JPRS ID: 9658 WORLDWIDE REPORT ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000300100021-4
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 28
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 21
• Content Type: REPORTS

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300104421-4
FOR OCFICIAL USE ONLY
_ JPRS L/9658
~ 1.3 Aprii 1981
Worlc~wide Re ort
p
ENVIRONMENTA,L QUALITY
CFOUO 2~81)
FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300100021-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300104421-4
NOTE
JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
- newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency
transmissions and broadcasts. Materia~s from for.eign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are transcribed or reprinted, witb. the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.
Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
are supplied by JPRS. Proce~sing indicai:ors such as [Text]
or [ExcerptJ in the firsr line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. k'here no processing indicatr~r is given, the infor-
mation was summarize3 or extracted.
Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in p3rentheses were not clear in the -
original but have been supplied as appropriate in co*_!text.
Other unattributed p3renthetical notes within the body of an -
item originate with the source. Times within items are as _
_ given by source.
The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli- ~
cies, vizws or attitudes of the U.S. Government.
COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF
_ MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION
OF THIS PUBLICATION BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE OvI,Y.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300100021-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850ROOQ3Q010Q021-4
FOR OFFICIAL USE 4NLY
- JPRS L/9658
13 April 1981
,
. WORLDWID~ RtPORT
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
(FOUO 2/81) -
- CONTENTS
ASIA
JAPAN '
Government To Restrict Total N02 Amount in Big Cities ~
(ASAHI EVENING NEWS, 21 Feb 81) 1
- USSR
Emissions Cut SugQested for Improving TES Safety
(L. I. Kropp; TEPLOENERGETIKA, Nov 80) 2
Book Examines Climate of Past, Future ~
(Mikhail Ivanovich Budyko; KLIMAT V PROSHLOM I
_ BUDLTSHCHEM, 1980) 10
WEST EUROPE
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
Environmental Pollution Rei~arations, Restoration Theory
(Jean-Philippe Barde; FUTURIBLES, Feb 81) 12
FEDERAT. REPUBLIC ~F GERMANY
Study Shows Poor Air Quality in Cities
~ (Sebastian Knauer; STERN, 12 Feb 81) 24
; -
_1
- a - [III - WW - 139 FOUO]
FnR nRFi('TAT, 1J.4F. (~rNi.Y
I
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300100021-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850ROOQ3Q010Q021-4
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
JAPAN
GOVERNMENT TO RESTRTCT TOTAL N02 AMOUNT IN BIG CITIES
Tokyo ASAHI EV_i:1I"?G NEWS iu English Z1 Feb 81 p 3
- [ Text ]
The Environment Ag~ncy strictions on the total amount
d~'cided Friday to itnpose re- of aic pollutants was started _
strictions oa �the total amauat in 197,4, ari~ such restrictions _
~ nitmg~n o~cide (NO~; ooa- are impo~ed'dtt' �sulii~rous ox-
ddered tk?e chief ~use of al~r ide in 24 areaa~throughout the
Poputi~n. i8~~1te higli �polhltian nati . ~ . ~
areas ia, Tal~yo, KanqBaa'a, ~ Enviroifinent Agency
Ai~lu .and, s OsakA' prefqctu~..;, �!!~s reatrictions an N02 -
' Rea#rictio~. an the :,s~tal ' y in 1978 and an-
ae~ou~t of , N~ caa' be ~~n- . nounce,d a~po1tcy o4 ~ttaining
~sosed th~o4t~t}. revising th4.}m= the eased ~idards in 1985.
