SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100500001-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 131
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 6, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: February 26, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT'
26 February 1960
Distributed Only By
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
/\/~r'lrrm lu q~`/r~~~rrr1 Cq'T/~ /- CCO'.~J ~L'I'
Issued semi-monthly. Annual. subscription $28.00 ($4 additional for
foreign mailing). Single copy $2.75.
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Use of funds for printing this publication approved
by the Director of the' Bureau of the Budget July 31, 1958.
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This report presents unevaluated infarmation extracted from
recently received publications oi' the U55R, Eastern Europe, and
China. The inx'ormation selected is intended to indicate current
scienti:E'ic developments and activities and is disseminated as an
aid to ?researeh in the United States.
SCIENTIFIC IlVFORMATION REPORT
Page
I.
Biology
1
II.
Chemistry
~
Analytical Chemistry
4
Fuels and Propellants
5
Growth Stimulators
10
Herbicides
11
Inorganic Chemistry
1.3
Insecticides
13
Isotopes
L5
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
16
Organic Chemistry
20
Physical Chemistry
23
Radiochemistry
24
Miscellaneous
25
III.
Earth Sciences
26
IV.
E1ec'tronics
27
Communications
27
Components
32
Computers ~
36
Instruments and Equipment
3g
Materials
~,l
Radar
~6
Wave Propagation
46
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Page
V.
Engineering
54
VI.
Mathematics ~
61
VII.
Medicine
68
Bacteriology
6g
Epidemiology
70
Immunology and Therapy
71
Oncology
74
Pharmacology and Toxicology
76
Phys iolo~,y
80
~ublie Health, Hygiene, and Sanitation
86
Radiology -
g7
Surgery,
g6
Miscellaneous
97
VIII.
Metallurgy
104
IX.
Physics
113
Mechanics
113
Nuclear Physics
113
Spectroscopy
121
Theoretical and Experimental Physics
122
Miscellaneous
124
X.
Miscellaneous
125
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1. Darwin Honored
Unsigned editorial; Moscow,,
No~ 6, Nov/Dec 59, pp 797-79~
This editorial commemorates 'Ghe 150th anniversary of the birth of
Charles Darwin and 'che 100th anniversary of ?the publication of his Orir~in
of Species. The editor states that the Darwin theory revolutionized
thinlting in the natural ~.ciences and placed these sciences on a solid
materialistic foundation. V. I. Lenin is quoted as saying: "Darwin put
an end to the idea that the species of animals and plants are not connected
with anything, that they are accidental, godsenc, and inalterable. Darwin
was the first to place biolol3y on a completely scientific basis and to de-
clare that species are subje^t to variations and succession."
Darwin's theory was warmly received in the progressive circles of
Russia. It has found favorabi.e soil for development in the Soviet Union.
D. I. Pisarev and :K. A. Timiryazev were ardent proponents of Darwin's
-teachings. I? M. Sechenov was a staunch supporter of Darwinism and I? P.
Pavlov, I. V. Michurin, and T. D. Lysenko gave Dai:~,rinism additional support.
I. P. Pavlov published an article in 1816 on 'the occasion of the 70th
jubilee of K. A.. Timiryazev. In this article I. P. Pavlov stated: "We
are ~~lad to express, even by this token gesture, a feeling of profound es-
teem For IClemerit Arkad'yevich Timiryazev for his outstanding contribution
to science in our country and for his tireless strul;gle for real scienti?Hc
analysis in biology."
All teachings of I. P. Pavlov concernin; higher nervous activity rest
entirely on a strictly materialistic foundation, and 'they contribute greatly
-to the Darwinian theory of 'transformation of the orUanic world. Pavlov
demonstrated that evolution is clearly evidenced by 'the gradual increase
in the complexity of functions of the higher branches of 'the brain, which
is the l;uidirig force in the complex relationship between animals and the
outside environment. The conditioned reflex concept, based on the theory
of evolution, paved the way for I. P. Pavlov's pupil, L. A. Orbeli, to
undert,alte a systematic study of. evolutionary physiology and evolutionary
pathology of higher nervous activity.
I. P. Pavlov applied the evolutionary principle to the most complicatmd
phenomena of the human brain. He showed that an extraordinary addition
appears in the course of the evolutionary development of the animal world.
This additj~n becomes evident during human development and consists of the
second signal system, repr~serited by words, speech, and abstract human
t;hou~ht .
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2. Gibberellins Detected biologically
"A Biological Teat x'or Gibberellins," by A. N. Boyarltin and M.. I.
Dmi~triyeva, Institute of Plant Physiology imeni K. A. Timiryazev,
Academy of Sciences USSR; Fiziolo~;iya Raste,liy, Vol 6, No 6, Nov
CPYRGH~'? 59, pp 7~~1-71F7
"Sections of maize leaves taken Stith growing points and mesocotyles
were employed as the test ob,Jects for detection of gibberellin activi~L-y.
The reaction to gibberellin in such sections is much stronger than in
leaves taken without growing points. Moreover, indoleacetic acid has
only a slight inhibitory effect in this case. The sections are prepared
in the light from 7-8-day-old etiolated maize seedlings in which the
first leaf has burst through the coleoptile and protruded outwards by
1-3 cm. The total length of the sections is 35 mm (leaf 30 mm.{ meso-
cotyle 5 mm). From 10 to 12 sections are placed in small glasses 30 mm
high and 15-17 mm in diameter, equal amounts (1-2 ml) of the investigated
solutior. or water (the control) being preliminarily poured into the glasses.
The glasses with the sections are placed in a dark thermostat at a temper-
ature of 22-25? C and high humidity. The measurements are made after 2
or 3 days of incubation. A quantitative estimation of the activity is made
by aid of parallel experiments with gibberellic acid solutions and using
graphical interpolation."
3? Radioactive Strontium Absorption by Various Soil and Subsoil Minerals
"Absorption of Radioactive Strontium by Various Soil and Subsoil
Minerals," by V. I. Spitsyn and V. V. Gromov; Moscow, PochvovEdeniye,
No 12, Dec 59, PP 45-50
This report presents re~u].tp of research on the degree of absorption
of radioactive strontium (Sr ~ ) by 50 naturally occurring minerals most
often found in soils and subsoils, both in the form of solutions free from
other cations and in the presence of calcium and stable strontium ions.
Results of these experiments show that the minerals which possess the
greatest absorption capacity with regard to radiostrontium are clay minerals
(montmorillonite, kaolinite,, and halloysite), mica and hydromica, peat,
pyrolusite, phosphorites, and nephelinic syenites. Therefore, it should
be expected that the entrance of radiostrontium into the soil and subsoil
will be followed by a rise in its content due to the simple equilibrium
conditions in which the above-mentioned minerals are present.
It has been determined that the capacity of naturally occurring min-
erals to absorb radiostrontium intensively is connected with their sorp-
tion capacity; however, the presence of calcium even in small quantities
amounting to 100 mg~l markedly decreases the degree of absorption of micro-
quantities of strontium from the solutions.
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Radiostrontium which penetrates into the subsoil waters can migrate
easily, and can be absorbed by living organisms.
1~. Isotope Research for Forestry
"Isotope Research in the Scientific Institute for Forestry," by
Erdeszeti Tudomanyos Tntezet; Budapes?t~ Nepszava, 17 Dec 59, p 8
The institute established an isotope laboratory one year ago, and
since thnri the laboratory workers have conducted many useful experiments.
For example, a significant experiment in determining the viability of
oak trees by means of isotope injections was conducted and it was de-
termined how quickly the trees absorb nourishment. On the basis of the
experimer_t, foresters can determine which trees are viable and which are
suitable for cutting. A photograph shows researcher Istvan Szalai ex-
amining the growth of a seedling, the seed of which was soaked. in an iso-
tope bath in order to stimulate germination.
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IT. CIiLI~IISTRY
Analytical Chemistry
Use of Experimental Plasma Jet in Spect~?al Analysis
"Use of a Plasma Jet as a Source of Excitation in Spectral Anal-
ysis," by V. V. Korolev and E. Ye. Vayne?,hteyn, Institute of Geo-
chemistry and Analytical Chemistry im.eni V. T. Vernadskiy; Moscow,
Zhurnal Analiticheskoy IChimii, Vol l~?, rdo 6, Nov~Dec 59, pp 658-
662
Tn the worlt described, it was established that it is possible and ad-
visable ?to use a plasma je?L as a source of the excitation of spectra in
spectral analysis. One of the possible designs of a plasma jet for this
purpose is described. This is the design of the jet which was actually
constructed and used in the work in ques?L-ion. Tt operates on the electric
arc principle; in the experiments conducted, the plasma was cooled with
arson or ni?tro;;en. The principle of the operation of a jet of this type
was described in an earlier paper by the authors (of Zhurnal Analiticheskoy
Khimii, Vol 13, 1958, p 627).
Because the plasma is projected from the cylindrical orifice of the
cathode with a velocity of several Mach, the operation of the jet is dis-
tinguished by an exceptional s?L-ability. The stability and reliability of
a plasma jet are greater 'than those of other sources of excitation used
in spectral analysis; by using it, a high degree of reproducibility can
be achieved in the quantitative determination of a great number of elements.
Both powders and solutions can be analyzed by employin3 a plasma jet. A
particularly high precision is ?to be expected in the analysis of solutions
by this method, as compared with the precision achieved on a flame photo-
meter.
After the work described by the USSR authors Yiad been completed, a
a paper on the use of a plasma je?L? in the spectral analysis of solutions
was published by Margosh and Scribner in Spectrochimica Acta, No 2, 1959,
P 138
The authors mention -that plasma jets are used for cutting high-strength
metal alloys.
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fuels and Propellants
6. Detonation Capacity of Mixtures of Acetylene and Oils With Liquid
Oxygen
"The Detonation Capacity of Mixtures of Acetylene and Oils With
Liquid Oxygen," by Engineers Z. B. Basyrov and V. G. Mikhedov;
Moscow, ICislorod, Vol 12, No 5, Oct 59, pp 2-6
Determination of the critical cross-section ("diameter") of the stable
detonation of mixtures of acetylene And some lubricating oils with liquid
oxygen as affected by the weight ratio of the components and comparison
of mixtures investigated with known explosives showed that a mixture of
acetylene with liquid oxygen is close to ni~trog].ycerine with respect to
detonation capacity and that a mixture of sp~.ndle oil l2 with liquid oxy-
gen lies between picric acid and trotyl. It was shown that mixtures of
used oil with oxygen differ only slightly from mixtures of fresh, unused
oils with oxygen as far as their detonation capacity is concerned. It
follows from the results of the investigation described that accumulation
of lubricating oil, particularly dripping oil, in a3,r separation equip-
ment must be regarded as dangerous.
7. Inflammability of Mi ora in Oxygen
"inflammability of ivLipora in Oxygen Because of Electrization,"
by I. T. Shumskiy, Candidate of Technical Sciences; Moscow,
Kislorod, Vol 12, No 5, Oct 59, pp 19-23
Mipora is a material used as insulation for v~.ssels in which liquid
oxygen is stored and transported. Being a dielectric, it accumulates
static charges of considerable magnitude. When vapor evolved by liquid
oxygen comes contact with electrically charged mipora, this material may
ignite. Establishing of an electrically conducting connection between
the outer surface of the vessel and the inner surface of the vessel's
jacket filled with mipora and grounding of the outer surface of the jacltet
will prevent fires due to the ignition of mipora.
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~3. Application of Liquid gxygen Explosives in USSR Mining Industry
Application of Liquid Oxygen Explosives (oxyliquits) in the
Mining Industry," by Zh. 1;. Graubits (deceased) and R. V. Orlov,
Candidates of 'S'echnical Sciences; Moscow, Kislorod, Vol 12, No 5,
Oct 5~, pp 12-15
The technical and economic aspects of the application of liquid oxy-
gen explosives in the USSR mining industry are discussed in detail. It iti
stated that application oi' the very efficient explosives of this type has
not developed adequately in the USSR after their use on a large scale in
the construction of Dneproges [Dnepr Hydroelectric Power Station) in
1927-1932 and in the mines of the Nori1'sls I~Ltning and Metallurgical Com-
bine in 1843-1955' (2,000 tons of oxyliqui?L? were used at Noril'slt) . Th.
reasons are the prevalent impression that liquid oxygen explosives are
very difficult to'apply and that their application is dangerous. This
situation is contrasted with the extensive use of explosives of this type
outside of the USSR, e.g., in the iron mines of Lorraine (France). As
an advantage of liquid oxygen explosives, the authors mention the fact
'that the high costs of storing solid explosives will be eliminated. The
problem of storage is particularly acute in localities removed from rail-
roads, sucYi as those in regions o:C the Far North and Far East. Another
advantage is that liquid oxygen explosives can be produced on the spot
from local raw materials. Safety precautions to be observed in connection
with the handling and application of explosives of this type are discussed
pn the basis of work carried out in 1953-1956 at the Laboratory of Blasting,
Institute.of Mining of the Academy of Sciences USSR, and the Oxyliquit
Plant of the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine.
