SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

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• Publication Date: November 4, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

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REPORT
 CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT
4 November 1960
Distributed Only By
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
Cent,
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PLEASE NOTE
This report, presents unevaluated information extracted
from recently received publications of the USSR and Eastern
Europe. The -i.nformation selected is intended to indicate
current scientific developments and activities and is dis-
seminated as an aid to research in the United States.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
I. Biology
Microbiology 1
Phytopathology 6
Radiobiology 7
II. Chemistry 12
Fuels and Propellants 12
Industrial Chemistry 20
Inorganic Chemistry 22
Insecticides 26
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials 26
Organic Chemistry 33
Physical Chemistry 37
Radiation Chemistry 37
III. Electronics 39
Communications 39
Components 41
Instruments and Equipment 43
Materials 47
IV. Engineering
Aeronautical Engineering
Atomic Engineering
Automat'c Control' Engineering
Civil Engineering .11
51
51
52
53
54
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Page
Electrical Engineering
54
High-Speed Photography
55
Mechanical Engineering
56
Miscellaneous
57
V.
Mathematics
58
62
Epidemiology
62
Immunology and Therapy
63
Pharmacology and Toxicology
66
Physiology
74
Radiology
8o
Miscellaneous
86
VII.
Physics
89
Magnetohydrodynamics;
Plasma Physics
39
Mechanics
Nuclear Physics
99
loo
Solid State Physics
110
Spectroscopy and Optics
111
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I,, BIOLOGY
Microbiology
1. Diphtheria Anatoxin Aerosol Prepared
"Quantitative Determination of. Diphtheria Anatoxin Aerosol.,"
by S. N. Muromtsev, V. P. Nenashev, N. A. Boroduyuk, and P. I.
Basmanov, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology imeni
Gamaleya; Moscow, Zhurnal Mikrobiolo ii E idemiolo ii i Im-
munobiologii, Vol 31, No 8, Aug 60, pp 7-50
The author notes that the practical use of the inhalation method of
immunizing against different infections depends on the resolution of a
number of problems such as the development of an apparatus for preparing
the aerosols, the methodology of determining the size of their particles,
the deterrhination' of "the concentration of a preparation after it has
been dispersed in the air, and the immunization schedule. This report
contains data on determining the concentration of a preparation dispersed
in the air inside an inhalation chamber.
The experiments discussed were performed with two preparations of
diphtheria anatoxin -- a live purified concentrated anatoxin and a dry
lyophilized anatoxin. A glass sprayer was used to produce the liquid
anatoxin aerosol. The maximum size of the particles dispersed in the
air was 8-10 microns; about 0.1 ml of liquid per minute per 4.75 liters
of air under a pressure of 220-240 mm was dispersed. The dry anatoxin
was first carefully pulverized in a porcelain mortar and was dispersed
for 2-3 minutes by a special sprayer.for powdered materials; the rate of
air flow was 5-10 liters per minute. The particle size in this case
fluctuated from one to 20 microns.
The spraying was done in special chambers with different dimensions.
Fibrous FPA-15 filter material, insoluble in water, was used to trap the
anatoxin aerosol. The filter material was placed in special filter hold-
ers with input and output apertures and had a working surface of 3cm2.
The amount of air passed through the filters was determined according to
rate and time.
A number of experiments had been performed in advance on a bacterial
aerosol model, as a result of which it was established that FPA-15 filter
material with a resistance of 1-2 mm of water is entirely suitable for
trapping aerosols.
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The anatoxin left on the filter was washed with 25 ml of physiological
solution for 10-15 minutes. The amount of anatoxin extracted was determi-
ned by the complement fixation reaction; further details of the calculation
are given.
Four tables show the results of the experiments: (1) the concentration
of live di htheria anatoxin in the sprayer before and during he spraying
process; (2) the concentration of diphtheria anatoxin in the air at the
sprayer outlet; (3) the concentration of diphtheria anatoxin in the cham-
ber when the live preparation was used; and (4) the concentration of diph-
theria anatoxin in a chamber with a 30 liter capacity when the dry prepa-
ration was used.
The following conclusions are given on the basis of these results:
1. The use of FPA filter material with a resistance of 1-2 mm of
water permitted us to determine the concentration of a diphtheria anatoxin
aerosol with particles of 8-10 microns upon spraying of a liquid prepa-
ration, and particles of 1-20 microns upon spraying of a dry preparation.
2. The complement fixation reaction can be used to determine the
amount of anatoxin on the filter.
3. The concentration of liquid diphtheria anatoxin in the sprayer
remained constant during the dispersing process.
i+. A gradual increase in concentration in the air of the chamber was
observed after dispersal of liquid diphtheria anatoxin.
5. Dispersal of dry diphtheria anatoxin with a particle size of 1-20
microns guaranteed a high concentration of the preparation in the air of
the experimental chambers immediately after dispersal, which diminished
rapidly after the cessation of dispersal of the material.
6. The dispersal of purified, highly concentrated preparations
of diphtheria anatoxin in chambers with a volume of 30-64+0 liters per-
mitted us to obtain a comparatively high concentration of anatoxin in
the aerosol state in one liter of air -- up to 1.5-12 AE upon the dis-
persal of liquid, and up to 24+ AE upon the dispersal of dry preparation.
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2. Botulinus Toxin Detoxified With Methylene Blue
"The Photodynamic Action of Methylene Blue on Type A Botulinus
Toxin," by Yu. Z. Gendon, Materialy po Obmenu On tom G. Upr.
In-tov Vaktsin i Syvorotok M-va (Data on Ex-
change of Experience of the Main Administration of Institutes
of Vaccines and Sera of the Ministry of Health USSR), 1/54,
1958, pr- 79-83 (From Referativnyy Zhurnal Biolo[jiYa, No 12,
25 Jun 60, Abstract No 54429, by V. Roykhel')
"Botulinus toxins obtained under ordinary conditions and cultured
in cellophane bags were studied. Undiluted toxins were placed in a
Petri dish on ice so that the temperature would not exceed 100 C. A
determined amount of methylene blue was added to the Petri dish. Ir-
radiation was performed with an electric lamp with a mirror reflector.
The harmlessness of the toxin was determined by means of intraperitoneal
introduction to mice. Toxins which did not kill mice for four days after
the introduction of one milliliter were considered harmless. It was
shown that undiluted toxins obtained under ordinary culturing conditions
were rendered harmless in 28-35 hours, and 'cellophane' toxins,, 3-4
hours later. The loss of toxic activity was stable, the toxins remained
harmless after 5-7 months of preservation in a refrigerator. The anti-
genic characteristics of the photodynamic toxoids were much less well
preserved than those of the anatoxins. The antigenic characteristics of
the 'cellophane' photodynamic toxoids were disturbed to a greater extent
than were those of the ordinary photodynamic toxoids."
3. P ag
hocytosis Alteredby Toxins
"Changes in Phagocytosis Indexes Under the Effect of Toxins
of Certain Pathogenic Anaerobic Microorganisms (Preliminary
Report)," by 0. A. Kotylev, Sb. Rabot. Leningr. Vet. In-t
(Collection of Works of Leningrad Veterinary Institute )y
No 21, 1958, pp 253-257 (From Referativnyy Zhurnal Biolo i a
No 12, 25 Jun 60, Abstract No-573-9-9T-
"It was established that the toxins of four basic types of Clostri-
dium perfringens and also the toxins of Cl. septique and Cl. oedematiens
decrease the phagocytic activity of leucocytes of horses and rabbits,
whereas this activity in sheep is increased.
"The addition of type-specific antiserum to the liquid removes the
depressing effect of the toxin on the phagocytic activity of horse
leucocytes."
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1i. Virulence of P. pestis Strains Studied
"The Problem of Changes in the Virulence of the Plague Micro-
organism in the Process of a Natural Epizootic," by V. M.
Taranova, Tr. Rostovsk. n/D Gos. N.-I. Protivochumn. In-ta
(Works of the Rostov-on-Don Scientific Research Anti-Plague
Institute) No 13, 1957, PP 155-156 (From Referativnyy Zhurnal
Biologiya, No 12, 25 Jun 60, Abstract No 5 372, by V. Roykhel')
"The virulence of 17 strains of Pasteurella pestis isolated from fleas,
ticks, and gerbils was studied in mice for two seasons. The relatively
high virulence of plague pathogens at the beginning of an epizootic was
established. At the end of April and the beginning of May, the LD50 was
115, 135, 130, and 25 microbial cells. Toward the middle of May, the LD50
decreased, and toward the end of May and the beginning of June reached
8-10 microbial cells."
5. P. pestis Strain Compatibility
"The Interrelationship Between Strain of B. pestis; Highly
Virulent Glycerine-Positive and Vaccine Glycerine-Negative
EV," by M. F. Shmuter and N. A. Stolchenova, Tr. Astrakhansk.
Protivochumn. St. (Works of the Astrakhan Anti-Plague Station),
No 2, 1957 (1958), PP 95-99 (From Referativl Zhurnal Bio-
logiya, No 12, 25 Jun 60, Abstract No 53881, by A. Shevelev)
"In joint culturing on bouillon containing 0.5% dried blood and 1%
'culture medium' lysate prepared by Karpuzidi's method (seeding was done
in such a manner that one milliliter of medium contained 100 microbial
cells of each strain), the seeding dose of both strains was 1-10 microbial
cells; in seeding on ordinary bouillon, the dose of strain EV was 100
times larger than the dose of highly virulent strain No 297 (10 microbial
cells), as a result of which an apparent suppression of the growth of the
strain was noted. No antagonistic interrelationship between vaccine and
virulent B. pestis strains over the course of seven passages (the colonies
of these two strains which were clearly distinguishable were counted) was
established after seeding on an agar medium containing blood and 'culture
medium' lysate of 0.1 ml from the sixth and seventh test tubes of ten-
time dilution of a culture after 5 days of incubation in a thermostat.
The relationship of both strains to glycerine was also unaltered."
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6. Classification of Pasteurella
"The Characterization and Taxonomy of Pasteurella," by I. A.
Dan'shev, Tr. Saratovsk. Zoovet. In-ta (Works of the Saratov
Zooveterinary Institute), No 7, 1958Y pp 50-63 (From Referati-
vnyy Zhurnal Biolo i a , No 12, 25 Jun 60, Abstract No 5.370,
by V. Roykhel'
"The author's observation of the species of 342 strains of Pasteurella
isolated from corpses of different species of animals which had died of
pasteurellosis are summarized. It was observed that Pasteurella isolated
from different species of animals were identical according to their
morphological and tinctorial characteristics and had polymorphism of cel-
luar composition. No connection was noted between the form of the colo-
nies and the biochemical, virulent, and other characteristics of the
strains. The general cultural properties of different strains of Pas,
teurella are indicated and their complete biochemical characterization is
presented. On the basis of the latter, the biochemically typical and
atypical groups of Pasteurella differ. Cultura:L-biochemdcal and sero-
logical characteristics can not be used for intra-species differentiation.
Four groups of cultures were isolated according to a degree of agglutin-
ability. The literature on the antigenic relationship of Pasteurella
to Brucella and paratyphoid pathogens was not substantiated. The capa-
bility if Pasteurella to produce highly toxic exotoxins which can be
transformed into anatoxins under the effect of formalin was demonstrated.
Upon introduction to animals, the anatoxins caused the formation of
antibodies. The toxigenicity depended on the age of the culture. White
mice and rabbits were susceptible to infection with Pasteurella of any
origin. Pasteurella from birds was more virulent for pigeons than
Pasteurella from mammals. Numerous passages through white mice brought
about either an increase or a decrease in virulence accompanied by regu-
lar reduction of enzymatic activity. The possibility of establishing
sterile immunity was demonstrated. Pasteurella were weakly resistant
with respect to the action of external factors under ordinary conditions
of culturing or preservation. Pasteurella were highly. resistant in a
dried state."
7. Vibrio Strain Compatibility
"The Interspecies Interrelationship of Vibriones," by A. G.
Nikonov, R. M. Sayamov, and K. G. Bichul', 2`y. Aatrakh nsk.
Protivochumn. St. (Works of the Astrakhan Anti-Plague Station),
No 2, 1957 (1958)y pp 423-437 (From Referativrxyy Zhurnal Bio-
logiya, No 12, 25 Jun 60, Abstract No 53882, by A. Shevelev)
"Interspecies relationships were studied on four strains of Cholera
and six strains of paracholera, and also on strain B of Finkler-Prior
No 10 Vibrio. The percentage content of the various strains in mixed
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cultures were determined by seedingsof 100 isolated colonies on slant
agar, and the agglutination reaction with 0-sera against each strain was
performed. The antagonistic nature of the relationship between cholera
and paracholera B in experiments in vitro and in vivo was established.
The end result depends to a great extent on the nature of the medium in
which the Vibrio was cultured. The presence of antagonism becomes apparent
in some cases during the first day of culturing, in others on the 6th
to 8th day or later, which must be considered in initiating corresponding
experiments."
8. Antagonism Between Cholera Vibriones
"The Intraspecies Interrelationship of Cholera Vibriones," by
A. G. Nikonov, R. M. Sayamov, and K. G. Bichul', Tr. Astrakhansk.
Protivochumn. St. (Works of the Astrakhan Anti-Plague Station),
No 2, 1957 (1958), pp 438-447 (From Referativnyy Zhurnal Bio-
l ogiya, No 12, 25 Jun 60, Abstract No 53 3, by A. Shevelev
"Three strains of the Tnaba type and three strains of the Ogava type
were used in the experiments. The presence of antagonism in experiments
in vitro appeared within 15-45 hours after seeding., and in experiments on guinea
pigs within a few hours after infection. There are two possible expla-
nations of the results obtained: either the Inaba or the Ogave type is
not a type according to activity but is a different species of cholera
Vibrio, or there are local, concurrent interrelationships between dif-
ferent variants of the same species. The authors tend to favor the
atter viewpoint and conclude that the determination of the nature of
intra- and inter-species relationships cannot serve as a criterion for
he distinction of species forms from variants."
Phytopathology
9. Antigenic Characteristics of Lucerne Tuber Bacteria Studied
"A Study of Certain Serological Characteristics of Tuber
Bacteria of Lucerne," by K. F. Filippova, Izv. Yestestven-
nonauchn. In-ta pri Permsk. Un-te (Bulletin of Natural
Sciences of the Institute at Perm University), Vol 14, No 2,
1958, PP 51-57 (From Referativnyy Zhurnal Biologiya, No 12,
25 Jun 6q Abstract No 53937
"The investigations showed that tuber bacteria of lucerne which
were cultured in different soils belong to different serological groups.
The different antigenic characteristics are connected with the physio-
logical activity of the bacteria."
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Radiobiology
10. Radiation-Induced Cell Division Inhibition Linked to Participation
of the Nucleus.
"Radiation Injury of the Nucleus as the Determining Factor in
Inhibiting the Process of Cell Division," by I. M. Shapiro,
N. N. Rott, and I. T. Rass, Institute of Animal Morphology
imeni A. N. Severtsov, Academy of Sciences USSR, and Helmin-
thological Laboratory, Academy of Sciences'USSR;' Moscow,
Zhurnal Obahchey Biolo ii, Vol 21, No l , Jul/Aug 1960,
pp 289-296
Although it has been established that ionizing radiation inhibits
cell division, the mechanism of this action has remained unexplained.
Therefore, the purpose-of the research described was to investigate
the role of injury to the cell nucleus in the mechanism of cell -di-
vision inhibition due to radiation.
Various aspects of the problem are described and discussed, and a
table and six graphs accompany the article.
The author presents the following conclusions:
"X-irradiating either gamete of the loach (Misgurnus fossilis L.) by
30-40 kr causes an almost equal delay in cell division; however
x-irradiating the embryo at the stage of 2-4 blastomeres by the same
dose does not inhibit cell division. Cleavage of' the loach eggs
occurs independently of the extent to which the chromosomal complex
remains intact. X-irradiation by 1-2 kr doses at the middle blastula
stage causes a delay in cell division which is five times as long as
the delay following irradiation of the zygote by a 40 kr dose. No
inhibition of cell division occurs: after x-irradiating the embryos
at' the middle blastula stage by it 2 kr dose if the embryos were pre-
viously irradiated by 50 kr at the 2-4 blastomere stage. X-irradiating
the Ascaris suum zygote or embryos at the 2-4 blastomeres stage tempo-
rarily inhibits cell division. The delay of cell division is linked to
adiation injury of the nucleus. Radiation probably inhibits the division
of only those cells in which the nucleus participates in preparing for the
egular cycle of cell division."
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11. Radioactive Cobalt Metabolism in Fish
"Certain Problems of the Behavior of Radioactive Cobalt in the
Fish Organism," by L. K. Frolova, Laboratory of Physiology of
the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Marine Fishing
and Oceanography; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Biologii., Vol 21.,
No 4, Jul/Aug 60. pp 301-305
The author conducted various tests on radiocobalt metabolism in fish;
his conclusions are as follows:
1. Cobalt which is ingested by fish along with water and food is
rapidly distributed in all of the organs, and then it is rapidly
eliminated.
2. Cobalt which is injected into the fish is retained for longer
periods than that which is ingested with water and food, and a small
portion of it,: is eliminated over a long period.
3. Cobalt is gradually redistributed among the various organs of
the fish; the liver and kidneys are the sites of cobalt concentration.
4. Water temperature has a great effect on cobalt distribution and
the rate of its elimination.
5. All mechanisms connected with cobalt distribution, site of con-
centration, and rate of elimination from the fish coincide with data
obtained for higher vertebrates?
12. Initial Radiation Injuries of the Bone Marrow
"Concerning the Mechanism of Early Radiation Injuries of the
Bone Marrow," by S. Ya. Rapoport and S. M. Casanova, Institute
of Biological Physics tt Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Biofizika, Vol 5, No 4, Jul/Aug 60, pp 454-460
The purpose of the research described was to study the role of the
nervous system in the mechanism of the onset and development of early
radiation injuries of the bone marrow as shown by the method of
luminescence microscopy.
Rats X-irradiated by 800-1,000 r were the experimental animals. The
authors present the following conclusions:
1. Early radiation damages of the bone marrow which'are detectable
by luminescence microscopy arise only as the result of the direct irradia-
tion of the bone marrow.
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2. Early damages of the bone marrow due to the whole-body irradiation
of an animal are considerably more severe than damages inflicted by the
irradiation of one extremity.
3. The administration of novocain or of atropine both before and after
whole-body irradiation of the animal alleviates injury to the bone marrow,
and diminishes the difference which i's usually evident after whole-body
irradiation and the irradiation of one extremity. The administration of
these substances does not affect the reaction of the bone marrow following
the irradiation of one extremity.
It. The disruption of bone marrow nerve connections or the separate
exclusion of the receptors of the peritoneal cavity before whole-body
irradiation of the animals also reduce the difference in damage to the
bone marrow following whole-body irradiation and the irradiation of one
extremity.
5. Data obtained indicate that the early damages to the bone marrow
following whole-body irradiation of an animal are the result of both the
direct action of X-rays on the bone marrow, and on the nerve reflex re-
actions, the initial link of which is stimulation of the receptors of
the abdominal cavity.
13. Molecular Morphology and DNA Radioresistance
"Concerning the Relationship Between the Molecular Morphology
of Macromolecules of DNA and Their Radiosensitivity (The
Problem of Radiosensitive and Radioresistant Forms of DNA),"
by P. I. Tseytlin, D. M. Spitkovskiy; and N. P. Ryabchenko,
Institute of Experimental Biology, Academy of Medical Sciences,
USSR; Biofizika, Vol 5, No 4, Jul/Aug 60, pp 393-397
In previous research, the authors noted that the DNA molecule exists
in two different forms, i. e., an extended and a contracted form. The
purpose of the research described was to present a comparative evaluation
of the configurational radiation sensitivity of the extended and contracted
forms of DNA. The reversible contraction of the DNA molecule is brought
about by changing the pH of the medium in a specially desl.gned apparatus.
The methodology is presented in detail and two tables and a diagram
show the relationship between the radiation sensitivity of the DNA
macromolecules and their configurational condition. Various mathematical
formulae show the derivation of the ratio between the radiation resistance
and the size of the DNA molecule. The DNA molecules which were contracted
by 30% were found to be much more resistant to ionizing radiations than
the original forms of DNA molecules.
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Judging by the data obta:l.ried, the authors conclude, that the presence
of radiation-resistant and radiation-sensitive forms of DNA is linked to
the configurational characteristics of the latter.
14. Shifts In Papillary Reactions Indicative of the,,Fundtional Condition
of Chronically Irradiated Animals
"Concerning the Pupillary Reactions of Rabbits Injured by Small
Quantities of Sr90," by A. M. Ivanitskiy; Moscow, B leten'
Eks rimentalno Biolo ii i Meditsinyj_ Vol 50, No 3, Aug 60,
pp 83-
An important sequels, of injury of an organism by radioactive substances
is the shift in its reactivity to drugs. In the research described, the
author studied the characteristic of pupillary reactions, chiefly to
pharmacological agents, of rabbits injured by radioactive strontium
administered daily in amounts of 5 microcu.es/kg over a period of 2 1/2
months.
More than 200 determinations of the size of the pupils of ten rabbits
were made.
Results show a weakened pupillary reaction to light, and an intensified
reaction to pharmacological substances such as morphine,hydrochloride,
nicotine, and tetraethylammonium iodine, which affect the central nervous
system and, the' ganglionic apparatus. The pupillary reaction to pilocar-.
pine hydrochloride and homatropine hydrobromide was unchanged.
The author concludes that these results verify the advisability of
using the pupillary reaction as an index of the functional condition of
an organism subjected to the effects of chronic irradiation.
15. Concepts of Irradiation Dose and .-Absorbed Dooe.' E1iic ted
"The Relationship Between the Irradiation Dose and the Absorbed
Dose," by Yu. V. Sivintsev; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 9,
N6--i. Jul 60, pp 39-47
This article points out discrepancies between the concept of the
"irradiation dose" and the "'absorbed dose." Concrete formulae for cal-
culating the absorbed dose based on the measurement of the absolute dose
of irradiation are presented. Conditions for electrical equilibrium
during the dosimetric measurements of roentgen and gamma-irradiation
of various energies at a range of 200 key to 32 Mev are described.
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16. Breakdown of the Starch Molecule. Under the Effect of Gamma-Irradia-
tion
"A Study of the Breakdown of Starch Under the Effect of Gamma-
Irradiation," by V. F. Oreshko and K. A. Korotchenko, Moscow
Technological Institute of the Food Industry; Moscow, Izvestiy_
V ashikh Ucheb kh Zavedeni Pishcheva a Tekhnologiv a, No 2
15), 1960, PP-17-21
It has been established that the breakdown of starch increases in pro-
portion to the absorbed dose of gamma-irradiation, while the formation of
gaseous products increases in proportion to the square of the dose. The
constants of the rate of these processes under the effect of doses equal
to 1.0 to 18.2 million roentgens remain'fixdd.
