SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR INFORMATION

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• Document Page Count: 14
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 27, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: December 19, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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SOVIET 13LOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPIIYSICAL YEAR INFORMATION
December 19, 1958
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This report presents unevaluated information on Soviet
Bloc International Geophysical Year activities selected
from foreign-language publications as indicated in paren-
theses. It is published as an aid to United States Govern-
ment research.
SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR INFORMATION
Table of Contents
I. General
II. Rockets and Artificial Earth
Satellites
III. Upper A+;;oophere
Page
IV. Oceanography 9
V. Glaciology 10
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1? GENXIM.r,
1;xiutnclcrlhlr_Laorts S';,riora;_ OF the Sc ienL,.LCic. COUncil of the Institute of
Lhc Physics of theALnuos There
An uxpia,nded repoxts session of the Scientific Council was held from
3 to 5 March 1958 in the Institute of the Physics of the Atmosphere.
The session was opened by an address of A. M. Obukhov, Corresponding
Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR, director of the institute, in
which was described the basic direction of the work of the institute.
The session, devoted to the problems of atmospheric optics, was
opened by G. V. Rozenberg's report "Investigation of the Optical Prop-
erties of the Atmosphere," in which he briefly described the principal
contemporary directions of atmospheric optics and the content of the
work steiruning from these being conducted in the Laboratory of Atmospheric
Optics of the Institute of the Physics of the Atmosphere.
The report "Certain Problems of Transmission of Radiation in the
Atmosphere in the Presence of Horizontal Inhomogeneities" was given by
M. S. Malkevich. The problem of the radiation regime was considered
on the assumption of a change in the albedo of the underlying surface
along horizontals. The characteristics of radiation scattering were
calculated by the author for a homogeneous (according to altitude) and
isotropically scattering atmosphere. Conditions for application of
Edding-ton and Chandrasekar approximation methods were also investigated.
Ye. M. Feygel'son presented the results of a theoretical study of
the cooling process of the upper part of a cloud. The cloud was con-
sidered as a horizontal., infinitely extended layer of finite thickness,
with distribution of temperatau-e, water content, and humidity given for
the initial moment. The initial distribution of temperature and humidity
was given for above the cloud. The heat flux from the cloud attributed
to the transfer of long wave radiation and to phase conversions was con-
sidered. Numerical examples show that the cloud's upper part cools off
approximately 0.2?.0.3 degree per hour, and the layer over the cloud, some-
what more slowly; an inversion of the temperature over the cloud takes
place; the mature of the cooling depends on the humidity of the layer
over the cloud; and that the influx of heat attributed to condensation
is small in comparison to that attributed to radiation.
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". V. Rk;.;crcberg reported the Larca.imin;_L.ry results of an experi-
m nt;.c 1. I; my of po'burizat?ion scattcr:Lnf, indicatrices which he conducted
,)olrat:l.y wLi~,li N. D. Rudometk:Lrua, and I. M. M:Lkhay:Lin. It was revealed
thu1; tote iLudy of pca:La.r?ization scattering indicatrices substantially
irrereaues the volume of infonnation concerning scattering substances.
While f.prc) ceiiuirig data obtained in 1.956 near Moscow (in weak fog condi-
tions) and in 1957 in the northern Caucasus (:Ln dust-laden air condi-
I;Corr:;), the ellipticity of polarization of the scattered light was dis-
covered and a number of pecularities in the matrices of scattering,
charac tcr?iz.Lrig the optical properties of the scattering medium were
explai.n,xi.
A. Ya. Driving and N. V. Zolotavina gave some results of the work
of the atmosphere-optical expedition of 1957.
Under. the expedition's program, measurements of the intensity, the
degree of polarization, and 'the direction of polarization of light from
different parts of the day sky were conducted in the foothills of the
Northern Caucasus. Appropriate da'i,a were obtained on the function of
the z;..ngle of scattering for various almucantars and in the Sun's vertical.