9. Effect of Ozone on Ignition of Hydrocarbons
"The Effect of Ozone ,on -the Ignition o:F Hydrocarbons," by S. A.
Kamenetskaya, N. A. Slavinsliaya, and S. Ya. Pshezhetslsiy, pp 33-
1+2, Kinetika i Ras rostraneniye Plameni (Kinetic and Propagation
of Flames , Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences USSR,
Moscow, 1959, 52 Pp
The effects of ozone on the induction period and the limits of igni-
tion of butane, butylene, and cyclohexane .'n a mixture with oxygen were
investigated. Tt was established that ozon?~ lowers the lower limit of
ignition and shortens the period of induction of ignition. The effects
bectlme stronger with increasing concentrations of ozone in the mixture
and with decreasing temperatures. The effect of ozone on the ignition of
butjrlene is considerably greater ?than that on the ignition of butane or
cyclohexane. The effect of ozone on the ignition of cyclohexane does not
differ much from its effect on the ignition of butane. Calculations based
on the theory of thermal ignition indicate that ozone lowers the effective
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energy of activa?L?ion. The action o:C ozone consis?l;s essentially in a fa-
cilitation of primary reactions of the formation of active centers. The
greater effectiveness of ozone iiz promoting the ignition of butylene, as
compared with the ignition of butane, can be explained by the fact that
ozone adds ?Lo the double bond of butylene.
10. Effect of Ozone on Velocity of Combustion of T3ydrocarbons
"The Effect of Ozone on ?L?he Velocity of Combustion of Hydrocar-
bons," by V. M. Cherevnichenlso, I. N. Pospelova, and S. Ya.
Pshezhetskiy, pp 1N2-51, Itinetika i Ras rostraneni a Plameni
(Iinetics and Propagation of Flames , publishing House of the
Academy of Sciences USSR, Moscow, 1959, 52 pp
In all cases when ozone was added to mixtures of normal butane with
air and normal butane with oxygen an increase in the velocity of combus-
tion was observed. Introduction of ozone into these mixtures increases
the density and heat capaci~L?y of the mixture. It also reduces the heat
conductivity. All of ?thFSe conditions can only result in a reduction of
the velocity of combustion. Consequently, ?these effects must be rather
weals and are covered up by other effects produced by ozone. One of the
predominant effects is an increase in the temperature of combustion due
to the presence of ozone (for instance, addition of'1.~0 of ozone by
volume increases the temperature of combustion by 1~-1?). An increase in
the temperature of combustion results in an increaseu velocity of com-
bustion. In experiments with butane-oxygen mixtures, it was found that
addition of 27.30 of ozone increases the velocity of combustion by a fao-
tor of 2.5.
S. A. Katsenetskiya, S. Ya. Pshezhetskiy, and N. A. Slavinskaya,;who
studied the effect of ozone on the critical conditions of ignition of miz;-
tures of butane with oxygen, found that there is a shortening of periods
of induction and extension of the z?egion of ignition (cf preceding ab-
stract). The ef'fec?ts observed correspond to an increase o:f the reaction
velocity by several orders. Zn the experiments described in this instance,
it was found that after ?the same additions of ozone, there is an increase
in the rate of combustion which corresponds to an increase in the reaction
velocity by a factor of several units only. The conditions pertaining to
the kinetics of the reaction in hydrocarbon flames in the presence of
ozone cannrt be interpreted fully as yet on the basis of experimental data
that are available.
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11. Reaction Velocity and Rate of Propagation of Flames in Gas Mixtures
"Calculation of the Over-A11 Reaction Velocity and the Velocity
of Flames 3.n Gas Mixtures," by 0. A. Tsukhanova, pp 3-32, Kine?tika
i Rasprostraneniye Plameni (Kinetics and Propagation of Flames ,
Publishing House of ?the Academy of Sciences USSR, Moscow, 1959,
52 pp
In the work described, an attempt has been made to derive expressions
for the velocity of flames and the maximum velocity of reactions occurring
in gas mixtures in such a manner that ?L?he order of ?Lhe reaction witl: re-
spect ?to the fuel and with respec~i; to oxygen can be calculated indepen-
dently a't any value of the energy of activation and that the energy of
activation can be calculated without making assumptions in regard to a
monomolecular oz? bimolecular order of the reaction.
By us,?Lng the approximate formulas whicr, have been derived, the over-
all kine?L-ics of the reaction of carbon monoxide with oxygen were calculated.
Only experimental data pertaining to the dependence of the velocity of
flame on the concentration of carbon monoxide for mixtures with air and
mixtures with oxygen were used.
By employing ?the formulas which were derived and a function express-
ing over-all kinetics which was de+,eimi.ned, the velocity of flame at a
stoichiometric composition of the mixture was calculated for different
concentrations of nitrogen. Furthermore, the ma.:imum velocity of the
flame at differen?L- compositions of the mixtua~e and the dependence of the
flame velocity on the concentration of carbon monoxide or oxygen a?L? a
cons-L?ant concentration of oxygen oz' carbon monoxide were calculated. Tt
was established that the calculated da?La were in good agreement with ex-
perimental results reported by J? van Wor:te-rghem and A. van Tiggelen,
Yahn, and G. A. Barskiy.
12. I'1ow of Chemically Active Gas With Constant Static Temperature in
Adiabatic-Isothermal Nozzle ..__
"The Adiabta,tic-Isothermal Nozzle," b~~ V. F. Stepanchult, Belo-
russian Polytechnic Institute Minsk; Minsk, Txrz~rno-f izicheskiy
Zhuxnal, Vol 2, No ~3, Aug 59, pp 66-71
In various types of equipment, high velocities of chemically active
gases a~a encountered. From this standpoint, an analysis of the flow of
a compressible gas through a nozzle under conditions when the flow is ac-
companied by chemical transformations is of definite interest. It is
bolt to consider isothermal expan;~ion of gas taking place at a constant
static temperature of flow. furthermore, the process in question will
be adiabatic: because of the high velocity of flow through the nozzle,
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Llic -lino: during which tlic lac remains iri the riozzJ.c will Ue very short,
ao thal 'the hca~L? ?LL?ancfe~? bc?L?wccu ?tlie gas and the surrounding medium can
be nc~;7.cc~Lcd. Thus, ?t;hc i;roci::;s of crpansion o.C ;;as wider the condittionr
con.~iQ.~red will be adiaba?Lic and isothcrmic. l~cla?L?ionships aro derived
on ~I;hu basis of which an adiabatic isol;:ermal nozzle can be calculated
and det,igncd for applications involving lairly liigli talcs of chemically
active flow wi L?h a constant sta,t;I c tempei?aturc .
13. Pulsation of Diffusion Fltunes
"Concerning the Problem of the Pulsation of Difussion Flames,"
by V. I. Dlinov, Power Institute imeni G. M. ICrzhizhanovsltiy,
Ivloscot~r; fdinsk, Trizhincrno-Fizicheslti~Lhurnal, Vol 2, No 8,
Aug >9, pp 15-22
When diffusion combustion of gases and liquids ?taltes place, fluctua-
tions of fltunes are observed. If the velocity of the flow of gas from
the burner is small, the flame does not exhibi?L? any vibrations. When
~r.hc velocity increases and reaches a certain critical value, -the flame
begins to undergo periodic vibrations: its height increases and de-
creases. When the velocity becomes still greater, the type of vibra-
i;ion of the flame changes: -the upper part separates from the lower and
burns ?to comple?tion in this state. Still more complex phenomena occur
when the velocity is increased beyond this point. Similar conditions
are observed in -the combustion of liquids. The phenomena observed with
liquids depend on -the volume velocity of combustion of the liquid. After
a certain critical volume velocity has been exceeded, pulsation of the
flame begins.
Resul?L-s of experiments described in this article, which dealth with
the combustion of solar oil, kerosene, and gasoline, made it possible ?to
explain -the vibration of flames and to derive a number of relationships
underlying the phenomena observed. I?t was established that the pulsations
of flames are closely connected with the turbulization of ?L-he convection
stream which rises from the flame and that the relationships which have
been established on the basis of experimental data and theoretical con-
siderations caii be explained only when -the hydrodynamic aspects of the
phenomenon are considered. The causes of -the vibration of the flames in
the diffusion combustion of liquid fuels burning in burners and a number
of regularities observed in practice are e~?plained. The results obtained
are in agreement with Ya. B. Zel'dovich's -theory of transition from
laminar to turbulent behavior in a freely ascending het -rising from the
flame.
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The critical velocity at which pulsations arise has been calculated
for solar oil, lcerosene, and gasoline and found to be equal to 2.35 cubic
centimeters per minute. The critical velocities for carbon monoxide, hy-
Clrogen, acetylene, anc' ethylene have also been calculated. The critical
velocity was found to be highest for carbon monoxide, followed by ?the
velocities for Hydrogen, acetylene, and ethylene, in that order. The
sequence found for these four gaseous fuels is the same as that es?tab-
lisY~ed by A. I. Maklakov (ef. his dissertation entitled "Investigation
of the Stability of Open Laminar Diffusion Flames, Kazan," 1955).
[For additional information on fuels and propellants, see Metallurgy.,]
Growth Stimulators
11E. petroleum-Derived Growth Substance
"The l;ffec?t of Petroleum-Derived Growth Substance on the Organs
of blanmials," by M. A. Akhundov, Azerbaydzhan State University
imeni S. M. Kirov; Baku, Doklady Alsadamii Nauk Azerbaydzhan
SSR, Vol 15, No l0, 1959, pp 955-957
In tests conduc?t-ed by scientific worlters of the Institute of Soil
Science and Agrochemistry of the Academy of Sciences Azerbaydzhan SSR un-
der tl;e leadership of Prof D. M. Guseynov, it was es?t-ablished that a
petroleum-derived growth substance used in microdoses stimulates the
growth and development of plant organisms.
The harvest of agricultural crops was increased an average of 30-600
under the effect of the petroleum-derived growth-promoting substance both
in laboratory and in field tests.
Tests of the effect of this substance on the organisms of animals
have been made for the first time. After the addition of the growth sub-
stance to the wet feed of chicks, a 15-200 increase in weight was ob-
served in comparison with control. groups.
A similar effect: was observed in silkwoi?~n caterpillars after dusting
the leaves with the growth substance.
The petroleum-derived growth substance positively affects ?~he organs
of mammals . After its addition to rabbits' feed, calculated at 4-8 mg per
kg of live weight, a greater weight increase is obtained than in the con-
trol groups. Thus, iii 90 days,~the control group increased in absolute
weight from 1~~ to 318 g and. the relative weight increase was 2.1-22 fo. The
first group 'tested received 8 mg of growth substance per kg of live weight.
Its absolute weight increased from 230 to 587 g and the relative increase
was 17.x+-43.7.
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hr-.rbicides
15. Selective Dicotyledonous herbicidal Activity Described
"A Ne~~r Possibility of Producing Superselective Herbicides," by
1'~. I'crenczy and B. Ma'tkovics, Depar?L-mcnt of Plant Physiology
and Department of Organic Chemistry, UniversiL?y of Szeged;
BudapestL?, ,actu Bjalr,X,ica Academiae Scientiarum IIungaricae, Sup-
plement No 3, proceedings of the Third Meeting of the Iiungarian
CPYRGHTBioloCrical Society, Budapest, 5-7 May 1959), 195, p 30
"It has been observed in our laboratory that some auxin precursors
(i. e., 3-indolcacetonit~?ile, 3-indoleethylamine) exhibit a selective
growth-pronto-t,~.n~{ effect. On the basis of ?the selee?L-rivity of indole de-
rivativec ~,s auxin precursors, we thought that probably derivatives of
2, ~E-dichlorop,.enoxyacetic acid, chemically related ?to ?the indole compounds,
would also possess a selective effect. Zf this proved to be true, a new
way 1?rould be open for the production of superselective herbicides, i. e.,
compounds capable of eradicating dicotyledonous weeds in dicotyledonous
crops without damaging the cultivated plants.
"The weed-1ti11ing effect of 2,1E-dichlorophenoxyacetonitrile (2,4-DN)
and 2,~a~-dichlorophenoxyethylamine(2,4-DEA) was studied and the results ob-
tained were compared with those obtained with 2,4-dichlos?ophenoxyacetic
acid (2,4-D). The sensitivity of the nine cultivated plant species (all
dico?ts) ~?ras assayed. Three-weelt-old plants were sprayed with a concen-
tration of 500 ~r~ha.
"All the plant species tested were heavily damaged by 2,4-D. In 2
to 3 weelts a complete eradication was experienced. 2,4-DN exhibited a
similar range of activi?L?y, except that cucumber plants were only slightly
and temporarily damaged. 2,1F-DEA was complete ineffective against hemp
but eradicated the other plants involved.
"2,1~-DEA--HCl was systhesized. The effect of ?this compound was iden-
tical to that of 2,4-DEA. Experimental spraying (1 kg~lia) indicated that
none of the eight investigated hemp varieties was damaged by 2,4-DEA--HCl.