The breakdown of the starch molecule under the effect of ionizing
radiations occurs at the 1-1+-linkage and at the 1-6 linkage in the
vicinity of the branchings. This is confirmed by decreased viscosity,
the formation of formaldehyde, and the anhydride type reaction products.
The products which are formed under the effect of ionizing radiations
behave like soluble starches.
17. Toad Adrenal Secretion Normalizes Radiation-Inhibited Oxidation-
Reduction Processes
"Change of Oxidation-Reduction Processes in Hemopoietic
Organs During Radiation Sickness," by A. I. Robu, Chair of
Pathological Physiology, Kishinev Medical Institute; Kishinev,,
Zdravookhraneniye Moldavskoy SSR, No 2, Mar/Apr 60,.pp 56-61
In the research described, rats were X-irradiated by lethal (700 r)
doses, and poison secreted from the toad's adrenal medulla (1 ml
diluted 1/1,000 in physiological saline solution) was administered sub-
cutaneously as a respiration stimulating agent.
The methodology is explained in detail, and various diagrams sub-
stantiate the experimental results.
The author presents the following conclusions:
1. The irradiation of an organism by penetrating radiation in doses
of lethal magnitude causes the inhibition of tissue respiration and of the
activity of the enzymes present in the hemopoietic organs. The degree of
inhibition corresponds to the severity of the course of radiation sickness.
2. The toad adrenal medulla secretion which was used in thin research
normalizes the condition of oxidation-reduction processes in the hemopoietic
organs during radiation sickness.
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Fuels and Propellants
18. The Critical Diameter and Velocity of Detonation of Liquid Ozone,
Solutions
"The Critical Diameter and Velocity of Detonation of Liquid
Ozone Solutions," by Ye. I. Gribova, S. A. Koine nets kaya,
A. V. Pankratov, A. Ya. Apin, and S. Ya. Pshezhetskiy, Phys-
ical Chemistry Institute imeni L, Ya. KarpovJ Moscow, Zhur-
nal Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 34+, No 7, Jul 60, pp l395-1701.
An investigation of the explosion of liquid ozone and its solutions
established that the explosion properties of ozone are determined chiefly
by the nature of the kinetics of ozone decomposition, in particular by
the low value of the activation energy and the large exponential coeffi-
cient (frequency factor). The relationship found between the critical
diameter and composition of the solution is in conformity with the rela-
tionship that follows from Yu. B. Khariton's theory of the critical diam-
eter of stable explosions.
According to Khariton, the critical diameter of an explosive is
defined as the minimum diameter of a cylindrical charge at which a stable
detonation of the charge takes place with a constant velocity. The crit-
ical diameter of the charge is proportional to the duration of the reac-
tion at the front of the detonation wave; this duration is inversely pro-
portional to the velocity of the reaction. Khariton's theory relates the
detonation process to the kinetics of the chemical reaction taking place
at the front of the detonation wave. It appeared of interest to establish
a correlation between the critical diameter and the kinetics of the reac-
tion determined under conditions when no explosion takes place. This is
possible only when the mechanism of the slow reaction in the absence of
an explosion and the mechanism of the reaction at the front of the detona-
tion wave are the same. This condition is fulfilled in the case of ozone.
By exploding ozone diluted with oxygen and carbon tetrafluoride,
which were used as solvents, Khariton's assumption to the effect that mix-
tures of explosive substances with inert diluents must be regarded as
explosives with a lowered heat of detonation and a reduced temperature
at the detonation front could be checked.
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19. Dependence of the Yield of Nitric Oxide On the Temperature of the
Explosions of Q~bne-N1trogGn,,Mixturea
"The Physical Chemistry of Concentrated Ozone; Part 4 --
Dependence of the Yield of Nitric Oxide on the Temperature
of the Explosion of Ozone-Nitrogen Mixtures" by B. V.
Strakhov, V. P. Yegorov, V. P. Lebedev, and N. I. Kobozev,
Moscow State University; Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii,
Vol 34, No 7, Jul 60, pp 1524-1527?
In earlier work by the authors it was established that the dependence
of the yield of nitric oxide (NO) on the initial concentration of ozone
in N2-03 mixtures after explosive oxidation has taken place in such mix-
tures can be expressed by a curve which exhibits a maximum. At constant
initial pressures (100 and 150 mm Hg), the maximum yield corresponds to
75-80% of ozone by volume. The position of the maximum depends on two
factors, the composition of the initial mixture and the explosion tempera-
ture,
In the work reported at present, the dependence of the nitric oxide
yield on the explosion temperature in the explosive anddetian of nitrogen-=e
mixtures was investigated. The explosion temperature was controlled by
introducing into the explosion pipette stoichiometric methane-ozone
mixtures. It was found that at a constant temperature (measurements were
carried out at 30000K and 3500?K) the maximum yield with respect to com-
position occurs at 40% of 03 by volume. The yield of nitrogen oxide at
constant composition (65% 03 + 35% NO increases from 0.6% at 25000K to
3% at 4250?K. The experimental data may be explained assuming that the
yield is parallel to the thermodynamic equilibrium in the reaction
'N2 + 02 2 NO
at the temperature of the explosion.
At the explosion temperatures studied, the yields of NO were still
far removed from those corresponding to thermodynamic equilibrium.
20. Some Reactions of Lithium Peroxide
"Investigation of the Interaction of Lithium Peroxide with
Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide" by K. I. Selezneva, Insti-
tute of General and Inorganic Chemistry imeni N. S. Kurnakov)
Academy of Sciences, Moscow; Zhurnal Neoreanicheskoy Khimii
Vol 5, No 8, Aug 60, pp 1688-1 95
Investigation of the interaction of lithium peroxide with water vapor
in the temperature range of 23-300? indicated the following.
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1. Up to 2000 lithium peroxide is practically not decomposed by
water vapor. The interaction of lithium peroxide with water vapor at
23? results in hydration with the formation of Lit 02 . II 0 and partial
formation of LiOII.H20. Formation of the latter compound is accompanied
by the evolution of a small quantity of oxygen.
2. At temperatures above 200? lithium peroxide reacts with water
vapor to a significant extent under formation of lithium hydroxide and
evolution of an equivalent amount of oxygen.
3. At the temperature of 3000 and higher temperatures, there is
thermal decomposition of Lit 02 in addition to the chemical interaction
of lithium peroxide with water vapor.
Investigation of the interaction of lithium peroxide with dry carbon
dioxide established that formation of carbonate begins to take place to
a significant extent at a temperature above 200? and then gradually dimin-
ishes. During one hour, only one third of the lithium peroxide is trans-
formed into carbonate. The rate of the formation of carbonate then strongly
diminishes because the diffusion resistance increases.
Investigation of the interaction of lithium peroxide with carbon
dioxide in the presence of water vapor indicated that absorption of
carbon dioxide, to a noticeable extent, begins0to take place at 2000.
Orle may assume that at the temperatures of 100 , 1500 and 2000 carbon
dioxide is absorbed by '?,ithium hydroxide formed as a result of the
hydrolysis of lithium peroxide by the water vapor and the water separated
in the reaction of the formation of carbonate from the lithium hydroxide.
21. Chain and Molecular Reactions of intermediate Compounds Formed in
the Oxidation of n-Decane
"Chain and Molecular Reactions of Intermediate Compounds
Formed in the Oxidation of n-Decane," by Z. K. Mayzus, I. P.
Skibida, N. M. Emanuel', and V. N. Yakovleva, Institute of
Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Kinetika
i Kataliz, Vol 1, May/Jun 60, pp 55-62
In the course of the complex chain reactions of the oxidation of
hydrocarbons, many intermediate products are formed which participate in
subsequent reactions. It is essential to investigate the mechanism of the
reactions in which these intermediate substances participate, establishing
first of all whether these reactions are of the chain or molecular type.
During the oxidation of n-decane in the liquid phase, hydroperoxides,
alcohols, and ketones are formed in considerable quantities. To investi-
gate the transformations of these intermediate substances, a -naphthol,
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which is a strong inhibitor capable of completely stopping chain processes,
was introduced into the reaction mixture. By using this method, it was
possible to differentiate within the overall complex processes reactions
which proceed by a chain mechanism and, to determine the interrelationship
between chain and molecular reactions leading to the disappearance of
intermediate products of oxidation.
The velocity constant of the decomposition of peroxides derived from
n- decyl ("n-decyl hydroperoxides") in n-decane in the presence of a -
naphthol was compared with the velocity constant of the branching of chains
measured by the inhibitor method. .It was established that the reaction
of chain branching represents a non chain decomposition of hydroperoxides
? into radicals. The correspondence between the quantities of alcohols
that had formed and the quantity of decomposed hydroperoxides indicated
that RO radicals are formed by the elementary reaction of the decomposi-
tion of hydroperoxides.
It was furthermore established that the formation of free radicals
(the reaction of chain branching) proceeds in two parallel ways:
1. By the monomolecular decomposition of the hydroperoxide accord-
ing to the equation ROOH .---) RO ~ OH.
2. By the bimolecular interaction of the hydroperoxide with the
hydrocarbon according to the equation ROOH ~ RH ---); RO / H20.
The velocity constant of the bimolecular reaction. of branching in-
creases with the reduction of the strength of the R-H hydrocarbon bond
in the sequence decane< isodecane < ethylbenzene < methyl oleate.
The alcohols and ketones which form during the process of the oxida-
tion of n-decane undergo further transformations only by chain reactions.
22. USSR Developments in the Field of Cyclone Furnace Technology
"The Beneficial Cyclone," by G. F. Knorre, Honored Worker
of Science and Technology of the USSR, Doctor of Technical
Sciences, Professor at the Moscow Higher Technical School;
Ye. A. Nakhapetyan and M. A. Nadzharov, Candidates of Tech-
nical Sciences, Senior Scientific Associates at the Moscow
Department of the Central Boiler and Turbine Institute;
Moscow, Izobretatel' i Rationalizator, No 4, Apr 60, pp 20-21
Application of high temperatures is typical for the firing processes
? employed in present-day engineering.. For this reason, temperature -dependent
chemical reactions proceed at very high velocities,.-during the firing. One
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of the drawbacks of letting fuels burn at high velocities is the fact
that perfect mixing of the air with the fuel does not take place because
of the short time which is available. To bring about complete combustion
of every particle of fuel, one must add an excess of air. The excess
air is not Used tip in chemical reactions. Energy contained in the fuel
thust be expanded for heating this air, with the result that there is a
considerable lowering of the temperature in the combustion chamber. When
grseous or liquid fuel is used, the situation is not too adverse. However,
when solid fuel is burned, it is very difficult to achieve combustion at
the required level of intensity. To improve the mixing of the fuel with
the air, combustion in cyclone chambers is applied. When the fuel is
burned in cyclone furnaces, the excess of air can be reduced to the theo-
retical amount required and the temperature in the furnace- space raised
by this means.
Although the principle of cyclone combustion is of the greatest
interest as far as applications. in power engineering are concerned, there
are many other possibilities of applying this principle.
The characteristics of the cyclone process are such that application
of cyclone combustion appears promising for the most diverse heating
processes. The unit capacity of boiler installations being planned at
present is so great that the principles underlying the design and con-
struction of such installations must be revised henceforth. One must,
above all, reduce the dimensions of these installations and the amount
of metal required for constructing them.
The only type of heating which is capable of increasing greatly the
intensity of combustion of solid fuel at present is heating within a
cyclone furnace. However, not all types of fuel applied in USSR industry
can be burned in cyclone furnaces. This applies primarily to fuels which
form a high-melting and very viscous ash and also fuels which contain a
greatly reduced amount of combustible material. Before the cyclone
principle is introduced on an extensive scale into power engineering and
heat generation, one must investigate the problems involved under pilot
plant conditions in work done on an experimental scale. Work along these
lines is already being conducted at the Moscow Higher Technical School in
collaboration with the Moscow Department of the Central Boiler and Tur-
bine Institute. The preliminary results that have been obtained make it
possible to conclude that the problem will be successfully resolved within
the next few years.
Development of satisfactory methodg-for the burning of high-viscosity
cracking mazuts in boiler furnaces is no less important from the stand-
point of progress in present-day heat and power engineering. On the basis
of results obtained outside the USSR, one must conclude that intensive
combustion of fuel of this type can be carried out in a satisfactory manner
by using cyclone furnaces.
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Cyclone combustion may yield good results when applied in connection
with the operation of gas turbines. This refers to the combustion of both
liquid fuel and solid fuel in a powdered state under pressure. Combus-
tion of solid fuel in gas turbine installations by the old burner method
is inadvisable. To carry out a process of this type, one must build very
large installations and develop elaborate methods for capturing suspended
slag. However, this problem must be investigated in detail under laboratory
condit4^ns. Results obtained in work of this type will definitely solve
the problew as to whether solid fuel can be burned in gas turbines. At
present, investigations on the subject are being conducted at the Central
Boiler and Turbine Institute (Leningrad) and are being planned at the
Moscow Higher Technical School.
The cyclone principle can be employed at diverse types of technologi-
cal production installations. An article published in Izobretatel' i
Rationalizator No 1, January 1960, describes successful application of the
cyclone principle in the production of matte in the copper smelting industry.
The work in question was conducted at the Power Engineering Institute of
the Kazakh Academy of Science, originally under laboratory conditions and
then under industrial conditions, using an experimental furnace installed
at the Balkhash Plant. By using a cyclone furnace the rate of the conver-
sion was increased sharply and the concentration of copper in the matte
raised considerably. (In issue No 1, January 1960, of Izobretatel' i
Ratsionalizator,'the laggardness of individual officials of the Gosplan
USSR is criticized in taking measures that would expedite the introduction
into the USSR national economy of applications of the cyclone furnace
invented by G. F. Knorre, M. A. Nadzharov, A. V. Tonkonogiy, Candidate of
Technical Sciences, and A. B. Reznikov, Doctor of Technical Sciences.)
Recently the Institute of Fertilizers and Insectifungicides imeni
Samoylov, in cooperation with the Chair of Industrial Combustion Engineer-
ing ["Ognetekhhika''] of the Moscow Power Engineering Institute carried out
successful tests on the application of furnaces of the cyclone type for
the complete roasting of pyrites combined with the production of sulfuric
acid and also for the elimination of fluorine from phosphates to produce
fertilizers and phosphate concentrates which can be added to animal fodder.
Of considerable interest is the application of the cyclone principle
in ferrous metallurgy for the preliminary melting and superheating of an
open hearth charge consisting of ore concentrates and powdered lime. Ex-
perimental investigations to check the suitability of cyclone smelting
equipment for applications designed to improve the efficiency of steel
production are being conducted at present at the Moscow Higher Technical
School imeni Bauman.
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Application of the cyclone principle for the direct reduction of
iron oxides is not out of the question. It may also be possible to
apply processing in a cyclone furnace for the production of high-quality
cement from shale ashes and the recovery of rare metals from the ashes
of coal burned at power plants.
Cyclone furnace equipment in which fuel is burned or a chemical
process is carried out can be easily equipped with automatic control
appliances so that the process is automatized. One must assume that
application of cyclone furnace equipment will be of advantage when a
higher rate of mixing and more rapid heat exchange are desired in
continuous chemical processing.
23. A Generalized Relationship for the Viscosity of Distilled Fuels
"A Generalized Relationship for the Viscosity of Distilled
Fuels," by T. A. Kolach, and V. B. Zenkevich, Moscow Order
of Lenin Power Engineering Institute; Minsk, Inzhenerno-
Fizicheskiy Zhurnal, No 7, 1960, pp 95-98
An experimental determination was made of he viscosity of five dis-
tilled fuels in the temperature interval 20-100 C. The measurements
were made on a Pinkevich type capillary viscosity meter. Results.bbtained
were generalized to a single curve, using the parameters obtained, based
on the average volume temperature of boiling off of petroleum products.
The method can be applied for the approximate calculation of the rela-
tionship between the viscosity of related petroleum products and tempera-
ture on the basis of a minimum amount of data available.
24. On the Relative Reactivity of Radicals
"On the Relative Reactivity of Radicals," by Kh. S.
Bagdasaryan, Physical Chemistry Institute imeni L. Ya.
.Karpov; Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol A, No 7,
1960, pp 1517-1523.
The method proposed by Szwarc for determining the relative.;,
reactivities of radicals from the value for n in equation (1)
k
lg R1Ai = n lg R2Ai , , (1)
k R1A0
kR2Ao
lacks theoretical foundation and leads to results which are not in accord-
ance with those obtained experimentally. The concept has beefs proposed of the
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"susceptibility" of the reaction with participation of a given radical
or ion to the effect produced by a structural factor (e.g., a subatituent)
in a series of molecules of a definite type.
In the general case n lacks a simple physical meaning (just as the
constant of Hammett's equation). In particular cases the value for n
characterizes the relative structural susceptibility of reactions with
participation of the radicals Rl and R2 in the common series of molecular
species with which these radicals react.
25.
Catalytic Oxidation of Methane and Methyl Alcohol
"Catalytic Oxidation of Methane and Methyl Alcohol,"
by N. S. Yenikolopyan and I. M. Bel?govskiy, Institute
of Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences' USSR; Moscow,
Zhu.rnal Rizi.cheskoy Khimii, Vol 34, no 7, 1960, pp 1571-
1580.
The solution of the thermal conductivity equations showed that for
usually observed reaction rates (rate of heat evolution and acceleration
of the process) the system may be considered as stationary, i. e., the
Kovai'skiy separate calorimetry method is strictly applicable.
It has been shown that in the homogeneous oxidation of methane and
methyl alcohol the maximum yield of the intermediate formaldehyde is
greater in the latter case than in the case of oxidation of methane,
which is in accordance with the higher reactivity of methyl alcohol.
A stady of the oxidation of methyl alcohol on a silver catalyst showed
that the process is completely heterogeneous and passes through the inter-
mediate stage of the formation of formaldehyde which is mainly desorbed
into space. The homogeneous oxidation of the formaldehyde formed, as well.
as of methyl alcohol, are completely suppressed owing to the rapid
annihilation of active centers r:,n the silver surface.
In the case of methane oxidation on a silver catalyst, the reaction
evidently does not pass through the intermediate stage of formation of
formaldehyde.
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Industrial Chemists
26. Current Develo
Exchange Resins
"Development of the Synthesis and Applications of Ion-.
Exchange and Electron-Exchange Resins," by S. Ye. Bresler,
Institute of High-Molecular Compounds, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Uspekhi Khimii, Vol 29, No 8, Aug 60, pp 993-
1010
Recent developments in ion-exchange and chromatographic methods,
present-day trends in the development of ioii-exchange materials for
inorganic ions, problems involved in the purification of organic sub_,
stances, and the use of ion-exchange resins as catalysts in carrying
out chemical reactions are discussed. In the section on ion-exchange
and chromatographic methods, the application of electrodialyf'sis through
ion-exchange membranes for the desalting of water is discussed with a
reference to the fact that this method is used extensively in the conver-
sion of saline water and sea 'water to drinkable water, for instance on
ships. It is also used in the treatment of water and conditioning
solutions in connection with the production of !antibiotics. As far as
application of chromatographic procedures for industrial purposes is
concerned, the author believes that the frontal method has the best
possibilities. Applications of chromatographic procedures for the separa-
tion of transuranium elements and nitrogen isotopes are briefly touched
on. Some information is given on the author's own investigations in the
field of continuous chromatography with tapping of the product. This
methoa is discussed on the example of the separation of a mixture con-
sisting of 50% of Li and 50% of Na.
In the section on present-day trends in the development of ion.
exchange materials, emphasis is placed on organic resins containing
groups that are capable binding inorganic ions by chel.ation, the use
of inorganic polymers (e.g., polymers with zirconium-oxygen or titanium-
oxygen principal chains) as ion-exchange resins, and application of
cellulose and starch as the basis'for the synthesis of mildly acting
ion-exchangers which would be suitable for the isolation of complex
and sensitive substances such as proteins and viruses. Considerable
attention is paid to the separation of uranium, thorium, and rare-
earth elements by ion-exchange methods arid the development of suitable
ion-exchange materials for this purpose. The desirability of separating
rare metals used in semiconductor technology (germanium, gallium, and
indium) in the form of complex anions on anion-exchange resins is pointed
out. The importance of the application of ion-exchange agents to absorb
radioactive splinter elements formed as a result of the fission of heavy
nuclei is stressed.
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In discussing the purification of organic substances, the author
mentions the possibility of adsorbing acetylene on polymers that have
keto groups, e.g., polymethylvinylketone (S. Ye. Bresler, Zhurnal
IYzicheskoy Khimii, Vol 14, 1911.0, p 435)
On the basis of publications by S. Ye Bresler, G. V. Samsonov, and
members of their group (five references), problems involved in the synthesis
of special ion-exchange resins to be used in the separation and purifica-
tion of large ions of physiologically active substances such as anti-
biotics, vitamins, and alkaloids are reviewed. It is pointed out that
ion-exchange resins for the adsorption of large ions of this type must
have large pores, i. e.,, they must be cross-linked to a small extent
only and exhibit a relatively high swelling capacity for this reason.
The synthesis of the KFUKh resin especially designed for the adsorption
of streptomycin from culture liquids is described on the basis of a paper
by Bresler and Samsonov (Antibiotiki, Vol 1, 1956, p 42). This resin is
prepared by copolymerizing phenoxyacetic acid, chlorophenol, and formalde-
hyde.
It is brought out that the steric configuration of complex organic
substances must be taken into consideration in synthesizing ion-exchange
resins specially adapted for the adsorption of ions of these substances.
In the final section of the report, the application of ion exchange
resins and electron-exchange resins (redox-polymers) as catalysts in
organic synthesis is discussed in some detail. The author regards this
type of application as very promising. Because of the high specificity
of the action of ion-exchange catalysts and the mild conditions under
which reactions can be carried out when these catalysts are used, the
author likens catalytically active ion-exchanger polymers to enzymes.
Many examples of the application of catalysts of this type are given,
among them the use of a mercury salt of sulfonated polystyrene in the
hydration of acetylene (Kucherov-Hofmann reaction), the production of
epoxides From olefins and peracids using a sulfonated polystyrene, and
the production of hydrogen peroxide by a process involving fixation by
means of a redox-resin of oxygen dissolved in water.
A bibliography consisting of 95 references, 11 of them USSR, is
appended to the article.
