed of thin sheets
(foils) and the whole piece itself--the assembly of alternating strata of
matrix and reinforcing elements laid in a given sequence--we will call
- "sandwich-type" compositions.
The basic manufacturing methods for forming powder and "sandwich-type" com-
posite materials are related, nevertheless, to processes that occur during
compaction. The exception is the sinter3ng method, which.is used only for ;
powder composite materials. The mechanisms which are responsible for this
compaction have theix own peculiarities which dem~.nd special investigation.
The block diagram lists only those manuf acturing operations that directly ~
provide a monolithic material. They are Freceded by preparatory operations
which include the cleaning of the surface of Che fibers, the laying of the ,
- fibers in the given direction, the assembly of pieces of matrix and fiber,
the heating, etc. All of these operations require the development of special ~
methods and equipment and the application of the corresponding means of `
mechanization and automation. The study and improvement of these operations ~
is a constant problem, the analysis of which does not enter into this pre- I
sent investigation. For this reason we will not dwell on them but will ,
proceed with the investigation of the processes of compaction of reinforced
metallic materials.
Contents Page
- Legend 3
Introduction ~
Chapter 1. Sintering of Reinforced Powder Composite Materials (CM's) 12
1. Status of the problem 12
2. Kinetic sintering of unidirectional powder CM's 17
3. Kinetic sintering of powder Qi's with randomly oriented fibers.. 23
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Chapter 2. Hot Pressing of Reinforced Powder Materials.............. 29
1. Status of the problem 29
2. Compaction of unidirectional powder compositions by hot pressing
within a rigid houeing 32
3. Kinetic compaction of unidirectional powder materials during _
free pressing 44
4. Hot pressing of orthogonally reinforced compositions with powder
matrix 52
Chapter 3. Dynamic Compaction of Powder CM's 59
1. Status of the problem 59
- 2. Dynamic compaction of ordinary (unreinforced) porous materials.. 61
Compaction in a rigid press form 62
Smith forging 64
Forging in a one-sided die 65
- Biaxial forging 67
Omnidirectional dynamic compaction 68
3. Compaction of powder CM's reinforced with continuous unidirec-
tional fibers by dynamic hot pressing in a rigid housing...... 69
- 4. Smith forging of CM's reinforced with continuous unidirectional
fibers 75
5. Dynamic compaction of orthogonally reinforced CM's with powder
matrix 79
Chapter 6. Dynamic Compaction of "Sandwich-type" CM's 85
1. Analysis of t~E energy dissipation during dynamic hot presaing ~
~ of unidirectional "sandwich-type" CM's 85
2. Smith forging of "sandwich-type" CM's 96
' 3. Experimental research into energy dissipation during dynamic
compaction of "sandwich-type" CM's 101
4. Formation of bonds between "sandwich" components during dynamic
compaction 104
List of Literature 112
Table of Contents 115
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 1980
[180-9512]
9512
CSO: 1842
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CONSERVATION OF METALS
STROYBANK CALLS FOR CONSERVATION OF METAL
Moscow PLANOVOYE KHOZYAYSTVO in Russian No 9,Sep 1980 pp 79-82
/Article by V. Shavlyuk, deputy @hief of the Administration of the
USSR Stroybank: "Putting a Stop to Excesses in the Expenditure of r
Me t al"/
/Text/ A most important task for socialist economic management is to
make^efficient use of material resources, including rolled metal. The
conservation of inetal is very important in construction, which is one _
the main sectors of the economy that makes use of inetal. Each year -
approximately 10 million tons of inetal pipes and more than 20 million
- tons of rolled metal are expended to meet the needs for Soviet con-
struction proje~ts. -
Scientific research that is cor.ducted in this sector and the leading
achievements of production workers show that opportunities for the
economical expending of inetal are far from exhausted. Flagrant
squandering, unsatisfactory storage, and utilization for other than
intended purposes were cited in L.I. Brezhnev's speech at the November
(1979) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee as some of the reasons
why there is a shortage of inetal, in spite of the enormous amounts
that are produced. �
Recently the planning and financial organs, scientific-research and
planning and design organizations, construction projects and enter-
prises have been actively seeking ways to conserve metal and, without
lowering the durability and exploitational properties of the build-
ings, to reduce the consumption of inetal in construction. Standard
doc:uments have been drawn up which regulate and control the use of ine-
tal in construction; these documents include technical regulations
governing the economical expenditure of basic construction materials
- and a standard methodology for planning the conservation of basic ma-
~erials in construction. When examining the projected estimate docu-
mentation and the eontrol measurements of construction and insta~la- -
tion work that has been completed and studying the economic ma-
nagement and financial work of the planning and contract organizations,
the institutions of the USSR Stroybank randomly check th~ correlation
_ of the planning decisions that have been made and the construction and
installation work that has been done to the requirements of the tech-
nical regulations and other standard documents that have been approv-
ed by the USSR Gosstroy and the USSR Gosplan. During the first four _
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years of the Tenth Five-Year Plan the bank's financing institutions
- have randomly checked the justificatian for using metal in 80,000
drafts for construct:.on projects. They found that in 10,000 of these
- projects standards for using metal were not observed in accordance with
the standard documents that have been established. The total overex-
penditure of inetal came to 1,192,000 tons.
It must be noted that bank specialists cannot always thoroughly inves-
tiage all details of the draft and can only make suggestions concern-
ing those technical solutions that are clearly in conflict with the
appropriate standard documents. This is explained, by the way, by the
_ fact that the customers and planning and contract organizations almost
always accept all of the bank's suggestions that are aimed at conserv-
ing metal.