By contract, the successful control of various dico~L?yledonous weeds of
hemp plots was achieved (Convolvuluv arvensis, Amaranthus albus, A. retro-
flexus, Lepidium drabs and Sinapis arvensisi)."
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 :CIA-RDP82-001418000100500001-8
16. ~itheoes of Bromine Analog of Weed-IC:i.ller "2, ~I?, 5-T" Described
"Some Problems of Obtaining Weed Killers. XV. Method of Prepar-
ing 2,~~~,5-Tribromophenoxyacetic Acid (The Bromine Analong of
2,~E,5-T)," by Zygmunt Ecltstein and 1/lzbieta Szulcotra, Depart-
ment of Organic Technology II, Institute or Technology, Warsaw;
CPYRGHT Rocznilti Chemii, Vol 33, No 6, 1959, pp 117'1-11E83
"The synthesis of 2,1E,5-tribromophenoxyacetic acid, a bromine analog
o:f the ltnown weed-ltiller "2,1H, 5-T," by two different methods is described.
"(1) l,4-Dibromobenzene was subjected to nitration and subsequently
reduced. The 21,5-dibromoaniline thus prepared was converted into 2,5-
dibromophenol by diazotizing and then brining the diazocompound to a
boil. The phenol obtained in this reaction was cor:densed with chloro-
acetic acid to give 2, 5-dibromophenoxyacetic acid, t~hich was brominated
with active bx?omine in a solution of glacial acetic acid. Active bromine
was produced in ?the reaction medium by the action of sodium chlorate on
hyctrobrornic acid.
"(2) Ethyl 2, G?-dibromophenoxyacetate when subjected to nitration and
subsequently reduced to 2,16-dibromo-5-aminophenoxyacetic acid, which is
converted to 2,4,5-tribx?omophenoxyacetic acid in the Sandmeyer reaction,
yielded a product identical with that prepared by ~11e previously described
me L?hod."
1'7? Herbicide and GrowL-h Stimulant for Winter Wheat: 2,4-Dichloro henoxy-
acetic Acid
"A Chemical biethod for Controlling Weeds in Winter Wheat," by
S. G. Muftizade, Institute of Genetics and Selection Academy of
Sciences Azerbaydzhan SSR; Baltu, Doltlady Akadernii Nauk Azerbaydzl~
SSR, Vol 15, No 9, 1959, pp 84g-851
The best method for chemically controlling weeds i~.z wintex? wheat under
the ICarabakh Plains conditions appears ?to be the use or 0.5-1.5 k~ of the
herbicide ~,4-D [dichlorophenoxyacetic acid] with the addition of 7 ltd; of
amrnoniuui nitrate and 15 kg of superphosphate. The best time for applica-
tion appears ?to be in the middle of April.
The preparation 2,4-D is used not only for iLs hex?bicidal ac?Livity,
but also because .it is a growth promoter.
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.Inorganic Chemistry
18. Method for Production of Disilieidea of Ili~h-Meltin Metals
"The Preparation o:f Disilicides,.of High-Melting Metals," by~G. V.
Sainsonov, M. 5. Koval'cherilto, and T. S. Verl;hoglyadova, Institute
o.f Powder Me~tallur~y, Cermets, and Special Alloys, Academy of
Sciences Ultrainian SSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorrranichesltov Khimii,
Vol ~~, No 12, Dec 59, pp 2759-2765
The conditions have been investigated under which the disilicides of
T1, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, and W can be prepared by the direct combination
of metals with silicon in an atmosphere of arson. The optimum conditions
for carrying out these reactions have been established and are given. The
activation energries of 'the diffuse formation of disilicide phases from
powdered metal and silicon have been calculated. It was established that
the activation ener;;y depends on the crystallization pressure effective
in the :formation of intermetallic compounds in the powder mixtures. A pre-
liminary investi;;ation has been carried out of the conditions under which
the silicides of Ti, V, Nb, and Ta are formed wYien oxides of these metals
are reduced with silicon in vacuum.
Insecticides
19? Method Employing Bromine for Quantitative Determination of Organophos-
phorus Insecticide
"A Method for Determining the Organophosphorus Insecticide
L-11-6 in the Air of Working Premises," by Docent N. L. Nemirov-
sltiy and G. I. Meyerovich, Chair of Work Hygiene and Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry of the Leningrad Sanitary-Hygiene Medical
Institute; Moscow, GilSiyena i Sanitariya, No 7, Jul 59, pp 80-81
A fast, simple method for determining the content of the organophos-
phorus insecticide L-11-6 in the air of working quarters is presented.
This substance has the following chemical structure:
c2x5 s
P
C2H5 S - CH2- S- C2H5
It is colorless, mobile liquid with peculiar odor. Its boiling point
is 132? C. It is readily soluble in organic solvents but very poorly
soluble in water.
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The proposed method is based on the capability of this substance to
react with bromine. A.sliglzt excess of bromine is introduced into a solu-
tion of the preparation (in ethyl alcohol) by reacting aqueous solutions
of ItIIr, KBr03, and HC1 according to the equation:
SKBr ? KBr03 -;- 6HC1 -- 6KC1-}- 3H2O + 3BrL .
An excess of bromine will color the solution. A solution of ItI is added
to intensify the color in the solution of the investigated substance. The
? free bromine, reacting with the KT frees iodine. By baclt-titrating the
free iodine with a solution of hypsulfite the quantity of bromine reacting
with the preparation L-11-6 can be determined and consequently, the amount
of that preparation estimated.
By using this method, one can detezznine quantitatively the insecticide
when its content in alcohol is as low as 0.0001 mg~ml.
The method can be used to determine quantitatively other substances
with which bromine reacts either by addition or by substitution.
The proposed procedure is very sensitive to OP-7 (polyethylene-
g].ycolalkylphenyl ether), hence it cannot be used when OP-7 is present.
20. Field Tests Show Certain Chemicals Repel Ixodes Ticlss for 2-3 Days
"Field Tests for the Effectiveness of the Repellent Action Ex-
ercised by Dimethylphthalate, Creolin, Diphenyloxide Terpineol,
RP-l, and RP-50 on Ixodes ricinus L. Ticks," by P. K. Kuznetsov,
Chair of GGe}~eral Bi to f the Voxo ezh MM dical s itutte; Mo -
cow, editsinsl a a ar~~i~olorziv$~. ~araz3~~arnwe~o~ezni, No j,
Sep~O-"
Field efficacy tests for the repellent action of dimethylphthalate,
creolin, diphenyloxide, terpineol, RP-l, and RP-50 were conducted on ticks
(Ixodes ricinus L) during the warm seasons of 1956 and 1957? These tests
showed that preparations RP-50, RP-1, creolin, and a solution of diphenyl-
oxide in creolin manifest a repelling action for 2-3 days against these
pests. Dimethylphthalate and terpineol manifested weak repellent activity
against ticks.
At higher temperatures and lower relative humidity the repellent ac-
tivity of these preparations is lost more rapidly.
A solution of diphenyloxide in creolin and pure creolin exhibited
great toxicity toward these ticks in addition to a repellent action.
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Isoto es
21. Kinetic Isotope Effect Affecting Hydrogen Exchange in Liquid Ammonia
On the Kinetic Isotope Effect Affecting hydrogen Exchange
in Liquid Ammonia" by F. S. Yakushin, Yu. G. Dubinskiy, Ye.
A. Yakovleva, and A. I. Shatensbteyn, Fhysico-Chemical In-
stitute imeni L. Ya. Karpov; Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy
IChimii, Vol 33, No 12, Dec 59, p 2821
Data on the kinetic isotope effect operative during reactions of hydrogen
exchange with bases have not been available hitherto. These data ire
essenti.al~for determining the mechanism of such reactions. To obtain
information on the subject, the kinetics of the exchange for protium
of tritium and deuterium contained in the methylene group of fluorene
dissolved in ammonia were studied at 25?. It was established that the
exchange of deuterium for protium proceeds twice as fast as the exchange
of tritium for protium.
In earlier work carried out in the authors' la'~~ratory, the sim-
ilarity between relationships underlying the reactions of hydrogen ex-
change with strong bases e?. g., KNH2 in liqu~.d NH3, and those pertaining
to the metallization of organic compounds with organic compounds of al-
kali metals was noted repeatedly. It was demonstrated in published work
done outside of the USSR that hydrocarbons containing tritium or deu-
terium ark metallized at a correspondingly slower rate than compounds
which do not contain these isotopes; the process of the introduction of
meta?1 atoms is regarded as protophilic substitution of hydrogen.
The data obtained in the work .described in this instance indicate
that a kinetic isotope?effflet also takes place during the exchange?of
hydrogen with bases. One may therefore assume that the stage which
limits the velocity of b~~th reactions is that of the scission of C-H
bonds in the transitional state. Thus, the two reactions considered
above have a similar mechanism; both take place as a result of the at-
tack of a base on the hydrogen bound to carbon (C-H), i.e., as a con-
sPguence of an acid-base interaction between the hydrocarbon which
functions as an acid and a reagent which is a base. All other charac-
teristics of the reactions in question besides those noted are in
accordance with this concept.
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Nuclear Fuels and?Reactor Construction Materials
22. Ether and Ketone Solutions of Uranyl Nitrate
"Infrared Absorption Spectra of Ether and Ketone Solu-
tions of Uranyl Nitrate," by Ya. I. Ryskin, V. P. Shvedov,
and A. A. Solov'yeva; Moscow, Zhurnal Neoraanicheskos Khimii,
Vol ~+, No 10, Oct 59, pp 2268-2275
The infrared absorption spectra of Uranyl nitrate hydrates con-
taining 2, 3, and 6 molecules of water and also thorium nitrate dis-
solved in diethyl ether and some ketones were investigated. The in-
trinsic vibrations of the N03 - ion modified by the effect of U022t
ion have been identified. A scheme is proposed for the structure
of concentrated ether and ketone solutions of Uranyl nitrates on
the basis of a concept postulating the presence of hydrated and
solvated ~ 2 (NO )2 adducts. In these adducts the interaction be-
tween U02 an~ N03 is the same as in weakly hydrated (n equal
to or lower than 2) Uranyl nitrates crystal hydrates.
23. Dissociation Constants of Uranyl Oxalate Complexes ?
"Determination of Dissociation Constants of Oxalate Com-
plexes of Uranyl by the Method? of Displaced Equilibrium,"
by B. V. Ptitsyn and Ye. N. Tekster, ~ningrad Technolo-
gical Institute imeni Lensovet and Technological Institute
of the Food Industry; Moscow, Zhurnal Neor anichesko
Khimii, Vol 4, No 10, Oct 59, pP 22? -225?
The values of the first, econd, and over-all dissociation con-
stants of the [U02 (C2 0~)2 ] ~- ion were determined by investigating
the solubility of Ag2 C2 0~ in solutions of Uranyl nitrate and Uranyl
oxalate of different concentrations (i.e., by the second variant of
the method of displaced equilibrium) and, by investigating the in-
teraction of solutions of the complex with silver nitrate (i.e., by
the first variant of the method of displaced equilibrium).
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2~~. Compounds of Uranyl Salts With Urea
"Compounds of Uranyl Salts With Urea", by V. P. Markov
and I. V. Tsapkina, Institute of General and Inorganic
Chemistry imeni N. S. Kurnakov, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol ~,
No 10, Oct 59, pF 2255-22 0
A number of compounds of uranyl sulfate, uranyl chloride, uranyl
nitrate, and ammonium uranyl dioxalate were synthesized. The formulas
of the compounds in question are given. Some of the properties of the
coordination compounds prepared are listed.
25. Compounds of Uranyl With 1,10-Phenan~tholine and 2,2'-Dipyridyl
"Compounds of Uranyl With 1,10-Phenanthroline and 2, 2'
Dipyridyl," by V. P. Markov and V. V. Tsapkin, Insti-
tute of General and Inorganic Chemistry imeni N. S.
Kurnakov, Acade~y of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal
Neor anicheako Khimii, Vol ~+, No 10, Oct 59, pp 2,261-
2,2 7
It was established that 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2'-dipyridyl
are capable of forming compounds with different uranyl salts both
in alcoholic and aqueous solutions. Twenty-two compounds of this
type were synthesized. ?Their composition and properties are given.
26. Sulfate Complexes of Tetravalent Plutonium in Nitric Acid
Solutions
"Spec?trophotometric Investigation of the Formation of
Sulfate Complex Compounds of Pu IV in Nitric Acid Solu-
tions," by A. A. Lipovskiy and N. B. Chernyavskaya;
Moscow, Zhurnal Neor anicheako Khimti, Vol 4, No 10,
Oct 59, pp 22 -22 7
The changes have been investigated which take place in ab-
sorption spectra of solutions of Pu IV in 1.5 N nitric acid with
changing concentrations of potassium sulfate. It was established
that in this case there is successive building up of sulfate com-
plexes of Pu IV. Rapid changes in the intensity of absorption
bands of Pu IV which occur after small quantities of sulfate ions
have been added testify to the greater stability of the sulfate
complexes as compared with nitric acid complexes. These changes
must be taken into account when Pu IV is determined spectrophoto-
metrically in nitric acid solutions.