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27. An a,tteEPt to_S~ynt,hec~ize Tigh.-olecular t)rgano hp osphorixs Gompoluid.s
Starting With_fz.oUhorl,c Acid An dride and Aluminum Salts of -lbenols
"Synthesis of Organophosphorus Compounds By the Interaction
of Phosphoric Acid Anhydride With Aluminum Phenolates" by
V. K. Kuskov, S. G. Fe_c'orov, and S. I. Vollfkovich, Moscow
State University; Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR-
Otdeleniye Khimicheskikh Nauk, No 7,, Jab, pp 1.200.-1205
By condensing aluminum phenolate and aluminum cresolates with phosphoric
acid anhydride, organophosphorus compounds have been prepared which do not
dissolve in ordinary organic solvents, but are soluble in 5% caustic alkali
or pyridine. By the nitration of substances which have been synthesized,
trinitrophenol and trinitrometacresol were obtained. The hydroxyl groups
contained in the substances which had been synthesized (i.e., their "hydroxyl
numbers") were determined by acetylation. A sodium salt and a dibromo-,
compound derived from the product of the condensation of aluminum phenolate
with phosphoric acid anhydride were prepared. On the basis of the results
obtained, the assumption is made that high-molecular phosphorus compounds
were synthesized which contain phenolic hydroxyl groups. Formulas for,
these compounds are proposed?
A combined pol.ycondensation of aluminum phenolate, phosphoric acid
anhydride, phenol, and paxaformaldehyde was carried out.
Inorganic Chemistry
28. Aluminum Monochior:i,de and Possibilities of the Use of This Cam_ o~ sand
in Processes for the Production of Aluminum from Ores
"Aluminum Monochl .ride, " by S. A. Semenkovich; Leningrad,,
Zhurnal Priklad n2Khimii, Vol. 33, No 6, Jun 60, pp 128 ~ W
129-5
Results obtained. in an investigation of the system Al,41CL-AiC1,qq
that was carried out in 1,948 at the All'=Union Aluuminum,-Magnesiur~ :I;nsii-t;uf,e
are described. Thermodynamic data pertaining to the formation of AlC:i.
from the metal. and aluminum trichloride are reported. It was pointed
out in several papers published recently that aluminum chloride can be
employed for the production of aluminum from its ores and alloys. Alloys
such as Al'Si'Fe and. kl'Fe can be obtained by the reduction of aluminum
ores with carbon in elc trical are fa3raaces. Following this, the aluminum
can be separated from these alloys in the form of aluminum monochiozide?
If a process of this type is applied, the complicated chemical processes
for the production of aluminum oxide and cryolite will. be avoided and
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the electrochemical deponit:lon of aluminum from melts prepared starting
with aluminum oxide will become unnecessary, Calculations carried out
by T. F. Antipin led to the con.clucion that crystalline aluminum mono-
halides are capable of existing at room temperature. Antipin?s results
were confirmed in work done by P. irrtn n (cf., Nelvetica Chimi.ca Acta,
Vol 33) 1950, p 14119)
29. Mixed Chalcogen:idec of Thallium
"Mixed Chalcogenides of x'hallium; Part 3," by S. S. Ba.tsanov
and I. Kh. Petrova, :institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian
Branch of the Academy of Sciences USSR; N+Toirosibirsk, Izvestiya
Sibirskogo 0td.eleni. a Akademii Nauk SSSR., No 7, Jul. 60, pp 1.2i??
123.
Four compounds of trivalent thallium with mixed anions, namely
T12SSe2, T1pSte2., n'1.2Se S2, and Tl2Se'T'e2, were synthesized for the first
time. Their physical. and chemical characteristics were determined.
30. The Constitutiona:L Ids. of the Tantalum-Rhenium System
"The Constitutional Diagram of the Tantalum.-Rhenium System"
by M. A. Iylkina., I. A. Tsyganova, and Ye. M. Sabidskiy,
Institute of Metallurgy imeni A. A. Baykov, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Neo.r icheskoy Khimii,
Vol 5, No 8, Aug 60, pp 1905?-1907
The constitutional diagram of the system tantalur;.-rhenium was con-
structed for the first time. The formation of two chemical compounds
(Re22 Ta7 and Tat Re. ) was established. It was found that there is a
large region of soli sclutionF on the tantalum side and a considerably
lower solubility on the rhenium side.
31. The Constitutional. Zia ram of the System Vanadium-Rhenium
"The Constitutional Diagram of the System 1anadium'Rheniumyn
by M. A. Tyllcina, K. B. Povarova., and Ye. M. Savit.skiy, Insti-
tute of Metallurgy imen:! A. A. Baykoir, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Zhurnall. NP"rganicheskoy Khimii, 'vol. 5, No 8,
Aug 60, pp 1907-1910
The constitutional diagram of the system vanadium-rhenium was cc..n?-
structed for the first time on the basis of data obtained for that pur-
pose by methods of physicochemical analysis.
2'~
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It wra.s established that this diagram is of the peritect.i.c type with
two peritectics? Noteworthy is the very high solubility of rhenium in
vanadium which is greater than the solubility of rhenium in any other
transitional metal.. It was found that in a region of solid solutions,
the melting point of alloys increases from 18300 for pixie. vanadium to .2290?
for alloys containing 32.5.43 atomic percent of rhenium.
32. High-Temper ture Chlorination of Ilmenite Concentrate
"Investigation of the High-Temperature Chlorination of
Ilmenite Concentrate," by A. B. Bezukladhikov,r, Berezniki
Affiliate of the All-Union Aluminum-Magnesium Institute;
Leningrad, Zhu.rnal Prikladnoy Khimii, Vol 33, No 6, ,Jun 60,
pig 1.240-1245
The equilibrium composition of the gas phase during the chlorination
of titanium di(.*)x1de In the presence of solid carbon has been calculated.
Chlorination of titanium dioxide at the temperatures of 2,173? and 2,273? K
has been carried out. The isobar potentials have been calculated of reac-
tions that may possibly -take place during the chlorination of ilmenite
concentrate with 100% chlorine in the presence of solid carbon, when the
chlorination is carried at the temperatures of 1,573?, 1,773?, and 1,973? K.
Chlorination of ilmenite concentrate was carried out in the temperature
range of 1,773--2,373? K. It was established that under the conditions
applied there is selective chlorination of iron in the first stage of the
process accompanied by chlorination of titanium to the extent of 26-42%.
The extent of chlorination of titanium is practically independent of the
temperature in this stage. After 90% of the iron has been chlorinated,
the extent of chlorination of titanium increases to 80%.
No information was available in the literature on the interaction of
titanium dioxide or i'l.menite concentrate with chlorine in the presence of
carbon acting as a reducing agent at high temperatures. The thermo-
dynamic aspects of chlorinations of this type had. not been investigated.
Data on th.e subject were obtained in the work described and are reported
in this article.
33-. The Electrolytic -Production ci' Elemental Boron
"Concerning the Problem of the Electrolytic Production of
Elemental Boron," by G. V. Samsonov, V. A. Obolonchik, and
G. N. Kulichkina., Institute of Powder Metallurgy, Cermets
and Special Alloys, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR;
Leningrad, Zhurnal Prikladnoy Khimii, Vol 33, No 6, Jun 60,
Pp 1365--136T-
The possibility of producing boron under the conditions specified.
in USA patent 2172249 issued in 1949 to H. Cooper and W. Weil. were in-
vestigated. It was established that electrolysis of a mixture of
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potassium chloride with potassium fluoroborate according to the procedure
described in this patent does not yield elemental. boron of a purity higher
than 93%. To aid them in the development of procedures for the production
of purer boron, the authors constructed and investigated the fusibility
diagram of the system KCl.-KBF1~. It was established, that two eutectics
are formed in this system. Experiments on the electrolysis of mixtures
of KBF14 with KCl at compositions close to that of the eutectics indicated
that it is not possible to produce boron of a purity higher than 93% from
these mixtures. However, the temperature. at which electrolysis can be
conducted is considerably reduced when eutectic mixtures are used (the
electrolysis can be carried out at 6000 instead of 800?). When pure
KBF4 not containing any KCl is electrolyzed, boron with a purity of 99%
can be produced. However, the yield of boron is very small.
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]:nsecti,cidea
34. Nitraphen - A New Insectofungicides and Herbicide
"Nitraphen - A New Insectofun.gicidral and Herbicidal Prepara-
tion"., by A. I. Kulikov and I. P.. Kurlina, Candidates of
Chemical Sciences, I. M. Polyakov and N. A. Shi.pinov, Candi-
dates of Agricultural Sciences, All-Union Institute of Plant
Protection; Veatnik Sek'skokhozyaystvenn.o Nauk,i., No 2, 1.960,
pp 123-124
Nitraphen, earlier known as preparation N125 in the experimental
stage, has been developed by the All-Union Institute of Plant Protection
together with All.-Union Institute for the Treatment of shales as an
effective insectofung.?cides and herbicide. It is a liquid consisting of
the sodium salts of the products of alkylphenol nitration. It may be
obtained from the phenols contained in shale and coal. An equally vat-a-
able preparation was obtained from the technical xylenols sent to the
authors of the article from Czechoslovt.kia.
Nitraphen is recommended for combating diseases and pests of fruit
trees and berry shrubs, destroying dodder (strangle weeds) on clover and
alfalfa plantings and for eliminating foci of potato canker..
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
35. Recrystallization of Cold-Rolled Uranium
"Recrystallization of Cold-Rolled Uranium" by G. Ye. Sergeyev,
V. V. Titova, and L. I. Kolobneva; Moscow,, Atomnaya Energiya9
Vol 9, No 2, Aug 60, pp 104-109. This article reports the results of an investigation of the effects
produced on the structure and mechanical characteristice of uranium by
rolling and annealing in the a- region. Cast uranium rolled in the y
region and quenched in them region was used as the starting material.
It was found that fine-grained recrystallized uranium has a much greater
mechanical strength than the initial large-grained uranium. Approximate
recrystallization diagrams have been constructed for degrees of reduction
amounting to 5-40% and 10 hr annealing at 350-650?. It was established
that the recrystallization is practically independent of the initial state
of the material investigated. Data are given on the kinetics of recry.-
stallization processes. It was found that addition of 0.1% by weight of
molybdenum strongly inhibits recrystalli.zation and increases the strength
of finely-grained uranium by approximately 20%.
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36. The Interaction, of Thorium Chloride With the Chlorides of Alkali.
Metals -- ^w"
"Physicochemical Investigation of the Interacl..ion of Thorium
Chloride With the Chlorides of Alkali Metals and Cerium in
Melts" by V. I. Ionov, V. G. Korshunov, V. V. Kokorev, and
I. S. Morozov, Chair of Chemistry and Technology of Rare and
Dispersed Elements, Moscow Institute of Fine Chemical Technology;
Ordzhonikidze, Izvestiya V sshikb, Uchebn hh Zavedeniy -- Tsvetnaya
Metallurgiya, Vol 3, No 3, May 60, pp 102-107
By applying the method of thermal analysis, the interactions of thorium
chloride with the chlorides of sodium, potassium, cesium, and cerium were
investigated. It was found that in the systems ThC14 - WC1 (with the ex-
ception of the case when Me r Na) the components form chemical compounds
of the types McThC15, Met ThC16, and Me3 ThC1 . It was established that
the compound NaThC15 melts incongruently at 3T0?, the compounds KThC155 and
CsThC15 congruently at 428? and 490?, respectively; the compound Na TC16
congruently at 360 ; the compounds K2Th.C16 and Cs22T~hC16 incongruently at
406 and 5730, respectively; and the compounds K ThCI and Cs ThCl77 con-
gruently at 705? and 720?, respectively. The daa obtained b$ thermal
analysis were confirmed by results obtr died in the tensinietric investiga-
tion of the systems in question. It was established that the thermal
stability of compounds formed by thorium chloride with the chlorides of
alkali metals shows regular changes in the sense that it increases from
sodium chloride to cesium chloride. By applying the method of thermalanaly-
sis, the fusibilities in the systems ThCl4-CeC13 tine. ThCl4-Ce C13- NaC1
were investigated.
Thorium chloride is one of the most important starting materials for
the production of metallic thorium by procedures of metallothermic re-
duction or electrolysis of melts containing in addition to thorium tet-
rachloride the chlorides of lithium, sodium, potassium or magnesium.
Chlorination of raw material containing rare earth elements in addition
to thorium leads to the formation of thorium chloride.
37. The Heats of Formation of Potassium Compounds
"The Heats of Formation of Potassium Compounds," by P. G.
Maslov, Chair of Physics, Leningrad Military Mechanics
Institute; Moscow, Zhurnal Near anichesk y Khimii, Vol 5,
No 8, Aug 60, pp 1669---1767-5-
Approximate general formulas are proposed for the determination of
the heats of formation and in individual cases of other thermal charac-
teristics of a large group of potassium compounds in the solid state
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and in conic cases in solutions having a temperature: of 250. The precision
of the results obtained by using these formulas amounts to 0.5- 3. The
characteristics in question have been determined for a very large number
of individual potassium compounds, specifically, many coordination com-
pounds, hydrates of double salts, and some other compounds, including 2
KCl. U02 C12.nH20 and KC1. ThCl),* rill 20.
38. precipitation of Tetravalent Plutonium With Lanthanum Oxalate
'LInvestigation of the Coprecipitation of Pu (IV) With Lanthanum
Oxalate," by V. I. Grebenshchilcova and R. V. Bryzgalova; Lenin
grad, Radiolchimiya, No 5, May 60, pp 265-273
It was established that plutonium coprecipitates with lanthanum oxa-
late with the formation of anomalous mixed crystals which do not exhibit
a lower limit of miscih lity in the concentration range of the microcom-
ponent firoin 10-9 to l0- M. The distribution of Pu (IV) between the
lanthanum, oxalate and the solution may take place according to Khlopin?s
law or the logarithmic law depending on the conditions under which the
coprecipitation is carried out. In nitric acid solutions (with a con-
centration of 1.5 or 0.5 N) which have a content of oxalic acid or
ammonium oxalate not exceeding 0.1 M, there is significant enrichment of
the lanthanum oxalate crystals with plutonium (D = 21). An. increase of
the concentration of oxalate ions in the solution brings about gradual
reduction of the coefficient of crystallization by reason of the forma-
tion of complex ions by Pu (3V) and oxalate ions present in the solution.
Thus, Pu (IV) behaves similarly to trivalent elements as far as its co-
precipitation with a trivalent carrier is concerned. The only difference
is a sharp decrease of the coefficient of crystallization when the con-
centration of oxalate ions in the solution is changed. This is due to
the fact that Pu (IV) has a greater capacity to form complexes.
39. The Carry-Over of Radioactive Substances With the Steam and Water
of Boiling Water Reactors
"Investigation of the Transfer of Radioactive Material with
Water and Steam and of the Chemical Stability of Deposits in
a Water-Steam Loop of the First Soviet Nuclear Power Station,"
by P. N. Slyusarev, G. N Ushakov, 0. V. Starkov, L. A. Kochet-
kov, L. N. Nesterov, and V. Ya. Kozlov; Moscow, Atomnaya Energy,
Vol 9, No 2, Aug 60, PP 98-103.
Important problems in connection with the operation and design of
boiling water reactors or reactors used to boil water and superheat steam
for power generation are; radioactive contamination of the steam which
is generated and conducted into the turbine; the stability of deposits
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consisting of radioactive substances; and the deactivation of the inner
surfaces of the conduits and of the turbine which are covered with radio...
active deposits? Processes of the transfer of radioactive substances with
steam and water were investigated in a loop built into the first cycle of
the power station. The coefficient of the deposition of substances on
the inner surface of conduits was investigated and the chemical stability
of the deposits studied. Problems pertaining to the deactivation of some
parts of the equipment used to generate power by steam were subjected to
investigation. Dilute solution of nitric and hydrochloric acids with
and without urotropin acting, as an inhibitor were applied for the deacti-
vation of 1Kh18N9T steel surfaces on which radioactive substances contaii.i-
ing Co6o, Fe59, Ca45, and Cr5i were deposited.
ENO. Separation of Stable Boron Isotopes
"Separation of Stable Boron Isotopes" by N. N. Seveyugina;
0. V. Uvarov, and N. M. Zhavoronkov; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya,
Vol 9, No 2, Aug 60, pp 110-125.
Methods for the separation of stable boron isotopes are described.
1 is pointed out that -three of them can be used in the production of
B 0 concentrates on. an industrial scale. While the method of chemical
exchange is distinguished by a large separation factor ( a = 1.03), the
efficiency of installations employing this.method is low because of the
high molecular weight of the complexes that have to be used. The complex
compound best suited for chemical exchange is that formed by BF with
anisole; by using this compound, one can separate boron isotopes at atmes.-
pheric pressure. Production of B10 by the distillation of BF3 is of
advantage because of the relatively high ''separation factor (cc= 1.0075);
however, the process must be carried out at minus 100?C, so that large
quantities of liquid air are required. Distillation of BF3 was originally
used in the USSR for the production of relatively large quantities of
B10. Procedures developed for this separation process are described.
The separation factor attained in the distillation of BCl is low (a
1.003). Nevertheless, separation by the distillation of C13 is of
advantage becL,use the process can be carried out at atmospheric pres-
sure and room temperature.
Although separation of an inert substance by diffusion in a stream
of vapor is not included among the most efficient methods for applica-
tion on a large scale that are mentioned above, this method of separation
is described in some detail. It is stated that considerable advances in
the development of this method have been made in the USSR and GDR, where
installations with a high separation capacity were designed. By using
installations with a cascade consisting of 70-80 metal and glass pumps,
almost pure B10F3 and B11F3 can be obtained. The separation factor of
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a diffusion pump amounts to 1.016 for a B F - B F3 mixture. However,
because large amounts of power are required ~or the evaporation of the
inert substance, this method is recommended only for the preparation of
a highly enriched product on a laboratory scale. When installations of
this type are used it is advisable to carry out preliminary enrichment
in equipment requiring less power.
41. A Dook On the Chemistry and Technology of Lithium Published By
Atomizdat
Liti Ye go, Khimi a i Tekhnol/j i a (Lithium, Its Chemistry and
Technology) by Yu. I. Ostroushko, P. I. Buchikhin, V. V.
Alekseyeva, T. F. Naboyshchikova, G. A..Kovda, S. A.?Shelkova,
R. N. Alekseyeva, and M. A. Makovetskaya; Moscow, Atomnaya
Ener iya, Vol 9, No 2, Aug 60, p 160
The first chapter of this 199 pp book published by Atomizdat, Moscow,
in 1.960, deals with the geochemistry and mineralogy of lithium; the second'
and third chapters are concerned with the chemistry of lithium and its com-
pounds and the analytical chemistry of lithium; the fourth and fifth chap-
ters discuss methods for the enrichment and conversion of lithium ores;
and the sixth, the final chapter,, is concerned with problems of the metal-
lurgy of lithium.. At the end of every chapter references are listed.
Taken together, these references form a bibliography on the subject cover-
ing the period from 181.8 to 1958.
This book serves the needs of scientific workers, rnc:4allurgical
engineers, and chemists working in the field of the chemistry and tech-
nology of rare and disposed elements; engineers and technical men employed
in lithium production; and students at higher educational institutions
and technical schools.
42. Isolation of Rare Earths from Minerals
"Isolation of Rare Earths from Minerals," by F. V. Zaykovsky and
V. S. Bashmakova; Moscow, Zhurnal Analiticheskoy Khimii, Vol XV,
No 2, 60, pp 166-169
It is shown that cerium and yttrium rare earth oxalates, when cry-
stallized with calcium oxalate as a precipitator, can be isolated only
by double precipitation. Sodium p -aminosalicylate is proposed for the
separation of thorium from rare earths. A method for isolating rare
earths from minerals h,,s been developed.
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43. Determination of Uranium by a Luminescence Method
"Analytical Chemistry of Uranium. Part 1 - On the Determina-
.tion of Uranium by a Luminescence Method" by V. P. Grigor'yev,
V. K. Lukyanov and Ye. P. Duderova; Moscow, Zhurnal Analitiche-
skoy Khimii, Vol XV, No 2 1960;, pp 184-190
An electric fu;vnace with a platinum cartridge is proposed for pre-
paring lundnescent samples with high accuracy. The mean reproducibility
of the luminescence of the disks made of a fluoride-carbonate mixture and
a pure solution of the uranyl salt is 1 2%.
A tube with a piston is proposed or proportioning the flux powder.
The mean accuracy of proportioning is 7'- 1%.
An improved modified rapid method of preparing beads is proposed.
The mean reproducibility of the luminescence of beads made of sodium
fluoride and a pure solution of the uranyl salt is 6-7%-
r
he design of a photoelectric instrument for measuring the intensity
of the luminescence of disks, beads and powders has been developed. A
deflection of the pointer in the range of maximum sensitivity over the
whole scale of 150 mm corresponds to a concentration of uranium in the
disk equal to 0.08 y/s. The readings on samples with uniformly distributed
uranium are reproducible within the limits of / 1.5%.
Methods for determining uranium without the preliminary purification
have been tested on standard ores.
44. On the Determination of Tritium
"On the Determination of Tritium," by G. N. Trusov and:. A.
Aladzhalova; Moscow, Zhurnal Analiticheskoy Khim.ii,, Vol. 15,
No 2, 1960, pp 238-237
A method has been worked out for the analysis of water for its tritium
content without converting the water into gas. The analysis is carried
out with the use of SBM-7 internally filled counters containing isopentane.
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45. Photometric Determination of Thorium in Monazites With the Arsenazo
11 Reagent
"Photometric Determination of Thorium in Monazites With the
Arsenazo II Reagent," by V. I. Kuznetsov and S. B. Savvin,
Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry imeni
V. I. Vernadskiy, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal
Analiticheskoy Ithimii, Vol XV, No 2, 1960, pp 175-179
A method is described for the photometric determination of thorium
in monazites with the arsenazo II reagent directly after the decomposition
of monazite without separating thorium from the impurities.
No interference is caused by phosphates (up to 30% P2o5), Zr, Ti,
Mo, V, W (up to 0.2-0.5%), rare earths, and other elements. The time for
a determination is 25-30 min. The error is not more than 3.-5% relative.
46. Rapid Method for the Spectrographic Analysis of Mixtures of Rare-
Earth Elements
"Rapid Methods for Spectrographic Analysis of Rare Elements:
Part 1 - Analysis of Complex Mixtures of Rare Earths," by
V. A. Korneyev; Moscow, Zhurnal Analiticheskoy Khimii, Vol XV,
No 2, 1960, pp 170-174
A rapid method for complete analysis of complex mixtures of rare
earths is based on the use of homologous pairs in combination with step-
wise weakening of the spectrum. This method, which is described, per-
mits a simultaneous determination of all the individual rare ear hs in
the range of concentrations (0.1-2) - 100%, with an accuracy of t- 10-20%
(relative). The method is 8-10 times more rapid than other spectographic
methods.