However such suggestions cannot always be realized, such as achieving
a real substitution of planned metal constructions with other non-me-
tal constructions or those that contain lesser amounts of inetal. From
the abovementioned 1,192,000 tons of inetal that werP unjustifiably ~
called for in the plans, they managed to prevent the excessive expen- -
diture of onl~ 493,000 tons of inetal. The remaining portion of the
, constructions either had already been installed or the appropriate
orders for tY~eir manufacture were allocated . For such cases in order
to avoid disrupting the planned introduction of capacities permission
was obtained from the USSR Gosstroy and other organs. The expenditure
of inetal i.n this case was 330y000 tons. Thus, the bank's institutions
- annually manage to restrict the actual overexpenditure of inetal, which
amounts to approximately 40 percent of the disclosed amount of its
irrational utilization.
As the materials of the checks that were made show, the excessive ex- ~
penditure of inetal is caused by its unjustified and irrational use at
all stages of capital construction. Moreover, nearly 90 percent of
- tite violations take place at the planning stage, which attests to the
poor technical quality of the plans that are being drawn up and to
the nonfulfillment by some ministries, departments, their planning or-
ganizations and expert organs of the instructions of the directing or-
- gans regarding the thrifty expenditure of inetal in the national econo-
~y.
Analysis shows that the basic reason for the unjustified expenditure
of inetal showing up in the plans is primarily the continuing use of
metal constructiors and articles in place of reinforced concrete or
other nonmetallic constructions. Such practice departs from the re-
quirements of existing standard documents. For this reason the exces- �
sive expenditure of inetal for the first four years of the Tenth Five-
Year Plan came to 688,000 tons or nearly 60 percent of the overexpend-
iture that was disclosed. For example, in rigging the Krasnoyarsk
Autotractor Trailer Plant the Giproavtoprom institute planned, and
, the Ministry of the Automotive Industry approved contrary to estab- ~
lished norms, for th~ use of inetal support constructions for the main _
and press and welding buildings of the enterprise, which would have -
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required more than 28,000 tons of rolled metal. Only the interference -
oP employees c~f the Krasnoyarsk office of the USSR Stroybank forced
them to substitute reinforced concrete constructions for metal ones in
the shell of the main building. This action made it possible to pre--
vent ti~~~ overexpenditure of 20, 100 tons of rolled metal.
Frequently at the construction site or at enterprises of the construc-
tion industry the plan-required pipes, reinforcements and sections
of rolled metal are replaced o~ith others that use more metal. In the
majority of cases such a substitution is caused by the unsatisfactory
- organization of production work and the material-technical suppply of
the construction projects. Fur this reason at the construction under-
takings that were checked the overexpenditure of inetal for the first
Four years of thiS five-year plan came to 200,000 tons, or 16 percent
of the unjustified use of inetal that was discovered.
Thus, because of the untimely delivery of 6 and 8 mm diameter steel _
reinforcement there was an overexpenditure of inetal at the Dneprope-
trovsk House Bui.Iding Combine of the UkSSR Ministry for the Construc-
tion of Heavy Industry Enterprises. In the first six months of last
_ year alone the nondelivery by the Yenakiyevskiy, Krivoy Rog and Chere-
povets metallurgical plants of the needed sizes of steel reinforcement
and the subsequent use of 10 and 12 mm diameter steel the combine over-
expended more than 500 tons of inetal.
- The construction ot the Nikolayev alumina plant called for the use of
metal constr~ictiocis for the scaLfolding of the technological pipeline
made of wideshelved I-beams; buf~ when they were not delivered the
constructions were manufactured from regular I-beams, which led to an
overexpenditure of 660 tons of inetal and an increase in the cost of
the work amounting to 169,000 rubles.
Another example. Near the largest new construction project, the Zimin-
skiy chemical ~.~lant (Irkutsk O blast), the city of Sayansk is being
built. All of tY~e projects are being built out of imported construc-
tions rated at a seismicity of 8, although there is no need to use
such constructions. This not only increases the cost of the construc-
~ion work but also results in an unjustified overexpenditure of inetal
in sizeable amounts. ~
In studying more than 1,5Q0 contracts for the delivery of inetal con-
structions by 39 plants of th e USSR Ministry of Installation and Spe-
cial Construction and the USSR Ministry of Power and Electrification
the bank's institutions found that one in four contracts artificially
inflated the weight of the metal constructions. The actual expendi-
ture oF metal as compared with the planned expendit~_ire was 15,600
~ tons greater and the cost of the metal constructions was 3.5 million
rubles greater. Characteristically, in addition to the cited reasons
Eor the increase in weight of the constructions during manufacture
- there are reasons "made legal" by various standard documents. Thus,
price list No 01-09 of wholesale prices for construction steel struc-
tures permits payment for metal constructions based un their weight
being increased during manufacture apart from the one percent of the
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mass of the fused metal by another three percent. The above-norm ex-
penditure of r.~etal permitted by such "generosity" of the price list
based on the contracts that were checked was 6,600 tons amounting to
900~000 rubles.
Frequently tl~e supply plants in special amendments to the contracts
even stipulate their right to manufacture metal structures from mater-
- ials on hand rather than from the planned sections, which results in
an increase in weight of 7 to 10 percent as opposed to the norms. The
Sredne-Ural'sk Metal Structures Plant, for example, has even drawn up
a"standard" contract that calls for the above-norm weight increase of
structures of up to 5 percent with un~onditional payment by the custo- �
mer.
A characteristic example of departing from the approved plan in the
section of the overexpenditure ~f inetal is the outfitting of the Mol-
" davian Ministry of Rural Construction with external water supply net- _
works extending from Soroki to Floreshty to Bel'tsy. According to the
plan, which was approved by the Moldavia~ SSR Council of Ministers,
pipes with a wall thickness of 10 mm were to have been used, but act-
ually they used 12 mm pipe for a 30 km stretch and ]0.6 mm pipe for a
- 52.6 kn: stretcl-~. This resulted in an overexpenditure of 2,500 tons of
metal.