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27. Constitutional Diagram of System .Titanium-Hafnium
"Constitutional Diagram of the System Titanium-Hafnium,"
by M. A. Tylkina, A. I. Pekarev, and Ye. M. Savitskiy,
Institute of Metallurgy imeni A. A. Baykov, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii,
Vol ~, No 10, Oct 59, pp 2,320-2,322
The constitutional diagram of the system titanium-hafnium was
determined on the basis of determinations of melting points; X-ray,
thermal, dilatometric, and microstructural analysis; and also on
the basis of determinations of hardness, density, and electrical
resistance. The results obtained are reported.
28. Separation of Tantalum From Niobium by Solvent Extraction
"Extraction of Tantalum and Niobium With Cyclohexanone
From Sulfuric Acid Solutions," by Ya. G. Goroshchenko,
M. I. Andreyeva, and A. G. Babkin; Moscow-Leningrad,
Zhurnal Prikladno Khimii, Vol 32, No 9, Sep 59,
Pp 190 -1913
It was established in the work described that without the
presence of complex-forming ions, neither niobium nor tantalum can
be extracted with cyclohexanone. Addition of fluoride ions faci-
litates the extraction of tantalum with this solvent. Niobium can
be extracted from sulfuric acid solutions wren fluoride or thio-
cyanate ions are present. It was established that after fluoride
ions have been introduced, tantalum for all practical purpo8es is
extracted irreversibly from sulfuric acid solutions containing
ammonium.sulfate. Niobitam, which is partly extracted under these
conditions together with tantalum, can be completely re-extracted
from the organic phase and is thus separated from tantalum. A
method for the industrial separation of tantalum from niobium that
is based on these characteristics can be applied to advantage.
Pentoxides of the two elements are obtained in a very pure state
by applying this method of separation. The experiments in question
were carried out for the purpose of developing a procedure suitable
for the separation of niobium from tantalum in connection with the
treatment of loparite and perovskite concentrates.
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2g. Separation of Niobium From Titanium by Ion-Exchange Method
"Extraction and Separation of Niobium and Titanium From
Oxalic Acid Solutions by an Ion-Exchange Method," ry
T. D. Fridman and T. N. Yudina, Central Scientific Re-
search Institute of Geology and .Prospecting; Moscow-
Leningrad, Zhurnal Prikladno Khimii, Vol 32, No 9,
SeP 59, PP l~l -1919
Extraction and separation of niobium and titanium with the use of
the anion-exchange resin EDE lOP in its chloride form when these ele-
ments are present in oxalic acid solutions is achieving by the se-
lective elution of niobium with a 2M (10~) solution of sodium chloride
and elution of titanium with a 1 M solution of hydrochloric acid. The
volume capacity of the resin as far as adsorption of niobium is con-
cerned comprises 5.50 of the weight of the air-dry resit. After ex-
traction of the niobium and titanium from the resin there is complete
regeneration of the resin into its initial state. The ion-exchange
method makes it possible to produce niobium pentoxide containing
1.8-2~ of titanium dioxide by weight when the ratio of niobium pent-
~xide (Nb205) to titanium dioxide in the initial concentrate amounts
to 1:0.8.
3 0. Experimental Investigation of Density of Heavy Water
"Experimental Investigation of the Density of Heavy
Water," by S. L. Rivkin; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya,
Vol 7, No 5, Nov 59, pp X57-x+59
The density of heavy water was investigated at temperatures up
to 300? C and pressures up to 100 kilograms per square centimeter.
The measurements were carried out by employing a pie'zometer of con-
stant volume. The method used is described and the results obtained
are listed,
31. Experimental Investigation of Viscosity of Hea Water
"Experimental Investigation of the Viscosity of Heavy
Water," by D. L. Timrot and K. F. Shuyskaya; Moscow,
Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 7, No 5, Nov 59, PP x+59-x+62
The viscosity of heavy water was investigated by a capillary
method developed by D. L. Timrot and applied earlier for the investi-
gation of the viscosity of ordinary water. The results obtained,
which apply to temperatures in the range of 15-280? C and pressures
from ~+6 to 111.5 kilograms per centimeter square, are presented in
the form of tables.
-ig-
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32. Experimental Investigation of Heat Capacity of Heavy Water
"Experimental Investigation of the Heat Capacity of Heavy
Water," by S. L. Rivkin and B. N. Yegorov; Moscow, Atomnaya
Energiya, Vol" 7, No 5, Nov 59, pp 462-465
The heat capacity of heavy water was investigated by means of
adiabatic constant flow calorimeter operating in a closed circuit.
The method applied in the investigation is described in detail.
The results obtained, which cover the range of 20-300? C, are re-
ported.
33?
Experimental Investigation of Heat Conductivity of Heavy Water
"Experimental Investigation of the Heat Conductivity of
Heavy Water," by N. B. Vargaftik, 0. N. Oleshchuk, and
P. Ye. Belyakova; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 7, No
5, Nov 59, PP 465-468
The heat conductivity of heavy water was investigated in the
range of 10-360? C by using the hot wire method.
[For additional information on nuclear fuels and reactor con-
struction materials, see Electronics, Materials.]
Organic Chemistry
34. Synthesis and Characteristics of Some Fluoroalk~l.thiocyanates,
Isothiocyanates, and Carbylaminehalides Described
"Fluoroalkythiocyanates, Isothiocyanates, and Carby-
laminehalides," by N. N. Yarovenko, S. P. Mot~rnyy,
and L. I. Kirenskaya; Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 29,
No 11, Nov 59, PP 3789-3791
Fluoroalkylthiocyanates were obtained by reacting fluorinated
alkylsulfenehalides with potassium cyanide:
RSC 1 -?- KCN -?s RSCN ~ KC 1
where R CFC12, CF2C1, CF2C1CF2.
The reaction between isothiocyanates and chlorine proceeds
in two stages. The first stage, the addition of two atoms of
chlorine to the double bond, occurs without a change in the color
of the reaction mixture. At the beginning of the second stage,
coloration appears which is characteristic for sulfur dichloride:
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cscl cl scl
CHF2CII2NH2 ----2-, CHF2CH2N-C-= S -- 2"'*'CHF2CH2N= C~ C1-2-~
~Cl
-----`'' CHF2CH2NCC12.
The following new compounds in the series of fluorinated alky-
1?bhiocyanates, i.sothiocyanates, and carbylaminehalides were synthesized
acid characterized: fluorodichloromethyl-, difluoro-chloromethyl-,
tetrafluoro-2-r_hloroethyl-, 2,2-difluoroethyl-,2-fluoro-2-chloroethyl-
thiocyandtes, 2,2-difluoroethyLisothiocyanate and 2, 2-difluoroethyl-
c arb y laminechloride . ~ "
35<
Synthesis_of Phenyltetrafluorophosphorus and of Several of Its
Derivatives Described
Phenyltetrafluorophosphorus and Its Derivatives," by
L. M. 1'agupol'skiy and Zh. M. Ivanova, Institute of
Organic Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian
SSR;Lhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 29, No 11, Nov 59,
PP 37 -37 9
The author states that "at present only very few compounds are
known which contain the grouping -C-P-F. ,Only the alkyl esters of
methylfluorophosphinic acid have been studied, several of which are
strong toxic agents (saran, Boman). Quite recently the alkylamides
of alkylfluorophosphinic acids, the acid difluorides of alkylphosphinic
acids, and the acid fluorides of methylalkylphpaphinic acids have been
described."
Having undertaken the study of compounds with the'-C-P-F grouping,
the authors synthes~.zEd phenyltetrafluorophosphorus and a number of
its derivatives. Phenyltetrafluorophosphorus and two of its derivatives
were obtained according to the following reaction:
RC6H~PC1 -~- SbF3 ~ RC~H~PF~ ~.. SbC13
where R = H, CH3, or C1.
.Phenyltetrafluorophosphorus, instead of the expected phenyl-
difluorophosphorus, was also obtained by the reaction of phenyl-dichloro-
phosphorus with antimony trifluoride:
3C6H5~ 12
-~ 4SbF3 .~_ 3C6H5PF~ -j-2Sb -~- 25bC13 .
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The acid difluorides of arylphosphinic acids of the type
p-RC6H1~POP2 where R = H, CH3 or Cl were prepared from the cor-
responding acid dichlorides by replacing chlorine with fluorine
with the help of zinc fluoride< Antimony trifluoride was found to
be unsuitable for this reaction.
Also synthesised were several arylamine salts of the acid
monofluorides of arylphosphinic acids of the type p-RC6H~P=I'
ONH3C6H~-R'-p
where R Hand R' = H; R Hand R' = CH3; R = C1
and R' = CH3; R =CH3 and R' H.
Physical constants of the synthesized compounds are given in
three tables.
36. Method of Replacing Mobile Hydrogen Atom in Alcohols Mercaptans
and Secondary Amines by Trihalomethyl Group Described
"Trihalomethylation of Organic Compounds," by N. N.
Yarovenko and A. S. Vasil'yeva; Zhurnal Obshche
I{liimii, Vol 29, No 11, Nov 59, pP 37 -37 7
This reaction proceeds in two stages: (1) the introduction
of a halothiocarbonyl group into the organic molecule; (2) the
substitution of the thiocarbor~yl sulfur with chlorine.
RSH --CSC l2-~ RSC ~~ S C12~ RSCC13
,~ c1 -
R2NH CSC12-, R2 NC\ C1 C12~ R2NCC13
By trichloromethylation one can obtain thioethers sulfides from
thioalcohols (thiols) and tertiary amines from secondary amines with
the trichloromethyl group at the sulfur or the nitrogen, respectively.
By the chlorination of eaters and thioesters of fluorocarbonic
acid, compounds containing the fluorodichloromethyl group at the
heteroatom can be prepared.
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1'hysicul Chemistry
37. Electron Paramagnetic Itesonance Study of Polymerization in Acry-
1.onitri'Le-Magnesium Mixtures Obtained by Molecular Beam Con-
densation
"Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Study of Polymerization
in an Acrylonitrile-Magnesium System f~btained by Molecu-
lar Deum Condensati.on," by V. A. ICabanov, G. D. Sergeyev,
V. P. Zubov, an~7 V. A, Kar~;in, Moscow State University;
Moscow, V sokomolekul am a So edineni a, Vol 1, No 12,
Dec 59, PP 1 59-1 1
It was established by the authors of this article that by the
simultaneous condensation or molecular beams of some inorganic sub-
stances and monomers on a surface cooled to a very low temperature
systems are obtained in which polymerization of these monomers pro-
ceeds with a high velocity at extremely low temperatures ticf V soko-
molekulyarr~yye Soyedineniya, Vol 1, 1959, pp 265 and 1I+22). The
norganic substances, on being dispersed to a monomolecular state,
function as active initiators and catalysts of polymerization, ex-
erting an action which they are incapable of producing when present
in the state of crystals. One of the varieties of systems of this
type consists of frozen mixtures of magnesium atoms and molecules
of monomers containing vinyl groups, e. g., acrylonitrile cr methyl
methacrylate. Mixtures of this type are produced by condensing
magnesium togehter with the monomer in vacuum on a surface cooled
with liquid nitrogen. Polymerization in these mixtures begins at
temperatures considerably lower than the melting point of the monomer
and proceeds with a very great velocity, sometimes the velocity of
an explosion. In the case of a mixture of acrylonitrile with mag-
nesium, the temperature at which polymerization begins lies in the
vicinity of minus 1t+0?, while the melting point of acrylonitrile
is minus 82?. In a mixture of methyl methacrylate with magnesium,
the methyl methacrylate, which has a melting point of minus 50?,
begins to polymerize in the region of minus 100?.
The mechanism by which the frozen monomers, which are in the
solid state, polymerize at the temperatures indicated is of con-
siderable interest. Development of a reaction chain in the frozen
monomer by a coordination mechanism or ionic mechanism 9,s unlikely.
It must be assumed that a radical mechanism is effective. This
assumption was confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance measure-
ments carried out on a Mg-acrylonitrile mixture in an experimental
arrangement, which is described. Comparison with a sample of 1,1-
diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) of known concentration indicated
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tha~ the quant~.ty of radicals present, in the system is of the order of
101 rad/gram. The magnitude of the g-factor of the radicals present
was found to be close to that of the ~-factor of DPPH (2.0036). The
concentration of radicals did not decrease at room temperature: the
polymer radicals that had formed were "captured" in the structure
of the solid polymer and preserved.
A control. paramagnetic resonance measurement carried out after
separate condensation of magnesium and acrylonitrile under the same
conditions showed that no radicals were present.
The formation of radicals from the monomer may proceed ae
follows:
CH2 CH
t ?
+ Mg Mg - CH2
H
i
38. Dispersion of Liquid~3 in Infrared
"Measurement of Dispersion in Regions of Intensive Infrared
Absorption," M. P. Lisitsa and Yu. P. Tsyashchenkc, Kiev
State University; Moscow, Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta,
No ~+, Jul/Aug 5g, pp 108-112
A reflection method facilitating the study of dispersion of
liquids inside intensive vibrational absorption bands i3 described.