47. On the Zr/Hf Ratio in Zircons of Some Igneous Rocks of the Northern
Slope of the Kuramin Mountain Range
"On the Zr/Hf Ratio in Zircons of Some Igneous Rocks of the
Northern Slope of the Kuramin Mountain Range" by A. V. Kosterin,
I. D. Shevaleevski, and E. K. Rybalova, Far Eastern Branch of
the Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Geokhimiya, No 5, Jul 60,
pp 451-1,54
Forty nine zircons of igneous rocks from the northern slope of the
Kuramin mountain range were analyzed with the aid of the X-ray spectrum
method.
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It is shown that the Zr/IIf ratio is determined, not only by the rock
composition, but also by the conditions of formation.
Organic Chemistry
48. Chemistry of Borazole
"Borazole and Its Derivatives," by B. M. Mikhaylov, Institute of
Organic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR, Moscow, Uspelihi
Khimii, Vol 29, No 8, Aug 60, pp 972-992
Advances in the chemistry of borazole are reviewed under the general
subject headings of methods for the synthesis of borazole and its deriva-
tives, syntheses based on transformations of functional derivatives of
borazole, and properties of borazole and its derivatives. A section on
syntheses of borazole derivatives from boron trichloride and amines is
included. It is pointed out that because of the relative stability of
the borazole ring to hydrolysis, borazole derivatives (hydroxyderivatives,
aminoderivatives, and especially compounds that contain unsaturated
hydrocarbon groups) may be used for the synthesis of boron-containing
polymers that are resistant to the action of oils and exhibit a heightened
thernial stability. It is also stated that borazole derivatives are of
interest as rocket fuels.
The review is based mainly on non-USSR publications (58 references
out of a total of 71 listed in the bibliography are to non-USSR publica-
tions). So far as USSR work is concerned, results of investigations by
B. M. Milthaylov and members of his group on methods for the synthesis of
borazole and its derivatives are reviewed in some detail (nine references).
An article by A. F. Zhigach and others is mentioned, in which the pre-
paration of B-triethylborazole by heating triethylboron ammoniate in an
autoclave at +500 is reported. It is stated that an 8% yield of B-triethy1-
borazole was obtained. Older reviews by Zhigach (Us elthi Khimii, Vol 25,
1956, p 1267) and B. M. Mikhaylov (Uspekhi Khimii, Vol 2 , 1959, p 1450)
of progress in the chemistry of boron compounds are listed.
49. New Type of Polymers Derived From Borazole
"Copolymerization With Hexamethylenediisocyanates of Borazoles
Substituted at the Boron Atoms," by V. V. Korshak, V. A. Zamyatina,
N. I. Bekasova, and Ma Shui-jan; Moscow Vysokomolekulyarnyye
Soyedineniya, Vol 2, No 8, Aug 60, p 1287
By reacting with hexamethylenediisc,cyanate borazoles substituted at
the boron atoms, polymers were synthesized which contain borazole in the
chain. The polymers which were obtained are transparent vitreous sustances
with a yellow coloration. Depending on the nature of the substituent at
the boron atoms, these polymers have different softening points.
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50. Some Properties of Dimethylamineboron Fluoride
"Kinetics of the Hydrolysis of Dimethylamineboron Fluoride,"
by I. G. Ryss and S. L. Idc-l's, Dnepropetrovsk Institute of
Railroad Transportation Engineers; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorgan-
icheskoy IQhimii, Vol 5, No 8, Aug 60, pp 1750
A method for the synthesis of F3B:NH (CH3)2 from boron trifluoride
and dimethylamine is described. Some properties of the addition compound,
particularly its behavior with respect to hydrolysis, have been investigated
and are described. The kinetics of the hydrolysis of the addition com-
pound were investigated in detail. The mechanism of the action of OH-
and F- in the hydrolysis reaction was investigated. It was found to be
analagous to that observed in the cases of the hydrolysis of compounds
formed by BF3 with ammonia and monomethylamine.
51. Synthesis, ineboron Fluoride Properties, and Kinetics of the Hydrolysis of Trimethylam-
"Kinetics of the Hydrolysis of Trimw-thylamineboron Fluoride,"
by I. G. Ryss and S. L. Idel's, Dnepropetrovsk Transportation
Institute [Dnepropetrovsk Institute of Railroad Transportation
Engineers]; Moscow, Zhurnal Neor anicheskoy Khimii, Vol 5, No 8,
Aug 60, pp 1761-1767
A method for the synthesis of pure trimethylamineboron fluoride is
described. The kinetics of the hydrolysis of F3B: N (CH ) were investi-
gated in detail. The results of the investigation are r~p~rted. On the
basis of a hypothesis advanced earlier by I. G. Ryss (cf. Doklady Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Vol 120, 1958, p 797), it was expected that the rate of
hydrolysis of trimethylamineboron fluoride would prove low and would be
independent of the alkalinity of the solution. The experimental results
confirmed this assumption. The regular increase in the energy of activa-
tion of the hydrolysis of BF3 with the increase of the basic properties
of the amine added to this compound is explained.
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52. Tautomeric Equilibrium of Thioacids of Phospho r-uu in Benzene and
Cnlorobenzene
"Study of Tautomerism in Aproton Media. Tautomeric Equili-
brium of Thioacids of Phosphorus in Benzene and Chlorobenzene,"
by M. I. Kabachnik, S. T. Ioffe, and T. A. Mastryukova, Insti-
tute of Organo-Elemental Compounds, Academy of Sciences USSR;
Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 30, No 8, Aug 60, pp 2763-2767
The authors measured the protolytic constants of a number of oxygen,
dithio- and monothiophosphoric acids with a hexamethoxy-red indicator in
benzene and chlorobenzene by the colorimetric method. The tautomeric
equilibrium of thioacids of phosphorus in benzene and chlorobenzene was
practically completely displaced in the direction of the thiono forms.
This was established by the use of a method based on the Brensted-
Izmaylov theory and by comparison with indexes of the constants of
protolysis with Eo'.
53. Investigation of the Reactions Between Esters of Alkylphosphinic
Acids and Halogen-Containing Compounds
"Reactions of Esters of Alkylphosphinic Acids With Halogen-
Containing Compounds," by A. N. Pudovik, A. A. Muratova,
T. I. Konnova, T. Feoktistova, and L. N. Levkova, Kazan
State University; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 30,
No 8, Aug 6o, pp 2624-2630
The authors established that upon heating the esters of alkyl-
phosphinic acids with alkyl halides in which the radical is heavier in
comparison with those present in the ester group, realkylation occurs.
The alkyl iodines enter into reaction more readily than alkyl bromides;
and the latter, more readily than alkyl chlorides. The heavier the
radicals in the ester groups of the alkylphosphinic acids, the slower the
process of realkylation proceeds.
The esters of alkylphosphinic acids react with methylene iodide to
form the esters of methylene-di(alkoxylalkylphosphinic acids) and with
the ethyl ester of bromoacetic acid to form the alltylcarboxyethylmethyl
and diGarboxyethylmethyl esters of alkylphosphinic acids.
The dialkylesters of dialkylpyrophosphinic acid are formed as a
result of the reaction between esters of alltylphosphinic acids with the
acid halides of acids.
The authors made an assumption on the mechanism of the reactions
studied and noted the necessity of taking them into consideration in
conducting the Arbuzov Rearrangement reaction.
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54. Studer of the Clausen cid Rearrangement of A1ly1 Esters of Thiophosphoric
A
"The Clausen Rearrangement of Allyl Esters of Thiophosphoric
Acid," by A. N. Pudovik and I. M. Aladzheva, Kazan State Univer-
sity; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 30, No 8, Aug 60,
pp 2617-2624'
The authors synthesized a number of allyl- and crotylthio-phosphric
acids. They found that 0,0-dialkylesters of 0-(a-methyl-allyl) -and 0-
( y-methylallyl)-thiophosphorie acid, upon heating, undergo the Clausen
rearrangement into the corresponding O,O,S-thiophosphorie esters. The
rearrangement of esters of 0,0-dialkyl-0-( a-methylallyl)- and 0,O-dialkyl-
0-( y -methylallyl)-thiophosphorie acids occurs with inversion.
One table accompanies the article showing the physical characteristics
of the synthesized unsaturated 0,0-dialkyl-0-allyl- and 0,0-dialkyl-s-
allylthiophosphoric esters.
55. Study of Isoprene Oxide Reactions.
"Reaction of Isoprene Oxide With Hydrogen Sulfide, Mer-
captanes, and Ketones," by A. N. Pudovik and T. M. Orlova,
Kazan State University; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii
Vol 30, No 8, Aug 60, pp 26142617
The addition of hydrogen sulfide to isoprene oxide occurs in accord-
ance with Markovnikov's law. Upon the addition of ethyl- and propylmercap-
tanes to isoprene oxide in the presence of sodium mercaptide, approximately
1.5 times more of the primary thioesters are formed than the tertiary; in
the presence of the trifluoroboron esterate, 3 times more of the tertiary
thioesters is formed than the primary.
The corresponding cyclic acetals-dioxolanes were formed with a yield
of 40-50% from isoprene oxide and Ketones in trifluoroboron esterate. The
authors add that their interest in dioxolaries has increased since they cats
be used as plasticizers, solvents, and pharmaceutical preparations.
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Physical, Chexniutry
56. Classification of Separation Processes
"Classification of Separab,ion Processes," by L. A. Nicel'con,
Moscow, Institute of Nonferrous Metals and Gold imeni M. I.
Kalinin; Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicheckoy Khimii, Vol 34, No 7, 1960,
pp 146o-1469
An attempt has been made to classify complex separation processes
on the basis of differences the mass flow dynamics of the components
being separated. It has been shown that at the basis of multistage separa-
tion processes, countercurrent, zonal, and chromatographic, may be laid
any elementary process of separation, provided it belongs to the type
termed in the investigation as "dynamically reversible."
A relation has been established between the three fundamental
types of column processes, counterflow, zonal, and chromatographic,, and
the possibility has been shorn of gradual transition from one to the
other. Starting from the classification, new processes heretofore not
used may be developed.
Radiation Chemistry
57. Interaction of Sulfur and Natural Rubber by the Action of Ionizing
Radiation
"Interaction of Sulfur and Natural Rubber by the Action of
Ionizing Radiation," by Z. N. Tarasova, M. Ya. Kaplunov,
V. T. Kozlov, N. A. Ktauzen, and B. A. Dogadkin, Scientific
Research Institute of the Tire Industry; Moscow, Vysokomole-
kulyarnyye Soyedineniya, No 8, Aug 60, pp 1201-120
The effect of sulfur on the kinetics of the radiation structuriza-
tion of natural rubber and the properties of the radiation vulcanizates
have been investigated. At 250, a marked addition of sulfur under the
action of the radiation is observed, the amount increasing with increas-
ing doses in conformity with a curvilinear relationship. The rate of
addition increases with the temperature. The presence of sulfur diminishes
the effect of structurization. Increase in temperature during the irradia-
tion from minus 80 to plus 1000 causes an intensification in the structur-
ization. With pure rubber at temperatures above 500, reversion of the
structurization. process takes place; in the presence of sulfur, this
phenomenon is not observed. On irradiating natural rubber and its mixtures
with sulfur in argon, a significant fall in unsaturation is observed, the
fall being less marked in the presence of sulfur.
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Investigation of the problems involved is of importance from the
standpoint of the development of radiation-resistant rubber and also
for establishing conditions under which combined vulcanization by applying
radiation and using sulfur can be carried out. The results obtained in
work of this type may lead to procedures for the modification of radiation-
vulcanized rubber.
58. Glass That Protects Against Solar Radiation
"Magic Glass" (unsigned item); Moscow, Nedelya (Sunday suppler
ment to Izvectiya), No 29, 17 Sep 60, p 23.
"The technology of a novel glass with unusual characteristics has
been developed in the GDR. Glass of this type has never been used before.
Under the action of strong sunlight, this glass assumes a milky white
appearance and becomes completely opaque. When the intensity of the
solar light diminishes, the glass reverts to its original state--- it
becomes fully transparent again. The new glass protecting against solar
radiation will be used as a material for roofs and walls, as well as in
light shafts and at industrial plants."
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III. ELECTRONICS
Communications
59. Characterictico of Systems with Fading Discussed
"Some Properties of Communication Systems With Fading," by
E. L. 13lokh and A. A. Kharkevich; Moscow, Radiotekhnika,
Vol 15, No 9, Sep 60, pp 3-9
The article examines questions ,associated with communication systems
having a multiplicative -type of noise such as fading. General equations
are derived for the carrying capacity of communications systems for
three cases -- additive noise, damping in FM and PM systems, and damping
in M2 systems, and the systems are compared. Examples of corrective
codes are given for all three cases.
60. Formulas Derived for Engineering Calculation of Linear Conductors
"Engineering Calculation of Resistances of Linear Conductors
With Consideration of the Effect of Real Ground Conditions,"
by A. S. Knyazev; Moscow, Radiotelchnika, Vol 15, No 9,
Sep 60, pp 21-32
A method of induced emf is used for the engineering calculation of
linear conductors placed over ground having real electrical properties.
The length of the conductor is taken as arbitrary. Formulas are
derived which may be used to compute the resistance of a number of
simple radiating systems.
An experimental check provides data which agree favorably with cal-
culations. The comparatively minor influence of changes in the para-
meters of the -round on the internal resistance of a vertical half-wave
dipole is verified. For a horizontal dipole, complete agreement between
experimental and computed data is achieved only for an antenna height
h > 0.05 N . In the opinion of the author, the comparison indicates
that the calculated formulas are acceptable for engineering practice.
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61. Optimum Yaaaband for Improved 1-M Receiver Established
"Optimum Filter Pauaband in an FM Receiver With Automatic
Tuning;," by Ya. G. Rodionov; Moscow, Radiotekhnika, Vol 15,
No 9, Sep 60, pp )1.7-53
The described method of FM reception with automatic tuning, which,
according to the author, was theoretically developed by D. V. Ageyev in
1952-19514, consists in making the passband of one of the IF or high fre-
quency filters of the receiver narrower than in ordinary systems. Its
resonant frequency changes in accordance with the instantaneous value of
the frequency of the resulting voltage in the filter, which depends
basically on the useful signal. If almost distortionless control of the
resonant frequency of the filter is maintained and this control is weak-
enod for noises having a wider frequency spectrum, the system will provide
increased noise-stability.
The nol.ac-stability and optimum value for the filter passband of
such a system are determined. For high noise-stability and low distortion,
this value was found to equal 2 - 2.5 F , where F is the maximum
ax max
modulation frequency. m
62. Recent Soviet Patents in the Field of Communications
"Authorship Certificates," unsigned article; Moscow, Elek-
trosvyaz', No 9, Sep 60, p 714
Class 21c,, 312, No l24490. N. N. Solov'yev. Device for Determining
a Damaged Section of Underwater Cable.
Class 21c, 14605. No 1214972. M. A. Vul'fson, V. G. Zusman, D. R.
Kritskiy and V. V. Bitt. Reading Device.
Class 2142, 1203. No 121.520. K. I. Vil'pert. Transistorized Inverter
of DC Current into AC Current.
Class 21d2, 12014. No 1214521. S. A. Levitan and I. B. Negnevitskiy.
Magnetic Modulator.
Class 21d 2 , 11401. No 124522. I. G. Gol'dreyer, Converter of DC
Signals Into AC Signals.
Class 21e, 1120. No 124985. P. S. Boguslavskiy. Device for Analysis
of AC Voltage Harmonics.
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Class 21o, 3010,' No 1211?534. V. A. Baramidze and I. G. Gol'dreyer
Direct-Coupled wide-Band Amplifier.
Class 21o, 3601. No 124511.0. Yu. A. Skripnik. Device for Meas-
uring the Amplitude Ratio of Two AC Voltages.
Class 21e, 37.
No 124544.
A. A. Akopyan. Voltage Pulse Generators.
Class 21g, 1321.
No 123262.
Yu. N. Prozorovskiy. Device for
Scanning an Electron Beam.
Class 21g, 1326.
Tube.
No 123263.
G. V. Braude. Cathode-Ray Storage
Class 21g, 2920.
Multiplier.
No 124561.
G. S. Vil'dgrube. Photoelectron
Components
63. Effect of Irradiation on the Performance of Capacitors
"Changes in Capacitance of Air Capacitors Under Irradiation,"
by V. P. Sokolov; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 9, No 2,
Aug 60, pp 142-143
In conjunction with recent studies of the effect of nuclear radiation
on the performance of electronic equipment, it becomes expedient to
examine the problem of capacitance changes in electric capacitors when
subjected to irradiation. The change in the capacitance of such air
.capacitors is attributed to the formation of ions in the space between
the plates, which is equivalent to a change in the dielectric constant
of the air.
The capacitance of the air capacitors increases gradually with increase
of the radiation intensity to a certain maximum value which depends on
temperature, air pressure and the nature of the irradiation. It was
observed that at higher frequencies the effect of irradiation on the
capacitance sharply decreases.
The author thanks B. M. Sorokin and A. A. Markov for assistance.
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64. Tunable Ferrite Filters Designed for Spectral Measurements
"Ferrite Filters With Variable Tuning," by B. M. Beskorovaynyy,
V. M. Vol'f, V. S. Gorbenko, M. I. Karnovskiy, B. I. Shotskiy
and A. A. Yur'yev; Moscow, Radiotekhnika, Vol 15, No 9,
Sep 1960, pp 57-63
The use of ferromagnetics with high permeability has made it possible
to design iterative filters with variable tuning, the inductance of
which may be changed by 20-25 times by changing the bias current. Ana-
lyzers and spectrometers based on ferrite filters and operating in the
audio frequency range were developed by the Chair of Acoustics and Audio
Engineering of the Kiev Polytechnic Institute in 1958.
An analyzer is described which operates in a frequency range of
4.0 cycles tc 15 kilocycles. Dimensions of the instrument are 230x3OOx350
mm, and its weight is 21 kg. In addition,. experimental verification
was made of the possibility of designing an analyzer with a range of
40 cycles to 120 kilocycles having characteristics similar to the one
described above.
65. Semiconductor Refrigerators
"Experimental Investigation of a Semiconductor Water Cooler,"
by V. Martynovskiy and V. Nayer, Odessa Technological Insti-
tute for Food and. Refrigeration Industry; Moscow, HIiolodil'naya
Tekhnika, No h, Jun-Aug 60, pp 13-16
The power consumption efficiency of a semiconductor material used in
refrigeration units is characterized by a certain factor, the value of
which approaches 3.10-3 K? for the best materials known at present.
The experimental water-cooling installation consisted of a flat,
U-shape tube with an effective length of 1,100 nun with 20 semiconductor
elements mounted on it. The flat side of each element was welded to
two semiconductors, one positive and the other negative. All of the
thermoelements were connected in series. The electrical contact was
established through the ribs at the hot junction and through the tube
elements at the cold junction. The semiconductor materials were secured
from the Institute of Semiconductors, Academy of Sciences USSR. The
electric power was drawn either from a rectifier or a battery.
The dependence of cooling coefficient on the magnitude of current
supplied were studied for this unit. The inlet water was cooled about
15?C.
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The author states that on the basic of experimental data, it can be
concluded that the efficiency of ouch a semiconductor cooler approaches
that of a conventional compressor unit. The absence of moving parts and
simplicity of design are other factors which will promote wider use of
semiconductor coolers in the future.
Instruments and Equipment
66. Instrument for Measuring Antenna Impedance
"Instrument for Measuring Input Impedance of Long- and Short-
Wave Radio Broadcasting Antennas," by V. A. Khatskelevich
and L. N. Yakovlev; Moscow, Vestnik Svyazi, No 6, Jun 60,
pp 12-14
The article describes wiring and construction of an instrument which
can measure the real and reactive components of input inpedance of an
antenna-feeder assembly operating in the wave-length range of 200 to
2,000 in. The method of measurement is described in brief. This instru-
ment can also measure the impedance and resistance of coils and c pac-
itors in the indicated wave-length range.
The article contains the following passage:
"At the present time the industry does not serially manufacture
instruments for measuring the input impedance of antenna-feeder systems.
Therefore, the described instrument is of practical interest."
67. Voltage Stabilizer With Wide Control Range Described
"Electronic Voltage Stabilizer for Supplying Transistorized
Circuits," by G. N. Muskhelishvili and G. V. Zakomorniy;
Moscow, Pribory i Tekhnika Eks erimenta, No 4. Jul-Aug 60,
pp 139-141
"An electronic voltage stabilizer for supplying low-voltage circuits
is described. Output voltage may be controlled from fractions of a volt
to tens and hundreds of volts at a current of up to 1.Oa. Instability
of the output voltage is no worse than + 0.1%. Internal resistance of
the source is not greater than 0.05 ohm. Under full load, fluctuations
in the output voltage do not exceed 2 mv."
The stabilizer was developed by the authors at the Institute of CPYRGHT
Electronics, Automatics and Telemechanics of the Academy of Sciences
Georgian SSR.
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68. Large Resistances Measured with Hydrogen Thyratron Circuit
"Pulse Method for Measuring Large Resistances," by G. M.
Zakharov, T. I. Nikitinakaya, and A. G. Khapachcv; Moscow,
Pribory i Tekhnika Pkaperimenta, No 4, Jul-Aug 60, pp 82-84
Present pulse techniques have made it possible to develop compara-
tively simple circuits for measuring large resistances which are free of
faults such as polarization effects, capacity currents, and heating,
usually associated with mechanical or tube-type electrometers.
One variation of a hydrogen thyratron pulse circuit was developed by
the authors at the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute to provide square
pulses with amplitudes of up to several kv. A description of the circuit,
containing a type TGII-90/8 thyratron and pulse shaping line, and the
principle of operation are given. The maximum alue of measured resist-
ance possible for the circuit described was 101()ohms.
69. Precision Measurement of Semiconductor Thermoelectromotive Force
"On the Method of Fast Precision:Measurement of Thermo-emf
in Semiconductors," by 0. V. Yemel'yanenko and F. P. Kesa-
manly, Physicotechnical Institute, Academy of Sciences USSR
(Leningrad); Moscow, Fizika Tverdogo Tela, No 7, Jun 60,
pp 1494-1496
Contact-type thermocouples can be used for fast measurement of the
surface temperature of a semiconductor by measuring the thereto-emf
resulting from the temperature gradient. The accuracy of measurement of
the contact-type thermocouple depends on how close t,~e. temperature of,:
the thermocouple junction Is to that of the sample. To prevent thermal
flow through the contact of the measuring thermocouple to the sample,
controlled heating of the thermocouple is employed. One of the thermo-
couples touches the surface of the sample, while the other is separated
by a small gap., The temperature of the sample is determined by the
current indications of t3 -thermocouple in contact with the sample, while
the heating is controlled by the second junction.
