JPRS ID: 10116 USSR REPORT LIFE SCIENCES BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/ 101 16
~ 16 November 1981
U SS R Re ort
. ~
LIFE SCIENCES
BIOMEDICAL A~1D BEHAVIORAL SCIEN~ES
CFOUO 15/~ 1)
~'g~~ FOREIGN BROADCAST IN~ORM~TION SERVICE
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JPRS L/10116
16 November 1981
- USSR REPORT
LIFE $CIENCES
BIOMEDICAL RND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
(FOUO 1S/81)
CONTENTS
~3IOCHEMIST'RY
Jaurnal Outlines Medical Industry's Goals for 1st Yeax o�
- llth Five-Year Plan 1
BIONICS
Goais of and Prospects for Development of Neuronal Technology..... 5
- ~IOTECHNOLOGY
Mechanisms c~f Interaction of Internal and External Analyzers...... 13
_ PHYSIOLOGY
- Direct Transfer of Conditioned~Reflex Gustatory Aversion.......... 33
Electrophysiological Correlates of Perception and Cognition....... 38
Abstracts From the Book 'Description and Recognition of Ob~ects
in Artificial Intellect Systems' 44
' Mathematical Simulation of Elementary Reasoning 49
RADIATION BIOLOGY
Gamma-Installations for Research and Radiation Biology............ 55
- a- [III - USSR - 21.a S&T FOUOJ
FOR (3FFTCT ' ~ t f.SF (1NT v
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HUMAN FACTORS
Joint Work of Machine and Human Operator in Search
Situation.~~~�~�r~r�~�~��~~��~��~~r~~�~~~~~~~~�~~��~~~~~~~�~~~~� 58
Method for Comprehensive Evaluation of Training of Operators
of Peripheral Computer Units and Its Technical Itealitation...... 65
PSYCHOLOGY
Research Methods in Engineering Psychology and Industrial
Psychology 71
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BIOCHEMISTRY
i1DC 661.12.013:331.876.4
JOURNAL OUTLINES MEDICAL INDUSTRY'S GCIALS FOR 1ST YEAR OF 11TH FIVE-XEAR
P LAN
Moscow KHIMIKO-FARMATSEVTICHESKIY ZHURNAL in Russian Vol 15, No 3, Mar 81
PP S-7
[Article by editorial staff]
[Textl The 26th Congress of the USSR Communist Party has just concl~uded.
It marks a historic new frontier in the development of Soviet society er.
route to Communism. The resoluti.ons of the Congress clearly reflected
the Party's genuinely citizen-oriented policy, one that embodies the ideas
of Lenin and the Octobe r Revolution and is permeated with revolutionary
spirit and a bold approach to the solution of pressing problems.
Workers in the medi~al industry, like all Soviet citizens, unanimously
approve and support the decisions of the 26th CPSU Congress and the po~i-
tions and conclusions set forth in the report made to the Congress by L.I.
Brezhnev, the General Secretary of the CPSU Central ~ommittee, and have
taken it upon themselves to implement them through steadfast effort.
In conformity wiCh the docwrent entitled "Principal directions to be taken
in the e conomic and social development of the USSR in 1981-1985 and the
- period up to 1990~~' worker$ in the med~cal ~ndustry muat solve critic~l
- problems pertaining to the further expansion of this branch~.in order better
to provide t~he populace and public-health inatitutions with drugs, the tools
of inedical technology, and other producta intended for u~e in medicine.
Discussion of the draft of this document by the personnel of enterprises
and org3n~zations produced a new elevation of polit~.cal and occupational
m~rale. Workers in the medical industry made many valuable proposals
directed at improvement of work in their individual sections and at enter-
prises, associations, and facilities serving the entire industry, as well
as at elimination of existing shortcomings and deficiencies. New socialist
obligations have been adopted for 1981.
Having accomplished the planned tasks for 3980 and the IOth Five-Year Plan
as a whole, workers in the public-health industry, inspired by the resolutions
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of the 26th CPSU Congress, are filled With resolve to implement the Party's
sweeping plans and to make a worthy contribution to further improvement of
health care for Soviet citizens.
The most important socialist obligations taken on by the personnel of a num-
ber of industrial associations and enterprises in the chemical~-pharmaceutical
industry for 1981 are describ~d below. ,
"Akrikhin" Order of the Red Banner of Labor Chemical-Pharmaceutical Plant
To fulfill the annual production plan ahead of schedule (by 30 Dec 81) and
produce goods with a value of 300.000 ruble~ over and above the planned level.
To increase production (in comparison with~980) of hydrocortisone acetate
and diprasine by a factor of 2, of potassium orotate hy 20~~ ~f carbocho-
line by 38%~ of nitroxoline by 607, of sulfapyridazinE by 25~, of 6-mercapto-
purine by 58~, of amidopyrine by 60~, of prednisone acetate by 25X, and of
progesterone by 257. To effect the entire increase in output without
enlargiug the workforee. To savQ 300,000 rubles in raw-material costs,
1 million kW-h of electricity, 500 Gcal of thermal energy, and 100Q fons
oL- conventional fueZ. To obtain savings totalling 2.5 million rubles from
introduction of 480 inventions and innovators' suggestions and no less than
65,000 rubles from implementation of ineasures for scientific organization
of labor. To save 700,000 rubles as a result of intraduction of the latest
scientific and technical developments. To have engineering and technical
personnel draw up no fewer than 430 personal working plans directed at
improving production efficiency. To render supervieory assistance to the
Noginskiy Sovkhoz.
"Oktyabr"' Leningrad Order of the Badge of Honor Industrial Chemical- ~
Pharmaceutical Association !
To fulfill the annual production plan ahead of schedule and, in conformity
with the contingency plan, to produce additional medieal goods wi;.h a
total value of 200,000 rubles, To provide the entire increase in pr4duction
_ th*ough improved labor productivity. To put into production and submit
for clinical testing five new drugs.
"Biostimulyator" Odessa Irdustrial Chemical-Pharmaceutical. Aesociation
To fulfill the annual production plan ahead of echedule sind to increase
output by 6.6~ over the 1980 level; 84x of the increment coming from im-
proved labor productivity. To exceed the production quota. for medical
goods by 200,000 rubles, with consumer goods accounting for 130,000 rubles
_ of this total. To save (in comparison with the specified levels) 161,000
kW-h of electricity, 218p Gcal of thermal energy, and 5000 rubles ~in
raw materials and aemifinished goods. To obtain a savings amounting to
200,000 rubles as a result of introduction of new technology. In attempting
to contribute to the social development of personnel, to take an appropri-
ate part in the remodelling of the Ogonek youth camp. To organize an
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auxiliary fa~~ for vegetable production at ~he subsidiary Kolkhoz imeni
S.M. Kirov. 7'o improve the skills of 540 w~rkers and engineering-technical
atd maintenance personnel. .
"Sintez" Kurgan Plant for Drugs and Medical Goods
To increase standardnet output by 5.4Z. To ,produce consumer goods with a
total value of no less than 600,000 rubles. To introduce six new high-
efficiency technological processes. To begin serial production of four new
types of products. To fabricate pilot models of three new types of products.
To obtain a nominal annual savings of 300,000 rubles by implementation of
organizational and technical measures and 95,000 rubles from implementation
of ineasures for scientific organization of labor. Provisionally to free
SS workers through technically progressive measures. To make use of 490
suggestions and inventions for a savings of 850,000 rubles. To save
6.1 million kW-h of electricity and 17.5 Gcal of thermal energy. To reduce
the cost of goods produced by 70,000 rubles. To provide 6.2 million rubles
of capital investments. To put into operation new production facilities
= with an area of 2604 m2. To train 300 new professiunal workers, improve
the skills of 560 workers and 45 engi.neering-technical personnel, and train
i 120 individuals in allied professions. To assist the sovkhozes and kol-
khozes of .the region in sowing and harvesting.
"Mosmedpreparaty" Order of the Red Banner of Labor Industrial Association
To fulfill the annual production plan for the most important types of goods
_ ahead of schedule, by 30 Dec 1981. To produce and market goods with a value
of 150,000 rubles in excess of quota. To overfulfill the plan for improve-
ment of,labor productivity by 2.97. To reduce the cost of finished goods
by 50,000 rubles, with savings on raw and semifinished materials providing
30,000 rubles of this total. To save 2.1 million kW-h of e;ectricity,
1350 tons of conventional fuel, and 10,000 Gcal of thermal energy. To
- obtain profits of 75,000 rubles in excess of quota. To put into practioe
500 innovators' suggestions and obtain a nominal savings of 500,000 rubles.
In conformity with the social-development plan, to improve the ~ducational
, level of the association's workers with no loss of productivity, sending
77 individuals to specialized middle and higher educational ~nstitutions
a*.zd 39 to schools for working youth.~ To provide all types of instruction,
- includir~g economics courses for administrators and 1500 warkers and engineer
ing-technical pe rsonnel. To obtain a savings of 250,000 rubles through
introduction of new technology and automation and mechanization of produc-
tion. Tn assist the subsidiary sovkhoz in improving agricultu�ral efficiency.
"Farmakon" Leningrad Industrial Chemical-Pharmaceutical Association
To fulfill the approved annual production plan ahead of schedule, by
29 Dec 81. To produce gaods with a value of 100,000 rubles in excess of
quota. To market products with a total value of 70,000 rubles in excess
of quota. To improve labor efficiency by 3X in comparison with 1980.
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To provide the entire increase in output by improving labor productivity.