The interference method of measuring dispersion in app~?oaching such
bands is improved. As examples, dispersion curves of CC1~ and
CHC1 in regions of strongest absorption are obtained. The appli-
cati~n of the devised method is of particular advantage in the study
of volatile liquids.
Radiochemistry
39. Radiation-Chemical Vulcanization of Stereoregular Propylene-
Isoprene Copolymer
"Synthesis and Investigation of Stereoregular Propylene-
Isoprene Copolymers," by N. S. Volkova, G. V. Khutareva,
B. A. ILrentsel', Z. A. Rogovin, and A. V. Topchiyev,
Moscow Textile Institute and Institute of Petrochemical
Synthesis, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Vysokomo-
lekulyarnyye Soyedineniya, Vol 1, No 12, Dec 59, pp 1758-
17~3_..
A stereoregular propylene-isoprene copolymer was synthesized.
In the experiments conducted, Al (C2H5) -~. TiCl~, and Al(C2H5)3 ~1-
TiC13 were used as catalysts. The copo~ymer obtained contained
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only a very small percentage of dime bonds. Its chemical vulcaniza-
tion proved imposoible. The propylene-isoprene copolymer was vulca-
nized by exposing it to high-intensity gamma-radiation in vacuum.
Miscellaneous
1E0. First Yugoslav Congress on Pure and Applied Chemistry
Announced
"First Congress on Pure and Applied Chemistry Will Be
Held 15-21 June" (unsigned item); Belgrade, Borba,
17 Jan 60, p 2
The First Congress on Pure and Applied Chemistry in Yugoslavia,
organized by the Union of Chemical Societies (Unija hemiskih drustava),
will be held 15-21 June lg6o. The main proceedings of the congress
twill take place in Zagreb 15-19 June. The congress will hold sympo-
siums on the teaching and history of chemistry on 20 June in Rijeka.
The last day of the congress will be held in Belgrade in connection
with the opening of the Third Chemical Industry Exhibition.
The congress will cover the fields of organic, inorganic, and
physical chemistry, analytical and applied chemistry, biochemistry,
and chemical engineering.
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~E1. Gravimetric Survey in Freiberg Mining Region
"Geophysical Prospecting Studies in the Freiberg,-Brand
(Saxony Erzgebirge) Region," by T. Berger, Leipzig; ~,~3,pZia~
Geophysilt and Geologie, Series 1 (no date), pp 35-47
Tn a geophysical survey of the granitic ore-bearing strata of the
Freiberg-Brand region by gravimetric methods, it was found that the
oz?dinary methods of interpretation could not be applied, since the
F~ouguer chart could not be interpreted because of the strong regional
gradient. Various methods were used in an attempt to eliminate this
regional gradient and thereby reveal the local anomalies. This was
done with the average-value, gradient, and Uzzz -method (third-deriva- .
tive method). Tn the calculation, formulas and measurement intervals
were used which would best accentuate a disruptive formation at a
depth of about 1,000-2,000 meters. The concurrence of all representa-
tions was relatively good. Certain primary anomalies were observed
repeatedly. Among these, a minimum west of Freiberg was of special
interest, since it could not be correlated with surface geology and
could thus afford a starting point for the location of the granite
arch being sought. This assumption is further supported by minera-
logical prospecting viewpoints, since most Freiberg ore veins dip
toward the west. This is, nevertheless, only one possible interpre-
tation, since the density changes in the gneiss could cause the mini-
mum. These assumptions were partially limited by magnetic measure-
ments which proved that the density disturbances near the surface
do not coincide with susceptibility changes.
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IV. ELECTRONICS
Communications
42. Radio Receiver "Minsk"
"Radio Receiver 'Minsk,'" by Ya. Slepyan and I. Kaplan;
Moscow, Radio, No 12, Dec 59, pp 23-21~.
The transistorized radio receiver "Minsk" was designed at the
D4insk Radio Plant and the Leningrad Institute imeni A, S, Popov (In-
stitute of Radio Ilroadcasting and Acoustics).
"Minsk" is a superheterodyne type receiver and incorporates
seven (three type P-402, two type P-13A, and two type P-8) diffusion-
type ,junction transistors. The range of operating frequencies is
divided into two subranges: a long-wave subrange from 150 to 415
kc and medium-wave subrange from 520 to 1,600 kc. The sensitivity
of the receiver when connected to an outdoor antenna is at least 100
microvolts for the long-wave subrange and 70 microvolts for the
medium-wave subrange. For operation with an indoor magnetic antenna,
the sensitivity in not at least 1.5 millivolt~m for the long-wave
subrange and 800 microvolt~m for medium-wave subrange. Noise
attenuation from adjacent and image channels is at least 26 db for
long-wave subrange and 20 db for medium-wave subrange. The frequency
converter incorporates one type P-402 transistor, the two-stage IF
amplifier u~i:ilizes two type P-402 transistors, and the three-stage
audio amplifier has type P-13A and P-8 transistors. The receiver poor
output is 0.4 w. and it can draw power either from six "Saturn"
cells (100 hr service) or from a conventional ac power line. The
over-all dimensions of the receiver are: 320 x 245 x 173 mm and it
weighs 4 kg..
43. Prospects for Transistorized Automatic Telephone Exchanges
"Design of Small-Capacity Automatic Telephone Exchanges
Using Semiconductor Instruments," by V, V. Shtager, M,
A. Samokish, and V. K. Kaprov; Moscow, Elektros waz',
CPYRGHT No 12, Dec 59, pp 57-66
"Methods for introducing electronics in telephone technology
and trends in, the field of developing fully electronic systems of
automatic telephone exchanges are examined. In accordance with the
two basic trends in this field, the authors give block-diagrams of
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CPYRGHT
stations with spatial channel separation (having the possibility oi'
expanding station capacity from 20 to several hundred numbers) and
stations with time-pulse channel separation having a capacity of lOC
numbers.. Both block diagrams are, designed for the use of Soviet manu-
factured semiconductor instruments as the basis for all units of the
stations. A description is given of the principal circuits of the
basic units of an electronic automatic telephone exchange with time-
pulse channel separation."
The authors conclude that, for mass production of electronic
automatic telephone exchanges of even small capacity, it will be
necessary to greatly improve the status of semiconductor technology,
for example, by increasing the life of semiconductor instruments,
by improving the stability of their characteristics, and by de-
creasing their cost.
lE1F. Protective Ratios for Maximum duality FM Rece tion
"Protective Ratios in Ultrashort-Wave FM Broadcasting
Networks, by B. I. Savitskiy and R. A. Kotikova;
Moscow, Flektrosvyaz', No 12, Dec 59, PP 3-9
To maintain a given reception quality for FM broadcast re-
ceivers, it is necessary to establish protective ratios for FM net-
works. Such ratios may be used as the basis for planning high-
quality multiprogram networks which are relatively free from inter-
ference by neighboring stations and by territorially remote FM
stations operating at approximately the same frequencies.
Methods for experimentally determining two-signal and three-
signal protective ratios are given and a number of rational princi-
ples and norms for protective ratios useful in planning ultrashort-
wave FM networks are developed. Results of experiments are presented
in a table of values for three-signal protective ratios recommended
as norms for FM broadcasting networks with a maximum frequency devi-
ation of ? 50 kc.
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1~5. Signal Distortion in Sin 1e-Side-Band Communications
"Nature of Signal Distortion in Single-Side-Band Telephone
Systems of Tropospheric Propagation Communication Lines,"
by M. P. Dolukhanov; Moscow, Elektrosvyaz', No 1l, Nov 59,
pp 12-16
A theoretical calculation is presented which shows that for a
single-side-band telephone communication based on troposheric propa-
gation, none of the transient distortions are formed during the
actual process of signal propagation and that the only distortions
present are in the form of attenuations and doppler frequency
shift. The instantaneous frequer.~y deviation, apparently, does not
exceed a few cycles; however, the absolute value of such deviation
can be determined only experimentally.
T'!ie author expresses gratitude to Z. G. Klyatsltin and V. V.
Fulsl~kov for valuable assistance.
~+6. Tl?~eory and Application of Two-Side-Hand Modulation
"Two-S~de-Band Amplitude Modulation and Its Utiliza-
tion for the Simultaneous Transmission of Two Signals,"
by B. M. Pevzner; Moscow, Elektrosvyaz', No 12, Dec 59,
P 17-25
The purpose of this work is to discuss the known material on
two-side-band modulation, to supplement this material with certain
necessary studies, and to determine the possibility of using two-
side?~band modulation in electrical communications. (By two-side-
band amplitude modulation is meant amplitude modulation of the
positive half waves of oscillations of a carrier .frequency by one
signal and modulation of the negative half-waves by a different
signal. The "double-message" system of color television employs
a method of transmission similar to that of two-side-band ampli-
tude modulation.)
The properties of a two-side-band modulated signal are ana-
lyzed with particular emphasis on cross distortion of signals in
a quasi-stationary regime and their relationships to the width of
the frequency spectrum, percentage modulation, and shape of the
carrier. Methods of compensating for and correcting distortion
and basic methods for obtaining two-side-band modulation are dis-
cussed.
The advantages of two-side-band modulation are the simpli-
city of separating signals in the receiver and the noncritical
nature of phase characteristics of the channel. Disadvantages
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are the high value of cross distortions, criticalness of frequency
characteristics of the channel, and the impossibility of mixing with
a low-frequency (third) signal.
1+7. Television Receiver "Komsomolets"
"TV Receiver 'Komsomolets,'" by K. Runov and B. .
Aliyevslciy; Moscow, Radio, No g, Sep 59, pp 26-28
At the "Radioelectror~ics" pavilion of the All-Union National
Fconorgy Achievements Exposition two television receivers scheduled
f'or mass production were demonstrateds the "Komsomolets" of the
Leningrad Sovnarkhoz and "Mayak" of the Vladimirskiy Sovnarkhoz.
The television receivers "Komsomolets" and "Mayak" are assembled
with individual block-units, utilizing many components, such as
printed circuits, etc., of advanced technology.
The "Komsomolets" has an especially well-defined block-unit
assembly; here each block-unit performs a specific function, such
as IF amplification, AF amplification, etc. The block-unit con-
struction of these receivers will facilita,te~automated mass pro-
duction. The "Komsomolets" has seven functional block-units; a
12-channel selector switch, IF and video-e-ignal amplifier, IF and
AF amplifier, loudspeaker with output transformer, horizontal scan
unit, vertical scan unit, and power supply pack. The sensitivity
of the set is about 200 microvolts, and adjacent video-channel
selectivity about 20 db. The screen image has about 500 lines and
at least seven gradations of brightness. The 35LK2B picture tube
has a 285 x 215 mm screen. The set consumes about 130 w and weighs
about 16.5 kg. The set incorporates 12 tubes as follows: two
6Zh1P, one 6Zh5P, one 6P15$, two 6P11~P, 'two '6FY,P~ one ~N1P9 one
6P1~S, one ~6Ts~:gP, and one ~.Ts11P.
1+8. New Radio Communication Equipment
"Along the Road of Technical Progress," by N, D.
Psurtsev, Minister of Communications USSR; Moscow,
Radio, No 11, Nov 59, pp 12-13
CPYRGHT~e article contains the following.
"In certain cases we [Ministry of Communications USSR] have
serious complaints against industry workers and some scientific
research institutes of the State Committee on Radioelectronics.
In many instances they design individual equipment and subsequently
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~CPYRGHT
have been working on microwave radio receivers for radio-relay points.
A delay occurred in the design of the 51.5-kw transmitting television
radio stat~_~~n for operation in the frequency range of 174-230 Mc. Zts
prototype is only now being installed for a test run. The design of
televisioi:~ transmitters and receivers for the frequency range of 470-
960 Mc, wh:!ch are needed for further development oi' television broad-
casting, has not yet been properly organized.
for completion until 19 G7,. Approximately in the same period the designer
introduce it to industry at an exceedingly slow pace. Por example, the
automatic short-wave transmitter 'Molniya' has been in the process of
design since 1956 at one of the design bureaus of the State Committee
on Radioelectronics. Tts first experimental prototype is not scheduled
"The communications workers are ,justified in registering come
dissatisfaction with regard to design of vacuum and semiconductor com-
ponents. Many of the vacuum-electronic and semiconductor instruments
now manufactured are rather expensive and are designed for an inadmis-
sibly?- short period of service,
"The present television broadcasting frequency ranges of 48.5-100
Mc and 174-230 Mc assure, in reality, only one program. To realize
transmission to a large number of localities of a second program also,
it would be necessary to introduce a new broadcasting range of 470-g60
Mc."
49. Hungarian-Soviet Cooperation on Wide-Band Microwave Equipment
"Hungarian-Soviet Signal Technology Scientific Coopera-
tion Is Strengthening" (unsigned article); Budapest,
Nepszabadsag, 6 Jan 60 p 3
Soviet-Hungarian cooperation in the area of signal technology.