The diamete, - ?'f the :thermocouple junction was only about" 0.5 mm, and
the actual linear contact with the sample was only about 0.03 mm. The
device requires about 10 min to make a single measurement of semiconductor
thereto-emf, and about 3 hrs to measure the changes in thereto-emf for a
temperature range from 250 to 150?C (about 15 points).
The effect of impurities on the thermo-emf of gallium arsenide were
studied with the aid of this instrument.
The author thanks professor D. N. Nasledov for assistance.
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70. Measurement of Pulse Repetition Rate with High Spacing Factor
"Measurement of Pulse Repetition Rate With High Pulse Spacing
Factor Using Standard Pulse Rate Meters," by V. N. Kuz'michev
and V. F. Nesteruk, Leningrad Ship Building Institute;
Leningrad, Izvestiya V sshikh Ucheb ? kh Zavedeni , Priboro-
stroyeniye, Vol 3, No 4, 1960) pp 106-107
The presently used pulse frequency meters, the ICh-5 and ICh-6, are
based on measurement of the mean value of rectified current ofc.a capac-
itor which is repeatedly charged with the measured pulse within a
certain limit of potential difference. However, such instruments are
not capable of measuring the pulse rate when the pulse spacing factor
is high.
CPYRGHT
Both the ICh-5 and ICh-6 designed for a voltage wave form such that
the ratio of duration of the positive period to that of the negative
period does not exceed 3 or is smaller than one third.
The article explains how the ICh-5 and ICh-6 instruments can be
adapted, by incorporating a trigger unit with a 6NIP tube, to measure
pulse rate with a much greater pulse spacing factor. Tests were carried
out for the following parameters of the input voltage: the shortest
pulse duration was 0.3 microsec, the highest value of pulse spacing
factor was 3.107, the highest pulse repetition rate was 400 kv, the
amplitude of the input signal varied from 0.5 to 150 v.
The reliability and accuracy of the ICh-6 instrument with the
trigger adapter was shown to be satisfactory for a wide range of measure-
ments.
71. Secondary-Electron Multiplier-Developed
"On the Use of Continuous Secondary-Electron Multiplication
for Ampliyfing Small Currents," by P. K. Oshchepkov, B. N.
Skvortsov, B. A. Osanov, and I. V. Siprikov; Moscow, Pribory
i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No 4, Jul/Aug 60, pp 89-91
"A description is given of an electron ultiplier which operates on
the principle of continuous secondary-elect on amplification without a
technology of preparation and composition o2 one variation of emitter
material -- a mixture of TiO 2 and MgO. Secondary-emission and time
seconds -electron emitter are formulated." The article describes the
general requirements which must be satisfied the
an approximate calculation of the multiplyi g system are given, and
focusing electrode. Fundamental considerat ons which form the basis for
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the present time a mode
secondary-electron mult
laboratory conditions."
characteristics of the emitter are given. The article states that at
of aneecromerestage w acon?nuo
e tin under
Work was conducted in the electrophysics labo-
ratory of the Institute of Metallurgy of the Academy of Sciences USSR.
CPYRGHT
72. New Apparatus for Accurate Measurement of Vibrations
"Small Vibration-Measuring Apparatus" unsigned; Moscow,
Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No 14, Jul/Aug 60, p 149
A new vibration measuring device designed to convert vibration para-
meters to electrical currents is described. Basic components are a four-
stage amplifier, carrier frequency generator (2,000 cycles), and a
rectifier. In principle, the apparatus converts changes in the inductive
reactances of the arms of an accelerometric pickup to modulations in
the carrier frequency.
Nonlinearity of amplitude characteristics in all four channels of
the apparatus does not exceed + 1%. Maximum output current is 1.5 amps
for recording with an oseillograph.
73. Hall-Effect Frequency Divider
"Application of Hall Effect to Frequency Division," by V. S.
Andreyev, M. Ye. Mazurov and I. N,Prudnikov; Moscow, Elek-
trosvyaz', No 9, Sep 60, pp 12-19
The results of experimental investigation for several configurations
of regenerative frequency dividers utilizing linear transducers based on
the Hall effect in semiconductors are described in this article. The
Hall-effect emf transducers were made of n-germanium, InSb, and InAs,
and were fabricated in the form of thin plates. A series of tests were
carried out with the n-germanium to determine the dependence of the
Hall-effect emf on the current passing through the transducer. These
measurements were taken with do current and for various inductions of
do magnetic field to prove the linear dependence of Hall-effect emf on
both the current passing through the transducer and the magnitude of
induction of the magnetic field.
The advantage of the Hall-effect transducer as a frequency divider
is its wide range of operating frequencies, i.e., from zero to several
tens of megacycles. The Hall-effect emf transducer behaves in the
circuit as a linear element, because the amplitude of the effective emf
for a constant amplitude of the signal is proportional to the feedback
voltage.
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Several circuits were decigned incorporating Hall-effect transducers,
able to divide frequency by any factor in the range from 2 to 50. All
these circuits for various factors of frequency division operated in a
stable manner even with certain fluctuations of the su;jply voltage.
74. New Electron Microscope
"All Purpose Electron Microscope of High Resolving Power
UEMV-100," by P. A. Stoyanov, G. A. Mikhaylovskiy, A. R.
Bertyn', N. M. Grishina, and V. V. Mosevey; Moscow,
Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No 4, Jul-Aug 60,
pp 110-117
A new electron microscope UEMV-100 is described. its characteristics
are comparable with those of the UEMB-100 microoscope, produced by industry.
The new electron microscope has a rating of 10 A, has a focusing corrector,
a deflection system for work on reflection, a binocular magnifier, a new
vacuum system and other improvements, facilitating the work of the operr-
ator and the obtaining of high resolutions.
Materials
75. Method Proposed for Improving Contacts of Photoresistors
"Cadmium Sulfide Photoresistors FSK-Ml With Improved Contacts,"
by G. I. Golynnaya, G. A. Fedorus, and M. K. Sheyrlcnan; Moscow,
Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No 4, Jvl-Aug 1960, pp 141-143
A new, more effective method for improving the ohmic contact between
a metal and cadmium sulfide-type semiconductors was developed by the
authors at the Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of
Ukrainian SSR. The method involves treating the surface of the crystal
(single crystals of CdS, CdSe and CdS-CdSe) in a glow discharge before
applying the metal (alumimum). The charge is created in a vacuum
between two aluminum discs, with the crystal placed on the lower disc in
electrical contact with it. After treating the crystal for several
minutes the vacuum is increased and aluminum electrodes are applied to
the crystal surface by vaporization.
Studies showed that these contacts provide linear volt-ampere charac-
teristics in a temperature range of -190 to +100?C, a low level of contact
noise and good stability.
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76. A Method for the Production of Semiconductor Arsenic
"A Method for the Preparation of Arsenic of High Purity," by
N. A. Goryunova, L. V. ICradinova, V. I. Sokolpva, and Ye. V.
Sokolova, Leningrad, Physicotechnical Inetitute,Academy of
Sciences USSR; Leningrad, Zhurnal Prikladnoy Khimii, Vol 33,
No 6, Jun 60, pp 1402-1410
A method for the preparation of very pure arsenic which would be
suitable for the synthesis of gallium arsenide-of semiconductor quality
is described. To prepare semiconductor arsenic, arsenic trioxide was
used which does not contain any bismuth and contains only very small
amounts of antimony, copper, aluminum, calcium, iron, silicon, and
magnesium. The method applied involved purification of the arsenic tri-
oxide by recrystallization from a hydrochloric acid solution. The puri-
fied arsenic trioxide was reduced with activated carbon. The methods
applied for the control of the purity of the arsenic prepared in this
manner are described in some detail.
77. Thermal and Electrical Properties of Native Lead Sulfide and Chal-
copyrite
"Study of the Thermal and Electrical Properties of Native
Galena and Chalcopyrite," by G. B. Abdullayev, G. M. Aliyev,
V. B. Antonov, A. A. Bashshaliyev, A. Z. Kuliyev, and Ya. N.
Nasirov; Riga, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Azerbaydzhan SSR,
Seriya Fiziko-Matematicheskikh Nauk, No 2, 19 , pp 9-55
In the temperature range 20-450 deg C, the electrical conductivity
of native lead sulfide involves both impurity conduction and natural
conductivity.
The electrical conductivity of chalcopyrite in the temperature range
20-650 deg C has an irregular dependence on temperature, which is appar-
ently explained by the presence of various impurities.
In , na samples, the maximum coefficient of the thermo-emf fluctu-
ated within the range 280-325 microvolts per degree, and within the range
480-500 microvolts per degree for chalcopyrite.
The coefficient of thermal conductivity of both galena and chalcopy-
rite drops with increased temperature.
Thermoelectric generators assembled from natural galena and chal-
copyrite operate stably.
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78. Studies of ZnSe and ZnTe
Optical and Photoelectrical Properties of Zinc Selenide and
Zinc Telluride," by G. A. Zhelkevich, Vologda State Peda-
gogical Institute; Moscow, Fizika Tverdogo Tela, Vol 2,
No 6, Jun 60, pp 1115-1117
Studies of ZnSe and particularly of ZnTe, whose photoconductivity was
recently discovered (B. T. Kolomiyets and N. A. Goryunova) Radiotekhnika
i Elektronika, 1.8,"1155-1161 (1956)) were carried out. Properties of
photoconductivity such as specific resistance, spectral dependence of the
absorption coefficient, the width of forbidden zones, luminescence, and
spectral distribution were determined.
79. Thermoelectric Properties of Sb2e3-Bi-Te3
"Thermo-Electric Properties of Alloys of the Sb Te
Pseudo-Binary System," by G. V. Kokosh and S. S. Sinani,
Institute of Semiconductors, Academy of Sciences USSR,
Leningrad; Moscow, Fizika TverdogoTela, Vol 2, No 6,
Jun 60, pp 1118-112-
The effect of admixtures on the properties of alloys of the system
Sb2Te3-Bi2Te3 is studied. A general schematic of the action of
admixtures on solid solutions of semiconductors with a shifted stoi-
chiometry is presented. The effect of tempering on the electric co-,'uc-
tivity and thereto emf of pressed samples is shown. The properties of
alloys prepared from materials with various degrees of impurity are
compared. The part of the system with a maximum value of thereto emf was
revealed.
80. Properties of GaSb
"Thermomagnetic Properties of Gallium Antimonide," by D. Kh.
Amirkhanova, Dagestan Affiliate, Academy of Sciences USSR;
Moscow, Fizika Tverdogo Tela, Vol ''2,l No 6, Jun 60;
pp 1125-1127
Measurement results of the Nernst-Ettinghausen effect on GaSb samples
of the p-type are presented in graphs. All samples exhibited a negative
sign of the N-E effect at temperatures of 100-900?K, a decrease with
rising temperatures and a minimum at high temperature. The longitudinal
N-E effect bears analogy to the crosswise effect, differing only Iii the
magnitude of the value.
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81. Properties of CdTe and ZnTe
"Electroconductivity and Photoelectrical Properties of
Cadmium and Zinc Telluride Layers," by P. P. Konorov
and I. B. Shevehenko, Leningrad State University;
MoscowFizika Tverdogo Tela, Vol 2, No 6, Jun 60,
pp 1134-1.140
The electroconductivity and photoelectric properites of telluride
layers of cadmium and zinc obtained by evaporation in vacuum were studied.
Tellluride layers of cadmium about one micron thick revealed after heating
to 350-4000C a considerable photo-sensitivity in the visLble and infrared
spectral bands and may be used as photoresistors in these spectral bands.
Some assumptions were made about the mechanibm of activation of these
layers. Telluride layers of zinc did not exhibit considerable photo-
sensitivity, either after deposit or~.after therme,l.treatment.
82. Study of Semiconductor Surface Layer
"Determination of Mobility and Concentration of Carriers in
the Surface Layer of a Semiconductor," by V. K. Subaphiyev
and S. A. Poltinnikov, Institute of Semiconductors, Academy
of Sciences USSR, Leningrad; Moscow, Fizika Tverdogo Tela,
Vol 2, No 6, Jun 6o, pp 1169-1177
Methods for determining surface concentration and mobility on a
semiconductor layer, due to diffusion formation of impurities into the
initial sample, are described. The methods are based on measurements
of the Hall effect and conductivity, and on use of the relation between
mobility and the concentration of current carriers. Experimental data
are provided, obtained from measurements on the diffusion layer of
silicon photocells.
83. Study of ZnSb Single Crystals
Anisotropy of Some Electrical Properties of Zinc Antimonide
Single Crystals," by M. V. Kot and I. V. Krestu, Kishinev
State University; Moscow, Fizika Tverdogo Tela, Vol 2, No 6,
Jun 60, pp 1250-1255
Methods for obtaining ZnSb single crystals and their electric proper-
ties are described. It was found that the mobilities of holes differ
depending on crystallographic direction. The width of the forbidden zone
computed from the temperature relation of the Hall effect, has a value
of 0.6 ev.
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IV. ENGINEERING
Aeronautical Engineering
84. Ratio Controller for Gas Pressures in Jet Engines
"Study of the Characteristics of Gas-Pressure Ratio Controllers
Designed for Jet Engines," by L. A. Zalmanzon, Yu. L. Mach, and
G. P. Stepanov; Avtomatichesko e Re lirovanl c Aviadvi atele
(Automatic Control of Aircraft Engines), Moscow, 1959, PP 5-73
The study of the precision of the transmitting elements of regulators
for pressure ratio involves two problems. The first concerns the charac-
teristics of various elements of the transducer (diaphragm, throttle, etc.)
and of the interthrottle space, the determination of possible diversions
of these characteristics, the study of friction in the moving parts of the
transducer, and the determination of possible external influences. The
second problem involves the determination of the influence of the above
factors on the accuracy of measurement of the pressure ratios. The first
part of this work presents an analysis of the influence of the errors of
various elements on the resultant transducer error. The second part pre-
sents an analysis of supplementary errors which occur during the absence
of a supercritical flow at the outlet from the interthrottle space of the
transducer. An artificial reduction of gas pressure at this outlet-through
the use of ejectors is suggested as a means of broadening, the area of pro-
portional control of the pressures. This affords an adjustment of those
errors which are connected with an infraction of the principle of propor-
tional pressure control. Results are given of an investigation of jet and
vortex-type ejectors for gas pressure ratio controllers.
Uncompensated errors resulting from friction and hysteresis effects
in the diaphragm material are particularly unfavorable. Special experi-
ments for the determination of the diaphragm error are described. The
data given here refer only to tests on rubber-fabric diaphragms.
85. Laminar Flow of Air in Pneumatic Controllers
"Study of the Laminar Flow of Air in the Capillary Tubes of the
Elements of Pneumatic Systems," by A. V. Bogacheva; Avtomatiche-
skoye Regulirovaniye Aviadvi atele (Automatic Control of Air-
craft Engines), Moscow, 1959, PP
This article presents the results of research on the laminar flow of
a viscous compressible gas (air) at high velocities in smooth capillary
ducts with stationary and with one moving wall, conducted by the author
in the period 1953-1955 under the direction of Prof A. V. Kvasnikov.
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86. Calculating Centrifugal Spray Nozzle
"Study and Calculation of the Centrifugal Spray Nozzle," by
A. M. Prakhov; Avtoma?tichesko e Re ulirovani e Aviadvi atele
(Automatic Control of Aircraft Engines), Moscow, 1959, pp 113-
183
Among others, B. S. Radcliffe (Proc. Inst. Mach. Engxs. Vol 169,
No 3, 1955) attempted to study the centrifugal spray nozzle on the basis
of the theory of dimensions, but the formulas for determining the basic
operating parameters proved to be inadmissible for a wide range of rela-
tive dimensions of the proportioning elements.
On the basis of a brief analysis of various approaches to the problem,
it is concluded that a method of calculating the centrifugal spray nozzle
(which accounts for the viscosity of the working fluid) can be developed
on the basis of equations of momentum, provided those assumptions are
avoided which appreciably distort the actual processes in the spray nozzle.
Thic approach is followed here in the calculation of the basic elements
of a single-stage centrifugal nozzle, taking into account the primary de-
sign dimensions of the swirl chamber and tangential ducts, the design of
the input to the nozzle, the length of the nozzle, the internal friction
of' the fluid, the friction of the fluid at the walls of the swirl chamber
and nozzle, the coefficient of consumption of the tangential ducts, and
the viscosity and specific gravity of the fluid. The method can also be
applied for the case of a dual-nozzle device.
Atomic Engineering
87. Progress in Construction of Beloyaxske Atomic Power Plant
"Builders of Atoms for Peace," by Ye. Anan'yev; Moscow, Izvestiya,
1+oct60
A wide Siberian highway leads to the Beloyarskoye (Beloyarskiy Rayon,
Sverdlovskaya Oblast) Atomic Power Plant. Near the construction site is
located the workers' settlement, Zarechnyy.
A totally new construction technology is applied at the Beloyarskoye
Atomic Power Plant; here the reactor walls are assembled with 15-ton blocks.
These huge, biological-concrete (shielding) blocks are lifted to a height
of almost 40 meters. The reinforcing bars and the concrete forms for the
uppermost section of the reactor, the 52-meter ventilating facility, are
now being assembled.
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From the top of the construction the town of Anbeat can be seen in
the distance, and below can be seen a reservoir formed by damming the
river Pyshma. The huge steel housing of the reactor, serving also as L.
biological protection, has already been installed. In a month or so, the
actual installation of the reactor and its accessories will begin.
The Beloyarskoye Atomic Power Plant imeni I. V..Khrchatov, the first
? in the Urals and one of the most powerful in the nation, will soon begin
to operate. The atomic station will incorporate the most modern type of
equipment and instrumentation.
Automatic Control' Engineering
88. New Electronic Device for Dimensional Control of Heavy Parts During
Machining
"An Authorship Certificate has been Granted..." (unsigned arti-
dle); Moscow, Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 21 Sep 60
"A group of Moscow inventors has developed an optic-electronic con-
tactless method for dimensional control of parts during the process of
their machining on turning lathes.
"The device incorporates . photocell, an induction-type data pick-up
unit, and an electronic counter. These elements are connected in such a
manner that the number of pulses. uniformly admitted to the counter is
limited by the photocell. The duration of the photocell signal corresponds
exactly to the dimension of the examined projection.
"The process of measurement is reduced to simple pressing of a button
by the operator and taking of the reading of the electronic counter.
"This new measuring device has been recommended for use in all fields
of industry where large parts are machined on turning lathes."
89. Forthcoming Conference on Automation Announced
"Announcement" (unsigned); Moscow, Avtomatika i Telemekhanika,
No 7, 1960, back cover
The Institute of Automatics and Telemechanics of the Academy of Sci-
ences USSR has announced that the Fourth All-Union Conference-Seminar on
Pneumatic-Hydraulic Automation will be held in May 1961. The Organizational
Bureau for the conference has requested that those wishing to participate
in the conferenc.: should send titles and abstracts of reports to the fol-
lowing address: Moscow, Kalanchevskaya ul. 15-a, IAT AN SSSR,COrgbyuro
Seminara po Pnevmo?-Gidravlicheskoy Avtomatike.
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Civil engineering
90. Proposed New Method of Microseismic Regioning,
"Instrumental Microseismic Regioning Based on High-Frequency
Microseisms," by D. N. Kazanli and E. M. Antonenko; Alma-Ata,
Izvernti Akademii Nauk ICazakhsko SSR -- Seriya Geolo iches-
kaya, No 2 (D)) 1960) pp 112-12
A new instrumental method of microseismic regioning based on high:
frequency microseisms has been proposed by D. N. ICazanli and E. M. An-
tonenko of the Institute of Geological Sciences, Academy of Sciences
Kazakh SSR. The method consists in recording and interpreting the small
natural oscillations of the Earth's surface, the parameters of which
(amplitudes, periods), as established by the authors, are determined by
pecularities of the geological structure and the nature of the soils. IT
The studies by Kazanli and Antonenko were made over a 3-year period on
the city of Alma-Ata. They are connected with the need, for careful re-
search on the distribution of seismic effects in cities, that is, seismic
regioning, because of the development of industrial., residential, and hydro-
engineering construction in the Soviet republics located in .arthquake-
prone regions.
Electrical Engineering
91. Completion of Largest Soviet Hydrogenerator
"For the Bratsk Hydroelectric Station" (unsigned article); Mos-
cow, Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 17 Sep 60
The article contains the following passages:
"The collective of the Leningrad plant 'Elektosila' has completed
ahead of schedule the first hydrogenerator for the Bratsk $ydroelectric
Station. The rated capacity of this machine is 225,000 kw, which is equiv-
alent to two generators of the Stalingrad Hydroelectric Station or to 3 1/2
of the Volkhov Hydroelectric Station.
"The workers of the 'Elektrosila' plant will apply all their efforts
and experience to give the nation before the end of this year, i.e., ahead
of schedule, the first turbogenerator with a rated capacity of 300,000 kw."
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92. Horizontal Hydraulic Turbines Fell Short of Expectations
"Hydroelectric Stations With Horizontal Units," by B. K. Alek-
sandrov, Moscow, Gidrotelchnicheekoye Stroitel'stvo, No 6, Jun 60,
pp 1-8
The basic advantage of horizontal hydraulic turbines with straight
draft tube is their greater water-carrying capacity, exceeding considera-
bly the water-carrying capacity of corresponding vertical turbines with
bent draft tubes. The efficiency of horizontal turbines, on the basis of
model tests, is also considerably higher than for the vertical turbines.
"Unfortunately, the Leningrad Metals Plant has manufactured for the
Kama Plant a horizontal turbine with considerably lower operating charao,
teristics: the efficiency at full load is only 0.87 and the maximum water-
carrying capacity is only 2,200 liters/sec, i.e., similar to that of an
equivalent vertical turbine.
"Unfortunately, the laboratory tests of hydraulic turbines with hor-
izontal shaft have never been, nor are they at present, given proper
consideration at the Leningrad Metals and Khar'kov Hydroturbine plants.
The excuse generally given --? that the plants do not possess the necessary
laboratory facilities -- cannot be regarded as satisfactory. Not denying
the necessity for expansion of laboratory facilities at the plants, it
can be pointed out that the existing hydraulic-turbine laboratories of the
higher educational insti-rations and the scientific research institutes
might have been called to participate in these investigations."
High-Speed Photography
93. High-Speed Photography A_p ap ratus
"Apparatus for High-Speed Spark Photography," by G. D. Salamandra
and. I. K. Sevast'yanova; Minsk Inzhenerno-Fizicheskiy Zhurnal,
Vol 3, No 9, Sep 60, pp 31-36
The authors describe an apparatus for spark photography by the schlieren
method7at speeds up to 100,000 frames per second with a delay of the order
of 10- sec.