To reduce the cqst of finished goods by 30,000 rubles. To obtain a profit
of 30,000 rubles in ex cess of quota. To begin coeimercial production of
five new drugs. To obtain a savings of 192,0~0 rubles as a resul t of imple-
mentation of progressive scientific and technic~l measures. To save raw
- niaterials with a value of 25,OOp rubles, 800,00~ kW-h of electricity,
730 tons of conventional fuel, and 5500 Gcal~ of thermal energy. To obtain
a savings of 130,000 rubles through implementation of sugges+~ions from
innovators and inventors. To train 25 individuals in second professions
and improve the skills of 240 workers through advanced training. To take
_ an active part in rendering supervisory assistance to agriculture, the plant
school and kindergarden, and other allied fa.:ilities. To continue r~ocial-
ist competition with the Akrikhin Chemical-Phannaceutical Plant.
These socialist obligations have been adopted at meetings of enterprise and
association personnel with leading prodaction wo rkers, membe rs of party,
union, and iiCL organizattions, and representatives of economic administration.
CUP~RIGHT: "Khimiko-faYrnatsevticheskiy zhurnal", ~9s~
2k 78
_ CSO: 1840/342
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BIONICS
UDC 616.8-091.81(088~8)
GOALS OF AND PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF NEURONAL TECHNOLOGY
Kiev OTBOR I PEREDACHA INF6RMATSII in Russian No 62, 1980 (manuscript
received 17 M3y 79) pp 49-55
CArticle by V.L. Kuznetsova, V.L. Kuz'menko and I.M. Tsygel'nyy, L'vov]
[Textl The progress be ing made in contemporary computer technology is
due to a combination of work in tw~o areas, i.e., improvement of components
through utilization of thE latest achievements in physics and technology
and intensificiaion of the search for new theoretical principles upon which
to base computer devices, including multivalent '[17] and neuronaI. [5] ' ~
logic. Attempts by resear~chers to combine the advantages of these two
major trends have led to intensive study of the mechanisms of information
processing by the htmman nervous system and to efforts to use these mechan-
isms in computer design. It can be assume~i that some computers will be
constructed in confoxmity with the principles underlying the processing
and storage of information in the human brain, utilizing components that
simulate the behavior of neurons and neuronal networks. Mode rn computers
are generally intended for soZution of formalized problems. One advantage
- of devices based on neuronal networks is the ~act that they will permit
solution of nonformalized problems, such as those associated with image
recognition or with the control of complex behav~or in an environment
varying in a probabilistic and stochastic manner. The main distinctive
feature of such computers will b~ their capacity for self-organization and
self-programming, possibly conjoined with an ability to make nonlogical
decisions, i.e., to decide am~ng equiprobable alternatives. It is expe-
~lient to use data on the evolution of biological atructures in designing
them. What we have in mind he re is naturally not rote duplication of the
arrangement of neural netw~rks. On the contrary, the evolutionary pathways
for colloidal systems ar~ extremely limited and our task is to go beyond
biologYcal evolution, i.e., models of ce rebral systems may contain types of
neurons that do not 9ccur in nature (i~f they are needed for the creation
of better computer systems) or have not as yet been discovered.
Many neuronal models have now been devi~ed in *_he USSR and abroad and are
suitable for use in the construction of ~eural-netw~ork models applicable
to compute r technology, automatic control systems, information transmission
and processing systems, image-recognition systems, etc. Since many of them
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are not sufficiently effective from the standpoint of information process-
ing in the neuron~ it is necessary to establish more precise general cri-
teria for the optimum design of circuits utilizing nerve-like componenta,
which will ffiake it possible to characterize the ways currently being devel-
oped for simulation of neurons.
The design of nerve-like comgonents has necessitated solution of two prob-
lems. The first is the creation of high-speed electronic models of the
nervous system, in order that its behavior can be studied in cases Where
- the capabilities of ordinary electroph~siological methods are limited (e.g.,
in studying networks that process sensory information, in attempting to
determine the mechanisms of real-time memory, in constructing models of
= nervous-system pathology for diagnostic purposes, etc.). The s~lution of
these problems will of itself justify expending effort in the creation of
a wide rang~. of neuronal models, although far from exhausting their possible
applications.
The second problem is that of the use of nerve-like components and networks
composed of such components in technology.
In accordance with these goals, two approaches have been employed in work-
ing out the principles for cQnstruction of nerve-like components and net-
works. The first and historically earlier approach is a product of
attempts to copy n8tural analogs as closely as possib].e i2, 20, 24l , dupli-
cating both the informatian-carrying and physiological properties of neurons.
The second approach consists in simulating the componenta of a neural net-
work as an information-processing system [12, 15]. W~ are justified in ~
speaking of neuronal technology in this inatance. ~
The term "neuronal technol~~?" refera to the use of the principles of infor-
mation processing in neurons and neuronal networks in the design of elec-
tronic devices. In contrast to neurocybernetics, a science that is pre- ~
i
dominantly theoretical, neuronal technology is concerned with practical
problems and, wit}~out obliging itself to duplicate a biologicAl analog
exactly, attem{~ts to solve problems pertainYng to the use of such an analog
for purely te~.hnical purposes. �
The need to divide the approachea e~loqed into "m~delling of neurons" and
"neuronal technology" is a conseqence of the fact that they belong to dif-
ferent scientific disciplines, the former to biology and physiology and
the latter to bionics, i.e., neuronal technology is that branch of bioai~s
which utilizes the princiFle~ of information processing in neurons to create
technical devices.
There are at present several major trends in the development of neuronal
technology. One of them entails the creation of general-purpose nerve-like
components that would permit the conatruction of networks with any desired
degree of complexity, the only restrictions being those imposed by the m~dels
themselves [12, IS7. This is obviouslq a promising direction to take, since
it is ~ost feasible in teehnological terms and gives the components and
circuits of neuroual technology general applicability.
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Another area of concentrati~n entails the introduetion into neuronal net-
works of components diff~rent from the basic structural unit, i.e., the
nerve-like component. Thus, Pak [12] describes a model of a neuronal net-
w~ork containing a random-number generator, a control unit, a triggering
unit, and a clock-pulse generator. It mu~t b~ noted at this point that,
as in the design of any complex measuring and information-processing system,
unifornuity and regularity of structure are o,f great importance in the design
of ultracomplex neurqnal networks. These requitements are especially sig-
nificant in making the transition to microelectronic technology. It would
therefore seem that the most effective approach is not introduction of
additional units into the network but implementation of the necessary functiona
of such units by the set of neurons employed.
In devising neuronal models, researchers quite often attempt to reproduce
the maximum number of properties inherent in the neuron in a single model.
The model frequently includes comporier~ts carrying out functians that appear
at first glance to be uncecessary Ee.g., nonlinear frequency enhancement
of the processed signal to provide a clearer response to changes in the
input signals C12] , attenuation of the input signals, etc.) s~d these coiapli-
cate both the model and the character of the transfoYmations to which the
information is subjected. How~eve.r, such circuitry can considerably increase
the effectiveness with whirh a neuronal network functions in solving non-
formalized problems.
- Another trend that merits attention is that of the development of nerve-
like compenents based on a minimum number of elements. The components
described by Ivashchenko and Donov C4] and by I~agum~ et al. C25I fal~ in~:o
this category. The history of work in this field illustrates the convo-
luted manner in which neuronal technology has developed. The first nerve-
like components [19, 22l had a simplified form, a consequence of the re-
latively unsophisticated nature of the technology and eiectronics of the
time. Increasingly more ~ complicated and cumbersome mc~dels were subsequently
created in order to reproduce more exactly the ir~foima~.ion-carrying prop-
erties of neurons C20] . These could mt be utilized to construct_ complex
- networks. The next stage in the dewelopment of neuronal technology in-
volved a reduction in the number of elements needed to create a nerve-like
component. This "simplification" resulted from the use of components em-
- bodying more extensive information-carrying propcerties; their effective-
ness was a product not of their circuit design but of their internal physical
processes (the avalanche ~ransistor, thyristor L4I, tunnel diode [257,
multigate transistor, liquid crystal, etc.). Modern integrated-circuit
technology can be used to create such nerve-like elements. The "simplifi-
cation" of nerve-like components can, in our opinior~, be of particular value
as we move toward their use as the basis for molecular and supermolecular
cybernetics. Combined utilization of contemporary achievemente in the physics
of supem~olecular s~tructures and neuronal technology can lead to the crea-
tion of dynamic self-propagating cybernetic eystems.
The creation of integrated circuits composed of nerve-Like elements and
based on an optimum array of circuit components is also a pressing matter.
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However, the underlying goal of the development of neuronal technology is
not the construction of nerve-Like components but the creation of devices
- that can be used in the national economy. It is natural and expedient to
employ not neuronal m~dela but neuronal-network models constructed from them
for the development of such devices. In designing neuronal-netw~rk models,
~ the rese arche r must take into conaide ration the fact that, in addition to
the rigid steric structure of the neuron-neuron comtect~ons dictat~d by ,
rrorphogenesis [ 16] , operative neuronal net~aorks are formed randomly [7, 161
and spe cific networks are formed fc~ the accomplishment of definite tasks.
Here each neuron can function in several netwvrks at different times.
Hence it follows that qualitatively new components or m~difications of
existing neuronal mod~ls are required for creation of a dyn~mxc neuronal-
_ network structure. One achievement in this area is the network model pro-
posed by Pak [12], which consists of ne rve-like components with inputs
_ capable of unde rgoing a change of function, thus mak ing possible to obtain
a stoehastic organization for the string of signals in the netWOrk.