This article reports that a new type of wide-band microwave
device was prepared near the end of 1959 in the Hungarian Telecommu-
nications Research Institute (Tavkozlesi Kutato Tntezet). This
equipment can transmit "a television program and 600 telephone con-
versations simultaneously." 1Voting that "considerable help was re-
ceived from Soviet specialists," the article predicts expanded
The Hungarian Telecommunications Research Institute signed a con-
tract, near the end of 1959, with a signal engineering research
institute [sic] of the Ministry of Communications USSR. Under this
contract, the two institutes will develop more modern, larger capa-
city, broader-band microwave equipment by 1963. The new equipment
will also be suitable for transmission of television programs and
simultaneous telephone conversation; but, due to its wider band it
will be able to handle color television and 1,920 simultaneous tele-
phone conversations."
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Components
50. Standardization of Radiy Components
"To Standardize Components of Radioelectronic Equipment,"
by V. S. Kiskachi, State Committee for Defense Technology;
Moscow, Standar?tizatsiya, No 2, Feb 59, pp 50-51
Engr V. S. Kiskachi in a letter to the editox? of the perio-
dical Standartizatsiya discloses shortcomings in standardization of
electronic corr{ponents and suggests some means for eliminating these
shortcomings.
The lack of interchangeability of electrical components, as
manufactured by different enterprises, is often due to nonuniformity
in coupling devices. For instance, the seven- and ninepin minie.ture
tubes manufactured by the aviation industry have a 23-mm base
coupling, while similar tubes manufactured by the radio industry
have a 25-mm base coupling.
Such a lack of interchangeability hinders the repair of
radio engineering equipment and makes procurement of spare parts
difficult. In standardizing radio components, it would not be ex-
pedient to try to standardize all the radio components at once, but
it would be sufficient at the beginning to standardize the most
widely used components, such as contact and contactless selsyns,
plugs and sockets, various switches, push-button devices, micro-
switches, variable and fixed resistors, relays, tube bases, tube
sockets, signal lamps, etc.
The standardization of radio equipment should be under the
direction of the State Commit~ee far Radioelectronics and the
Committee for Standards, Measures, and Measuring Instruments.
51.
Double Helix Delay System in Traveling-Wave Tubes
"An Investigation of the Properties of Traveling-
Wave Tubes With a Delay System in the Form of a
Two-Helix Line," by A. V. Slutskaya; Trudy Konfer-
entsii o Elektronike SVCh (Reports of the Conference
on Microwave Electronics ; Moscow-Leningrad, 1959,
Pp 3-22
The propagation of an electron beam in a two-helix line is
considered within the framework of linear theory. The characteri-
stic equation is derived for the determination of ?the propagation
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constant of the waves in the system, and a graphical study is made
of the equation which expresses the quantity of the built-up waves.
A study is also made of the qualitative dependence of the amplifi-
cation factor and band width on frequency, operating voltage, current,
and radius of the electron beam, and also of the character of the
wave and its phase constant during a change of operating voltage.
52. Coupling Coefficient of Backward-Wave Tube With Double Helix
"A Calculation of the Coupling Coefficient in a
Backward-Wave Tube With a Double Helix," by Ye.
B. Ol'derogge and L. N. Loshakov; Trudy Konfer-
entsii po Elektronike SVCIi (Reports of the Con-
ference on Microwave Electronics); Moscow-Len-
ingrad 1959, PP 23-31+
Formulas are derived for computing the coupling coefficient
during the interaction of an electron beam and .the field of an
arbitrary three-dimensional harmonic in a backward-wave tube with
a double helix. A detailed study is made of the dependence of .the
coupling coefficient of the first backward harmonic on the geometry
of the helix, the frequency and the dimensions of the beam.
53? Transverse Stubs as Delay System i n Wave Guides
"A Delay System of Transverse Stubs in a Rectangu-
lar Wave Guide," by Ye. G. Solov'yev; Trudy Kon-
ferentsii,po Elelctronike SVCh (Reports of the
Conference on Microwave Electronics); Moscow-
Leningrad, 1859, PP 35-~+1+
The theory of a delay system of transverse stubs in a rectangular
wave guide is treated on the basis of the Maxw?ll equations. In addi-
tion to the formula for the coupling resistance, a transcendental equa-
tion is derived for the phase constant of two modes of oscillations,
symmetrical and asymmetrical. The calculation is done on the basis of
formulas for a particular case of wave-guide dimensions.
Since both symmetrical grid asymmetrical oscilla~~ions can be
sustained in such delay system, both "slow" waves (v ~ c) and "fast"
waves (v ~ c) are possible. Fast waves and higher order waves can
be eliminated by varying the stub dimensions. The walls of the wave
guide have an influence on the phase velocity of the wave only if
they are very close to the stub system. The coupling resistance of
the first inverse three-dimensional harmonic increases toward the
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short-wave range; that of the first forward three-dimensional
harmonic increases with longer waves. The first inverse three-
dimensional harmonic has the highest coupling resistance value.
54. Efficient Cathodes for Microwave Devices
"Modern Types of Cathodes for Microwave Devices
and the Possible Ways of Producing New high-Effi-
ciency Cathodes," by b. M. Tsarev; Trudy Konfer-
entsii po Elelctronilce SVCh (Reports of the Con-
ference on Microwave Electronics); Moscow-Lenin-
grad, 1959, PP 236-260
Modern versions of thermoelectric cathodes are surveed and
classified according to their characteristics and operation in micro-
wave devices, anc~ the possibilities of improvement and the production
of new types of thermocathodes, as well as the promise of using at~to-
electronic emitters in microwave devices, are discuFSed.
55? Multi~t3.er and Multiseries Stub Delay Systems
"An Analysis of Multitier and Multiseries Stub Delay
Systems," by R. A, Silin; Trudy Konferentsii Po Elektro-
nike SVCh (Reports of the Conference on Microwave Elec-
~ronics ; Moscow-Leningrad, 1959, PP 45-57
On the basis of the Leblond method (Leblond, A., and Mourier,
G.y Ann. Radioelectricite, Vol 9, No 36, 1954, pp 180-19a; No 38,
1954, Pr X11-32 and multiterminal-network theory (2(p~~{- 1)), an
investigation is made of certain multitier delay systems with multi-
ple rotational symmetry. The Leblond method is also generalized
for multiseries-multitier systems. Dispersion equations are de-
rived; coupling resistance values are computed; and the voltage
distribution is determined in relation to stub height.
56. Soviet KIU-1 20-Megawatt Pulsed Klystron
"A 20-Megawatt Pulsed Klystron Amplifier for the 10-
Centimeter Range," by M. N. Afnnskaya, V. G. Gabyshev,
S., A. Dunayev, S. A, Zusmanovskiy, M. L. Lyubimov, A.
G. Mishkin, and G. P, Shchelkunov, Trudy Konferentsii
po Elektronike SVCh (Reports of the Conference on Micro-
wave Electronics , Moscow-Leningrad, 1959, PP 58-79
This article contains a description, illustrations, and a dis-
cussion of the. development of the Soviet KIU-1 klystron, which, al-
though based on the 20-megawatt pulsed?klystron developed at Stanford
University (Proc. IRE, Vol 41, No 11, 1953, pp 1584-1602), required
the solution of eight specific local problems for its development.
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e c rac eris ics of the KIU-1 klystron are given as follows:
Pulsed anode voltage 280-300 kilovolts
Pulsed anode current 1'j0-180 amperes
Efficiency About ~0 percent
Amplification factor About 1,500
Available pulsed power 20-25 megawatts
~7. Electron Efficiency of Backward-Wave Tube
"The Electron Efficiency of a Type-M Backward-Wave
Tube," by M. B. Tseytlin; Trudy Konferentsii po
Elektronike SVCh (Reports of the Conference on
Microwave Electronics), Moscow-Leningrad, 1959,
pp 261-270
The electron efficiency of a type-M back~arU-wave tube is de-
termined according to the formula v~ = 1 - p
9 "2 , where U~ is
the beam potential, Ua is the potential of the retardation system,
and p2 is a constant depending on the trajectory of the electrons ..
It is assumed that all electrons are confined to the system. It is
.L ____ .it__t _ \T
u vaac
V
electrons enter o the system, and vo = 2e -~U~ is the
m
drift velocity of the electrons. It follows that the electrons in
the interaction space move in curvilinear trajectories, va is greater
than vo and, consequently, p2 is greater than unity. A calculation
of the electron trajectories in a high-frequency field of a traveling
wave for an infinitely thin beam in the vicinity of a space charge
shows that, for all practical cases, p2 is less than 1.10. Thus, in
the case of an infinitely thin beam, the velocity va, with which the
electron reaches the anode, is equal to the drift velocity vo.
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~a~m~uter~
58. Czechs Experiment With Machine Translation of English Tex$s
"Automatic Machine as Tr~~anslatvr" (CTdC dispatch); Bratislava,
CPYRGHT u Szo, 15 .ran 60, p 5
"Philologists of the Czecda. language faculty o~ the Philosophy School
of the Prague Charles un~.vers;ity ?raho are dealing with the theory of ma-
chine translation in the Prague Cybernetics Institute recently told repre-
~cx~t,ativea oY the press about the success of the translation experiments
cl.~:c.e with the SAPO computer. In tk~eir discussions, held in the presence
of Dr Frantisek Kahuda, Minister of Education and Cultural Affairs, they
showed that the SAPO ca.n translate simple English texts which have been
fed into the automatic system with the aid of a punch card apparatus."
Another article on the same topic, published in the l~ January 1960
issue of Rude Pravo, principal Gommuniet Party organ of Czechoslovakia,
contains the same information but adds that philologists and mathema-
ticians are cooperating in an effort to lay down some ground rules prior
to working on special translation machines, since SAPO was not originally
designed to be a translation machine. The article closes with the state-
ment that Czechosloval~ researchers in this field are availing themselves
broadly of the assistance and experiences passed ova to them by the Experi-
mental Laboratory for Machine T~?+agaslation at Leningrad university.
59? Czechoslovaks Plannir~ New Electronic Computer
"Czechoslovak Automatic Computer SAPO?? (unsigned article); Prague,
Podraikova Orgaxaizace, 19 P,'b'o~r 59, p 522
The article reviews the achievements off' the e:~isting Czechoslovak
SAPO automatic computer and discusses its ope~?ationo It states that
SAPO is a universal digital. computer operating on the binary principle;
it has about 8,000 relays and its circuit is composed of about 350 elec-
tron tubes. SAPO was sugges,t~ed in 1951 and made oaf Czechoslovak pax?ts?
Near the end of the article, the unidentified author contends that
although SAPO is suitable f~.a~? roguing ae'anini~etx^ative and economic prob-
lems, it is only of limited u?~e in majo:? research problems, since it has
a small memory capacity. One memory cell ha?~ a capacity for retaining
only a 6-digit decimal n>nber. however, the author points out in a foot-
note, solutions to complex p~oble.~nsy uchn would require a substantially
greater speed of operation (aba~ut 71,0~J0 times greater than SAPO), will
be within the grasp of Czechoslo?~ak researchers in the near future.
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t~.quirements of complex problems will lbe met, by .a near type of electronic
~ar_d'lum automatic computer (EPOS), suggested by the RA~r~eax~ch Institute of
ir.t:hetnatlcal Machines (UYzkumny ustav maten-a~h,icklrchn stra7~u) and which is
t.o be aeries produced in. Czech~oslovals:iao
CPYRGHT
f~0o Hun arian and Soviet Wark on Se1S'~Re~roducir~~ Machines Discussed
"Relays, Nerve Cc;:i.7 ~~~,, and Mathematical L.1gic?V (r~,nsig~aed c~rt;icle);
Budapest, 1Ve~zc,br~,dsa~r..:3.0 De?~~ 5~.3, ply 6-?7
The article reports o~ ~ +.gnversati~~n with M~ Ao Cavrilov, Doctor
~~-f '.technical Sciences, a "depax?tment chief'" in the Institute of Auto-
m"i,ics and Telemechanics of the Academy o~ Sciences USSR, and a
"well-known researcher in t~cl;:inical applications of mathematical logic";
W.. Po Smiryugin, chief.' of the Operat:Lons ~,aboratory o~~ the Computer
Center of the Academy of Sciences,USSR; and To Io Milchenko and De Io ~ .
(~o~.~::nko, worlters at the Computer Centers All had been vislting~'ih, Hungary,
The article is a very general discussion of cybernetics in its
theoretical and applied aspectsa Specific statements are not attributed
to any of the above men (general statements are made about the use, pre-
sumab.l.y in the Soviet Union, of control mechanisms which test, evaluate,
and apply the best possible programs to the process being controlledo
Development "throughout the world?1 of the theory of ?trela,r networks"
i e merit coned n
"An interesting new trend in automatic ce~ntrol and computation tech
niques," the article continues, "iB the preparation of special computers
to design complex relay systems Ons ~~f' the most modern machines flor
analyzing relay systems. }~.a,a been built in the Soviet, Union and gratifyin
results have been achieved in the dire~^tion of ~r~eating a machine to syr~
thesize relay systemso SimiJ.ar ?,Tart is being done in Hungary where Prof
Laszlo Kalmar and his coJ.leagueL built the Szeger3 :logic machines The
goal is to design machine$ ?~aith which tk'ae processes of designing control
mechanisms can be automatized; thus. these machines automatically design
machines like themselves~7?