The apparatus consists of a high-voltage rectifier, oscillating cir-
cuit permitting spark sequence with easily regulated delay, impulse (spark)
tube, photo recorder which provides for linear film movement at 185 m/sen,
and a synchronizing unit. The pulse tube is of original design and operates
on practically inductionless condensers.
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An example is given of the operation of the apparatus, illustrated
by a photo series showing shock wave-flame front interaction, taken at
40,000 frames per second on aerial pan film rated 800 GOST.
The work was done at the Laboratory of the Physics of Combustion,
Power Engineering Institute of the Academy of Sciences USSR, under the
direction of A. S. Predvoditelev, Corresponding Member of the Academy..
Mechanical Engineering
94. Dynamics of Nonlinear Servomechanisms
Dinamika Neline kh Servomekhanizmov (Dynamics of Nonlinear
Servomechanisms), by N. S. Gorskaya, I. N. I4utova, and V. Yu.
Rutkovskiy, Institute of Automatics and Telemechanics, Academy
of Sciences USSR, Moscow, 1959, 317 pp
On the assumption that the theory of servomechanisms has not been
fully developed and the study of the dynamic properties of servomechanisms
has not been fully studied, in spite of the enormous number of published
works on the subject (the appended bibliography cites 130 sources), this
book is presented as an attempt to fill the gap for a wide class of servo-
mechanisms, the behavior of which can be described approximately or pre-
cisely by differential equations of the second, and in some cases the third,
order.
The material of the book is based on work done by the authors in the
period 1954-1958 at the Automatic Control Laboratory of the Institute of
Automatics and Telemechanics of the Academy of Sciences USSR.
Methods of studying the dynamics of nonlinear servomechanisms are
discussed, which are based on the phase-space approach and the theory of
collinear transformations developed in the classical works of A. A. Andronov
and his school. A detailed study is also made of the phase space in re-
gard to certain types of nonlinear servomechanisms. Electropneumatic,
hydraulic, and electrical servomechanisms are discussed.
95. Choice of a Determining Temperature in Calculating Convective Heat
Transfer and Friction in Dynamic Gas Conditions
"The Choice of a Determining Temperature in Calculating Convec-
tive Heat Transfer and Friction in Dynamic Gas Conditions," by
S. I. Kosterin and Yu. A. Koshmarov, Power Institute imeni G. M.
Krzhizhanovskiy; Minsk, Inzhenerno-Fizicheski.y Zhurnal, No 7,
1960, pp 3-9
For the calculation of local values of the coefficients of friction
and heat transfer on the surface of a body in dynamic gas conditions, we
can use the laws of friction -a5, heat exchange established for
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noncompressible fluids, calculating the effect of compressibility by
relating density and viscosity in these laws to a determining
temperature.
The value of the determining temperature in the general case depends
on M, Rea Repo, Pr and on the form of laws of resistance and heat trans-
fer for noncompressible fluids used in the calculation method.
When Pr is close to unity and for zero or small negative pressure
gradients, the value of the determining temperature can be determined by
? a formula, taking into account relationships given by two other formulas.
These formulas are correct for
Repo ? 103 104; Tw . 1 ; 0.5 and M 1 4 10
Miscellaneous
96. Introduction of Improved Methods to Industry Is Slow
"Resolutions of the Central Comittee CPSU July Plenum -- Activ-
ity Program for Inventors in the Field of Engineering" (unsigned
article); Moscow, Izobretatel' i Ratsionalizator, No 9, Sep 60,
p 2
The article contains the following passages:
"The First Congress of the All-Union Society of Inventors and Rational-
izers has approved a resolution to create a 100-billion [rubles?] fund
commemorating the Seven-Year Plan. The struggle to achieve this obligation
ahead of the scheduled time should become the general feature of our ac-
tivity.
"Savings through the introduction of rationalizer suggestions have
amounted to about 20 billion rubles in 1 1/2 years. This shows that not
all of the organizations of the society have fully applied their efforts
to the struggle to fulfill the obligations assumed by the collectives of
enterprises and economic regions.
"Our councils and primary organizations have failed to properly ex-
ecute control over the introduction of inventions and rationalizer sug-
gestions into industry. During 1957-1959, about 26,400 authorship
certificates (patents) were issued, yet only 4,650 inventions were intro-
duced into industry."
"More than 500,000 inventions and rationalizer suggestions have been
waiting since 1 January 1960 to be introduced into industry."
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97. Higher Educational Institutions Cooperating With Industry
"Higher Educational Institutions and Technical Progress," by
B. Pokrovskiy; Moscow, Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 19 Aug 60
The article contains the following passage:
"Five Leningrad institutes -- the Polytechnic Institute imeni Kalinin,
the Technological Institute imeni Lensovet, the Electrical Engineering
Institute imeni V. I. Ulyanov, the Institute of Precision Mechanics and
Optics, and the Engineering-Economics Institute -- have advanced a very
remarkable proposition. They have concluded with the industrial enterprises
not annual agreements on creative cooperation, 1,.k11;'h,.,, a eemtrnts for a
period of 7 years. These agreements provide for assistance to the enter-
prises in their efforts to fulfill ahead of schedule assignments in national
economy planning, and for help with automation and mechanization of indus-
trial processes and with training and improvement of the qualifications
of technical-engineering personnel and workmen. At present more than 140
seven-year agreements have been concluded with the higher educational in-
stitutions."
98. Oscillating Solution of Differential Equation Studied
"Concerning the Asymptotic Behavior of the Oscillating Solution
of a Linear Homogeneous Differential Equation of the Second
Order With a Retarding Argument," by S. B. Norkin, Calininsk
Peat Institute; Moscow, Nauchnyye Doklady V sshe Shkoly, Fiziko-
Matematicheskiye Nauki, No 3, Apr 60, pp 5
The asymptotic behavior of the oscillating solution of the linear dif-
ferential equation of the second order
y"(t) + Ay(t) + M(t)y(t - A(t)) = 0 (A bpublibs and that its complete oradication i~ b-dssible with-
n h nex 2 QQr 3 oars. The iAsc.of absorbed diphtheria antitoxin for in-
ocu.Lation is advocated.
Measures for the eradication of brucellosis among humans are discussed;
the eradication of anthrax and tularemia among humans is also considered
within the realm of possibility. Epidemic hepatitis, influenza, and tuber-
culosis are mentioned.
The authors note in conclusion that the control of infectious diseases
and helminthoses requires increased knowledge of medical workers in the
areas of diagnosis, therapy, and prophylaxis and that the workers of sci-
entific research institutions and medical institutes must devote themselves
to this task.
Immunology and Therapy
105. Brucellosis Vaccine Tested on Large Group of People
"The Problem of the Effectiveness of the Cutaneous Method of
Immunizing Humans With Vaccine From Br. abortus Strain 19-BA,"
by I. F. Taran, Scientific Research Antiplague Institute of
the Caucasus and Transcaucasus; Moscow, Zhurnal Mikrobiolo ii
Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii, Vol 31, No ,, Aug 0, pp 93-96
This article reports the author's study of the effectiveness of cuta-
neous vaccination of 2,750 persons with a preparation from Br. abortus
strain 19-BA in four rayons of the Kalmytskaya ASSR. A vaccine prepared
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at the Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology imeni Gamaleya (series
82-1) 62-1; and 116) was used; one human dose contained 2 billion live
Brucella in 0.05 ml of physiological solution. The dose was applied at
two sites, double crossed scratches 1-1.5 cm long were made, and the vac-
cine was rubbed into the scratches.
The epizootiological conditions on each of the farms where the vac-
cinates were located are described briefly. Tables show results of exam-
ination of the vaccinates one year after inoculation and the percentage
of effectiveness in the four rayons involved.
The following conclusions are offered:
1. Cutaneous vaccination with Br. abortus 19-BA vaccine in a dose
of 2 billion microbial cells is harmless for humans with both positive
and negative Burnet reactions.
2. A postvaccination reaction was noted in a significant number of
vaccinates 2 1/2 months after inoculation.
3. The possibility of a breakdown in immunity and the occurrence of
brucellosis among persons inoculated cutaneously is not excluded in foci
of ovine brucellosis where there are mass abortions and when elementary
sanitary-hygienic rules are not strictly observed.
106. Allergic Reaction to Pestin Described
"The Nature of an Allergic Reaction to Pestin in Persons Vac-
cinated Against Plague," by M. F. Shmuter, L. G. Lopatukhina,
I. F. Volosivets, Tr. Sredneaz. N.-I. Protivochumn. In-ta
(Works of the Central Asian Scientific Research Antiplague
Institute), No 4, 1958, pp 107-109 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal
-- Biolo i No 12, 25 Jun 60, Abstract NTo 5+37 , by M.
Boyarska~
'"The intracutaneous test suggested by Ye. I. Korovkova with 'Pestin'
a killed suspension of plague pathogens) was performed on persons who had
been vaccinated against plague. In the' first experiment, the reaction to
pestin was tested in 309 persons who had been vaccinated intracutaneously
and cutaneously, and in nonvaccinated controls. It was demonstrated that
about half those who had been vaccinated intracutaneously had strongly
positive and intense reactions, about one third had positive and weakly
positive reactions, and only 8% did not react to the introduction of pestin.
Those vaccinated cutaneously reacted much more weakly to pestin. About
50% of the control group did not react, 16.8% reacted positively, and
13.6% had sharply positive reactions. In the second experiment, the re-
action to pectin was tested in 138 nonvaccinated persons. The total percent
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of nonspecific reactions and, their intensity were partially decreased by
decreasing the done of pentin or inactivating it, but they were not com-
pletely eliminated. It was established that skin sensitization, which can
be developed by the introduction of pestin, occurs as a result of anti-
plague vaccination. However, aside from the nonspecific reactions it is
ntil:1. not impossible to recommend the allergic reaction for wide practical
use."
107. Sensitivity of Different Animals to Gas Gt',n frcne Compared
"The Comparative Sensitivity of Experimental Animals to Gas
Gangrene," by P. A. Chertkova, Ye. S. Shain, and T. P. Kozhe-
vuikova, Material o Obmenu tom. G1. U pr- In-tov Vaktsin
i Syvorotok M-va Zdravookhr. (Data on Exchange Experiments of
the Main Administration of Institutes of Vaccines and Sera,
Ministry of Health), 1/53, 1957, pp 299-304 (from Referativvnnyy
Zhurnal -- Biologiya, No 12, 25 Jun 60, Abstract No 51.393, by
M. Boyarskaya)
"Rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice were infected intramuscularly with
0.1 ml of a stable glycerine suspension of pathogens in a mixture of 0.1
ml of a 50% CaC13 solution and the same amount of a suspension without
calcium. The use of CaCl3 decreased the certain lethal dose by 100-1,000,000
times. Rabbits and guinea pigs had approximately identical sensitivity
to Clostridium perfringens; the sensitivity of mice was 12-15 times lower.
Rabbits were 10 times more sensitive than guinea pigs and 15 times more
sensitive than mice. The sensitivity of rabbits and guinea pigs to Vibrion
septique was identical, but rabbits were twice as sensitive to its toxin
as guinea pigs; rabbits were five times more sensitive to Cl. histolyticum,
and were two times more sensitive to its toxin than guinea pigs. Mice were
20 times less sensitive to Cl. histolyticus. White mice were considerably
less sensitive to the pathogens of gas gangrene than to its toxins."
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Pharmacology and Toxicology
108. Effect of Aminazine of Reflex Activity
"On tine Mechanism of the Action of Aminazine on Higher
Nervous Functions, " by M. M. Kharranashvili, Physiologi-
cal Division imeni I. P. Pavlov, Institute of Experi-
mental Medicine, Academy of Medical Sciences USSR;
Moscow, Farmakologiya I '1',. ksiko].ogiya, Vol 23, No I.,
Jul/Aug Go, pp 295-299
In the experiments carried out on dogs it was established that
aminazirie in a dose of 0.5 milligram per kilogram of body weight
modified conditioned reflex activity in the animals. The modifications
occurred about 50 minutes after the drug was administered and were ex-
pressed by a slower response to a stimulus with the aid of which the
conditioned reflex was developed. Doses of aminazine of one milligram
per kilogram of body weight substantially disturbed conditioned reflex
activity, while still larger doses completely changed the nature of the
reflex. Some researchers think that the effect of aminazine on reflex
activity is due to the action of the drug on the cerebral cortex; the
possibility of its action on the subcortical structures is not excluded.
109. Toxicity of Some Organophosphorus Compounds
"On the Toxicology of 0,0-Dialkyl-beta-alkylmercaptoalkyl
Dithiophosphates (Insecticides M-74) M-81, and m-82)," by
Yu. S. Kagan (Kiev), Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occu-
pational Diseases; Moscow, GGi iyena Truda i Professional'nyye
Zabolevan~ya, Vol 4, No 9, Sep 60, pp 21-26
Mice, rats, and cats were used in the experiments which were conducted
to determine the toxicity of the insecticides M-74 --0,0-diethyl-beta-
ethylmercaptoethyldithiophosphate; M-81 -- 0-0-dimethyl-beta
ethylme.rcaptoethyldithiophosphate; M-82 -- 0-0-dimethyl-
methylmercaptoethyldithiophospha,te. The insecticides were :introduced into
the organisms of the animals through the gastrointestinal tract, the respir-
atory organs, and the undamaged skin. The experiments established that
M-74, M-81, and M-82, and M-74 in particular, are highly toxic to the animal
organism; the compounds have a cumulative effect; the depression of
cholinesterase activity plays an important part in the mechanism of the
toxic effect of the poisons; on the basis of the experimental data obtained
it is recommended that the insecticides M-81 and M-82 be used instead of
M-74 and that the allowable conceiitration of the vapors of M-81 and M-82
should not exceed 0.0001 milligram per liter.
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110. Toxicity of Some Compounds
"Acute Toxicity of Dibutyl Phthalate and di-2-ethylhexyl
Phthalate of Polish Production," by S. Homrowski and
M. Nikoronov, Roczn. Ranotw. Zakl. Hig (Poland), 1959,
a,
10, No 11, 321-327 (from Referatuvn Zhurnal-Khimiy
Biologicheskaya Khimiya, No 16, 25 Aug. 60, Abstract
No 23573, by the Authors)
"Expcrimcnts carried out on rats established that the LD550p of
dibuthyl phthalate when administered by mouth was 11.9 milliliters per
kilogram of body weight, and when administered intraperitoneally, 6.8
milliliters per kilogram of body weight; the LD po of di-2-ethylhexyl
phthalate when administered by mouth was 33.7 milliliters per kilogram
of body weight, and when administered intraperitoneally, 37.3 milliliters
per kilogram of body weight. The blood picture of the experimental animals
did not differ from that of the control rats. Degenerative hepatic modi-
fications were noted in the animals which received dibuthyl phthalate."
111. Amine Toxicity
"Investigations of the Toxicity of Amines. 1. Effect of
Amines on Glutathione in vitro," by Ewa Sikorska, Roczn.
Panstw. Zakl. Hig.. (Poland), 1959, 10, No 3, 245-262 (.
(from Referativ Zhurnal -- Khimi a Biolo icheska a
Khimi a, No 15, 10 Aug 60, Abstract No 220 88) by the
author)
"The effect of p-aminophenol (I), p-phenylenediamine (II), and
p-toluoldiamine (III) on the content of glutathione in aqueous solutions,
0.9 percent solutions of NaCl, and in blood was investigated. It was
found that all the amines under investigations reduced the glutathione
content in the mentioned solvents. This reduction was considerably
greater in the blood than in the solutions of NaCl and water. (1) was
the more active of the amines; the action of (II) and (III) was about
equal. "
112. Cadmium Oxide Intoxication
"Acute Occupational Intoxications by Cadmium Oxide and Their
Prophylaxis," by R. S. Vorob'yeva, First Moscow Order of Lenin
Medical Institute imeni I. M. Sechenov; Moscow, Gi i ena Truda
i Professional?Me Zabolevaniya, Vol 4, No 7, Jul 60, pp 44-45
Several cases of intoxication by cadmium oxide are described. tan
oxide is now widely used in industry and cases of intoxication by this com-
pound have become more frequent. The clinical picture of cadmium oxide
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intoxication in npe cific for the metal. It is characterized by a latent
period, diuturbances of the gastrointestinal tract and respiration organs,
and a change in the blood picture. Improved methods of processing the
metal and proper ventilation are recommended, as prophylactic measures.
113. Merca toalkansulfonates as Antidotes in Arsenic Poisoning
"Comparative Evaluation of the Toxic and Antidote Properties
of Certain Derivatives of Mercaptoalkansulfonates," by I. G.
Mizyukova and D. S. Lokantsev, Laboratory of Pharmacology,
Ukrainian Scientific Research Sanitary-Chemical Institute;
Moscow, Farmako].o i a i Toksikolo i a, Vol 23, no 4, Jul/Aug 60,
pp 355-361
A number of thiol compounds, derivatives of mercaptoalkansulfonates
were tested for their toxicity and for their antidote properties when
used in the therapy of arsenic and other heavy metal intoxications. The
antidote properties of these compounds were compared with those of
unithiol -- sodium 2, 3 -dime rc aptopropane sulfonate -- a preparation now
widely used as an antidote in arsenic intoxications. Rats were used in
the experiments which established that the thiol compounds under investi-
gation are slightly toxic, having an LD OO of 1,000-2,300 milligrams per
kilogram of body weight; the dithiols w ?h contain two SO groups were
found to be the least toxic of the group under investigatign; the antidote
properties of the thiols have been found to vary, depending on the quality
and disposition of the SH groups in the compounds; no direct relationship
between the toxic and antidote properties of the compounds has been
established, although it is thought that the structure of the thiol mole-
cule can to some degree affect the toxic and antidote properties of prepa-
rations.
114. Toxicology of Some Hydrocarbons
"On the Toxicology of Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Report 1. Com-
parative Toxicity of Some Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Report 2.
Certain Problems of the Toxicohygienic Characteristics of
Aromatic Hydrocarbons," by A. S. Faustov, Tr. Voronezhsk. Med
In-ta (Works of the Voronezh Medical Institute , 1958, 35,
2 E4.7--255 (from Referativ_nyy Zhurnal-Khimiya, Biologicheskaya
Khimiya, No 1.4, 25 Jul 60, Abstract No 2071d, by T. Brzhevskaya)
"The absolute lethal concentrations (in milligrams per liter) of the
following hydrocarbons were established in acute experiments on animals:
benzene, 45 for mice and 60 for rats; toluol, respectively 35 and 50;
ethylbenzene, 50 and 70; xylol (a mixture of isomers), 55 and 75; styrol,
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45 and 55. The minimal concentrations of the compounds acting on the
central. nervous system of rabbits were found to be as follows: benzene,
1.5; toluol, 1; ethylbenzene, 0.78; xylol, 0.75; styrol, 0.62; and
diisopropylbenzene, 0.62. The concentrations which induced a lateral
position in mice were as follows: benzene, 15; toluol, 10; ethylbenzene,
15; xylol, 20; styrol, 10. LD50 for mice were benzene, 30; toluol, 25;
ethylbenzene, 35.5; xylol, 39; styrol, 34.5. Toluol was found to be the
most toxic of the hydrocarbons; styrol and diisopropylbenzene the least
toxic. It is assumed that effective toxicity in the homologous series
of I. from the lower to the higher members; the average toxicity
at the level of small concentrations is more in accordance with Richardson's
law than it is when at the level of the lethal and anesthesizing concentra-
tions. The absolute lethal doses (grams per kilogram of body weight) when
intraperitoneally administered to 195 rats were found to be: benzene, 10;
toluol, 8; ethylbenzene, 6; xylol, 9; styrol, 8; diisopropylbenzene, 10.
The absolute lethal. concentrations for fish in water (in milligrams per
liter) after 24-hour exposure were as follows: benzene, 45; toluol, 55;
ethylbenzene, 60; xylol, 55; styrol, 40.. It is assumed in this case that
the toxicity of the hydrocarbons decreased with an increase in the mole-
cular weight of the substances and the diminution of their solubility in
water. Organoleptic investigations of water polluted with aromatic hydro-
carbons established that their odor and taste intensity increase with the
increase in the molecular weight and that the pstid icel .threshold for'ta Le in all
cases was lower than the corresponding threshold for odor. The practical
threshold ratios for taste and odor in water were found to be as follows:
2.1 and 7.1 for benzene; 1.1 and 2.9 for toluol; 0.1 and 0.2 for ethyl-
benzene; 0.6 and 1.6 for xylol; 0.08 and 0.19 for styrol; 0.25 and 0.25 for
diisopropylbenzene. The lowering of the threshold of allowable concentra-
tion of homologues of benzene in the air of industrial premises is urged.
115. Research on CO Poisoning
"Hygienic Evaluation of the Risk of Chronic Action of Carbon
Monoxide Fumes on the Workers of a Generator Station," by V.
Svestkova, B. Svestka, and Z. FraJbis, Zh. Gi i e~y,E idem-
iol. Mikrobiol. i Immunol. (Czech), 1959, 3, No 6, PP 328-3-42
(from Referativnyy Zhurnal-Khimiya, No 14, 25 Jul 60, Abstract
No 57634
Carbon monoxide (CO) (0.009-1.700 mg/l) has been detected in the at-
mosphere of the working areas of a generator station. An increased con-
tent of CO was noted in the blood of 51.8% of the workers. During the
medical c'amination of 46 workers of the station (the average ace was
45 years, lEngth cf service eras 2-3`3 years) canplaints tc;re m j.s I . cf headm- lms (by ~8 ix-op e)
dizzirss (by 9), increased fatigue (by 2), loss of appetite, (by 3), caidring (by 23),
etc. The quantity of erythrocytes observed in 27 examinees was 5,000,000/ml,
hemoglobin 100% in 28. About 35% of the examinees suffered acute CO poison-
ing in the past (in a few cases more than once). Chronic CO poisoning was
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not observed. The following recommendations were made: increasing the
ventilation, especially in the summer; automation of the processes;-for
leading the coal; and consideration for the necessity for a sufficiently
greater volume of air during the designing of production areas.
116.. Therapy of Thyrotoxicosis
"Betazin," by Z. L. Izumrudova, All-Union Scientific Research
Chemicopharmaceutical Institute imeni S. Ordzhonikidze; Moscow,
Meditsinskaya Promyshlennost' SSSR, Vol 111., No 3, Aug 60,
pp 42-43
Betazin -- beta- (1+-oxy-3) 5-diiodophenyl )-beta-alanine -- was
synthesized by V. M. Rodionov, . N. N. Suvorov, -and V., G.~ Avramenko of
the Chair of Organic Chemistry at the Moscow Chemicotechnological Institute
imeni D. I. Mendeleyev. Its structural formula is as follows:
HO--~ H--CH2--COOH
\f ~. ,? INH
2
Betazin is a colorless crystalline substance, soluble in aqueous
solutions of acids and alkalines and insoluble in alcohol, ether, and other
organic solvents. Experimental investigations established that betazin
is highly effective in thyrotoxicosis therapy. It is nontoxic and is well
tolerated by patients. This is of particular importance in cases in which
the patients cannot tolerate iodine.