plementation rflydinance of , : The agency~ aaked ~Tokyo,
A'~r Pollut~oh Prebention Law: Ks~nagawa, ,A~chi; Qsalca, Hyo-
But it is possible that it will go ~~and F~lcuoka . prefectures
become a political problem ~Y ~ld �actrie,ve the en-
- becausa of strong opposition vironnfental ~ standud ' of 0.06
i from iadustrial circles, part'x_ PP~' ~ Na2 by 1985. The
cularly the steel industry. Q~qi first ~our concluded they could
sequently, the Environp4ept not, while the latter two said
Agency asked the cbairir~ xt~ possible. ,
and vice chairman of W~e Lib- restrictaon's on the ~
- ,S tot~amount of NOE will be
eral-Democ,~t}~ . Party the sam`a tj~~e as .#hose on the
ronment Committce and Diat total am4u0t ~ of svlfurous
members ~oncerned to study oxide. Ia .drafting plans, the
the mattei apd obtained theu gov
,ieriyo~s ~of the stipulated
approval Fri~sty. ~ ~p ~ounce the goals ~
The Env3ronment Agency folr iadividual factories.
will ask the Cabinet to decide In Takyo, the stipulated
whethar thc implementqtion areas iaclude all the 23 wards
ordinance should be re6}s~d � plus Musasianb, Mitaka, Cha-
by t~g eqd of ~v[srCL. If t~ie fu, Hoya and'' Komae _:ties.
Cabinfjr deci~p4' ,iu~ favor of Yokohama,~ Knwasaici a~d
revisiop; t~e;,~vfSrnut's ~f the yokosuka cities are' included
stipulated ,~reas . wiil � drafi in Kanagavya. ~~?tefecture. The
plans for reducing tho toti~l sdpttiatad Areap in Aichi in-
amaunt of NOr The agency clude Nagoya, Tokai and Chita
wants this work to start ia We cities, aud thosq ia Osaka in- _
lauer half of fiscal 1981. clude Osaka; 3akai, Toyonaka
The system oP imposing"ra ancl 14 other cities.
~UPYRIGHT: Asahi F.vening News 1981
CSO: 5000
1
FOR OFFICIAL iTSE ONLY'
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300100021-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850ROOQ3Q010Q021-4
I
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
USSR
UDC 620.9.577.47
EMISSIONS CUT SUGGESTED FOR IMPROVING TES SAF'ETY
Moscow TEFLOENERG~TIKA in Russian No 11, Nov 80 pp 2-6
[Article by L..I. Kropp, candidate of technical sciences, All-Union Thermal Engin-
eering Institute: "Perfection of the Power Engineering Industr;~ and the Environment"]
[Text] Heat and electric power stations will preserve their decisive role ~.n the
general volume of production of electricity and heat in the visible future. The
rising energy needs of the national economy will be covered, in addition to the
leading aevelopment of nuclear electric power stations in the European sector of
the country, mainly by the broader involvement of the Ekibastuz, Kuznetsk, Kansk-
Acttinsk and certain other promising coal fields in energy production. Taking this
long-term trend into account, the environmental protection developments in thermal
- power engineering must be primarily oriented on increasing the ecological level of
solid fuel use, as well as significant resources of natural gas allocated for power
- engineering needs. From the viewpoint of organizing fuel sugply, the latter also
signif ies that the main mass of natural gas resources must be sent to the municipal
TES [heat and electric power stations]. Only temporary surpluses of this fuel may
be burned at the condensation electric power stations that are located outside the
cities.
_ The law on protection of the atmospheric air that is based on the principle of
restricting the absolute discharge of harmful substances into the air basin and was
adopted in the USSR in 1980, has great importance in selecting the envir.onmental
protection strategy in power engineering. According to the new law (as a supplement
_ to the extant system of standardizing the permissible harmful pollutant concentra-
tions in the atmospheric air), a system is being prepared for start-up that will
regulate the maximum permissible emissions by each enterprise. The law will also
significantly affect the selection of technical and technological solutions in
primary production. It will ban those that result in increased atmospheric pollu-
tion.
At the same time, the sanitary-hygienic habitat standards are becoming stricter.
In 1979, the USSR Ministry of Public Health introduced a requirement to compute the
total harmful effect of sulfurous anhydride, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide
when they are jointly present in the atmospheric air. In the past [4], such a re-
quirement in power engineering only covered oxides of sulfur and nitrogen. In
practice this means that the content in flue gases of even an insignificant per-
centage of chemical underburning in the form of CO (about 0.05%) makes it necessary
to reduce the permissible discharges of the two other summing components. An ana-
logous situation occurs when background concentrations of CO are found in the
atmospheric air.