61e Industrial Computers
"Electronic Computer Tec~rxaalogy and Automation ~?f Industry,??
by A~ Shokir., I^'irst Vice-chairman cri' State Committee a~
Council. of Ministers USSR can Rs,r3.iof~lervtrc~x~i~: s; ~~scow,
Pravda, 20 Oct 59F P 2
The EIS-?1 has been id~ntif led as being employed in th;e petroleum
industry for determining the c~aaracter o:~' petroleum bearing strata, ra-
tional distribution and explo~.tation cf ail we:~ls, etc
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Electronic computers may be employed to great effect in metallurgy.
?.t present, the more perfect computer USM-1 is being prepared for use
in these two areas of industry, as well as in construction work.
6?_. Rumanian Computer Conference
"Technical-Scientific Corif'erence Dealing With Electronic Com-
puters" (unsigned article); Bucharest, Scinteia Tineretului,
1~+ Jan fi0, p 1
According to the source, a technical-scientific conference on elec-
tronic computers had its opening session on 13 January at the Academy
of the Rumanian People's Republic. After the opening speech by Academi-
cian Grigore Moiail, the conference was addressed by foreign guests, in-
cluding N. V. Korolkov (USSR), W. Kammerer (GAR), and L. Aczel (Hungary).
Reports were presented by Rumanian scientists and engineers.
The conference, which lasted 3 days, discussed problems of the con-
struction and theory of electronic computers numerical analysis, the
theory of programming, and the application of computers in science, tech-
nology, economy, machine translation and in the management of enterprises.
63. New Chinese Computer
"Brief Communications" (unsigned article); Moscow, Izvestiya,
16 Sep 59s P 3
The first tests of a high-speed computer were successful in the
Institute of Computer Technology of -she Academia Sinica. The electronic
computer performs operations at the rate of 10,000 per second.
Instruments and Equipment
64. Simplified Method for Analysis of Complex Electronic Circuits
"Analysis of Complex Elects?onic Circuits," by L. Ya. Nagornyy
and V. P. Sigorakiy; Moscow, Radiotekhnika, No 12, Dec 59s PP
28-37 ~?
Circuits of great complexity are now being widely used in radio
engineering and its numerous brarxches.
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Obtaining analytical expressions for various values in such complex
~.~.l,ectronic circuits is a difficult problem, especially if such components
c.~~3 transistors and microwave vacuum tubes enter into the make-up of the
circuit. The procedure far such computat:i.on can be considerably simpli-
f ied if one utilizes the generalized method for obtaining terminal volt-
ages and branch currents. It is convenient to apply conformal transform-
at ion of f. ract tonal linear functions in the f ins 1 analysis of the depend-
ence of circuit values on circuit parameters.
In most, cases a complex electronic circuit can be represented in the
form of afour-terminal network in which the power source is connected to
the input terminals and the load to output terminals. This method is
c~~~~venient for analysis of any linear circuit, especially a complex cir-
cuit incorporating both vacuum tubes anti transistors, in which the para-
meters of the latter depend on ..?requency and are expressed by complex
numbers.
6>~ Direct Observation of Antenna Radiation Patterns
"Instrument for Observing Antenna Radiation Patterns in Polar
Coordinates," by V. 0. Kobak; Moscow, ~lektrosvyaz', No 12,
Dec 59, pp 72-Z3
An instrument for observing the radiation patterns of short -wave
and ultrashort-wave antennas is described. The instrument, which has
been used successfully for several years, exhibits stable operation and
simplicity of control.
The test antenna nr model is excited by means of a transmitting an-
tenna and oscillator having audio frequency modulation. The signal re-
ceived by the test antenna during its rotation changes according to the
radiation pattern, passing through a detector and amplifier to a phase-
splitting circular scanning aelsyn. The selsyn rotates synchronously with
the test (receiving)~antenna. Two voltages, modulated during rotation,
are taken from the secondary windings of the selsyn and have a phase dis-
placement of .900. These voltages pass through the output amplif iers to
the deflection plates of a cathode-ray tube having prolonged afterglow.
Simultaneously, brightening pulses fall on the modulator'.of the tube,
The frequency of tracking and pulse phase is precisely syx~~hronized with
the modulation frequency, thus br3.ghtening the tube only for positive
amplitude values of the signal on the de~"lec+.ion plates. For each revo-
lution of the antenna the spot traces its radiation pattern on the screen.
The principle is generally the same as that used in circular scanning
radar.
A brief description is given of the characteristics of the basic
components of the instrument.
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E:ri. Reflection Coefficients of Ultrahi~ch Frequencies
"Techniques of Measurements of Reflection Coefficients in
Free Space on Ultrahigh Frequencies," by D. I. Mirovitskiy,
Moscow, Pribory_i Tekhnika Eks~erimenta, No 4, Jul/Aug 59,
pp 103-108"-
Peculiarities of two basic types of devices -- with coupled and sep-
arated antennas -- are described. The methods of determination of re-
flection coefficients of dielectric specimens and possibilities of im-
proving the accuracy of measurements are presented.
6'(. Measurements of Pulse Amplitude
"Measurement of the Amplitude of Pulses of Low Repetition
Rate," by V. M. Lyubin and L. Makedonskiy; Moscow, Pribo
i Tekhnika Eksperimentai No 4, Jul~Aug 59~ PP 125-~~
Equipment permitting the use of a dial instrument in measuring the
amplitude of single and low-frequency periodic pulses is described. The
equipment is intended for the study of secondary emission, photoconduct-
ivity, and other electric properties of dielectrics and semiconductors
with h~.gh specific resistanr_e.
68. Compensation Magnetometer
"Compensation Magnetometer With a Thermostated Hall Converter,"
by D. D. Voyeykov; Moscow, Pribory i Tekhn ika Eks~erimenta, No 4
Ju1~Aug 59, pp 100-102
The diagram of a magnetic induction meter is described, based on
the Hall effect. The device measures the fields of solenoids and perma-
nent magnets within, the range of 100-16,000 gauss with an accuracy of ?"
1.5~ t 1 gauss.
69. Air Filled Discharger
"Air Filled Discharger With Thei~nal Fuse," by V, G. Kalinin
and L. V. Tarasova; Moscow, Pribary i Tekhnika Eksperimenta?
No 4, Ju1~Aug 59, PP 90-93
The construction of an air filled discharger (thermotron) for commu-
tation of strong currents at voltages of 3-10 kv with ignition by metal
wire heated by an electric current is described, The characteristics of
the discharger are analyzed.
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'l0. Hungarian Physicists Get Japanese Electron Microsco e
"The New Electron Microscope of the '.Pechnical Physics
Research Institute Can ?See' One Millionth of a Milli-
meter" (unsigned article); Budapest Nepszabadsag, 5 Jan
60, p 7
The article tells about the electron microscope which the Technical
Physics Research Institute (Muszaki Fizikai Kutato Intezet) of the Hung-
arian Academy of Sciences purchased from Japan. It will be used in ma-
terials fatigue studies, for quality control, eta. The article notes
that in 1956 Hungary had only two electron microscopes, but that there
are now three in the Technical Physics Research Institute and one in
each of Hungary's four medical schoo~.s.
Materials
71. Theory of Magnetic Recording of Images
"On the Theory of the Visualization of Magnetic Recording,"
by V. G. Pamrunov; Moscow, Elektrosvyaz', No 12, Dec 59, pp
CPYRGI~-~+2 .~
"An analysis is made of the forces acting on a particle of ferro-
magnetic powder Ly means of which visualization of magnetic recording
is possible. Technological problems are discussed asad materials used
in visual recording and for obtaining prints on paper are examined."
72? Semiconductors for Thermocouples to Be Used at High Temperatures
"High-Temperature Semiconductor Thermocouples," by F. S. Kislyy
and G. V. Samsonov, Institute of Powder Metallurgy, Cermets, and
Special Alloys, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Moscow, Izvest-
iya Akademii Na_uk SSSR~, Otdeleniye Tekhnicheskikh Nauk -- Meta11-
urgiya i Toplivo, No b; Nov Uec 5y; pp 133-137
The purpose of the work described. was development of thermocouple
elements ('electrodes') consisting of high-melting compounds which in some
cases must exhibit a high degree of chemical stability. It was established
that a number of alloys of high-temperature semiconductor compounds of the
boron carbide or chromium silicida type with metal-like compounds, such
as carbides. and. borides, exhibit high values of the EMF and a linear de-
pendence of the EMF in the temperature range from 300-~00 to 2,000-2,200oC.
These compounds and alloys have a high resistance to aggressive media.
They can be used for high-temperature semiconductor thermocouples.
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A high-temperature thermocouple has been develr~ped which consists of
~nolybdenurn di.silcide and graphite tx?~~ated wit?t boron. This thermocouple
'i^3 an EMF which increases lineor;Ly from if to 4~5 millivolts in the temp-
erature rangy of 100-2000oC. Tt is dic~tinguished by a constancy of the
in time and can be used in oxidizing media at temperatures of 1,800-
l,gao?c.
A number of thermacouples were developed which consist of graphite
treated with. boron and carbides or borides of titanium, zirconium, and
other high-melting metals. These thermocouples are to be used for
measuring temperatures in ~racuutn,, reducing media, and inert atmospheres
within a range up to ?200-2~300oC. They exhibit linear scale ch aracteris-
t:I.~:s of the FNIF', which changes from 5-6 to g0-120 millivolts in ?the range
from 300-400 to 2,200w2,300oC.
On the basis of the results obtained, it is concluded that there
are no practical 13mitations to the selection oi: suitable materials and
th~a construction of high-temperature semiconductor t~h~ermocouplES from
thei,i with a suff icient EMF, adequate sensitivity, and sufficient stability
for any applications which may be required..
Tt was Found that silicon nitride has an excellent resistance to
the action of molten metals and is therefore suitable as a material for
sheathes protecting thermocouples used to measure ties temperature of
metals in the molten state. Silicon nitride does not form goodjunctions
with boron-treated graphite, however, and for this reas~~n cannot be used
as an outer tubular electrode in thermocouples of this type.
73? Work on Nuclear Energy,~wSemiconductors, and Refractory Alloys at
Institutes of Acad~ of Sciences Ukrainian SSSR
"Science and Technical Progress,?" by Y. M. F?edorcheuko, Corres-
ponding Member and Chief Scientific Secretaz?y of Presidium of
Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR, Moscow, Vestnik .A.kademii Nauk
CPYRGH SSR, Vol 29, No 11, Nov 599 Pp 58-6~+
"Ukrainian scientists who participate actively in theoretical research
in the field of nuclear physics are worki.x~g on problems pertaining to the
utilizatipn of the energy of fission of the heavy nuclei of uranitun,
plutonium, and othez elements, the energy of fusion of ,light nuclei, and
the so3ution of pro~i?~ms inyalved ire controlled thermonuclear reactions,
which is a foremost task that, must bs accomplished by prasent-day physics.
Our scientists active in the Ukrainian SSR are engaged in the design
of new types of nuclear reactors, the development of new and efficient
heat-transfer agents for nuclear power plants, and the design of new heat-
transfer equipment. They are continuing the investigation of ways for
increasing the output of nuclear plants generating power and of applying
automatic methods in the operation of these plants.
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"The scientists at the academy institutes and other scientific institu-
tions of the Ukrainian SSR are faced with the task of expediting invest-
igations in the field of semiconductors, both with the purpose of solving
theoretical problems in this field and of developing and improving the
technology of the production of new semiconductor materials suitable for
use within a wide range of temperatures.
"Continued technical progress is impossible without the creation
of new.materials which exhibit a high mechanical strength combined with
a low weight, resistance to high temperatures, resistance against corro-
sion and wear, and special magnetic and electrical characteristics.
"Important tasks in connection with this must be solved by the teams
of scientific workers active at the Institute of Powder Metallurgy, Cer-
mets, and Special Alloys; Institute of Metal Physics; and Physicotechnical
Institute of the academy. One must, first of all, develop a theory of
the fundamental processes of powder metallurgy and create new materials
suitable for application in contacts and as magnetic and ferrite materials.
Materials which have special properties from the standpoint of their
application in electrical engineering, as new materials for cathodes of
vacuum tubes, as semiconductors, as heat-resistant and superhard alloys9
and as friction and antifriction materials must also be developed.
"Particular attention must be paid to powder metallurgy and the
introduction of metal ceramics into practical use.
"The 7-year plan of activities at the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian
SSR foresees further ramification and growth of the network of scientific
institutions, as well as ~t:ie creation of new institutes and laboratories.
It is planned to open 18 new institutes, including those of Semiconductors,
Radioengineering Problems, Colloidal Chemistry, Biophysics,. Ore Deposits,
Geophysics, Turbines, and Rare Meta?s. A Physico7uathematical Institute
will also be organized."
74. Semiconductor Properties of Selenium Tetrabromide
"The Electrical Properties of Selenium Tetrabromide," by V. N.