However, the number of types of nerve-like elements qualitatively specialized
for performance of complex functions is no t yet sufficient for construction
of complex neuronal networks. The nervous .system contains more than 1000
different types of neurons C137 that have been shnwn to exhibit m4rpholo-
= gical differences (this does not preclude functional differences). In
this coauiection, we ~st seek new functional designs for nerve-like compo-
, nents. Thp list of neuronal models that can provide the requisite diversity
might include models of recognitive neurans, distributive neurons, annun-
ciator nei~rons, comparison neuro ns, and other special types whase develop-
ment would facilitate the construction of oom~lex networks.
f~
fo
~ 0 4_ o_~ S i
a 6 ~ =~h;b~tlon E,~r,~ta#~on ~
c '
~ ~
_ We feel that one promieing approach to this problem is the use of the organi-
zational principles of multivalenC components and etructurea C9, 17] for the
creation of nerve-like components and netw~or~cs. It has been shown [6, 10,
23] that a neuron can be deacribed not only as an analog elemeat but also
= as a discrete threshold-type element. Proceeding from our investigations,
it should be noted that the processes by which infnrmation is transfarmed
in existing nerve-like components can be described Uy one of the three ftmc-
- tions f(S) shown in Fig. la, b, and c, where
, n ~ i
i
S= ~ a~fexc - S` 6;f tn~+ ~
rai �
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here fout is th~e frequency of the pulse train at the output from the nerve-
like component, fexc and finh are the frequencies of the pulse trains at
the excitatory and inhibitory inputs respectively, f~ is the spontaneous-
activity frequency, ai are.the weights on the ex citatory inputs, and b~
are the weights on the inhibitory inputs. The characteristic curve in
Fig. la describes a threshold-type logic element that operates on the "all
Qr nothing" principle. Figure lb shaws the characteristi.c curve for.a
si.milar eleroent possessing infinite-value logic with upper and lower thres-
holds, while Fig. tc represents an element of the same type with spon-
taneous activity, which increases its sensitivity and extends its capabilities.
, When the circuit of a nerve-like component includes certain additional
features, e.g., quantization of the working frequency range, it is possible
to construct neuronal networks with a rearrangeable in.formation structure,
- whose operation can be described with the aid of multivalued logic. The
neuron has a multiplicity of excitatory and inhibitory inputs with weights
~i and a single output. With appropriate normalization, the input parameters
x and output parameters y vary within the limits 0~ x~ 1 and 0~~ y~~ 1.
These parameters simulate neuronal signals (pulse frequencies) and do not
change sign. Moreover, the neuron has upper and lower excita~ion thresholds.
Its operation can consequently be described by the expression [57:
~
y = ~ c~;xi - 6,
where 9 is the threshold; in arithmetic representation L18], this gives
n n
~ (x~, x~, , x�) _ (6 1) & ~ c~~xi - 6 & ~ w~xi
~=i r=?
and an analogous arithmetic representation of the multivalued logical func-
tion C 18] . Attempts have been made to construct such models [9, 21] .
The logic of development of modern electronics also dictates the creation
of nerve-like elements based on digitai technology. which can specifically
pruvi.de a considerable improvement in the precision with which information
can be transfotmed and an increase in operating speed. Attempts have been
made to move in this direction [3, 141 , but achievement of significant
res�ults will require more intensive effozts, which will make it possible
to construct complex neuronal networks that are no longer intermediate
stages in information processing of the perceptron type .C11] but self-
organizing systems capable of making independent decisions even when there
is an information deficit, i.e., under conditions of quite substantial
inde te rminacy .
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At this point, we must set forth the basic principles of the structural
organization and self-organization of such systems.
The first principle is that the system mist include a sufficiently large
set of components. This multiplicity is necessary in order to permit sig-
- nal fluctuations. While fluctuations are undesirable in a system operating
in confarmity with a rigid program, they are�necessary in an ultracomplex
system capable of unforeseen actions. This is a consequence of well-known
rules of .information theory [1l. ~
The second principle is that the network mu~t be capable of self-formation
. ~ of feedback circuits. It should be noted that two types of neuronal feed- ,
- back circuits are distinguished, i.e., homeostatic and heterostatic; these
~ are apparently interconvertible. The purpose of homeostatic circuits
(neuronal networks linked by negative feedback) is maintenance of equili-
bri;.~m within a given program. In all probability, heterostatic circuits
_ (neuronal networks with negative and positive feedback exhibiting aperiodic
fluctuational activity) play a considerable role. The functional rhythm
of the neurons in a heterostatic circuit depends on many facto.rs. Depending
on the manner in which the primary circuits (homeostatic air.d heterostatic)
are connected to form second- and third-order circuits; the system-rhythm
pulsations can acquire a wholly individual character. In this case, the
- exogenous action of receptor models can have ar. organizing influence on
ttie rhythmic operation of an ultracomplex network.
It also is important to provide th~ system with an initial program. The
existence of an initial program is dictated by the need to compare newly
arriving information with it. The initial program must obviously be similar
to a gene tic program or instinct in a biological system and is de termined
by the system properties~ although it can be introduced from without.
_ In order to create conditions for self-organization, it is also necessary
- to simulate the system's intrinsic requirements, its "attitude" toward
- externa.l factors,� since a system lacking such piropertie~ caimot develop.
For example, a system can require homeostatie balancing under full-load
conditions.
The goals of neuronal technology as a branch of bionics are thu~s extremely
- interesting and far-reaching. The most i.mportant objective is the creation
_ of a wide variety of initial components (neurons and ~eneral-purpose net-
work subunits)~ followed by the developmen* of subcircuits of increasing
_ complexity and hierarchic systems. ,
lt will be possible for rieuronal technology to solve these fundamental
problems in the near future. As for the subse.quent development of organi-
zational principles for complex and ultracomplex netw~nrks, it will obviously
�ollow upon the establishment of a basis for an integrated-circuit tech-
nology for neuronal-network elem,ents comprising large numbers of nerve-
like components linked into suhcircuits. Utilization of the internal
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infozmation-manipulating properties of materials is considerably uwre pro-
mising in those cases where they are to some extent identical to those of
neuronal structures. Such properties are displayed, for example, by the
hierarchic system of supernwlecular compounds in polymers.
BIBLIOGRA.PHY
1. Wiener~ N., "Cybernetics", Moscow, Sov. radio, 1968~ 326 p.
- 2. Dudkin, K.N. and Gauzel'man, V.Ye., "A functional model of the neuron,"
"Tez. V Vsesoyuz. konf. po bionike" [Abstracts of Papers Presented at
_ the Sth All-tinion Conference on Bionics] , Moscow, Nauka, 1973, pp 36-38.
3. Zvanov, Yu.N. and Kogorod, S.M., "One model of an inhom~geneous inter-
calary-neuron network," "Problemy neyrokibernetiki" [Problems of Neuro-
cybernetics7, Rostov-on-Don, Izd-vo Rost. un-ta, 1976, pp 69-72.
- 4. Ivashchenko, V.G. and Donov, V.G., ~'A functional model of the neuron
utilizing thyristors," "Issledovaniya po bionike, razdr.azhimosti i
vozbuzhdeniyu" CStudies in Bionics, Irritability and Excitation],
I~azan', Izd-vo Kazan. un-ta, 1976, pp 97-102.
5. Kirvelis, D.I. and Pozin, N~V., "Some problems of neuronal logie,"
"Voprosy bioniki" [Problems of Bionicsl, Moscow, Nauka, 1967, pp 163-173.
6. Klini, S.K., "Event representations in neural networks and finiCe suto-
_ mata," "Automata", Moscow, Izd-vo inostr. l~t., 195b, pp 15-16.
7. Kogan, A.B., "Organization of nerve cells in neuronal ensemblea,"
"Sovremennyye problemy neyrokibernetiki" [Current Problems in Neuro-
cyberneticsl, Leningrad, Nauka, 1972, pp 4-2~~
8. Kuznetsova, V.L., Kuz'menko, V.L., and Tsygel'nyy, I.M., "A neuronal
mndel with background activity utilizing frequency-voltage ti~nsducers,"
"Mnogoznachnyye elementy i struktury" [Multivalent Components and Struc=
ture sl , Riev, Nauk. dumka, 1978 ~ pp 94-99.
9. Kuznetsova, V.L. and Tsygel'nyi, I.M., "Use of certain aspects of the
theory of multivalent structures to describe neuronal networks," '~Mate-
rialy VIII konf. molodykh uchenykh fiz.-mekh. in-ta AN USSR. Sektsiya
otbora i peredachi, inform." [Proceedings of the 8th Confezence o:E
. Young Scientists Working at the Physics-Mechanics Institute, Academy of
- Sciences of the UkrSSR. Informatio~n Gathering and Transmission Sectionl,
L'vov, 1977, pp 92-97. VINITI Archives No 993-79.
10. McCulloch, W.S. and Pitts, W., "A l:gical enumeration of ideas pertaining ~
to neural activity," "Automata", Moscow, Izd-vo inostr. lit., 1956,
- pp 362-�384.
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11. PSinsk}~, M. and Papert, S., "Perceptrons", Moscow, Mir, 1971.
12. Pak, ~~.G., "Problems in the technical realization of the learning-capable
elen~ent of a decision-~making system," "Problemy neyrokibernetiki"
[Problems of Neurocyberneticsl, Rostov-on-Don, Izd-vo Rost. un-ta, 1976,
PP 12fi-138 .
13. Polyakov, G.I., "Osnovy sistematiki neyronov kory bol'shogo mozga
cheloveka" [Taxonomic Principles for the Neurons of the Human Cerebral
Cortex], Moscow, Meditsina, 1973, 307 p.