Sometimes the plan incorporates solutions th,3t are known to be unsound;
_ a practices that leads to excessive expenditures of inetal. Thus, th~
plan for outfitting the free discharge tunnel of the Zhinvali hydroel-
ectric power station, which was drawn up by the tbilisi department of
the Gidroproyekt institute and tested at the USSR Ministry of Power
and Electrification, the weight of the supports was increased by 2,300
- tons through the use of suppurt elements that were made of I-beams in-
stead of the girders of reinforcing steel that were stipulated by the
planning norms. The bank's proposat to prevent the overexpenditure of
rolled metal was supported by the Main Administration of State Experts
of the USSR State Committee for Construction Affai.rs. However, due
to the delay in carrying out the solution of the Main Administration
of State Experts by the designers and builders, the USSR State Commit-
tee for Construction Affairs after six months decided to grant an ex-
- ception for the use of the planned support from I-beams in an amount
of 1,617 tons. Thus they were able to save only 683 tons of inetal.
_ It should be pointed out that the metallurgical industry does not al-
ways ensure the delivery of the product called for by state standards~ -
For example, for the construction of the Karazhanbas to Kalamkas gas
_ pipeline pipes with a diameter of 426 mm and a wall thickness of 4 mm
(60 km), 5 mm (1 ku~~) and 7 mm (1 km) were required. But since the
smallest wall thickness that is manufactured with this diameter by
the enterprises of the USSR Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy is 7 mm,
the KazNIPIneft' /Kazakh Scientific Research and Planning Institute
_ of the Petroleum IndustrY]~ institute khen designing the technical plan
for the entire length of the gas pipeline was forced to stipulate
their use. This resulted in an overexpenditure of 1,250 tons of inetal,
, A similar situation evolves in outfitting other gas pipel.ines.
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The lack of needed sizes of rolled metal, economical assortments of ine-
tal and required grades of steel remains one of the main reasons for the
non-economical expenditure of inetal. Speaking at the November (1979)
Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, L.I. Brezhnev emphasized that the
main trend for the further development of ferrous metallurgy is not so
much the quantitative growth as the radical improvement in the quality
and expanding the assortment of inetal products. The accomplishment of
such measures will ensure savings, in our estimation, of nearly 20 mil-
lion tons of inetal each year, which amounts to almost the entire amount
of rolled ferrous metal, not counting pipes~ needed anually for capital
construction. Therefore, the problem of conserving metal is particular-
ly urgent in the work of the planning, supply and economic organs and
the design and contract organizations, which are required to make a
serious turn in designs and technology toward an emphasis on thrift
in using materials.
In this regard it is particularly important that the ministries and de-
partments prior to the start of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan reexamine
and adjust all design and estimate documentation on projects to be in-
cluded in the five-year plan, so that they strictly adhere to existing
norms. This is required by the need to eliminate in the plans all
direct deviations from the existing norms for the expenditure ~f ine-
tal, and in some cases to improve the volume-planning and desiga solu-
tions of buildings and installations.
The analysis of the work of bridge cranes at the enterprises of 18 sec-
tors of industry has shown that 43 percent of this equipment is not
being fully used. (The analysis was done by the USSR Stroybank.)
Among the findings were : ~5 percent of the bridge cranes are being used for no
more than two-thirds of the length of the shop; loads are being displaced, the maxi-
mum mass of which is signif ica:~tly less than the crane's load capacity - 14 percent;
9 percent are.being used only f or repairing the equipment that has been installed in
the shops; and almost 5 percent are being used only sev~ral times a year.
In refusin~ to use bridge cranes not only is production space of the
multispan bui.iding being increased by approximately 10 percent, but
the height and size of the building is decreased and the weight of
the metal structures that are used is reduced by 20 to 30 percent.
' To more strictly regulate the expenditure of inetal we need existing
normati~~e documents, which regulate the use of inetal structures and
materials in construction. In our opinion, the above-mentioned tech-
nical rules for the economical expenditure of basic construction ma-
terials are inadequate . They permit quite a few instances where metal
structures can be used, which could be substituted by non-metallic
structures, for example, rafter and sub-rafter structures in one-
- scory multispan buildings, with a span of 24 m for the suspensions
- above the loading platforms, etc. In addition, several of the norms
~ are of a recommendative nature.
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The economical exFenditure of inetal in construction is not promoted by
the USSR Gosstroy's decree of 21 March 1977, which establishes a system
for substituting metal structures for reinforced concrete structures
in those cases where their use is not permitzed by the technical rules.
- Yn accordance with such a system the decision to use metal structUres
with a total weight per construction site of more than 50 tons is :
made by the USSR Gosstroy or the USSR State Committee for Civil Con-
struc:.ion and Architecture (depending upon the purpose of the construc-
tion project). When the weight of the metal structures is less than
- 50 tons, the decision is made by the all-union and union-republic mi-
nistries-customers for the subdepartmental construction projects, and
also by the state committees for construction affairs of the union re-
publics for the construction projects of the republic ministries and
departments and the executive committees of the local councils of
peoples deputies. The ministries an.d departments make extensive use
of this right. Of the total incorrectly and irrationally used metal,
discovered by checks of the USSR Stroybank's institutions during 1976
through 1979, the amount of inetal, for the use of which appropriate
~ permission was obtained in the system approved by this decree, was
_ 330,000 tons, or 25 percent of the total.