117. Quatelerone -- New Ganglioblocking Drug
"Pharmacological Characteristics of Quatelerone," by
N. Ye. Akopyan and R. A. Aleksanyan, Section of Pharmacology,
Institute of Fine Organic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences
Armenian SSR; Moscow, Farmakolo i a i Toksikolo i a, Vol 23,
No 4, Jul/Aug 60, pp 31 -321
Albino mice, rabbits, and cats were used in experiments which were
conducted to determine the effect of quatelerone on the organism. Quatelerone
is the iodoethylate of alpha-beta-dithet1Vlathlnopr6pyl ester of p-butoxybenzoic
acid; it is the quaternary derivative of ganglerone. Its structural formula
is as follows:
CH3--CH2--CH2--CH2--0-
C2H5
>-C--O--7--T--C1f2--R /C2Hw5
70
CH3 CH3
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Quatelerorie is a white fine-crystalline powder, readily soluble
in water when heated; its melting point 1.s 120-130 degrees; it harp a
bitter taste. The experiments established that quatelerone has an ex-
pressed effect on the cholinoreactive structure of the automatic nervous
system; it hac strong blocking effect on the nicotine -cholino- reactive
systems of the automatic ganglia; it has a curare-like action; it has a
hypotensive effect, restorin;; to normal the blood pressure of animals
with pituitary hypertension; it does not affect the cholinoreactive
system of the central nervous system, is slightly toxic and well toler-
ated by the organism.
118. Inexpensive Method of Preparation of Ergosterine
"Mycelium of Penicillin as a Source-of Ergosterine," by
S. S. Manko, Tr. Vses. n.-I. Vitamin. In-T (Works of the
All-Union Scientific Research Vitamin Institute), 1959, 6,
92-97, (from Referativnyy Zhurnal--Khimiya. No 10, 25 May 60,
Abstract No 3969T, by A. Vavilova) '
"In the search for an inexpensive raw material for the preparation
of ergosterine, investigations of the mycelium of penicillin were con-
ducted. It was found that ergosterine is contained in the mycelium of
penicillin in two forms: a fraction which is readily extracted with
alcohol, and a fraction which is firmly combined with the cellular protein.
The generally used method of analysis of ergosterine in which an alkaline
wash is used fails to separate the ergosterine from the. protein and there-
fore produces a low yield. Autoclaving of the fresh mycelium of penicillium
separates the ergosterine to a greater degree than does the fermentation
process. The yield of crystalline ergosterine is increased when increased
pressure on mycelium is applied during the autoclaving process. The pro-
cessing of the partially decomposed mycelium of penicillium produces
higher yields. Dry mycelium rapidly loses its ergosterine: 87 percent of
it is lost in 10 days of storage. Tables on the results of the expert
ments are provided."
119. Fubromegan -- New Spasmolytic Drug
"Pharmacological Properties of Fubromegan," by R. A.
Alekasnyan, Section of Pharmacology, Institute of Fine
Organic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences Armenian SSR;
Yerevan, Izvestiya Akademiin Naukc Armyanskoy SSR, Vol 13,
No 3, Mar 60, pp 55-61
Fubromegan, a spasmolytic drug with a wide spectrum of
action, was synthesized by A. L. Mndzhoyan and V. G. Afrikyan
of the Academy of Sciences Armenian SSR. Chemically it is the
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iodomethylate of alpha-methyl-I;amna-diothylaminopropyl ester
of 5-bromofurancarboxylic acid. Its structural formula is as
follows:
Br +/H2CH3 -
O-- II--QI2--C112- N-CIF13 I
I CH2CH3
13
Fubromegan is a light-yellow powder bitter in taste; it is
readily soluble in water and insoluble in ether and benzene. Its
melting point is 142-143 degrees; it has a molecular weight of 460.
Tests carried out on cats established that fubromegan.is an effective
spasmolytic.drug due to its strong muscarinolytic and nicotinolytic
properties; in doses of 0.2-0.4 milligrams per kilogram of body weight
it increases the flow of blood from the coronary aorta by 10-20 percent;
it is slightly toxic; in experiments on rabbits, the toxic dose of the
drug for these animals was established at 25 milligrams per kilogram of
body weight; this exceeds the minimally effective therapeutic dose 125
times.
120. High Curarelike Activity Reported for a -Truxillic Acid Esters
"Investigation of a Series of Cyclobutanedicarboxylic
Acids. III. Basic Esters of Q Truxillic Acid," by A. P.
Arendaruk and A. P. Skoldinov, Institute of Pharmacology
and Chemotherapy, Academy of Medical Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 30, No 8, Aug 60, pp 2743-1+5
A description is presented for the synthesio of a number of
diallkylaminoalkyl esters of a-truxillic acid. The authors reported
that the pharmacological investigations of the synthesized preparations
(conducted by D. A. Kharkevich and L. A. Kravchuk in the laboratory of
the pharmacological division of the institute) indicated that several
of the diiodomethylates exhibit high ciurare1;1 activity with a short
duration of action,
121. Vitamins and Experimental Atherosclerosis
"Effect of Vitamins P and C on the Development of Experi-
mental Atherosclerosis," by V. S. Smolenskiy, N. N. Yerofeyeva,
N. F. Pankratova,;_M. N. Zaprometov, V sb.: Vitamin. Resursy i
ikh Ispol'zovaniye.(Vitamin Resources and Their U'tilis'ation),
4, M., Academy of Sciences USSR (from Refere,tivnyZhu_rnal--
Khimi a Biolo icheska a Khithi a, No 16,,'25 Aug g 60, Abstract
No 2221
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CPYRGHT
"In experiments on rabbits, the anti'choleaterinemic action of vitamins
P (catechin preparation from tea leaves) and C which were simultaneously
administered in doses of 100 milligrams daily on the basis of 0.2 gram
per kilogram of body weight was studied. The average cholesterine content
in the animals which received vitamin C only was equal to 545 milligram
percent; in the rabbits which were administered both vitamins, 360
mi.i1.L(, rain Pe c-' at. No essential difference in the development of athero-
matosi in the rabbits of both groups was noted; however, it was expressed
somewhat to a lesser degree in the animals which received both vitamins
than in those which received vitamin.C only."
122. Hungarians Study Deconditioning Effect of Sedatives and Tranquilizers
"Differentiation of the Deconditioning Effect of Sedato-
Hypnotic and Tranquilizing Drugs)" by Jozsef Knoll, Candidate
of Medical Sciences, and Berta Knoll, Institute of Pharmacology,
Budapest Medical University; Budapest, A Magyar Tudomanyos
Akademia Biolo ai es Orvosi Tudo ok Osztal auhlt Kozl.emenyei,
Vol XI, No 1, 1960y pp 145-153
Authors have demonstrated that by using the jump test, with 60-vo:Lt
alternating current as a positive stimulus, a conditioned reflex can be
established in rats which responds to the effects of both barbiturates and
"major" tranquilizers such as reserpine and largactil. When 110-volt
current is used, the conditioned reflex is affected only.if the "major"
tranquilizers are used.
I'This effect is suitable or selective nves g -
tion of tranqui izers
There was no evidence of a deconditioning effect in either of the
tests when "minor" such tranquilizers as meprobamate and azacyclonol
were used. The authors also demonstrated that no deconditioning effects
were evoked by subliminal doses: 0.25 mg/kg in the case of reserpine,
0.5 mg/kg in the case of tetrabenazine, and 1.0 mg/kg in the case of
largactil. Maximum effect doses were one mg/kg in the case of reserpine,
3 mg/kg in the case of tetrabenazine, and 5 mg/kg in the case of largactil.
Doses of 30-60 mg/kg of phenobarbitol were used. Doses of meprobamate as
high as 100-150 mg/kg failed to inhibit the conditioned reflex.
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Physiology
123. Electroencephaloscope and Computer Combination to be Used for Brain
Research
"Mathematics of the Brain" (unsigned article); Moscow,
Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 17 Sep 60, p 4
"The Soviet electroencephaloscope--a unique telivisor of the brain--
until quite recently was a new word in science and engineering. A step
has now been made. Scientific thought has advanced still further. On
16 September, one of the creators of the electroencephaloscope, Prof M. N.
Livanov, reported at a meeting of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences
USSR on further advances in the development of electrophysiology.
"To make a detailed analysis of the momentary displays of the
electroencephaloscope, he said, would require almost an entire human life-,
time. Now this can be done rapidly and precisely by a computer. The com-
bination of two such 'intelligent' devices creates the previously unforeseen
possibility of understanding processes :occurring in the brain and of ex-
plaining various disorders.
"It should be kept in mind. that electroencephaloscopic engineering
is advancing very rapidly. While the first Soviet device hod. 50 channels,
or, in other words, could record 50 points of brain activity, the subse-
quent version has already been extended to 100 points, and there is
prospect of a 400-channel device.
"The problem now is to create a link which will directly connect the
electroencephaloscope to the computer. It will then be especially inter-
esting and important to determine the laws governing the interrelationships
of the biocurrents in the brain involved in the process of conditioned-
reflex elaboration.
"Professor Livanov showed the meeting participants individual record-
ings which indicate the progress Soviet physiology is making in this
direction.
"The scientist's report evoked lively interest.
"In the resolution of the Presidium it was noted that the first
attempt of the laboratory of the Institute of Higher Nervous Activity to
utilize computers in electrophysiology had revealed basically new possi-
bilities for understanding the structure and mechanism of central nervous
system activity. These methods, the resolution states, may prove to be
extremely useful for research in the fields of space medicine and
aerophysiology and for diagnosis and therapy in the neuropsychiatric
clinic, etc."
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124. Effect of Low Temperatures on Active Cholinoreceptor Centers
"Active Cholinoreceptor. Centers and Changes in Their Properties
With Cooling," by T. M. Turpayev, Institute of Animal Morphology
imeni A. N. Severtsov, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
1Piziologicheskiy Zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenov, No 9,
Sep 60, pp 1056-1063
Data obtained in this investigation indicate that the cholinoreceptor
of the cardiac muscle of the heart contains one or two active centers which
react with a molecule of acetylcholine. With cooling, the affinity of the
receptor to acetylcholine as well as the number of receptors participating
in the reaction decreases. Apparently with cooling, such a change occurs
in the configuration of the protein molecule of the cholinoreceptor that
it leads in the beginning to a decrease in the affinity of the active
center to acetylcholine and with more cooling to the complete inactivation
of the active center. This is in agreement with observations made by the
author and others on structural changes produced by cooling in the protein
molecule of the cholinoreceptor which was discovered while changing the
reaction capacity of SH-groups of the cholinoreceptors of the carc?iac muscle
of the frog at temperatures of 0-10.
125. Unilateral Decortication and Ca Metabolism in Central Nervous S,ys?em
"The Effect of Unilateral Decortication on Calcium Metabolism
in the Central Nervous System," by B. B. Bokhov, Chair of
Normal Physiology, Moscow Medical Institute imeni N. I.
Pirogov; Moscow, Byulleten' Eksperimental'noy Biologii i
Meditsiny, No 8, Aug 60, pp 89-92
Although for many years (1934-1958).E.' A..Asratyan's laboratory has
been engaged in studying the effect of decortication on the changes which
occur in the genera]. functions of an organism, it was deemed appropriate
to study some of the chemical changes which occur in the nervous structures.
The purpose of this investigation, therefore, was to study the effect of
unilateral decortication and trepanation on calcium metabolism in the
diencephalon, medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and spinal cord with the
aid of radiocalcium. As a result of the inve;tigatttns, conducted, it
can be stated that unilateral extirpation of the cortex led to an increase
in the accumulation of Ca 77 in the underlying segments of the central
nervous system with a preponderance of accumulation occurring at the
^ite of operation. With trepanation, no statistically authentic variances
were apparent.
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126. Noise Control Efforts Coordinated
"The Coordination of Research Work on the Problem of Noise
Control," by Candidate of Medical Sciences S. I. Murovannaya,
Institute of General and Communal Hygiene imeni A. N. Sysin,
Academy of Medical Sciences USSR; Moscow, Gigiyena i Sanitariya,
No 9, Sep 60, pp 15-21
This article states that the; results of investigations of the effect
of the noise present in various 'industrial establishments, on streets,
and in residential areas on the human organism as a whole indicated the
need for coordinated effort in noise control. Results of research
performed in the past few years by T. A. Orlova, K. Shreder and others
showed that noise causes changes in the higher nervous activity and
produces pathological shifts in living organisms long before their
hearing is affected in any way. It has also been recognized that the
incidence of disorders in the cardiovascular system is very high among
the population of the Soviet Union. The Ministry of Health USSR, there-
fore, decided to bring the problem of noise control to the attention of
physiologists, clinical physicians, and hygiene and sanitation specialists.
An all-union conference called by the Ministry of Health USSR was
consequently held 26-29 November 1957- It was decided at the conference
to organize a permanent committee on noise control within the framework
of the Main State Sanitary Inspection of the USSR. This committee began
its work during the second half of 1958. It has established liaison with
the following Problem Commissions of the Presidium of the Academy of
Medical Sciences USSR: Problem Commission No 1, "The Physiology and
Pathology of Higher Nervous Activity; Problem Commission No 2, "Basic
Physiological Functions and Their Neural and Humoral Regulation; and
Problem Commission No 44, "Hypertension, Atherosclerosis, and Coronary
Insufficiency." As a result, a number of institutes of clinical medicine
and chairs of physiology have incorporated in their research work such
problems as the study of the effect of noise on the cardiovascular and
other systems of a living organism.
Considerable progress has been made in scientific research during
1959 and so far in 1960. More is expected to be accomplished as closer
cooperation is established with a few more institutes, physicists
specializing in acoustics, construction engineers, machine designers,
architects, and specialists in other fields. Liaison is also being planned
with the Institute of Acoustics, Academy of Sciences USSR.
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127. Industrial Noise Standards Evaluated
"A Physiological Background for Determining Industrial Noise
Standards," by Candidate of Medical Sciences A. A. Arkad'yevskiy,
Moscow Scientific Research Institute of Hygiene and Sanitation
imeni P. F. Erisman, Ministry of Health RSFSR; Moscow, Gigiyena
i Sanitariya, No 9, Sep 60, pp 21-26
The results of studies conducted on young people with normal hearing
and average health showed that industrial noise of low frequency and
intensities between 80 and 100 decibels affects all functions of the human
organism. Sufficient evidence was collected to prove that noise of low
frequency and intensity of 100 decibels produces a considerable dis-
turbance in the functions of the human organism.and that restoration of
these functions is delayed for a long period. It was noted that shiftu
in the same functions of the human organism caused by noise of the same
low frequency, but of an intensity between 80 and 90: decibels. were
insignificant and they were restored within a short period.
Functional shifts in the human organism were observed by means of
audiometric and electrocardiographic; recording; the ] :;.of tbs. latedt.period in
the visuo-motor reaction was measured and arterial blood pressure was
taken.
128. Noise Effects During Workday Studied
"The Effect of Intensive Noise on the Functional Condition
of the Nervous System," by L. Ye. Milkov, Neurology Department
of Clinic of Institute of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational
Diseases, Academy of Medical Sciences USSR; Moscow, Gigiyena i
Sanitariya, No 9, Sep 60, pp 26-31
The results of investigations conducted to determine the effect of
noise of high frequency and intensities of 95-120 decibels on people
employed in industrial establishments where such noise is prevalent are
presented in this article; these results showed that noise causes func-
tional disturbances in the central nervous system. These disturbances
were found to manifest themselves by an asthenic and neurotic reaction,
an astheno-autonomic syndrome, or vasculo-autonomic disfunction. The
asthenic and neurotic symptoms were usually observed in conjunction with
changes in the auditory analysor. The extent oft manifestation of these
disturbances increased with an increase in the intensity of the noise
and the length of-service under such conditions.
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The use of an electric olfactometer and a pallesthesiometer made
it possible to reveal an increase of the absolute auditory threshold in
the course of the workday and a decrease in the differentiating capacity
of the vibratory analysor toward the end of the working day. During the
day, there occurred a definite lengthening of the latent period in the
motor reaction to light and sound signals.
The above-mentioned shifts in the function of the central nervous
system are probably connected with symptoms of fatigue.
This clinical picture of "noise sickness" is especially significant
in medical evaluation of work capacity and in the development of thera-
peutic and preventive measures. The fact that the effect of noise on
hearing has been more thoroughly investigated than its effect on the
entire human organism explains the growing interest, in the past few
years, in the study of the effects of noise on the human organism as
a whole.
129. Central Nervous System Disturbance Caused by_Noise in Nail-Producin
Industry
"Data From Clinical and Physiological Examinations of
Persons Exposed to the Prolonged Effect of Noise," by
M. L. Khaymovich, Chair of Industrial Hygiene With Clinic
of Occupational Diseases, Leningrad Sanitary Hygiene
Medical Institute; Moscow, Gigiyena i Sanitariya, No 9,
Sep 60, pp 32-35
This article says that the results of careful medical examination
of a group of workers engaged in nail production for periods of several
months to 24 years showed that the majority of those exposed to noise
of high frequency and intensities of 97-102 decibels had functional
disorders of the central nervous system. The workers examined were
between 20 and 40 years of age. The functional disorders noted were
manifested in the form of asthenic and astheno-neurotic syndromes and
autonomic disfunction, and also consisted a considerable lengthening of
the latent period in the conditioned motor reaction to light, prolonged
optic chronaxy, and disturbed thermoregulating reflexes. Pathological
shifts in the function of the central nervous system occurred in the
workers under observation long before the onset of any change in auditory
sensitivity was noted. An increase in the incidence of pathological
changes was noted in people who had worked longest in the nail-producing
industry. This mattes apparent the need for special measures for improving
working conditions in the nail production industry.
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1;30. Iaffect of Exerc:Loc on Central Nervouo System Studied
"Complex IE:1eetroph>yciological Study of the Influence of
Physical Exercise on the Functional State of the Central
Nervous System," by G. I. Mil'shteyn; Moscow, Zhurnal
Vy Fahey Nervnoy Dcyatel' nosti, Vol 10, No 4, Jul Aug 60,
Pp 505-511
This article presents the results of experiments on ten healthy men
between 18 and 26 years of age, which showed that intensive wort: on a
velocrL;omcter as a rule produced no significant e:Leetrographic changes
reflecting the functional condition of the central nervous system. On
the other hand, the performance of such work by a man wearing a gas
mask which supplied a current of 30 liters of air per minute created a
resistance to respiration equal to between 20 and 25 millimeters of
water at inhalation, and between 10 and. 12 millimeters of water at
exhalation; this caused the disappearance of the conditioned electrocardio-
gram and electroencephalogram reactions and produced an increase in the
period of muscular reaction and disinhibition of the electroencephalogram
reaction to external stimuli (light, sound).
The author of this article thinks that it is possible to utilize
the complex electrographic method to determine the effect of great
physical stress on the functional state of the central nervous system.
131. Conditioned Reflexes Following Hypothermia
"Restoration of Conditioned Peflexes in Dogs After
Hypothermia," by Ye. K. Aganyants..and V. F. Novikov, Chair...;
of Normal Physiology, 3Cuban' Medical Institute; Moscow,
7?hurual Usshey Neruno Deyatellnosti, Vol 10., No 4,
Jul Aug 60, pp 569-574
This article reports the results of the authors' experiments on
four dogs, which showed that complete restoration of secretory alimentary
and protective respiratory conditioned reflexes took place after their
bodies were subjected to an abnormally low temperature. Their rectal
temperature was down to 24?C. It was noted that the process of restora-
tion of conditioned respiratory reflexes began at temperatures of 31-35?C
and ended on the second day after hypothermia was induced. Restoration
of alimentary conditioned reflexes began at 36?C during the first 24 hours
after hypothermia in young dogs; in older dogs, it took place on the third
day. Complete restoration of secretory alimentary conditioned rei:.axes
was observed 4-9 days after hypothermia. Internal inhibition was consider-
ably weakened after hypthermia; it was restored later than the process of
excitation.
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132. Bl.imination of Radioactive Isotopes From the Organism
"Analysis of the Fffectiveneca of Complex-Forming Substances
Which Hasten the Elimination of Radioactive Isotopes From
the Organism," by G. Ye. Fradxin and V. F. Ushakova; Moscow,
Khimicheska a Zashchita Organizma of Ioniziruyushchikh
Izluchoni;;r (Chemical Protection of the Organism From Ionizing
Radiation), Atomizdat, 1960, pp 136-151
Investigations which have been conducted for a number of years estab-
lished that certain complex-forming substances, mainly ethylenediaminotetra-
acetic acid, by forming stable compounds with radioactivQ isotop 9hasten
the elimination of these iuotopes from the organism. Yyy and Pu were
used in the investigations. It was established that cyclohexanediaminotetra-
acetic and cyclopentanediaminotetraacetic acids are the more effective of
the complex-forming substance in the formation of stable compounds with
radioactive isotopes; these compounds are readily eliminated by the organism.
They may be dependably used as first-aid means in cases of acute affections
by radioactive isotopes.
133. Protection of Organism From Effects of Radiation
"Relationship Between the Structure and Properties of Sulfur-
Containing Compounds and Their Protective Action From Pene-
trating Radiation," by V. G. Yakovlev; Moscow, Khimicheska a
Zashchita Organizma of Ionizi: shchikh Izlucheni (Chemical
Protection of the Organism From Ionizing Radiation, Atomizdat,
1960, pp 14-40
Report on the results of the investigations which were carried out
to determine the effectiveness of low-molecular compounds containing free
thiol (SH-) groups or capable of freeing these groups in living tissue
as a result of chemical interaction with biosubstrates is given. Rats
were used in the experiments, which established that oxy- and keto
derivatives of mercaptopropionic acid are not effective when used to pro-
tect the organism from the effects of radiation; the protective action
of SH-glutathione to a considerable degree depends on the composition of
its salts: twice as many rats survived. the effects of radiation when
lithium salts were used as when sodium salts were applied; the complex
esters of 1-cysteine with aliphatic alcohols of C1-C5 series were found
to possess a high protective action, this action depending on the struc-
ture of the carbon chains, composition, and solubility of the salts in
water and ,3rganic solvents; sodium nitrite and adenosine triphosphate
did not '. tentiate the protective properties of the n-propyl ester of
1-cysteine.