2
Fnu nFFrr.TAT. T1SE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300100021-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300104421-4
FOR OFFI~II~L USE ONLY
One of the possible cunsequences of the new legislation is a trend towards re-
stricting the height of the TES smokestacks, i.e., weakening the role of flue
gas dispersal, with the simultaneous implementation of ineasures that curtail the
absolute discharge of the main harmful componPnts, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen,
volatile ash and certain toxic trzce pollutants. This trend wil.l als~ be stimulated
by intergovernmental agreements that are conclud2d in order to restrict the so-
called transboundary migration of harmful substances, in the first place, of sul-
fur dioxide. This is especially important for the TES located in certain regions of
the European sector of the country.
In contrast to many technological industries, including nuclear electric power
stations, when heat and electricity are ~roduced at the TES, different polluting
' components of fuel and its combustion products enter the atmospheric air through
the purification system alm~st comp~etely in the form ot so-called organized emission
that can 1-~e evacuated with the help ot u powerful centralized gas-removal channel.
The role of the scattered, unorganized releases of harmful substances by the main
and auxiliary equipment into the pr~~duction rooms is insignificant in the total
material balance. This feature of e~lectricity production promotes an increase in
the T~S ecological level at all sections of its technological plan: in the process
of fuel combustion, as well as in the recovery and neutralization of the combustion
products. Bas~d on the change and perfection of the corresponding links in the TES
technological plan, it is possible to reduce to a certain degree practically all of
the harmful contaminaats of flue gases, including sulf uric oxides.
Table 1.
_ Power of Method of Specific capital Specific annual Increase in fuel
TES, fuel cyclic de- ~investments for exnenditures for consumption at TES
sulfuriza- sulfur purifi- sulfur urification %
tion of cation kop/(kW�h) %
flue gases R/kW % _ _ _ � ~
4 x 300 MW, Ammonium- 61.2 39.0 0.55 34.0 ~ " 16.8 ~
near-Moscow cyclic
brown coal
= 4x800 riW, Ammonium- 37.0 24.0 0.27 31.7 7'.8
Donetsk GSSh cyciic
[gas, seed ~ Magnesite ~ 49.6 32,0 0.27 31.7 8.1
coal and ;
coal f ines ] _ _
The interest in the new technological solutions that promote a more profitable
reduction in sulfuric oxide emissions with the use of solid fuel (boilers with
fluidized bed, st~am-gas units, energy-efficient processes and plans for isolating
ancl recovering pyritic sulfur) is mainly due to tne excessively high capital con-
sumption and energy consumption of the tradit3onal methods of cyclic sulfur-trap-
pin~ at the TES [1]. This is illustrated by the data in table 1, based on the
critical analyses of the VTI [F. E. Dzerzhinskiy Al1-Union Thermal Engineering
Institute] and the VGPI TEP [All-Union State Planning Institute "Teploelektro-
proyekt"] for two power stations that burn coal. T'he technical and economic
indicators are given for the ammonium-cyclic and magnesite methods of desulfuri-
zation for roughly 90% of the ccmbustie*~ products of two types of coal, near-
Moscow br.own coal with sulfur ~ontent of 3.3% with combustion heat of 2460 kcal/kg,
and Donetsk GSSh with sulfur content of 3.1% and combustion heat of 4730 kcal/kg.
Table 1 indicates the complete (national economic) expenditures in calculation
for 1 kW of rated output. In the case of successful realization of the product
- 3
FUR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300100021-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300100021-4
FOR OFriCIAL USE ONLY
issued by the sulfur-trapping units, and at the same time, displacement of the
corresponding plants, these expenditures are reduced. In addition, a certain
reduct ion in expenditures, for example, with the use of the magnesite method, can
be attained by perfecting and reducing the cost of the technoiogy for producing
the f inal desulfurization products.