It is apparently time to abolish the right to depart from existing
norms regardless of the weight of structures for a given construction
_ project and to tighten both the norms themselves and the responsibili-
ty for their observation. For now the only measure in regard to the
contract and design organizations, which violate thP established pro-
cedure for conserving metal in construction, is financial influence
~ in the form of deductions from the cost of construction and installa-
tion and planning work that is performed with a departure from the
norms. But with the forthcoming change over to estimates for finish-
ed product in planning and construction~ when the time gap between the
committed violation and payment for the work will be significantly in-
creased, the inevitability ~f the action of such a sanction and its
effectiveness will be weakened. Deducting the cost of already com-
pleted work cannot have a substantial influence on preventing the vio-
lations that are being committed.
In accordance with the decree of the CPSU Central Committee and the
USSR Council of Ministers concerning the improvement of the economic
mechanism, the construction undertakings are being shifted to the com-
prehensive supply of materials through the territorial organs of the
USSR Gossnab according to orders of the construction-installation or-
ganizations. Ir. connection with this it is thought expedient to de-
vise sanctions that relate to the material incentive funds of the en-
terprises-suppliers and other organizations, responsible for violating
- the conditions of delivery and the overexpenditure of inetal that is
' connected with exceeding the parameters of the metal structures that
are used in comparison with what was required by the plans.
In determining the expertise of the design and estimate documentation
' it is advisable that the expert organs at all levels in mandatory man-
ner reflect the results of analyzing the soundness and effectiveness of
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us?.ng metal as the mos~ important indicator of the technical level of
the plans and whether they correspond to present-day requirements.
Reducing the use of inetal in the construction projects that are being
erected is a most important national economic task. It needs to be
" comprehensively solved at all stages - planning, designing and con-
struction. Great imp~rtance is attached to improving the work of the
metallurgical industry, the goal of which is to meet the growing needs
of the construction undertakings for metal. There is no doubt that
this goal cannot be met by just increasing the production of inetal.
It is necessary to mobilize all reserves and to eliminate all irration-
al use of inetal and to discourage the flagrant squandering and careless
storage of inetal. -
COPYRIGH'P: Izdatel'stvo "Ekonomika", "Planovoye khozyaystvo", 1980
- [21-8927 ] -
8927
CSO: 1842
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NONFERROUS METALLURGY _
COST EFFF.CTIVENESS OF IMPROVING PRODUCTION IN NONFERROUS METALLURGY
Moscow EFFEKTIVNOST' SOVERSHENSTVOVANIYA PROIZVODSTVA V TSVETNOY METALLURGII in
Russian 1980 signed to press 5 Dec 79 pp 3-6
[Table of contents and introduction from book by Vladimir Nikolayevich Leksin,
- Nil:olay Vasil'ye~ich Krupkin and Leonid ~rigor'yevich Mel'nik, Izdatel'stvo
"Metallurgiya," 1,000 copies, 216 pages]
~ [Text] Contents Page
Introduction S
Chapter 1. Modern Concepts on Assessment of Effectiveness of Improvement of
Sector Production ~
- Chapter 2. Cost Effecti~~eness of New Technology in Nonferrous Metallurgy 15
2.1. Basic Premises of Cost Effectiveness Analysis of New Technology 15
2.2. Methods of Calculating Annual Saving 22
2.3. Consideration and Reflection of Effect of New Technology in Planning-
Financing Activity 31
2.4. Experience in Calculations of Cost Effectiveness of New Technology in -
Nonferrous Metallurgy 37
2.4.1. Determination of Cost Effectiveness of Intensif~:ing Processes
by Using Oxygen-Enriched Blowing 38
2.4.2. Determination of Cost Effectiveness of New Technology for
Extracting Valuable Minerals from Industrial Wastes 43
2.4.3. Cost Effectiveness of Improving Product Quality (at Prices for
Products of Improved QualYty) 48 _
2.4.4. Cost Effectiveness of New Industrial Sewage Treatment Methods
in Nonferrous Metallurgy 50
2.4.5. Cost Effectiveness of Improving Utilization of Secondary Energy
~ Resources in Ref~ection Copper Smelting 53
; 2.4.6. Determination of Cost Effectiveness of Using New Highly
I Productive Mining Machinery 55 -
~ Chapter 3. Cost Effectiveness of Comprehensive Utilization of Raw Materials 57
- 3.1. Economic Essence of Comprehensive Utilization of Raw Materials and
Its Position in System of Efficient Utilization of Natural Resources 61
, 3.2. Quantitative Characteristics and Level o� Comprehensiv? Raw Materials
; Utilization 63
~
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3.3. National Economic Prerequisites (Objective Factors) for Level and
~ Efficiency of Comprehensive Raw Materials Utilization 67
3.4. Concept of Absolute Efficiency and Effect of Comprehensive Raw
Materials Utilization. Efficiency Criterion and Indices 74
- 3.5. General I~lethodology fur Determining Effectiveness of Comprehensive Raw
Materials Utilization 78
3.5.1. Calculation of Savings from Comprehensive Ore Utilization 82
3.5.2. Calculation of Overall (Absolute) Effectiveness of Comprehensive
~ Raw Materials Utilization 86
3.5.3. Calculation of Accounting Cost Effectiveness of Raw Materials
lltilization 88
3.6. General Methodology for Determining Individual Cost of Extracting
Valuable Minerals 93
3.7. Application of Estimates and Prices in Calculations of Effectiveness of
Comprehensive Raw h9aterials Utilization 97
3.8. Features of Formulation and Estimation of Effectiveness in Typical
Situations of Comprehensive Raw Materials Utilization 100
3.9. Examples of Calculation of Cost Effectiveness of Comprehensive Raw
blaterials Utilization by Recommended Methods 105
Chapter 4. Cost Effectiveness o.f Protecting Environment from Industrial
Pollution 111
4.1. Essence of Problem and Scientific-Methodological Approach to Its
Solution 111
4.2. Metho~ls of and Experience in DevElopment of Information Base for
Determining Economic Loss of Environmental Pollution 122
4.2.1. Specific Features and General Methodological Premises on
Collection of Raw Data for Calculations 122 ,
4.2.2. Nlethods of and Experien:.e in Collection of Raw Data in
Different Subdivisions of National Economy 126
4.2.3. Methodological Premises of Evaluation of Local Damage 135
4.3. biethodological Aspects of Evaluation of Economic Consequences of