14. Popov, V.A., Skibenko, I.T. and Vasilenko, A.S., "One digital model
of the neuron," PROBL. BIONIKI, 1977, No 18, pp 81-85.
15. Popov~ S.A., "Info~ation feedback with delay in a nervous-system
model," Kazan', 1977, pp 29-32. VINITI Archives No 649-77.
16. Pribram, K., "Languages of the Brain", Moscow, Progress, 1975.
17. Rakov, M.A. (Editor), "Realizatsiya mnogoznachnykh struktur avtomatiki"
[Implementation of Multivalent Structures in Automation], Kiev, Ivauk.
dumka, 1976~ 350 p.
18. Samoilov, L.K. and Chernov, N.I., "Algebraic representation of logical
functions," ODNOROD. TSIFROVYYE VYCHISL. STRUKTURY, 1978, No 9, pp 93-101.
I~~. Tasaki, J., "Conduction of the Neural Impulse", Moscow, Izd-vo inostr.
lit., 1957~ 186 p.
20. Taylor, W., "Computational devices and the nervous system," "Simulation
in Biology", Moscow, Izd. inostr. lit., 1963, pp. 203-228.
21. Tuzov, V.M., "Opportunities for construction ~i formal neurons based on
multivalent combinational harmonic-frequency components," "Mnogoznach-
o nyye elementy i struktury" [Multivalent Components and Structuresl,
Kiev, Nauk. dumka,� 1975, pp 105-114. .
22. Hodgkin, A., "The Nervous Impulse", Moscow, Mir, 1965 ~ 125 p.
23. Eecles, J.~ "The Physiology o� Nerve Cells", Moscow, Izd-vo inostr. lit.,
1959~ 227 p. ~
24. Gulrajani, R.M., Roberge, F.A. and Mathieu, P.A., "A field-effect
_ transistor analog for the study of burst-generating neurons," PROC.
I~:EE, 1977, Vol 65, No 5, pp 807-809.
- 25. Nagumo, J., Arimoto, S.~ and Yeshizawa, S., "Artificial neuron," PROC.
IRE, 1962, Vol 50, No ]0, pp 2094-2104. '
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 1980 .
24 i 8
CSO: 1u40/350
e
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BICiEG'~'(NOZO~Y
UDC 612.825.5:612.882
MECHANISMS OF INTCRACTION OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ANALYZERS
Leningrad MEKHANIZMY VZAIMODEYSTVIYA VNUTRENNIKHH I VNESHNIKH ANALIZATOROV in
- Russian 19f30 (signed to press 8 Aug 80) pp 2~ 132-142, 149
[Annotation, bibliography and table of contents from book "Mechanisms of Interaction
of Internal and External Analyzers", by Professor Vladimir Semenovich Raytses,
Institute of Physiology imeni I. P. Pavlov, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1350 copies,
150 pages ]
_ [Text] The monograph correlates data from the literature and the author's own
materials from electrophysiological investigation of the functional organization
of the central sections of the internal (visceral) analyzers and the mechanisms of
the interaction of visceral afferent signals with sensory streams entering the
nervous system from somatic, vestibular and visual receptors. Current data is
reported on the participation of the hypothalamolimbic structures of the brain in
the central control of sensory processes and in the mechanisms of the interaction
of intero- and exteroceptive signalling. The book examines the significance of
visceral signalling to the formation and realizatian of certain forms of emotional
reactions and purposeful behavior, as well as to disLUrbances in tY~e emotional
sphere under conditions of visceral pathology. Bibliagraphy: 449 titles; 50
figures; 5 tables.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Adrianov, 0. S. "0 printsipakh integrativnoy deyatel'nosti mozga"
- [Principals of the Integrative Activity of the Brain], Moscow, 1976.
2. Ayzikov, G. S., Malikova, S. N. and Radkevich, L. A. "The Effect of
- Vestibular Afferent Impulses On the Activity of Individual Neurons of the
Nuclei of the Vestibular Complex in Kittens," NFYROFIZTOLOGIYA, Vol 8,
No 5, 1976.
3. Ayrapet'yants, E. Sh. "Vysshaya nervnaya deyatel'nost' i retseptory
vnutrennikh organov" [Higher Nervous Activity and Receptors of the
Internal Organs7, Moscow-Leningrad, 1952.
U. Ayrapet'yants~ E. Sh, and Batuyev, A. S. "Printsip konver~entsii
analizatornykh sistem" [The Principle of Convergence of Analyzer Systems7~
Leningrad, 1969.
13 .
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5. Ayrapet'yants, E. Sh, and Vasilevskaya, N. Ye. "Yisceral Signalling and
the Thalamus," USP. FIZIOL. NAUK~ VOL 6, 1975~
~ 6. Ayrapet'yants, E. Sh. and Sotniehenko, T. S. "Limbika" LThe Limbic
System], Leningrad, 1967.
7. Amvros'yev~ A. P. "Anatomiya afferentnykh sistem pishchevaritel'nogo
trakta" [Anatomy of the Digestive Tract Afferent Systems), Minsk, 1972.
8. Anokhin~ P. K. "The Neurophysiological Bases of the Electrical Activity
of the Cerebral Cortex" in "Sovremennyye problemy elektrofiziologicheskikh
issledovaniy nervnoy sistemy" CCurrent Pro'~lems in Electrophysiological
Investigation of the Nervous System], Moscow, 1964.
9. Anokhin, P. K. "Biologiya i neyrofiziologiya uslovnogo refleksa" [Biology
and Neurophysiology of the Conditioned Reflex], Moscow, ~968.
_ 1U. Anokhin, P. K. "Systemic Analysis of Integrative Activity of the Neuron
and the Concept of Its Degree of Freedom" in "Sistemnyy analiz
integrativnoy deyatel'nosti neyrona" [Systemic Analysis of the Integrative
Activity of the Neuron], Moscow~ 1974.
11. Arushanyan, A. V. and Belozertsev, T, T. "The Effect of Strychnine and
Corazol on Certain Types of Supraspinal and Segmented Inhibition of the
C~rebrospinal Reflexes," in "Materialy nauch. konf. po probl.
'Fiziologiya i patologiya kortikovistseral'nykh vzaimootnosheniy i
funktional'nykh sistem organizma" [Materials of Scientific Canference on
Physiology and Pathology of Corticovisceral Interrelations and Funetional
Systems of the Organism], Vol 1, Ivanovo, 1965.
12. Arshavskiy, Yu. I., Berkinblit, M. B. and Gel'fand~ I. M. "Organization
of Projection of Somatic Nerves in Different Regions of the Cerebellar
Cortex of Kittens~" Vol 3, No 2, 1971.
13. Astvatsaturov, M. I. 1939~ cited in Bykov, K. M. and Kurtsin, I. T.,
"Kortiko-vistseral'naya patologiya" [Cortico-Visceral Pathology],
Leningrad, 1960.
14. Ayupova, R. S.~ Akhmediyeva~ Z. Kh.~ Kurbanova, G. V., Grinin, V. V. and
Tashenov, K. T. "On the Question of In~eroceptive Influences From the
Stomach on the Bioelectrical Activity of the Hypothalamus," TR. IN-TA
FIZIOLOGII AN KazSSR, Vol 23, 1977.
15. Baklavadzhyan, 0. G. "Vegetativnaya regulyatsiya elektricheskoy
aktivnosti mozga" [Vegetative Regulation of the Electrical Activity of
the Brain], Leningrad, 1967.
16. Baklavadzhyan, 0. G. "Electroph~rsiological Analysis of the Representation
of Visceral and Somatic Afferent Systems in the Hypothalamus," report
summary in "IX s"yezd Vsesoyuz. fiziol. o-va,"Vol 4, Leningrad~ 1970.
14
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1'l. Baklavadzhyan, 0. G., Adamyan~ F. A., Avetisyan, E. A. "Reactions of the
Neurons of Frontal and Posterior Lobes of the Hypothalamus on Stimulation
of the Vagus and Sciatic Nerves to Light Stimulation," FIZIOL. ZHURN.
SSSR. vol 63, 1977.
_ 18. Baklavadzhyan, 0. G. and Astvatsatryan, E. G. "Comparative Electro-
physiological Investigation of Hypothalamic Projection of Afferent
Systems of the Celiac and Sciatic Nerves," FIZIOL ZHURN SSSR, Vol 5I~
1973.
19. Baklavadzhyan~ 0. G. and Bagdasaryan, K. G. "The Reaction of Neurons of
the Anterior and Posterior Regions of the Hypothalamus to Stimulation of
the Celiac and Sciatic Nerves to Light Stimulus," NEYROFIZIOLOGIYA, Vol
8, 1976.
20. Baklavadzhyan, 0. G. and Bagramyan~ Z. A. "Analysis of Induced Potentials
of ~he Limbic Cerebral Cortex," NEYROFIZIOLOGIYA, Vol 2, 1970.
21. Bakuradze, A. A. and Chkhenkeli, S. A. "Some Mechanisms of the Conditian
of Formation of Satiation" in "Mekhanizmy neyrogumoral'noy regulyatsii
vegetativnykh funktsiy" (Mechanisms of Neurohumoral Regulation of
Vegetative Functions7, Leningrad, 1970.
22. Batuyev, A. S. "Multisensory Convergence On Neurons of the Associative
= Fields of the Cortex" in "Mater. Vsesoyuz. konf. po elektrofiziologii TsNS"
[Materials of the All-Union Conference on Electrophysiology of the CNS]~
Leningrad, 1971.
23. Batuyev, A. S. and Gafurov, B. G. "Reactions of the Cortical Neurons To
Viscerosomatic Stimulation~" NEYROFIZIOLOGIYA~ Vol 3, 1971.