As is apparent from table 1, the capital investmen~s for sulfur trapping are from
24 to 39%, while the aperating expenditures are roughly one-third of the correspon-
ding indicators of the main industry. 'I'he high level of capital investments is
linked to the enormousvolume of gases to be purified and the type of fuel. The
increased operating expenses are significantly governed by th~ high energy capa-
city of the sulfur trapping systems. The energy expenditures conveLted to fuel
comprise frotn 9 to 16% of its total constunption. This is much higher than the per- -
centage of all the energy expenditures of a c.odern coal TES for in-house needs. At
the s ame time, energy-consumption is the main criterion in evaluating and comparing
the d ifferent measures to reduce harmful emissions. The higher this indicator,
the lower Che degree of gerfection of any r~ciznological process, and the more inef-
ficiently the primary resources are u;~d.
From the viewpoint of simplifying the desulfurization systems for f lue gases, de-
crea s ing the energy consumption, organizing this process without harmful wastes, -
and a t the same time, without creating a TES~uf complex chemical production, the
- exper ience of the FRG (Saaberg-H~lter firm) to perfect the lime method of purifi-
carion using commercial gypsum, and the experience of Denmark (Niro Atomizer firm)
- for the so-called "wet-dry" gas puri~fication are important.
The development and use at TES of steam boilers that burn coal in the fluidized
bed s ignificantly reduce the capital and fuel-energy expenditures per 1 T of de- _
crease in the discharge of sulfurous anhydride as compared to the traditional sul-
fur iz ation methods presented in table 1. One of the advantages of this technology
is the possibility of significantly more extensive bonding of sulfur dioxide by
the a lkaline components of the mineral portion of fuel during its combustion, as
comp ared to the standard coal-dust boilers. Therefore, when boilers are used with
flui3ized bed, in certain cases the solution to the pr.oblem of desulfurization can
be drastically simplified, since there is no longer any need to create a compli- -
cated techno logical service that guarantees the introduction of alkaline additives
into the fluidized bed, for ~xample, limestone, as well as their subsequent re-
generation.
Cert ain specialists make an excessively optim_stic evaluation of the noted capabil--
ity of the f luidized bed. Table 2, consequently, presents the results of computing
the content of free alkali in fuel, usually represented in the form of CaO~g, the
yie ld of all sulfur of the fuel in the form of dioxide, as well as their molar
ratio. These results are based on the data of [2,3] and are given for certain
characteristic domestic f uels. The molar ratio characterizes the theoretically
poss ible degree of bonding of sulfur dioxide with natural fuel allcali during the
formation of calcium sulfate. In practice, a certain excess of free alkali above
the molar ratio is required. This ex~ess is sma�~ler the more advanced the process.
As i s apparent from table 2, the possibility of creating the simplest technology
of t he fluidized bed for practically complete desulfurization of gases b~t
natural fuel alkali is quite real for the USSR power engineering only with the use
of f uels that are in the upper section of the tab1E (shale, all sorts of Kansk-
Achinsk coals and Kharanorskiy fuel that is adjacent to it). A definite effect
4
~nv n~FTrTAT. iTSF. ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300100021-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300100021-4
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Table 2.
Fuel (coal, shale) CaOCe content S02 output Molar ratio
m�e uiv mg�equiv CaO~~ /S02 in
- k of fuel k of fuel percenta es
Estonian shale 5350 1000 5.35
Berezovskiy 460 125 3.~0
Nazarovo 620 250 2,48
Irsha-Borodino 250 125 2.00
Itatskiy ~ 360 250 1.45 -
Kharanorskiy 260 187 1.40
Angren 35~ 820 0.425
Chelyabinsk 60 187 0.32
Bikin 50 187 0.27
Kuznetsk T(R, oxidized) 30 187 0.161
Cherem.khovo 40 690 i 0.058
Volynskiy 70 1630 0.043
Donetsk ASh [anthracite 30 1050 I 0.029
coal fines]
Ekibastuz i ~