Atmospheric Pollution 141
4.3.1. Principles of Construction of Method of Determining Economic
Loss 141
4.3.2. Determination of Contributions of Various Enterprises to Total
Loss Inflicted on Economy of Industrial Region 145
4.3.3. General Principles of Determination of Economic Loss Due to
Air Pollution 148
4.3.4. Consideration of Time Factor in Calculation of Economic Loss 151
4.4. Utilization of Calculated Estimates of Economic Loss and Effectiveness
of Its Reduction in Experience of Planning for Future aiid Industrial
hlanagement 154
4.4.1. Utilization of Calculated Estimates for Determining Cost
Effectiveness of Measures to Restore Atmosphere 154
4.4.2. Utilization of Calculated Estimates for Future Planning 157
Chapter 5. Cost Effectiveness of Energy Technology Consolidation (Of Auto-
genic Processes) 159
5.1. Technological Essence and Approximate Classification of Autogenic
Processes 159
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~
~ 5.2. Objective Prerequisites on Necessity of Developing and Adopting
- ~ Autogenic Processes in Nonferrous Metallurgy 166
5.3. Importance of Assess~ng Cost Effectiveness of Autogenic Processes in
Scisntific-'I'echnological Progress of Industrial Sector 172
' S.4. Factors of Cost Effectiveness of Autogenic Processes 1y6
5.5. Methodological Premises for Determining Cost Effectiveness of Auto-
' genic Processes in Konferrous Metallurgy 185
5.6. Assessment of Cost Effectiveness of Oxygen Flame"Sm~~tngg 199
Bibliography 212
Introduction
The task "assure comprehensive improvement of effectiveness of social production,
improve product quality and strengthen the national economy,"1 assigned by the 25th -
Congress of the CPSU, is being carried out both in the national economy and in all
of its links, primarily by means of systematic improvement of industrial production.
This task is also top priority for nonferrous metallurgy, in spite of the fact that
it is, in terms of the level of effectiveness, one of the leading sectors of the
national economy in the mining-processing system. . ~
The gradual movement of the sector into regions of Siberia, Central Asia, Far East _
and the Arctic, the need to process increasingly complicated raw materials, the
implementation of comprehensive programs of scientific-technical transformations in
the sector (including those of a social nature) confront the sector with a number
of difficult technical-economic problems, the solution of which comprises the
specific content of the concept "improvement of sector production." This is an
exceptionally broad concept under modern conditions and is manifested in the most
diverse forms, but there is no doubt that the effort to improve production
efficiency and product quality is a unifying experience.
' In the concept "improvement of sector production" the authors include the entire
complex of ineasures that are included and reflected in the composition of the
plans "Technical development and organization of production," "Development of
quotas and standards," "Capital construction," "Labor and cadres," "Social develop-
ment of labor force" and others, prescribed by the Typical methodology of the
development of the five-year plan of an industrial as~ociation (combine) of an
enterprise. The ever-increasing cost of implementing these measures and in many
cases the national economic (extrasectorial) importance of their adoption, the
diversity of solutions and many other factors necessitate serious economic sub-
stantiations during determination of the national economic cost effectiveness of
the improvement of sector production.
i Unfortunately, the existing methodology works in this field and typical procedures
j can be used in by no means all cases for practical calculation purposes, since not
all the information necessary for calculations is available, by no means not all
' of the indices are quantitatively defined for specific conditions, and there are
, 1"Materialy XXV S"yezda KP~S" [Materials of the 25th Congress of the CPSU], Moscow,
~ Politizdat, 1976, p 167.
~ 15
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no unequivocal answers for the so"lution of many specific problems of improvement
of sector production in nonferrous metallurgy.
r~n ettempt is made in this work to connect recent p�rogress in economic theory with
experience in the calculation of cost effectiveness for the methodologically most
complex, and at the same time most urgent trends of ~mprovement of sector produc-
tion in nonferrous metallurgy. Aspects of the assessment of the cost effective-
ness of new technology in the light of the latest methodological premises, _
- efficient utilization of natural resources, reduction of economic loss inflicted on
the environment by industrial pollution, and ener gy technology consolidation, are
set forth in a systematic sequence. The very list of these trends illustrates the
- diversity of ways to improve sector production and the methodological hetero-
geneity of their economic assessment.
Because the literature contains dif~erent interpret:.tions of the fundamental
concepts of the theory of the effectiveness of social production the theoretical
, foundation of the problems examined herein, the work is prefaced with a brief
generalizing chapter, containing the most important concepts of this theory,
necessary for the ensuing presentation.
- Chapter 1 was written by V. N. Leksin and N. V. Krupkin, Chapter 2 by N. V. Krupkin, -
Chapter 3 by V. N. Leksin, Chapter 4 by V. N. Leksin and L. G. Mel'nik and
Chapter 5 by N. V. Krupkin. V. N. Leksin did the general editing of the book.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Metallurgiya", 1980
[16-7872J
7872
CSO: 1842 -
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POWDER METALLURGY
ARTICLES ON POWDER METALLURGY
Minsk POROSHKOVAYA METALLURGIYA in Russian No 3, 1979 signed to pr.ess 22 Jan 79
pp 143-145
[Table of contents from collection edited by 0. V. Roman, Izdatel'stvo "Vysheyshaya
- shkola", 600 copies, 145 pages]
- [Text]
Contents pdg~
1. Shock Wave Treatment of Powder Materials, 0. V. Roman 3
2. On Certain Effe cts of Treating a High-Speed Jet of a Working
Substance, V. G. Gorobtsov, S. M. Usherenko and V, Ya. Furs 6
3. Efiect of Impulse Pressures on the Change of Fine Structure in Boron
Nitride, A. A. Mal'tsev and A. G. Roma~hin. . . ~ . . . . . . . . . , 12
4. Hydrodynamic Forming of Piezoceramic Powder Materials, A. A. Mal'tsev,
0. I. Krot, V. A. Zholudeva and M. D. Sergeyeva 17
5. Hydrodynamic Pressing of Immersed Steel-Pouring Vessels From Corundum-
Graphite M.asses, L. N. Afanas'yev, S. G. Baray, 0. V. Roman, V. V.