24. Bezhenaru, I. S. "Investigation of the Neur~l Structures of the Brain
Stem Which Create Rapid Reactions in the Reticulospinal Pathways,"
NEYROFIZIOLOGIYA, Vol 3, 1971.
- 25. Beller, N. N., Musyashchikova, S. S. "Induced PQtentials of the Limbic
Cerebral Cortex of the Cat with Stimulation of the Mesenteral Nerves~"
FIZIOL. ZHURN. SSSR~ Vol 51, 1965.
_ 26. Belov, V. P. "Personality Features and Psychosomatic Interrelations in
Patients with Gastric Ulcer (of the Duodenum) and Chronic Nonspecific
~ Colitis," ZHURN. NEVROPATOL. I PSIKHIATR., Vol 21, 1971.
27. Berdashkevich, A. P. "Issledovaniye dvigatel'nogo povedeniya krys pri
gipotalamicheskoy samostimulyatsii mozga" [Investigation of the Motor
~ Behavior of Rats in Hypothalamic Autostimulation of the Brain],
author's abstract of candidate's dissertation, Moscow, 1973.
15
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28. Beritashvili~ I. S. "Structural and Functional Bases of Mental Activity"
in "Strukturnyye i funktsional'nyye osnovy psikhichheskoy deyatel'nosti"
[Structural and Funetional Bases of Mental Activity], Moscow, 1963.
29. Beteleva, T. G. "The Effect of Prolonged Light and Auditory Stimulation
on Activity of Neurons of the External Geniculate Body of Rabbits" in
"Problemy fiziologii optiki," Leningrad, 1969.
30. Bekhtereva, N. P. "Neurophysiological Aspects of Human Mental Activity,"
USPEKHI FIZIOL. NAUK, Vol 1, 1970.
31. Blagoveshchenskaya, N. S. "Topicheskoye znaeheniye narusheniya zvuka,
vestibulyarnoy funktsii~ obonyaniya i vkusa pri porazheniyakh golovnogo
mozga" [Local Significance of Disturbances in Hearing, the Vestibulary
Funetion, Smell, and Taste in Cerebral In~uries7~ Moscow, 1962.
32. Bogovarova~ Ye. F. "Materials for Physiological Description of
Interoceptive Inhibition of Cerebrospinal Motor Reflexes" in "The Cerebellur~
and Regulation of Function], Kiev. 1963.
33. Bratus', N. V. "Mozzhechok i vistserotseptsiya" [The Cerebellum and
Visceroception]~ Leningrad, 1969.
- 34. Bratus', N. V., Levchuk, 0. V., Moroz, V. M., Solov'eva, L. A. and Yanch~ik,
G. V. "Participation of Certain Cores of tt;s Brain Stem in the Formation
of Induced Reactions of the Cerebellar Cortex in Somatic and Visceral
_ Stimulation~" report summary~ in "XII s"yezd Vsesoyuz. fiziol. o-va.,"
Leningrad, 1975.
35. Bulygin, I. 1, "The Effect of Stimulation of Internal Organs on the
Cerebrospinal Reflexes and the Role of the Brain~" BYULL. EKS~ER. BIOL.
I MED., Vol 12, i941.
_ 35. Bulygin, I. A. "Issledovaniye zakonomernostey i mekhanizmov
interotseptivnykh refleksov" [Investigation of Patterns and Mechanisms of
Interoceptive Reflexes], Minsk~ 1959.
37: Bulygin~ I. A. "Afferentyye puti interotseptivnykh refleksov" [Afferent
Pathways of Interoceptive Reflexes], Minsk, 1966.
i8. 13ulygin, I. A. "Organization of Visceral Afferent Systems" USPEKHI

" FIZIOL. NAUK, Vol 8~ 1977.
39. Bulygin, I. A, and Soltanov~ V. V. "Elektrofiziologicheskiy analiz
vistseral'nykh afferentnykh sistem" [Electrophysiological Analysis of
Visceral Afferent Systems], Minsic~ 1973.
40. Bykov~ K. M. "Kora golovnogo mozga i vnutrenniye organy" [The Cerebral
C~rtex and the Internal Organs]~ Kirov, 1942.
- 41. Bykov, K. M, and Kurtsin, I. T. "Kortikovistseral'naya patologiya"
- 16
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[Corticovisceral Pathology], Leningrad, 1960.
42. Vaynshteyn, I. I. and Si~onov, P. V. "Emotsiogennyye struktury mozga i
serdtse" [Emotion-Generating Structures of the Brain and Heart], Moscow~
1979.
4;. Val'dman, A. V. "Results of, and Outlook for, Functional-Morphological
Investigation of the Action of Neurotropic Agents on Regulation of
Physiological Funetions" in "Neyrofarmakologiya protsessov tsentral'noy
regulyatsii" [Neuropharmacology of the Processes of Central RegulationJ,
Leningrad, 1968.
U4. Val'dman, A. V. "Principal Problems in the Investigation of Emotional
Behavior in Experiments on Animals" in "Eksperimental'naya neyrofizologiya
_ emotsiy" [Experimental Neurophysiology of Emotions], Leningrad, 1972.
_ ll5. Val'dman, A. V, and Kozlovskaya, M. M. "Correlation of Somatovegetative
Manifestations of Emotional and Behavioral Reactions," FIZIOL. ZHURN.
SSSR, Vol 55, 1969.
46. Vasilevskaya, N. Ye. "0 funktsii i strukture vistserokhimicheskogo
analizatora" [On the Functions and Structure of the Viscerocheroical
Analyzer], Leningrad~ 1971.
~7. Vedyayev~ F. P. "Analysis of the effects of electrostimulation of
- Certain Limbic Structures," NEYROFIZIOLOGIYA, Vol 1, 1969.
48. Velikaya, R. R. "On the Influence of the Hypothalamic Nuclei on
Electrical Activity of Neurons of the Visual Cortex," NEYROFIZIOLOGIYA,
Vol 7, 1975.
49, ilelikaya, R. R., and I1'in, K. G. "Induced Reactions of the Neurons of
the Visual CortPx in Stimulation of the Hypothalamic Formations," FIZIOL.
ZHURN. URSR, Vol 23, 1977.
50. Vinnikov, Ya. A. "Tsitologicheskiye i molekulyarnyye osnovy retseptsii.
Evolyutsiya organov chuvstv" [Cytological and Molecular Bases of -
Reception. Evolution of the Sense OrgansJ, Leningrad, 1971.
51. Voronin, L. L., Skrebitskiy, V. G. and Sharonova~ I. N. "Microelectrode
Investigations of Convergence af Signals of Different Sensory Modalities
in the Cerebral Neurons~" USPEKHI FIZIOL. NAUK, Vol 2~ 1971.
52. Gadzhiyeva, N. A. "The Effect of Heterosensory Reactions On Induced
Activity of the External Geniculate Body," IZV. AN AzSSR SER. BIOL., No 3,
1970.
53. Gadzhiyeva, N. A. and Rzayeva, N. "Electrophysiological Investigation
of Integration of Dermosomatic and Visceral Impulses in the Somatosensory
Cortex and Specific Thalamus Under Different Funetion Staties of the
- Reticular Formation of the Brain Stem," report summary, in "IX s"yezd
- 17
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- Vsesoyuz, fiziol, o-va," Vol 2, Leningrad, 1970
5~. Gal'~erin, S. I. "Znacheniye interotseptsii (chuvstvitel'nosi,i)
= vnutrennikh organov v regylyatorno3~ roli vysshikh otdelov nervnoy
sistemy" [The Significance of the Interoception (Sensitivity) of Internal
Organs to the Regulatory Role of Higher Branches of the Nervous System]~
author's abstract of doctoral dissertation, Leningrad~ 193b.
55. Ganitkevich, Ya. V. "Zhelch' i deyatel'nost' nervnoy sistemy" [Bile and
Nervous System Activity]. author's abstract of doctoral di~sertation~
Dortetsk, 1968.
56. Gasanov, G. G. "The Role of the Posterior Region of the Limbic Cortex of
the Cerebrum in Interoception of Metabolic Jnconditioned Reflexes from the
Stomach," DAN SSSR, Vol 159, 1964.
57. Gershuni~ G. V. "Organization of the Afferent Stream and the Process of
Differentiation of Signals of Different Durations," ZhVNH~ Vol 15, 1965.
58. Gershuni~ G. V., Kozhevnikov, V. A., Maruseva, A. M. et al. "Changes in
the Electric Respor.ses of the Auditory Systero to Different Forms of
Higher Nervous Activity" in "Elektroentsefalograficheskoye issledovaniye
visshey nervnoy deyatel'nosti" [Electroencephalographic Investigation of
Higher Nervous ActivityJ, Moscow, 1962.
59. Gokin, A. P. "Properties of the Synaptic Activation of Intermediate
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and Visceral Afferents." NEYROFIZIOLOGIYA. Vol 2, 197p.
60. Gokin, A. P. and Preobrazhenskiy, N. N. "Synaptic Mechanisms of Int~r-
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of Neurons in the Nervous Center], Leningrad, 1974.
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Funetion of Vestibular Apparatus," DAN SSSR, Vol 158, ~964.
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the Neurons of the Vestibular Nuclei in Cats With Polarization and
Caloric Stimulation of the Labyrinths," in "Fiziologiya vestibularnogo
analizatora" [The Physiology of the Vestibvlar Analyzer], Moscow~ 1968.