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The investigations established that the protective action or the
thiol substances, when used for the chemical protection of the organism
from the effects of ionizing radiation, depends on their chernice.1 irtruc-
ture, the presence of additional functional groups in the molecule, and
the disposition of these groups in the molecule.
134. Theories of Mechanism of Chemical Protection From Effects of Radiation
"Contemporary State of Chemical Protection From Penetrating
Radiation)" by V. S. Balabukha; Moscow, Khimicheskaya Zashchita
Orranizma of Ionizir ushchikh Izlucheni Chemical Protection
of the Organism From Ionizing Radiation), Atomizd.at, 1960,
pp 7-lu
The article briefly reviews the literary data which report the results
of investigations conducted to determine the mechanism of the action of
some chemical substances used for the protection of the organism from the
effects of ionizing radiation. Five theories are presented and discussed.
They are as follows:
1. It was definitely established that oxidation processes which are
induced by oxidizing radicals formed in the aqueous phases of the organism
under the influence of radiation play an important role in the primary
processes of radiation affection. It is the opinion of a number of authors
that a protective effect can be obtained by the introduction into the or-
ganism of certain chemicals which can create a condition of hypoxia in the
organism, thus decreasing the possibility of the formation of the oxidiz-
ing radicals.
2. Other researchers advance the theory that the basis of the mechanism
of the chemical protection of the organism from the effects of radiation
is due to the capacity of the chemicals to absorb the oxidizing radicals,
forming substances which protect the biosubstrates from the harmful effects
of the oxidizing radicals.
3. A theory has been advanced that the protective action of some
chemicals -- aminothiols -- is due to their capacity to form temporary
compounds with the thiol groups of the proteins and enzymes, protecting
the biomolecules from the harmful effects of radiation.
4. The protective action of some chemicals, according to another
theory, is due to their capacity to form temporary disulfides which absorb
the radiation energy, carry it along, the carbon chain of the protein
molecule, and diffuse the energy in the ionized part of the molecule pro-
tein.
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5. Finally, the hypothesis is being advanced of the possibility of
the absorption of the ultraviolet spectri.mi by chemical compounds which are
formed in the organism.
Various experimental data are cited. None are conclusive, according
to the author, but merit the attention of the research workers in the
field of the chemical protection of the organism from the effects of pene-
trating radiation.
135. Review of Volume on Protection of Organism from Effects of Radiation
"Khimicheska a Zashchita Or anizma of Ionizir shchikh
Izlucheniy (Chemical Protection of the Organism From
Ionizing Radiation)," edited by V. S. Balabukha; Moscow,
Atouiizdat, 1960, pp 1-151
The volume consists of a table of contents (attached), an introduc-
tion in which the author outlines the purpose of the book, and two sec-
tions. The first section deals with the problem of the chemical protection
of the organism from penetrating radiation. A brief analysis is given
of the contemporary state of the problem, data obtained in experiments
are cited, and the theories of the mechanism of the protective action of
some chemicals (aminothiols and pyrimidine derivatives) are examined.
The second section deals with the problem of the elimination of
radioactive isotopes from the organism. The effectiveness of certain
chemicals which, when introduced into the organism, have the capacity
to form with the isotopes stable compounds which would be readily eliminated
from the organism is examined.
The volume is intended for chemists, biologists, and other specialists
who are studying the problems of radiobiology. The table of contents follows.
CPYRGHT
Introduction
Part 1. Chemical Protection From Ionizing Radiation
Present State of Chemical Protection From Ionizing
Radiation, by V. S. Balabukha
Relationship Between the Structure and Properties of
Sulfur-Containing Compounds and Their Protective Action
From Penetrating Radiation, by V. G. Yakovlev
Page
5
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Page
On the Mechanism of the Protective Action of Some
Thiol Compounds, by V. G. Yakovlev and L. S. Isupova 41.
Effect of Protective Doses of 1-Cysteine on the
Level of Nonprotein Sulfhydryl Groups in the Tissues
of Rats Irradiated With X-Rays, by L. S. Isupova
Effect of Protective Substances on Protein Sulf-
hydryl Groups in the Organs and Tissues of Healthy
and Irradiated Animals, by V. G. Yakovlev and L. S.
Isupova
Synthesis and Test of the Protective Action of a
Series of Sulfur-Containing Compounds and Cumarine
Derivatives, by V. G. Yakovlev and If. S. Mashtakov
Effect of Beta-Mercaptoethylamine on the Formation
of Organic Peroxides in the Irradiated Organism, by
Ye. F. Romantsev and Z. I. Zhulanova
Possibility of the Utilization of Chemical Com-
pounds as Energy Traps in the Protection From Pene-
trating Radiation, by G. Ye. Fradkin
Part 2. Elimination of Radioactive Isotopes From the Organism
55
62
72
82
93
General Information 111
Physicochemical (Chromatographic) Investigation
of the Effectiveness of Certain Complex-Forming Sub-
stances, by L. I. Tikhonova and L. M. Razbitnaya
89 Chafacteristfa1,of the State of Radioactive Isotopes
Sr , Y , and Ce in the Bloo1, by L. M. Razbitnaya
and V. S. Balabukha
Effect of Complex-Forming Substances on the Binding
Character of Radioisotopes in the Blood, by L. M.
Razbitnaya and V. S. Balabukha
Character and Stability of Y91 Bond in Bone Tissue,
by N. 0. Razumovs1dy, 0. L. Torchinskaya, and V. S.
Balabukha
Analysis of the Effectiveness of Complex-Forming Sub-
stances Which Hasten the Elimination of Radioactive Isotopes
From the Organism, by G. Ye. Fradkin and V. F. Ushako-.-a
117
125
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pp olT . ~'repnrat orlc3 or Second A -Union Conference on Medical Radiol.ogry
"Concerning the Preparation for the Convocation of the
Second All-Union Conference on Medical Radiology"
(unsigned article); Moscow, Meditsinakaya Radiologiya,
Vol 5, No 8, Aug 60, p 95
"To prepare summaries of scientific research on medical radiology,
introduce modern scientific accomplishments into public health practice,
and exchange experience of the best radiological institutes, the Ministry
of Health USSR has decided to hold a second All-Union Conference on
Medical Radiology, which will take place during the first half of 1961."
The following is a summary of the problems which have been proposed
for discussion at the conference:
A. Clinical Radiology
1. The diagnostic use of radioactive substances in the differential
diagnosis of malignant tumors, and the use of radioactive substances in
surgery, gynecology, and in the clinic of internal diseases.
2. The therapeutic use of artificial radioactive substances in
treating cancer of he lungs, esophagus, mammary gland, urinary bladder,
and the uterus; the combined method of therapy (radiation therapy plus
surgical intervention, and radiation therapy plus chemotherapy or
hormone therapy).
3. Theoretical characteristics of radiation therapy.
P Radiobiology
1. Initial processes of the biological action of ionizing radiation.
2. Various sequelae of the biological action of nuclear radiations.
3. The characteristics of the reaction of the irradiated organism
to the effect of stimulants.
4. Immunobiological reactions in radiation pathology.
5. The reactions of an organism to chronic radiation action.
6. Therapy and prophylaxis of radiation injuries under experimental
conditions.
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C. Problems of Organization and Methodology
1. The status of and prospects for the development of radiological
aid to the population.
2. The status, registration, and qualifications of radiological
personnel.
3. Problems of radiological publications.
D. Dosimetry
1. fundamental problems of dosimetry and the essential trends in
its development.
2. Dosimetry of external and internal latent (concealed) sources
of radioactive radiation.
3. Dosimetry of incorporated radioactive substances in therapeuto-
diagnostic and exl2rimental usage.
1E. Calorimetric determinations.
5. Chemical dosimetry.
6. Counting methods of dosimetry.
7. Dosimetric instruments.
d. Clinical dosimetry. The organization of dosimetry in the clinic.
The bond between scientific research and development and the
practical demands of clinical dosimetry.
E. Physicochemical Equipment
1. Sources of ionizing radiations.
2. Radiodiagnostic apparatus.
3. Shielding from ionizing radiations at the clinic.
Apparatus for the control of shielding.
F. Problems of Organization (Planning and Coordination) of Scientific
Research Work on Clinical Radiology and Radiobiology.
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Miseellaneoua
137. Medical Research in 1959 at Charley University
"Evaluation of Scientific Research Activity in 1.959"; Prague,
Sbornik Lekarsky, Vol 62, No 6, Jun 60, p 1811.
In the final evaluation of the scientific research activity of the
Faculty of General Medicine of Charles University in Prague for 1959, the
institutes, clinics, and laboratories of the faculty submitted 551 reports
on specific research tasks, with 32 being projects included in the state
research plan and 296 in the research plan of the Ministry of Health and
Education, and 250 projects being of an institutional (faculty) nature.
The final reports were classified ,according to problem and turned, over to
24 problem groups for qualitative evaluation.
A total of 611.4 projects were thus evaluated. or over 90 more than
had been originally scheduled. These included 32 state, 262 sector, and
311.4 , faculty projects. Of these, 111.3 were completed (3 state, 11.8 sector,
and 92 faculty); 446 were provisionally completed (35 stste, 199 sector,
and 212 faculty); and 52 (15 sector and 37 faculty) were either canceled
or not completed. Of the 143 projects completed, 115 were classified in
grades A, B, or C.
During 1959 the following works were published (under auspices of the
faculty): 1,211.1 scientific lectures, 134 scientific lectures given abroad,
1,035 popular articles, 311. advanced school textbooks, 8 other textbooks,
53 scientific monographs, 1,311.5 scientific periodical articles, 172 brief
scientific reports, 127 collective reports, 5 book translations, 2,065 book
reviews and titles, 181 popular articles [sic], and 40 popular books.
138. New Medical Research Institutes
"New Research Institutes"; Prague, Ceskoslovenske
Zdravotnictvi, No 5, may 60, p 251
On recommendation of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, the
Czechoslovak government has approved the establishment of a number of new
medical research institutes and of new branches for existing institutes
during the Third Five-Year Plan. These new facilities, which will be
under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Health, are to be as follows:
1. Research Institute for Pediatrics -- The existing laboratory,
operating as part of the Pediatrics Faculty in Prague, will engage in re-
search work to a greater degree, particularly following the establishment
of the Pediatrics Faculty at Prague-Motole.
86
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 Approved For 2ele ~get,9c?10i9ffl itut--RP~82N00
u z1410 010 6 cycliiatry -- Al; the some
time, the research laboratories operating as part of the neurological
clinics in Prague and Bratislava will be better equipped and their
personnel will be increased.
3. Research Institute for Experimental Therapy -- The establishment
of this institute is urgent for the continuously developing pharmaceutical
industry. This facility will be located in Prague.
lE. A branch of the Research Institute for Balneology -- in the future
to be known as the Research Institute for Physiatrics and Balneology. This
facility will be located in Slovakia and will be oriented toward the con-
duct of bioclimatological research.
5. Branches of the Institute of Work Hygiene end Occupational Diseases
are to be established in Ostrava and Pribram or Jachymov. The branch in
Ostrava will be concerned with hygiene research in mines and metallurgical
plants while the branch in Pribram or Jachymov will be concerned with
hygiene in the extraction and preparation of radioactive ra.. materials.
6. The Central Isotope Work Facility is to be established in Prague-
7. The new Model Laboratory for Research Institutes in ICrc will be
concerned with the design of instruments for the medical profession.
8. The existing biochemical laboratory of the Oncological Institute
in Brno will be converted into a branch of the Research Institute for
Oncology in Bratislava.
During the Third Five-Year Plan) conditions will also be developed for
the establishment of a gerontological center which will serve as the
nucleus for the development of the independent Research Institute for
Gerontology. The activity of the Research Institute for the Organization
of Health Care will be expanded to include work on major economic problems
of health.
The entire field of medical research is to strengthen its physiological
and pathological aspects, and physiological laboratories are to be created
at all sector research institutes.
The facilities of the children's hospital in Brno have been suggested
as a temporary location for the Research Institute for Pediatrics, while
the psychiatric care center in Bohnice has been suggested. for use by the
Research Institute for [Neurology and] PsychiRtry.
87
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139. New Headquarters for Hungarian Pharmaceutical Industry Research
Institute
Budapest, Magyar Kemikusok Lapja, Vol 15, No 8, Aug 60, p 378
The construction of the new headquarters of the Pharmaceutical Industry
Research Institute had begun at Ujpest, in the vicinity of the Chinoin
pharmaceutical factory. The institute will occupy an area of 4,000
hectares. During the first phast of construction, the antibiotics labora-
tory, together with its pilot plant, will be built and also a several-
story chemical laboratory and a building for experimental animal breeding.
The new headquarters will have facilities for research in the field
of antibiotics, plant chemistry, biochemistry, and organic chemistry; it
will also have departments of medical science and pharmacology.
14,0. Hungary Fegulates Employment of Physicians
Budaperit, Magyar Kozlony, No 77, 1960, p 571
The Hungarian government has resolved that approval of the Ministry
of Health is required in the employment of any physician who is serving
with an institution or organ which is under the jurisdiction of the
PtT.nistry of Health. The Ministry of Health may decree that in megyek
,,;.:,re there is a shortage of physicians such physicians may accept
employment in another me pre or in Budapest only with the approval of the
health department of the executive committee of the competent megye
council. New posts for physicians may be established only with the approval
of the Ministry of Health.
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Magnetohydrodynramics; Plasma Physics
llil. Reports of 1958 Riga Magnetohydrodynamics Conference Published
Voprosy Magnitnoy Gidrodinamiki i Dinamiki Plazmy. Trudy
Konfcrentski Po Magnitnoy Gidrodinamike Riga 2-10 I _la
195 g. Probelms of Magnetohydrodynamics and Plasma Dy-
namics. Works of the Conference On Magnetohydrodynamics,
Riga, 2=10 July 1958), Riga, 1959, 339 pp
The majority of the texts of the 55 conference reports and discussions
of reports are presented in the source in abridged form. Previously pub-
lished reports are included there as brief abstracts only. The material
published there for the first time (abridged and unabridged) are as
follows :
"The Role of Magnetohydrodynamics and Plasma Dynamics in Certain
Problems of Astrophysics," by D. A. Frank-Kamenetskiy, Moscow, pp 7-11
"Magnetohydrodynamics and the Study of Variations of Cosmic Rays,"
by L. I. Dorman, Moscow, pp 13-II?4
"Cosmic Ray Spectra and Their Role in Cosmic Gas Dynamics," by S. I.
Syrovatskiy, Moscow, pp 45-148
"The Influence of a Magnetic Field on the Stability of Flow of a
Conducting Fluid," by Ye. P. Velikhov, Moscow, pp 1E9-58
"Some Problems of the Motion of a Rarefied Plasma in a i..agnetic Field,"
by Ya. P. Terletskiy, Moscow, pp 59-62
"On Nonlinear Steady-State Motions of a Rarefied Plasma in a Magnetic
Field," by R. Z. Sagdeyev, I-scow, pp 63-65
1'On One Criterion of Applicability of the Equations of I4agnetohydro-
dynamics to a Plasma," by S. I. Braginskiy, Moscow, pp 67-71 (Discussion
of the report by R. V. Polovin, Khar'kov, pp 71-72)
(Pages 73 contains abstract of article, "On the Problem of Acceler-
ating a Plasma in a Magnetic Field," by G. V. Gordeyev and A. I.
Gubanov, Leningrad, which has been published in Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoy
Fiziki, Vol 28, No 9, 1958, p 201+6; a discussion of the article by G. V.
Gordeyev appears on pp 71+-75.)
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Stock Waves in a Magnetized Plasma," by L. I. Dorman and G. I. Freydman,
Moscow and Gor'kiy, pp 77-81
"On the Acceleration of Charged Particles During Powerful Impulse
Discharges and During the Collision of Magnetized Clouds," by L. I.
Dorman, Moscow, pp 83-88
"The Influence of a Longitudinal Magnetic Field on the Temperature of
the Electrons in a Plasma," by M. V. Konyukov, Tula, pp 89-92
"Investigation of Certain Characteristics of a Plasma of Xenon and
Argon Behind a Powerful Shock Wave," by S. R. Itholev, Moscow, pp 93-105
"Observation of Electrodynamic Contraction of an Arc With the Aid of
an Electron-Optical Converter," by V. L. Granovskiy, K. P. Ryumina, V. I.
Savoskin, and G. G. Timofeyeva, Moscow, pp 107-115
"On the Interaction of Weak Perturbations With Discontinuities and
the Stability of Shock Waves in Magnetohydrodynamics," by V. M. Kontorovich,
IChar'kov, pp 117-125
"On the Stability of Shock Waves in Magnetohydrodynamics," by S. I.
Syrovatskiy, Moscow, pp 127-131
"On the Scattering of Hydromagnetic Waves on Turbulent Fluctuations,"
by A. G. Sitenko and Yu. A. Kirochkin, Khar'kov, pp 143-146
"On the Damping of Magnetohydrodynamic Waves in a Plasma," by R. Z.
Sagdeyev, Moscow, pp 147-149
"Simple Waves in Magnetohydrodynamics," by A. I. Akheyezer, G. Ya.
Lyubarskiy, and R. V. Polovin, Khar'kov, pp 151-157
"Two-Dimensional Problems of Magnetohydrodynamics," by G. S. Golitsyn,
Moscow, pp 161-165
"On Wave-Induced Flows In Magnetohydrodynamics," by A. I. Ivanovskiy,
Moscow, pp 167-171
"Oscillations of an Infinite Gas Cylinder With Its Own Gravitation
in a Magnetic Field," by I. M. Yavorskaya, Moscow, pp 175-183
"On Magnetic Boundary Layers and Electric Current Discharges in
Moving Media," by V. N. Zhigulev, Moscow, pp 185-190
"Study of Systems of Equations of a Conducting Fluid in the Two-
Parameter Stationary Case," by V. S. Tkalich, Sukhumi, pp 191-198
-9o-
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 Approved F~ f l a~~ i $ Oe i@l~ + I - yR 1 Q1P~d 9A 1W 1 ~ tudy of Electro-
magnetic Procc:ses in Liquid Metals," by I. M. Kirko, Riga, pp 201-210
(Discussion on the Report by D. A. Frank-Kamenetskiy, Moscow, p 211;
Discussion on the Report by I. M. Kirko, Riga, pp 211-213)
(Abstract of article, "Model of an Infinitely Long Channel With Liquid
Metal Located In a Traveling Magnetic Field," by I. M. Kirko, Ya. Ya.
Klyavin', I. A. Tyutin fdeceased7, and L. Ya. Ul'manis, Riga, already
published in Nauchnyyc Doklady Vysshey Shkoly, Energetilm, 3, 1958, p 203)
is supplemented by a discussion of the article by I. M. Kirko, Riga,
pp 2111-220)
"Principle of Modeling the Electrical Field of Electromagnetic Pumps
in an Electrolytic Bath and on Electrically Conducting Paper," by L. V.
Nitsetskiy, Riga, pp 221-225 (Discussion of Article by A. I. Vol'dek,
Tallin, p 226)
(Abstract of article, "The Motion of a Sphere in a Viscous Conducting
Liquid Within a Longitudinal Magnetic Field," by A. K. Gaylitis, Riga,
p 227, is supplemented by discussion of the report by Ye. P. Velikhov,
Moscow, pp 227-228.)
"Experimental Investigation of the Magnetohyrlrodynamic Phenomena
During the Damping of the Oscillatory Motion of Mercury in a Tube," by
A. G. Smirnov and N. S. Kozhanova, Perm', pp 233-235; discussion by
A. E. Mikel'son, Riga, and 0. A. Liyelausis, Riga, p 236
"Or the Behavior of Colloidal Ferromagnetic Particles in a Nonhomo-
geneous Magnetic Field," by N. I. Yeremin, Moscow (abstract), p 237
"Study of Magnetic Fields and Electromagnetic Processes in Linear
Induction Pumps," by A. I. Vol'dek, Tallin, pp 239-246
"Choice of Basic Parameters of Induction Pumps in the Calculation of
Maximum Efficiency," by E. K. Yankop, Riga, pp 211.7-250; discussion of
report by Yu. K. Krumin', Riga, p 251
"Optimum Utilization of Induction Pump Design," by L. G. Savin, Riga,
pp 253-260
"Experience in the Devising of Electromagnetic Pumps at the Institute
of Physics of the Academy of Sciences Latvia: SSR," by P. G. Kirillov,
Ya. Ya. Liyelpeteris, A. E. Mikel'son, and G. A. Okunev, Riga, pp 261-268;
discussion of report by N. M. Turchin, Moscow, p 269
"On the Use of Induction Pumps in Foundary Practice and the Metal-
lurgical Industry," by L. A. Verte, Moscow, (abstract) p 271
Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000100660001-1
 Approved Fo~~19/C~~-k~~,1110~0~1~:~duction Pumps,"
by A. I. Vol'dek, Tallin, pp 273-277; discussion of the report by L. A.
Verte, Moscow, pp 277-278
"The Problem of the 'Electromagnetic Crucible," by R. P. Zheaherin,
Leningrad, pp 279-294 (illustrations)
"On the Turbulent Flow of a Liquid Metal Under the Influence of a
Traveling Magnetic Field," by I. M. ICirko and 0. A. Liyelausis, Riga,
pp 295-302
"The Use of Diffused-Field Pumps for Moving Idqu(d Metals," by A. E.
Mikel'son, Riga, pp 305-311
"Design of the Arc Stator For Stirring the Metal in an Arc Furnace
by Means of Induction," by M. G. Rezin, Sverdlovsk, pp 313-321
"Feed Circ'iits of Ins?tailations for the Electromagnetic Mixing of
a Metal in Electric Arc Furnaces," by Ya. I. Drobinin, Sverdlovsk,
pp 323-333
"On the Choice of an Optimal Stator Current Frequency for the Mixing
of a Liquid Metal by Means of a Traveling Electromagnetic Field," by
N. I. Bortnichuk and. M. M. ICrutyanskiy, Moscow, pp 337-339
1)!2. Parallel Viscous Flow in Perpendicular Magnetic Field
"On the Stability of Flow of a Viscous Conducting Fluid
Between Parallel Surfaces in a Perpendicular Magnetic
Field," by K. B. Pavlov and Yu. A. Tarasov, Moscow; Moscow,
Prikladnaya Matematika i Mekhanika, Vol 24, No 2, 1960,
pp 723-725
A treatment of the problem by C. C. Line ("On the Stability of Two-
Dimensional Parallel Flows," Quart. Appl. Math. 3, 1945, 1956, NN 2, 3) 4,
117-142. 213-234, 277-301) considers stability in relation to infinitely
small perturbations, where the magnetic Reynolds number Rm