Sobolev, V. I. Shelegov and V. M. Yam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6. Calculating the Elastic Properties of Powder_ Matc~r-tals, I. hi. Pikus
and V. A. Korol' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7. Determining the Deformed State in the Joint 7.one of Bimetal Kh18N].OT
+ St.3, V. I. Belyayev and A. I. Yadevich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
8. Some Features of the Effect of Prior Treatment of Contact Surfaces
_ on the Strength Characteristics of a Titanium-Steel Bimetal, V. I.
Belyayev and N. M. Chigrinova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
9. Effect of Prior Surface Preparation of Blanks on the Operating
Properties of an St.3-ADO Bimetal During Lengthy Heating, G. G.
Goranskiy, L. B. Dem'yanovich and A. A. Toloshnyy . . . . . . . . . . . 37
10. Brittle Strength of Stamped Tool Materials, V, V. Brodko. 42
11. Eff ect of Sintering Medium on the Structure and Certain Properties
of a Complexly Alloyed Steel, L. V. Akimova, Ye. V. Zvonarev, L. F.
Kerzhentseva and A. A. Stepanovich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 ~
12. Investigation of the Structure and Properties of Sinter-Strengthened
- Steel Kh12M, L. N. D' yachkova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
" 13. Effect of Mixture Granulometric Composition on the Sintering
, Conditions of a Carbide Steel, V. M. Shelekhina . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
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14. Investigation of the Structu=:: FormaCion Process in Allays of the
Cr3C2-Ni-Nb System, Ye. M. Ionkina, G. N. Dubrovskaya, M. A.
Dvoretskaya, A. A. Stepanovich and L. V. Akimova . . . . . . . . . . . 60
15. Investigation of the Hot-Deformation Process of Sintered Materials
" of the Carbide-Metallic Binder Type, M. I. Bernadskiy, V. M.
Gorokhov, M. M. Dechko, Ye. V. Zvonarev and G. R. Fridman. 64
16. Use of Electrochemical Methods for Investigating Friction Processes
in Sintered Materials, M. Ye. Rutman and V. A. Genkin. 70
17. Use of Sintered Friction Materials in Industry, Ye. I. Fishbeyn,
Ye. M. Komarov and A. A. Ihnitrovich . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . 75
18. Investigation and Development of Means of Increasing the Wear
Resistance of Sintered Friction Materials Operating in Heavy Modes,
V. I. Aleshkevich and S. S. Kresik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
19. Premises for Selection of a Wear Resistant Material From the View-
point o� the Energy State of the Friction Surface, Ye. I. Fishbeyn
and V . A. Genkin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
20. Surface Strengthening of Parts by Gas-Phase Deposition of Titanium
Nitride, G. N. Dubrovskaya, L. M. Kirilyuk and V. P. Dedovets. 86
21. To the Problem of Studying Diffusion in Multicomponent Powder
Materials, P. A. Vityaz', V. N. Maksimenko and T. K. Garkavaya 90
22. Calculating the Thin Crystalline Structure Parameters of Materials .
by the Method of Harmonic Analysis of the Shape of the X-ray Lines
Using a Computer, V. N. Maksimenko and L. B. Reznik. 98
23. Investigating the Thermal Loading of Heterophase Materials, Yu. A.
Volkov, A. V. Nagorskiy and M. Ya. Kutser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
24. Determining the Optimum Sintering Temperature of Freely Poured
Bronze Powders, P. A. Vityaz', V. K. Sheleg, V. M. Kaptsevich,
S. M. Azarov, S. V. Popko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
25. Investigating the Effect of Density on the Modulus of Elasticity of
Powdered Aluminum, I. P. Gabriyelov, Z. V. Kumar and Ye. P.
Filipovich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
26. Effect of the Basic Technological Parameters on the Process of
Spraying Fe-C Melts With a Mechanical Sprayer, S. S. Gurin and
S. V. Popko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
27. Experience in Using Highly Porous Friction Materials at the
Stroydormash Kaliningrad Plant, V. S. Kovnatskiy and M. Ye. Rutman 121
28. On the Stochastic Approach to Investigating Processes of Powder
Metallurgy, B. A. Kaledin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
_ 29. Making Clad Cylinder Block Inserts for Belarus' Tractor Engines Using
Powder Metallurgy Methods, P. I. Loginov and I. F. Shelkovskiy 129
30. Studying theTechnological Parameters of the Separating Operations in
Unsintered Powdered Rolled Products, Ye. B. Lozhechnikov and Yu. A.
Kovalevich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
31. Experimental Unit for Investigating the Process of Hydrodynamic
Pressing of Powdered Materiala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "~ysheyshaya shkola", 1979
[14-6368]
6368
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RARE METALS
RARE METALS AND ALLOYS. PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND PHYSICAL METALLURGY
Moscow REDKIYE METALLY I SPLAVY. FIZIKO-KHIMICHESKIY ANALIZ I METALLOVDENIYE in _
Russian 1980 signed to press 30 Nov 79 pp 3, 254-255
[Foreword and table of contents from book by Ye. M. Savitskiy and G. S. Burkhanov,
Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1,950 copies, 255 pages]
[Text] The authors were prompted to write this bock by two circumstances: the
ever increasing import ance of rare metals and allays ir~ scientific progress and
the dearth of literature on the physicochemical aspect of the analysis and -
development of alloys of rare metals and technology of their produetion and
utilization. Meanwhile, as experience has shown, this approach to the problem of
rare metals and alloys is most productive. Therefore the authors laid out the
plan of the book, assembled the material and interpreted it from physicochemical
viewpoints.