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199. Sudakov, K. V. "Biologicheskiye motivatsii" [Biologic~l Motivations]~
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Region and the Regulation of the Physiologic~al Functions of the
Organism7~ second edition, Leningrad~ 1968.
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_ the Development of the Behavior of Higher Animals~" DAN SSSR, Vol 126,
1959.
- ~'~5. Khanayeva, Z. V. "Projection of the Periphery in the Frontal Tubers of
_ the Lamina Tecti of Cats," SOBSI~CH. AN GruzSSR, vol 64~ 1971.
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Mechanisms of the Visual Funetion]~ Leningrad~ 1962.
207. Khayutin, S. N. "Vzaimodeystviye motivatsionnogo i sensornogo
vozbuzhdeniya na odinochnykh neuronakh zritel'noy kory" [Interaction of
Motivated and Sensory Stimulation on Single Neurons of the Visual CortexJ,
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[Functions of the Organs of Balance and Motion Sickness], Leningrad, 1969.
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210. Chvalun, A. V. "Quantitative and Qualitative Changes in Induced
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[Afferent Systems of the Internal Organs7, Kirov~ 1943.
212. Chernigovskiy, V. N. "Interoceptors and the Skeletal Musculature.
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Report I. The Effect of Stimulation of Interoceptors of the Intestine
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of the Posteroventral Nucleus of the Thalamus," DAN SSSR. Vol 184, 1969.
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. the Neurons of the Posteroventral Nuclsus of the Thalamus Induced by
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_ somatichheskikh afferentnykh svyazey vestibulyarnykh yader" [On the
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. [Systemic Organization of Feeding Behavior], Moscow, 1971.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword .......................................................................3
Introduction ...................................................................5
~'t~apter 1. Concise Information on the Morphofunetional Structure of the
Internal (Visceral) Analyzers ......................................8
Chapter 2. Central Apparatuses and Mechanisms of Viscerosomatic
Integration .......................................................28
Chapter 3. Viscerosomatic Influences on the Reactions of the Vestibular
System ............................................................49
Chapter 4. Convergence and Interaction of the Viscerosomatic and Visual
Afferent Signals ..................................................68
Cl,~pter 5. The Participation of the Hypothalamolimbic Structures of.the
Brain in Central Control of the Sensory Processes .................88
Chapter 6. Visceral Signalling and Elements of Behavior .....................109
C017CZUS10!15 .......................................�.......�..............�..�~26
Bibliography .................................................................132
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka"~ 1980
9380
cso: ~8uo~357
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PHYSIOLOGY
UDC 612.8.015
DIRECT TRANSFER OF C~NDITIONED-REFLEX GUSTATORY AVERSION
Moscow DOKLADY AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian Vol 259, No 5, 1981 (manu-
script received 6 Mar 81) pp 1265-1267
[Article by G.A. Vartanyan and T.M. Makarova, Scientific-Research Institute
of Experimental Medicine, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Leningradl
~ [Text] The first expe riments on duplication of habits of the conditioned-
reflex type by administration of a cerebsal extract from irradiated donor
animals to unirradiated animals were ~arried out in 1965 [1, 27. They pro-
duced many contradictory opinions, with some suthors totally denying that
this phenomenon could exist C3] . However, many data have now been amassed
that basically r_onfirm the existence of the "transfer" phenomenon in ver-
tebrates [4-6] . Analysis of the literature showed that the euccess of
"transfer" depends in large measure on the model selected. Attempts to
"transfer" complex reactions have generally been unsucoessful. It can be~
assumed that "transfer" of complex foxms of conditioned-reflea activity
is naturally hamp~red by the multistage, multilevel organization and func-
tional lability of the nervous mechanisms responsible for complex adap-
tive behavior. It is therefore best to use reactions characterized by
rapid induction, stability, and simplicity of expression, since the func-
' tional systems responsible for such reactions are at least to some extent
genetically predetermined.
The gustatory-aversion reaction developed in 1955 L7], provides one such m~-.~
del. These researchers induced aversion to a saccharin solution by con-
_ joining its ingestion with irradiation of the eaperimental animals with
large doaes ; f ionizing radiation. The gustatory-aversion reaction was
subsequently subjected to extensive study in nrder to find different methods
for evoking it and to establish the mechanisms of its oentral organizatioa
[8] . It was found that the procesaes underlying the formation and expres-
sion of the gustatory-aversion reaction are most probably functions of the
phylogenetically anciEnt guetatory viaceral syetem and require only minimum
support from other cerebral centers. A number of data~ however, indicate
that higher levels of the central nervous system participate in this reac-
tion C9] . The great biological significance of the gustatory-aversion
~3
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~
reaction and its high induction rate ( 1-3 joint presentations of the con-
ditioned sti.mulus and unconditioned reinforcement are adequate for 100~
fixation of the reaction) enable us to regard it as a phenomenon similar
in its mechanisms to natural conditioned reflexes and enhance its value
as a model for "transfer." A number of researchers [10, 11] have "trans-
_ ferred" gtistatory-aversion reactions by ad~ninistering homogenized cerebral
tissue from donor rats to intact animals. Ttie gustatory-aversion reaction
was induced in the donors by conjoining ingestion of saccharin with ex-
posure to ionizing radiation.
The present investigation was conducted to determine whether it is possible
to "transfer" a gustatory-aversion reaction induced pharmacologically by
the cerebrospinal-fluid method, which is physiologically the most adequate
technique and corresponds to a natural pathway for neuropeptide transport
in the central nervous sys tem L 12, 13] .
We employed the procedure described by Reinis tl] for induction of the
aversion reaction. The donor rats were deprived of drinking water for 3
clays; they were permitted access 2o water for only 15 min per day, in
special cages equipped with graduated waterers. On the fourth day, the
animals were presented with 0.1~ saccharin solution instead of water (alsc
for 15 min) and, after 30 min, they Faere injected intraperitoneally with
- a 0.5 M LiCl solution in an amount equivalent to 2Z of body weight. A
similar procedure was carried out on the sixth and ninth days. The aver-
~ sion reaction thus induced was found to have bean retained when the donor
rats were tested 1.5 months after ita induction. The recipient rats were
- also deprived of drinking water. These animals w~ere daily presented with
their choice of two graduated waterers con~aining water and saccharin solu-
tion (for 15 min). The amount of liquid drunk was precisely determined
and only those animals that preferred the saccharin solution were selected.
_ "Transfer" of cerebrospinal fluid from the donors to the recipients was
carried out 9 days ~after induction of the aversion reaction in the donors,
since this represented the optimum interval after 1007. fixation of the
reaction in the donors CIS7. For this purpose,� 0.1 ml of cerebraspinal
fluid drawn from the suboccipital cisterna was injected into the suboccipi-
_ tal cisternae of the recipients. The operation was carried out under
shallow ether anesthesia. The recipients were ther~ tested daily for 6 days.
The rats in the two control groups w~ere subjected to the same conditions
as the recipient anima3.s. After a stable saccharin--consumption background
was established for the first group of animals, the intact rats were in-
jected suboccipitally with cerebroapinal fluid and the amount of liquid
ingested was observed for 6 days. The rats in the second control group
were not i,nterfered with at all and we merely observed their saccharin
and water consumption levels for 12 days. This period was divided into
~wo 6-day intervals and the saccharin-consumption levels for the first
and second intervals were compared. ~
The experimental group consisted of 80 animals, 40 of which were donors
and 40 recipients. The first control group consisted of 20 animals (ten
34
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i
~ 11
6 ~10 Q 6
~ . a 9 I
w~0 ,L~ e �
'b ' ~
~ ~ ' , ~ 7 � '
~7 a 6 ~6 .
u6 ~ ~S . 6
ps a ~y ~
4 � I
a
~3
01 y~
v' ~ . 1
1 p D ~ I
Fig. 1. Consumption af saccharin solution (0.1~) in experimental and
oontrol groups. I) Experimental group, recipients (n = 40) receiving
subdural injection of cerebrospinal fluid (0.1 ml) from aversio~condi-
tioned donors; II) first control group, recipients (n = 10) receiving
subdural injection of cerebrospinal fluid from normal, non-aversion-condi-
tioned rats; III) second control group, animals (n = 15) not given injec-
tion of cerebrospinal. fluid; a) average amount of saccharin soZution con-
sumed over 6 days prior to injection of donor cerebrospinal fluid (before
"transfer") (I), injection of cerebrospinal fluid from norma:l animals (II),
and midpoint of observation period (over first 6 days) (III); b) a~erage
auqunt of same solution consumed after administration of donor cerebro-
spinal fluid (after "transfer") (I)~ administration of cerebrospinal fluid
from normal animals (II), and midpoint of observation period (over second
6 days) (III).
~ Fig. 2. Water consumption and total liquid consumption for animals in
experimental group before (a) and after (b) subdural injection of cerebro-
spinal fluid (0.1 �ml) from aversion-conditioned .donors. I) Average water
consumption (over 6 days) by recipients (n = 40); II) aver--~ total fluid
(water + saccharin solution) consumption (over 6 days) by r~ :ipients (n = 40).
intact donors and ten recipients. The secotd control group consisted of
15 recipients. In addition to evaluating the amounts of saccharin con-
= sumed by the recipients before and after "transfer" of cerebrospinal fluid,
~ we determined the amount of water drunk and the total atnount of liquid
- inges ted .