Romankevich and V. G. Sidyakin, Leningrad State Pedagogic Inr.
statute imeni A. I. Gertsen; Tomsk, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebriykh
Zavedeniy -- Fizika, No ~, Jul 599 PP 19-20
The dependence of the electrical conductivity and the thermal EMF
of SeBr4 on the temperature was determined. The results obtained indicate
that SeBr~ has semiconductor properties, The work described has a beaxing
on research done by the authors relative to the effect of halogens on the
semiconductor properties of selenium.
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75? Semiconductor Research
"Semiconductor Laboratory at the University," by P. Yerno-
Volzhskiy; Moscow, Radio, No l0, Oct 59, p 16
Extensive research in the field of semiconductors is now being
carried~out.at the Semiconductor Laboratory of the Leningrad State
University imeni A. A. Zhdanov. The laboratory cooperates in its
studies with the State Optical Institute, the Scientific Research
Institute Imeni A. S. Popov, and others. The workers~of the institute,
under the direction of R. Ya. Berlaga, are now conducting research on
photoelectric and optical properties of semiconductors. These. invest-
igt:tions are designed to disclose some useful properties of semiconductors
that might find practical application.
The laboratory also conducts an e7ctensive training program; about
200 students are now working here on their theses.
76. Measuring of Resistance of Semiconductors
Measuring of Resistance and Potential of the Surface of Layers
of a Semiconductor," by V. M Lyubin; Moscow, Pribory i Tekhnika
Eksper~nenta, No ~+, Jul%Aug 59, Pp 118-122
A method for measuring resistance and the surface potential of high
ohmic semiconducting layers is described. It is based on irradiation of
the surface of the layers; by two electron beams. The method permits
the study of kinetics of processes of charge and discharge of the sur-
face of the semiconductor. The method is intended for invest,~gation
of photoconductivity and cathode conductivity in semiconducting layers,
used in television transmitting tubes.
77. Measuring of Capacity of -n Junctions
"Pulse Method of Measuring the Capacity of p-n Junctions,"
by S. G. Shulman, Institute of Semiconductors, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No 4,
Ju1~Aug 59, Pp 122-126
A method for measuring the capacity of p-n functions is suggested
under a pulse shift, based on the principle of compensation of transient
processes. The results of measurements carried out on collector ,junctions
of series P6 triodes are presented.
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''(8. Charge of >;lectrets
"Methods of Measuring the Charge of Electrets," by A. N.
Gubkin, V. S. Mitronina, V. F. Sergiyenko, and M. I. Sub-
botin, Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Pribory i Telchnika Eks erimenta, No 4, JuljAug 59, pp 113-
11 .
Methods for measuring the charge of electrets are discussed and de-
vices are described permitting the measuring with sufficient accuracy of
the surface density of the electret charge.
'j9. Luminescent Afterglow of ZnS
"Photoelectret State and Luminescent Afterglow in ZnS,"
by V., M Fridkin, Institute of Crystallography, Academy
of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doklad~ Akademii Nauk GSSR
Vol 129, No 4, Dec 59, PP '7'73=f7 .~.-
The behavior of photoelectrets, analogs of an excited luminescent
crystal, is analyzed. It is assumed that N, the concentration of elec-
trons on localized adherence levels,, equals P, the concentration of
holes, and both numbers are p-ropo~?tional to the total light sum and to
the charge of photoelectrets. A parallel study was carried out of the
photoelectret state and luminescent afterglow in a polycrystalline ZnS
activated by Cu and C1., Three groups of adherent levels were found. The
deepest levels are respons~.ble for the formation of a stable photoelec-
tret state in the dielectric. The second group conditions the dark polar-
ization of the dielectric which drops faster than photopolarization. The
third group, the most superficial, is responsible for luminescent after-
glow.
[For additional information on materials, see Chemistry, Inorganic
Chemistry.]
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Radar
80. Theory of Radio-Thermal Direction Finder
"Theory of a Radio-Theranal Direction Finder With Conical
Scanning," by Yu. V. Pavlev; Mascow, Radiotekhnika, No 12,
Dec 5>, pp 50-57
The problem of finding the direction of weak radio-thertnal sources
with continuous spectrum has been of great interest during the past Pew
years. The sources of such signals are the extraterrestial radiation
(sun, moon, radio stars) and radio-thermal radiation of on-ground objects.
The modulation-type radio-thermal direction finders used for detection
of such signals incorporate the following units: a sensitive radiometer,
square-law detector, narrow-band low-frequency amplifier, and low-
frequency filter.
Expressions for limiting and angular sensitivity of a modulation-
type radio-thermal direr+,ion finder with conical scanning are derived.
A formula for equivalent temperature of the antenna is found, which is
applicable for different values of the noise factor.
Wave Propagation
81. Brillouin Beam in U:.Yifo~n Magnetic Field
"A cylindrical Electron Beam in a Uniform Magnetic Field,"
by v. T. Ovcharov; Tr1xd~ 1Son.fare.rtaii Po Elektronike SVCh_
(RC~1U1'li.Y. U1 4t1C l.Villt:i'tlJi~;; VC: Srl~~.t'UWtLVC Fr ~ ~L'i;l.'V~l1l:~ , lyl~)t3"
cow-Leningrad, 1959, pp 80~.8~
Since the study of a cylindrical beam in a uniform magnetic field
directed parallel to the axis of the beam made by Wang (Proc.:[?3E, Vol 38,
1950, pp 135-147) d:~d not expla~.rl all the corditi;~ns under which sucY: a
beam can be sustained ar_d d.id rot e:~,~laisz all the propert9,es of such a
beam, this article ~usec an earlier o~KplQined metizod (Aok~_adv AN SSSR,
Vol 107, No 1, 1956, pp 45-50; R_adiotekhnika i Elektrorzika, Vol 2, No 6,
1957) to show that a cylindrical ~,eara in a longitudi?Zal uniform magnetic
field may be sustained under conditions more general than those given in
the literature. A descriptio:l is given of the distribution of potential
within such a beam, and it is shown! that the potent ia1 along the beam
changes periodically. This distribution of pote:~tia1 outside the beam
is also determined, and the conditions are explained under which such a
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field at the source of the beam is equal to zero and a certain longitud-
inal velocity of the electrons is reached, the periodic variations of
potential disappear, and abeam results which has been explained in the
literature as the so-called Brillouin beam.
82. Boundary Structure and Focusing of Hollow Electron Beam
"On the Problem of Focusing a Hollow Cylindrical Electron
Beam in a Periodic Magnetic Field," by I,Sh,Kozel'; Trudy
Konferentsii po Elektronike SVCh (Reports of the Conference
on Microwave Electronics), Moscow-Leningrad, 1959, PP 90-94
A solution is given of the problem of focusing a hollow electron
beam in a periodic magnetic field. The connection is established be-
tween the admissible waviness of the internal and external boundaries
of the beam and the inclination of the focusing. The peculiarities and
optimal conditions of such a focusing are also discussed.
$3. Periodic Magnetic Field in Focus ing of Traveling-Wave Tube
"Traveling-Wave Tube Focusing Systems With a Periodic Mag-
netic Field," by V. B. Stepanishchev, A. A. Bryukhov, and
Yu. P. Myakin'kov; Trudy Konferentsii po Elektronike SVCh
(Reports of the Conference on Microwave Electronics , Mos-
cow-Leningrad, 1959, PP 95?-102
An approximation met~!.od is given for calculating a focusing system
with a periodic magnetic field for a traveling-wave tube, arad a compari-
$On is made betW.^,Cn C7mpu~ic~. aa.~L~i %3~Yci ialec?L-rical Properties of Certain Silicone
Liquids," by B. PI. Dolgov, PI. P. ICharitonov, and Yu. I. IChud-
obin, Insti?L-ute of Silicate Chemistry, Academy of Sciences
USSR; and V. T. Ronne and G. P. Soya, Leningrad Polytechnic
Institute; A4insls, Izventiya Vysshilch Uchebnyl-.h Zavedeniy, >;n-
ergetika, No 11, Nov gg, pp 59-~
The article describes the investigation of certain silicone liquids
synthe,ized at the Institute o:E Silicate Chemistry and tested at the Lenin-
grad Po1yteehnic Institute.
The silicone compotu?~cls examined t?rere designated as No 2, 2l~3 and 52g.
All these silicones have a high boiling point and lour melting point which
melees them suitable for application as liquid insulators. The electrical
properties for the silicones No 2, 2!-~?3, and 52g z?rere respectively as follot,*s:
permittivity at 50 cycles -- 3.1$, 3.119, and 3.2g; loss-angle tangent at
50 cycle s --9.10-l~, $ ? 10-1E, 1" ? 10_li.; at 1 lcc--lE ? 10-l~, ~? ? 10-i}, 5.10-l~; at
0.2 A1c--6.10-!'', 3.10-l~~, 6.10`'x'; and resistivi?L?y--3.10~3, 11..1013, 1E?1p13
ohm em . Breakdoim voltage was 11. !~~ l;v~mm for No 2 and 1t~ . g l~r~mm for No
529? .
The ei'fec?t of temperature on the electrical properties o:f these sili-
cones uas studied in cle?tail.
106. Neer fabricating Technique of 47elded Shafts for Very Large Hydro-
generators
"Investigation of Steel and Technolo~~r of fabricating 1~Ielded
Shafts for Very Large Ilydrogen~rators," by A. S. Gcl`man, I. R.
ICryanin, V. V. Levando, and V. IC. Norvitskiy; Leningrad, >;ner-
gomashinostroyeniye, No 12, Dec 59, pp 33-37
During the desiring of turbines for the Volzhsl~~.ya and Bratslcaya
hydroelectric pozrer stations, the Leningrad Metals Plant has developed
two variants for fabricating welded shafts. The Central Scientific Re-
- search Institute of Tec!inology and Machine B~zilding, in cooperation zrith
the Kharkov Turbogenerator Plant, the Novo-Kramatorskiy FIeavy Machinery
Plant, and 'the Institute for Electric ;?lcl;,:i.ng imeni. Paton have conducted
extensive research on materials and the f~bricat9.ng technology of,zrelded
shafts.
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Tiro fabricating variants were studied: ~. eeamless shaft cylinder
gorged from a ho11o~?r billet i?rith two cast-steel flanges subsequently
welded to its ends, and a shaft cylinder trelded from tiro semicylindrical
bent plate; Frith tiro cast steel flanges subsequently taelded to its ends.
The cast-steel flanges t~rere made of grade 20GSL steel (C-0,16 to 0.22,
A1n - 1.0 to 1.3f, Si - 0.6 to 0.8 ~) and the shaft cylinder was made of
open-hearth grade 20GS steel (C - 0.180, Mn - 1.28, Si - 0.78p). The
:."or~ed cylindrical portion of the shaft (less flan.~es),weighed 18.56
tons and was made of a 36.2-ton billet. Electro;lu,g welding technique
was used in fabricating these shafts.
It was concluded that a shaft fabricated from a seamless shaft cylin-
der was preferable to the one fabricated with two welded semicylindrical
sections.
107. Formula for Porous Concrete
"Large Wall Panels From Porous Concretett (unsigned article);
Moscow, Stroitel', No 12, Dec 59, pp 6-7, 10-11
At the Tagilstroy Trust large porous-concrete wall panels are fabri-
cated from the following mixture (for 1 cu m of concrete): grade 400 Port-
land cement, 130 kg; ground granula?L-ed cinder (slag), 720 kg; unslaked lime,
85 kg; semidry granulated cinder (slag), 420 kg; common salt, 8 kg; calcium
chloride, 8 kg; aluminum powder, 0.5 kg.
After mixing with water and drying, the porous concrete acquires com-
pressive strength of 100-200 kg~cm2 and specific weight of 1,300-1,400
kg/m3.
108. Diamond Instrument Plant Construction in Kabardino-Balkarskaya ASSR
"Instruments From Diamonds," by L. Bekhterev; Moscow, Izvestiya,
3 Feb 60, p 2
The first diamond instruments are scheduled, to be produced within 6-
7 month's at the specialized plant being rushed to completion in the settle-
ment of Terek, a regional center of the Kabardino-Balkarskaya ASSR. Dia-
monds will be supplied from Yakutiya.
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 A~~~ove,~~s~?rA1R.~l~~so~ ~',"o99e~~~.o$ o~'I#4ri RDto8s2-001418000100500001-8
"To Intensify 1':he Struggle for Technical Progress," by V. V.
Grishin, All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions; Moscow,
Izobretatel' i Ratsionalizator, No 11, Nov 59, PP ~+-8
The article, which gives an account of the first Convention of the
All-Union Society of Inventors and Innovators, 22-2I~ September 1959, con-
tains the following passages:
"The primary organizations of the Society of Inventors and Innovators
exist only ~,t the' largest enterprises. At the conference it was reported
that the society has only 35,000 primary organizations, yet in the country
there are 200,000 enterprises, 100,000 construction projects, and several
?L?housand institutions and schools . I'or example, at the Moscoz+~ plant "lfau-
chuk"