The fundamental principles and laws of physicochemical analysis, formulated by
N. S. Kurnakov and developed by his school, are presented in the book. Theoretical
and experimental techniques of physicochemical analysis and their development at
the present time are examined.
In view of the physicochemical orientation of this monograph considerable atten-
tion is devoted to aspects of the interaction of rare metals with another metal _
- and with other elements of the periodic table (metals and nonmetals) and inter- _
action of the structure and properties in accordance with the position of the
_ rare metals in the periodic table. Data are presented on the structure and
properties of alloys based on rare and refractory metals that enjoy consideraUle
technical application. The fruitfulness of the physicochemical approach for
scientific substantiation and selection of the optimum technol~gical processes for
the production and processing of products of rare metals and alloys is demon-
' strated.
The authors welcome the readers' comments on the content of the monograph and will
try to consider them in future work.
The authors gratefully acknowledge M. I. Beloborodov and I. V. Vlasov for their
assistance in the preparation of the manuscript.
19
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Contents Page -
Fore~vord 3
- Introduction 4 -
Chapter I. Basic Premises of Physicochemical Analysis
1. Principles and Laws of Physicochemical Analysis ~
2. Topology and Metrics of Chemical Diagram 11
3. Structure and Crystallochemical Factors of the Formation of Metallic
Phases 16
4. Thermodynamic Description of Phase Equilibria � 25
5. Application of Computer in Physicochemical Analysis 39
Chapter II. Experimental b9ethods of Analyzing Diagrams of State and ~
Composition-Property Diagrams
1. Basic Laws of Change of Physical Properties and Future Development of
Experimental Techniques of Physicochemical Analysis 45
2. Some Features of Change of Structure and Physical Properties of Systems
in Monocrystalline State 56
3. Experimental Technique for Preparing and Analyzing Specimens 67
4. Experiment Planning Methods 76
Chapter III. Electron Structure, Crystal Structure and Some P}-~ysical
Properties of Rare Metals
1. Crystalline an3 Amorphous Bodies 79
2. Crystal Structure and Nature of Atomic Bond 80
3. Crystallographic Defects 92
4. Basic Physical Properties 97
5. Application of Elactron Theory of Metals for Solving Problems of
Physicochemical Analysis 107
Chapter IV. Phase Equilibria in Systems of Rare Metals
1. Interaction of IVA-VIII Group Metals (Within Each Group) 115
2. IntPraction of VA and VIA Group Metals with Each Other and with Metals
of Other Groups 117 -
3. Interaction of Rhenium with High-Melting Metals 133
4. Some Tertiary and Multicomponent Systems of Rare Metals 135
5. Interaction of Rare Metals with Interstitial Impurities
Chapter V. Alloys of Rare Metals
1. Alloys of Chromium 15G _
2. Alloys of Molybdenum 158
3. Alloys of Tungsten 162
4. Al~.oys of Rhenium 169
S. Alloys of Vanadium 173
6. A11oys of Niobium 174
7. Alloys of Tantalum 177
_ 8. Alloys of Titanium, Zirconium and Hafnium 1~9
9. Alloys of Platinum Metals 180
10. Metallic Compounds 183
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Chapter VI. Physicoct~emical Principles of Crystallizatioil of ~tE~ta]s arid
Alloys
l. Crystallization of Meta.ls from A4elt 187
Z. Features of Formation of Growth Structure during Gro~vth ot b(ono-
crystals of High-Melting btetals rrom Melfi 202
3. Crystallization of Eutectic Systems 20a
Chapter VII. Application of Physicochemical Analys~s to Solut-~on of `.mel.rinr,
Problems and Development of Fare hletal Allo}�s
1. Scientific Prerequisites of Selection of Smeltittg, Plasti.c I)eformat::(JIl
and Heat Treatment Conditions 2"I4
2. Features of Conditions of Smelting and Processing of Rare Me-cals and -
Alloys `l23
Conclusions 231
Bibliography 23G
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1980 _
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_ REACTOR MA'TERIALS
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS IN RADIATIOI3 FLUXES
Kie~~ PROCHNOST' I PLASTICHNOST' MATERIALOV V RADIATSIONNYKH POTOKAK~i in Russian 1979
signed to press I2 Dec 79 pp 3-4, 283-284
[Foreword and table of contents from book "Strength and Ductility of Materials in
_ Radiation Fluxes'', by Georgiy Stepanovich Pisarenko and Vladimir Nikolayevich
Kiselevskiy, Tzdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 1400 copies, 284 pagps]
[Text] The development of atomic power engineering causes the necessity to develop
scienti.f ic f~undations of strength calculations for the s,tructural elewents in the
active zones of nuclear reactors and, primarily, the heat-liberating elements which
determine the reliability and efficiency of reactors as a whole. Use of material re-
- serves with the capability to be resistant to loads under complex conditions of
thermal and radiation actions is possible only in the presence of scientifically
based norms of designing elernents of the corresponding structures.
- Modern technology of treating heat-liberating elements provides for complex research
into the physical and mechanical properties of fuel con~posites and shell materials
as well as testing of both the elements and assemblies of heat-liberating elements
(for example, shells, ceramic fuel inserts, rods, pellets, etc.) and the designs as ~
a whole in the form of properly heat-liberating elements and their installation /131/.