It can be seen from Fig. 1 that the recipiants exhibited a reliable reduc-
zion in saccharin consumption (p ~ 0.05) as a result of administration of
cerebrospinal fluid taken from a donor in which the aversion reaction had
been induced. The control recipients that received cerebrospinal fluid
from intact donors not only failed to display any decrease in saccharin
consumption but even exhibited a slight rise. Saccharin consumption by
35
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the recipients in the second control group, which reflected the "sponta-
neous" fluctuations over the 12-day test period, rose toward the end of
this period. Water consumpti~n clearly inc'reased after the recipients
- were given cerebrospinal fluid from donors with a pronounoed aversion
reaction (p < 0.0.~), while the total amount af liquid consumed was not
altered as a consequence of "tzansfer"~ (Fig. 2).
- The data obtained enable us to draw the following conclusions. First of
all, the reliable reduction in saccharin consumption by the recipients
after administration of cerebrospinal fluid fsom donocs With a gustatory-
aversion reaction prove~ the existence of direct "transfer" of gustatory-
aversion reactions in rats. Secondly, the results of our investigation
confinned earlier data on the role of the cerebrospinal fluid as the most
important pathway for neuropeptide transport in the central nervous system
[12, 131.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Reinis, S., ACTIV. NERVOSA SUPER., 1965, Vol 7, No 2, p 167.
'l. Babich, F.-R., Jacobson, A.L., Bubash, S. and Jacobson, A., SCIENCE,
1965, Vol 14 y, No 3684 , p 656.
3. Byrne, W.L. et al.~ SCIENCE, 1966, Vol 153, N~ 3736, p 658.
- 4. Ungar, G., FIZIOL. CHELOVEKA, 1977, Vol 3, No 5, p 87.
5. Vartanyan, G.A. and Balabanov, Yu.V., BYUL. EKSPER. BIOL. I r~D.,
1978, Vol 86, No 8, p 147.
6. She rstnev, V.V., Poletayev, A.B., and Dolgov, O.N., USP. FIZIOL. NAUR,
1979, Vol 10, No 3, p 66.
7. Garsia, J., Ki.meldorf, D.J. and Koelling, R.A., SCIENCE, 1955, Vol 122,
p 157.
8. Rilley, A.L. and Baril, L.L., ANIMAL LEARNING AND aEHAVIOR, 1976,
Vol 4, No 18, p 18. '
9. Bures~ Ja. and Buresova, 0,~ "Mekh anizmy Upravleniya pamyat'yu"
(Mechanisms of Memory Control), Leningrad, 1979. ~
10. Moos, W.S., LeVan, H., Mason, B.T., Hebron, D.L. and Mason, H.C.,
EXPERIENTIA, 1969, Vol 25~ No 11, p 1~15.
11. Levan, H., Hebron, D.L., Moos, W.S., and 24ason, H.C., IBID., Val 26,
No 6, p 648.
12. Vartanyan, G.A., "Vysshiye funktsii mozga v norme i patologii" (Higher
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Cerebral Functions Under Normal And Pathological CcrJiitions), Leningrad,
1979, p 19.
13. Balabanov, Yu.V. and Varlinskaya, Ye.I., "Teoreticheskie osnovy
~ patologicheskikh sostoyaniy" (ThQOretical Principles of Pathological
States), Leningrad, 1980, p 176. "
14. Aleksanyan, Z.A., Buresova, 0. and Bures, J., PHYSIOL. BEHAVIOR, 1976,
Vol 17, p 173.
15. Ungar, G. and Irwin, L.N., NATURE, 1967, Vol 214, No SOt37, p 453.
COPYKIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR", 1981
24 78
CSO: 184 0/335
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ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF PERCEPTION AND COGNITION
Prague STUDIA PSYCHOLOGICA in Russian Vol 21, No 3, 1979 (manuscript received 9 Apr
79) pp 162-166
[Article by J. Radilova and T. Radil, Institute of Physiology, Czechoslovak Academy
of Sciences, Prague]
~ [Text] This work is concerned with the study in man of evoked
potentials, in particular of P 300 waves, in response to visual
stimuli. A technique was applied which allowed us ta sort into
two groups and to average separately the evoked potentials in
relation to how the stimulus was interp.reted; sub~ectively,
correctly or incorrectly, with certainty or uncertainty, although
the subject was incorrect objectively. The results point to the
fact that given a correct response with subject~:ertainty, the
_ amplitude of the P300 wave was greater in the majority of cases.
Uncovering the nerve mechanisms involved in psychological p~ocesses and understanding
th~ir conscious components is an important but extremely difficult task. It can be
accomplished only by experimentation on human subjects. Modern electrophysiological,
computing and experimental psycholagical approaches have apenedup new possibilities
m~~11y in the field of objective analysis of inechanisms for perception and cognition
(~?adil et al., 1979). However, in spite of the complex nature of the nerve processes
involved, we should consider the impact of the stimulus effect. With this in mind,
we can define accurately the temporal parameters of nerve processes which are the basis
for perception and cognition. Therefor~, wP can detect the relationship between the
processes, physiological correlates of which can be ~ecorded using electrophysiological
;~�~l otlter methods, and the psychic components about which it is possible to obtain in-
form;~tion using experimental psychological methods. Based on natural scientific and
phil.osophical points of view, is the premi.se that, despite all qualitative differences,
we are not dealing with two parallei processes. Building on principles of dialectic-
mat~~rialistic monism, we consider that the "neurophysiological" and "psychological"
level~ of phenomena are only two aspects of complex activity in the neuronal networks,
r.esPc~nsible for the entire complex process of perception and cognition. Therefore,
we can suggest positively the causal relationships between simultaneously occurring
physiological and psychic events during perception and cognition, despite the fact
that these very methods of analysis provide us only with correlates for a certain
tempc~ral congruence of processes.
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A psychopl~ysiological approach to the study of information intake is considerably
more complex than a neurophysiological one which deals only with the neuron~l
mechanisms for coding and decoding and sometimes with motor reactions in response to
stimuli. For analysis of information intake by man, it is necessary to bear in mind
that during the process of indentification of a stimulus, results of perceptive and
cognitive learning, the imprints of which are retained in memory, have a significant
influence on a perception test. Moreover, identification depends on a specific per-
ceptive-cognitive program which was created previously and also retained in memory.
Thus, cognition depends to a significant degree on the nature of the perceptive-
cognitive task presented to the subject by the investigator and formulated with re-
lated psychological instructions. Without doubt, even in the case of physically
identical stimuli, the quality of which in all likelihood is coded and decoded by
identical neuronal mechanisms, this very identification can be altered fundamentally
in relation to a change in the program for perception and cognition. It stands to
reason that there is no place in this scheme for any kind of indeterminate phenomenon;
reflection of the stimulus in the brain results from a complicated interaction between
coclification and decodification mechanisms "proposed" and retained in different parts
of inemory. Using this approach, we can show the effect of "internal dynamic functional
structures" of perception and cognition on the basis of which cognition occurs. Un-
dottbtedly, a similar structure has its own neuronal basis which can be studied success-
fuLly usin~; objective approaches even though an important component of it is the con-
scious-subjective process.
This study is concerned with objective examination.of perceptive and cognitive processes
related to consciousness. From the methodologic point of view, it is advantageous to
construct an experimental situation, during which peripheral codification and decodi-
- fication mechanisms, given repeating stimulation, are not altered. The sensory systems
are usually studied in this way to analyze the differences in responses given the
effect of different stimuli. With this approach, it is suggested that the internal
state of the system does not change. However, this theory is npt only without foun-
dation, but also changes in the internal state are the object of a special study. There-
fore, it is important to maintain a constant quality of stimuli in any study on the
nature of information intake. Furthermore, it is advantageous to create an experimen-
tal situation during which the quantity of internal states of the interpreting system
is wholely circumscribed. A final approach is the use of only two perceptive-cogni-
tive states. This approach was used in our tests, described in this report.
Given the presence of two internal perceptive-cognitive states, the possibility arises
for classification of evoked electroencephalographic responses into two groups in re-
lation to which perceptive-cogr.itive programs for the stimulus are perceived. It is
important to note here that the stimulus is retained from the point of view of its
own basic qualities. The evoked electroencephalographic responses are averaged into
two unrelated groups; at the end of the test it is possible to compare the form of
both evoked potentials.
For this analysis, we used tlie technical apparatus shown in figure 1. It consisted of
_ an LAB 8 computer and units of an SUP programmed apparatus. Each separate evoked
potential was retained in the computor memory in a nonaveraged form prior to activa-
tion of the sorting pragram which transmitted ?t to one of the two parts of the compu-
- tor memory where a procedure far sorting was carried out within the framework of one
or another group of evoked responses which corresponds to one or another perceptive-
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- cognitive state of the subject. This system allowed us to overcome the problem of the
latent period of the evoked potential which is significantly shorter than the latent
period of the psychic process of cognition.
AMDLIF, ~~W
SUBJECT ~ DASS
FILTER
~ ~ E
''~-s
ANAIOG ~
~ INPUT I ~ ~
L-
SUD SORi BUiTONS lAB 8~E
~z: ~
race
- DUNr�H
ilT
I~r I I....,in :,�~i,,,,� ~,~n ;i n, i,:~,~,,~r rn~,r c~ i.i~i~~r.~a;r,c: i,tu~u i:,~ .i .l.lh A,
. ~.~,u ~~~~,~^+n~~,~~,.uurn ,~ii.~,in'ua ~`.'II i~ ~~p~~~!:iun~itn~:i� :i"
Figure 1. Technical Apparatus which Consists of an LAB 8 Computer
and Units of an SUP Programmed Apparatus and Projection
Equipment
_ 1n the above mentioned tests, both internal perceptive-cognitive states corresponded ~
to which stimuli were correctly or incorrect recognized (Radilova et al., 1979).