During the 1955-1975 period, radiation materials science put together an independent
science having perceptible successes in solving theoretical and applied problems in
the physics of radiation damage, dQVelopment of new materials posses~ing a complex
of physical and mechanical properties. The obtained results make it possible to
solve problems of using individua.l types of materials in specific conditions of
operat ion.
In the creation of these and other designs the stress-strain state and maximum sup- -
port capacity of their elements in a given stage of developing -the physics of strength
should be calculated on the basis of solid state mechanica which, for radiation dam-
aged and deformed solids, can be found in the stage of nucleation.
Material equations of state, constructed on the basis of continu~ mechanics, appli- -
- cable to the applied aspects can be formulated by means of correlating test results _
_ under conditions very close to actual. Investigation directly in radiation f luxes
for the purpose of obtaining initial information on the behavior of irradiated ma-
terials in diff erent modes of thermomechanical action has been associated with sig-
nificant method difficulties which impEde obtaining the corresponding equations of
_ state.
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_ In connection with this, in establishing the sizes and shapes of heat-liberating
e~ements, there exists a known uncertainty which does not guarantee any optimaZity
of the initial models and prototypes and they must be sub3ected to further complex
study. The abscence of scientifically founded norms of strength requires introduc-
tion of large coefficients of strength reserve into the calculations involving, as
a rule, lowering of the neutron-physical chara.cteristics of reactors, increasing
construction costs and, as a consequence, decreasing the technical economic indica-
tors of atomic apparatus and power units as a whole. Therefore, investigations of
the properties of irradiated materials from the position of solid state mechanics `
- are conducted for the purpose of determining not only the characteristics of strength
and ductility, but also the principles of change in resistance to d ef ormation and
failure in relation to the modes of irradiation, form of the stress state, charac-
- ter of the applied load,~temperature and other factors. Conducting research in this
environment requires using special programs which differ from the generally accepted
programs of radiation materials science.
In this work an attempt was undertaken to solve the principal questions of the
- method of interreactor research of inechanical properties of structural materials
and correlate data on the effect of radiation irradiation on the different character-
istics of their resistance to deformation and failure for the purpose of. establish- ~
ing in reasonable limits a bounded n.umber of independent variables in the equations
of state under irradiation conditions. A phenomenologic model of creep in irradi-
ated steels and criteria of their maximum support capacity in a complex stress state
are presented.
Development methods and research results, presented in this monograph, were produced
by a collective of associates at the Institute of Strength Problems, UkSSR Academy
of Sciences, under the direction and with participation of the authors. In particu-
lar the data examined in paragraph 3 of the first chapter and paragraph 1 of the
second chapter were produced by the active participation of D. V. Polevyy and 0. N. -
Yudin, paragraph 3 of the first chapter and paragraph 2 of the second chapter--V. K.
- Lukashev and G. P. Khristov, paragraph 4 of the f irst chapter and paragraph 4 of the
second chapter--Yu. D. Skripnik, paragraph 5 of the second chapter-- S. S. Tishchenko,
and paragraph 2 of the fifth chapter--B. D. Kosov and 0. N. Yudin. The authors ex-
press deep recognition to them.
Contents Page
Foreword 3
Chapter l. Methods of Experimental Investigation Into the Properties _
of Irradiated Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1. Basic Requirements for Irradiated Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2. Principles of Mechanical Loading in Interreactor ReFearch 8
_ 3. Hydraulic Method of Increased Accuracy Static Loading 23 -
4. ElecCrochemical Method of Cyclic Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
- 5. Measurement of Strain in Inter.reactor Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6. Heating Irradiated Samples and Features of Measuring Their
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 _
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Chapter 2. Complex of "Neytron" [N~utron] Test Equipment for Studying the
Mechanical Properties of Structural Materials. . . . . . . . . 76
1. Neytron-1 and Neytron-3 Units for Studying Long-Time Strength
~ and Creep R.esistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2. Neytron-2 and Neytron-4 Units for Mechanical Tests of Materials
in a Plane Stress State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 -
3. Metrological Characteristics of Neytron Units for Studying
- Creep and Long-time Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4. Neytron-5 Unit for Studying the Fatigue of Materials Under a
Small-Cycle Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5. Neytron-6 and Neytron-7 Units for Mechanical Tests of Materials
in a Molten Metallic Medium and in a Dissociating Gas. 125
Chapter 3. Resistance of Irradiated High-Strength Steels and Alloys to
Plastic Deformation and Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
1. Change in the Strength Characteristics of Stainless Steels. ~ 130
2. Eff ect of Reactor Irradiation on the Strength of Nickel Alloys. 139 -
3. Change in the Plastic Properties of Steels and Alloys Effect of
High-Temperature Radiation Embrittlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1G6
4. Increase in the Tendency of Steel to Brittle Failure. 158
5. Long-time Strength of Irradiated Steels and Alloys. 170
6. Change in the Creep Resistance of Irradiated Steels and Alloys. 180
Chapter 4. Change in the Mechanical Properties of Alloys as a Result of
Reactor Irradiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
1. Characteristics of Strength, Ductility and Resistance to Brittle ~ -
Failure of Irradiated Zirconium Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
2. Resistance of Zirconium A11oys to Creep During Interreactor Tests . 201
Chapter 5. Phenomenological Model of Def ormation and Failure of Irradiated
Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
l. Experimental Investigation Into the Hypothesis of Creep and
Limiting State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 =
2. Equations of State for Steel During Creep . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
3. Experimental Check of Creep Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
4. Criteria of Heat-R~sistant Steel Long-Time Strength 251
5. Relationship of Stainless Steel Long-Time Strength to the
Intensity and the Energy Spectrum of Irradiation 255
Bibliograpliy 266
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 1979
[12-6368]
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