_ This test represents a variant of a solution to the problem referred to in experi-
mer.tal. psycholo~y by the name "7�2" (Miller, 1956). The essence of this problem ;
consists of how much information can be absorbed in a parallel fashion by an individual. ~
In figure 2, a sample stimulus is shown. Using a projection .tachistoscope, randomly dis-
Pnc. 2 flpur~ep cr~iH}�.~on.
Figure 2. Sample of stimulus
tribt~ted squaresWith surface dimensions of 3 x 3 cm were presented or~ a 48 x 31 cm
screen. Similar pictures were used with 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 elements. The randomness
~>f ~I~cir distribution was limited by the fact that they could not be placed in the
cen~~~r of the screen, thae is in the area of eye fixation and that thE: squares were never
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arranged in a row. The task of the subject who received related instructions was
to determine the number of squares which appeared on the screen. The results were
communicated to the investigator ;aho then pressed one of two buttons connecting the
electrical charge of the evoked potential to one of two groups for averaging. Aftet
an acoustical stimulus of a 20 ms duration, the shutter of the projection tachisto-
scope was turned on. This length of projection time was adequate for completing of
the task, but inadequate for scanning of the stimulus with saccaduc eye movement,
Stimuli consisting of different distribution in space and number of squares were
alternated in a random order. After classification of evoked potentials by the in-
vestigator, sZides were alternated automatically in the projection tachistoscope.
In one experimental series, 30 tests were conducted. The most constant components
of evoked potentials were the primary positive component, the primary negative com-
ponent and the latent positive component, manifested with a latent period of approxi-
mately 300;ns (P 300 wave) (figure 3). We also found that the amplitude of the latent
positive component was frequently higher when the task was completed correctly, that
is, when th~e subject evaluated correctly the number of squares in the sti~ lus presented
~lll 70 percent of the tests). In 20 percent, no difference was detected, in 10 percent
a difference in the reverse direction was detected. As the criterion for the difference
in amplitude, we se.lected a difference exceeding 20 percent.
In the second series of experiments, the criterion for classification was certainty
or uncertainty of tlie subject as to whether he recognized correctly the number of
squares in the stimuli. In this experiment, it was not important to determine
' whether or not the subject accomplished the task correctly. In other words, given
certainty by the subject, the correct and incorrect responses were classif ied in the
same group of evoked potentials and vice versa. The results were similar to those
found in preceding tests. Given subject certaiii~y, the amplitude of the latent
positive component (P 300) of averaged evoked responses was greater in the majority
of cases.
Similar results were found in experiments conducted in our laboratory (Grabowska et al.,
1979) where sub~ects were given the task of identifying a very weakly illuminated
series of 10 letters (A, B, C, E, F, L, 0, P, T, Z). Only one letter was shown on
the screen for a period of 20 ms and the letters were alternated in random order.
The criterion for classification was correctness of recognition. The form of the
evoked response was distinct from the previous tests because threshold stimuli were
used. Regardless of this, in the majority of cases, the amplitude of the latent
~ positive component was greater given correct cognition.
Although interpretation of different components of evoked potentials is extremely
complicated from the neurophysiological point of view, it is clear that different
waves, including the latent positii~e wave (P 300) represent the summarized electrical
phenomena originating in large numbers in neuronal element.s in time and in space.
The increase in wave amplitude in the summarized evoked respunses signifies an
increase in the quantity of neurons participating in a given phase of the process of
percept~.on and cognition. Increase in the amplitude g~ven correct cognition and
cognition with certainty of the subject about correctness of the solution could
possibly be interpret~d as a consequence of the fact that, in the process of percep-
tion, a large quantity of nerve elements are involved. The variation in number of
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t
2
I
�f00 0 t00 700 S00 100mi
t
STIM.
I'r.~. Y~rE~~~:~~icnri~,~e noTCtruu~ii~l :ISTb1.qU~lHUN
nrin:~rri~ .1~iri,~nn~ia nunrti.i fi 300 m.iwc npH
- '1~`:Ilill.'ILIi~'M 0f109H3N1t3f (H~ 0'_'})XV) {I:lt'IfTL14~
. H~ I)C l"lNMy'.IUU.
Figure 3. Evoked Potentials from the Occiput Region. Amplitude
of the P 300 Wave was Greater given Correct Cognition
(shown on top) of Identical Stimuli
activated neurons in the course of the experiment is probably the cause (that is, the
i~europl~ysiological basis) for variation in the level of stimulation--vigilance or
attention.
Thes~~ tests showed that the latent component of evoked electr~encephalographic
42 �
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rctentals is the correlate of the psychic process related to cognition of visual
stimuli. Similar types of tests can aid in uncovering the mechanism for activity of
the nerve substrata in complex psychic processes involved in perception and cognition.
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Grabowska, A., Radilova, J., Radil, T., Maras, L., "Letters recognition and
evoked potentials," ACTIV. NERV. SUP., in press, 1979.
2. Miller, G.A., "The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our
capacity for processing information," PSYCHOL. REV., 1956, vol 63, p 81-.
~ 3. Radil, T., Radilova, J., Bohdanecka, Z., Indra, M., Lansky, P., Maras, L., "A
system for psychophysiological correlation between subjective interpretation and
bioelectric manifestations of visual stimuli," ACTIV. NERV. SUP., in press. (1979)
4. Radilova, J., Radil, T., Maras, L., "Detection of the number of stimuli and
evoked potentials," ACTIV. PdERV. SUP., in press. (1979)
COPYRIGHT: Unavailable
9139
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UDC 621.391.19
- ABSTRACTS FROM THE BOOK 'DESCRIPTION AN~ RECOGNiTION OF OBJECTS IN ARTIFICIAL
INTELI.ECT SYST~IS'
Moscow OPISANIYE I RASPOZNAVANIYE OB"YEKTOV V SISTEMAKH ISKUSSTVENNOGO INTELLEKTA
in Fussian 1980 (signed to press 30 Jun 80) pp 2-4, 135-137
[Annot~ition, f.oreword and abstracts from book "Description and Recognition of
Objects in Artificial Intellect Systems", edited by Doctor of Medical Sciences
V. S. Gurfinkel' and Candidate of Technical Sciences V. S. Fayn, Institute of
I'roblems of Information Transmission, USSR Academy of Sciences, I~datel'stvo
"Nauka", 2300 copies, 137 pages]
['1'ext] This collectic~n includes articles that refer to the following three pro-
t~lE~ms: mathematical modeling of variability in a number of objects which are of
~~r,~tical importance (speech process, certain types of images, etc.), use of
, ~nzttiematical methods in medicine, and certain aspects of voice control of a
cumputer in man-machine systems.
lt is designed for specialists in the field of artificial intellect, pattern recog-
nitiou and in related fields.
Fo rcrword
'I'ime }ias made noticFable corrections in the interpretation of the problem of pattern
recognition, and in the understanding of its essence and place in modern scientific
and t~chnical knowledge.
One of the primary manifestations of this development is the clearer realization
th;at rlie t.isk of st-ric�t rc~cn~;ciition is secondary in a certain sense in relation to
~~n~~~hc~r trisk, n~~mc~ly. dete~~~ion and descrirtion of. the essence of variability in
_ tlie r~~co~;nized objc~ct. In all thuse cases where the essence of variability has
heen wc~ll studied, or~anization oF the recognition process on its basis has
alrc~.~~l}~ 1>een suffici~~ntl.y investigated. Construction of a description of variabi-
lity :~lso has value independent of recognition, since th~s affords a solution to
another problem in the field of artificial intellect, namely, artificial generation
of ch~n~es in the object (design, speech synthesis, automatic multiplication, etc.).
All ~f ti~is iias res~~lted in tl~e appearance in recent years of a large number of
w~rt:s :~i1 mathem~itic~il modelin~; of the laws governing a certain variabl.e phenomenon
~~r ~~hjt~ct. This trc>nd also appears in this callection: the articles of Ye. F.
Yurkov and V. S. Na~;~r.nov, A. S. Omel'chenko and V. S..Fayn, Ye. P. Ponomarev
44
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and Yu. N. Prokhorov, V. N. Sorokin,and A. P. Vaynshtok treat a search for
descriptions of the laws which characterize the variability of objects in diverse,
practically important taslcs.
Detection c~f the essence of variability or its ties to externally observed charac-
teri.stics of an object is unfortunately a very difficult problem which cannot
- always be resolved even today. A classic example of this type is the problem of
_ seismic prediction or zoning. The tasks of inedical diagnosis which are also
exceptionally difficult are no less urgent. However, the urgent need for their
resolution is a powerful stimulus for the application of new efforts. In this
collection, these tasks are covered by the articles of A. M. Alekeseyevskaya and
V. S. Pereverzyev~-Or1ov~P. Ye. Kunin and V. P. Karp, and Yu. B. Fogel'son.
Yet another problem of artificial intellect which is covered in the collection is
orKanization of dialo~ue in the man-machine system. One of the inethods of
satisfyin~ the reqtiirement for maximum comfort ~nd natural functioning of man in
this5ystem i5 to giv~~themachine the capability of understanding commands given
by vaice. Studies which have already been made in this area for a number of years
are represented by the articles of S. N. Krinov, V. P. Savel'yev, G. I. Tsemel',
as well as A. V. Vasil'yev, S. S. Raksheyev and V. M. Chizhkov, and S. M. Shevenko.
The originality of the suggested methods and urgency of the ropics raised will be
oF uncioubted int~rest to specialists in the field of pattern recognition and
prediction.
UDC 621.391
FINDLNG THE F.MPIRICAL RELATIONSHIP USING ONE-DIMFNSIONAL FUNCTIONS
[Abstr