Measurements of day and night transparencies of the atmosphere and also
the horizontal transparency of the ground 5y of the air were made with
two filters ( Eff - Jul' ) ' E f f - , ). The optical thick-
ness of the atmosphere in the region oi` the expedition's operations varied
during observations from 0.116 to 0.527 for the blue filter and from
0.207 - 0.424 for the green filter.
The session, devoted to the problem of atmospheric turbulence was
opened with a report by A. M. Obukhov, "Work on the Problem of 'Atmos-
pheric Turbulence.'"
At;3r arts, the assembly heard A. S. Monin's and A. M. Obukhov's
report, "Small Fluctuations of the Atmosphere and a General Statement
of the Problem of Adaptation." A classification of the principal types
of dynamic processes in the atmosphere (horizontal vortex motions, gravi-
tational and acoustical waves) is given in a very general form on the
basis of the solution of the problem of small fluctuations of a baroclinic
atmosphere. and the "filtering" role of a quasistatic approximation is
explained. It was shown in particular that the time for the establish-
ment of a quasistatic balance in the atmosphere consists of several min-
utes.
L. A. Dikiy reported on the results of the study of small fluctua-
tions of a pclytropic atmosphere.
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. '1.?.Cr.).?'^1~.L.y p;.'c':, .r1` ed. iMQ r~' ;1ltc of ca:pe1'irncntn.l 1nvestj.i;a..
i 11 lj.i,ht I'ro 'i'l)Il'1(1 : oo
111:_c_1 Jere conducted
h y A. }
. G~ n?v i ch and 7 ~'
Thc' ta3'ti. r..l character r; i;7..Cfi of
O.1' JOIL}}'rtr?F located in the S_^0 1111i1 1.ayC Y' of the at'Ilospllere
we1',' mea:;ltrc(l: = 1~ 1.) (rJCY'e I Id; the :Ln'I;
the thrc'~ :[ ellsity of the li"l~l; flow))
C.~_; L'unct:i.cm R of fluc'L--.la.tioiic o1' I, the
1:'r c'cl' li'11")' I, pe( i;runi of 1':Luc Lila Lions of I in the 0 .05 -?:L, 00C) -C1'il range, and
d.ici r;Lbi.rti(.)ll function of fluctuations of 1. Measurculents
were ":lade for the distance L between the ill.LUn.inator and the light re-
ce.Lv,,.;:' from 250 Lo 2,000 lnel:e:'; and for different metc.orological condi-
t.i.c)nr; . i'l;e following ?:'el_ations'h.ips were obtained: (a) p- (,nT)o-,
vr,;.'c ]- is fire d.ifi'fere. r_e of tl'ic mean temperatures at 2 alti- Ludes
(b) 1P , where 'I , ti 2; (e) e=cpc'rimenta l.ly
c(,111' : :'lecl the theor'etica'l. conclusion that the radius of the correlation
01' :lucbuat:i.ons in the intensity
is determined by the value
(d) the pr,obabil:ity distri.but:ion function is close to a log-normal dis
triblrt:on; and (e) the form of the frequency spectrum of f:Luctwitions in
the intensity of light cual?i tat:Lve:L agrees with the s )ec , ra densit:;
fluctuations obtained theorei;Lca.iy. -
V. I'.1. Bovsheverov described apps.'atus developed in 1958 by the
Laboratory of Atmosphcr.'ic Acoustics for measuring the principal statis-
t:i_C,al. C}1L: ,ac Lev-stics of occassional processes: spectrum ,
spectrum analyzer; an
irrter;:'al_ type level. o.rra1.ycex'; a11d a compr.._af;o- an Instrument for measur-
ing ('..s,)e;'u ion and structural functions.
V. T. Kra; ovsl>iy male a brief report on the problem of "Physics of
the Jpp,)er Atrlosphe_'e", which characterized the modern state of the prob-
lem. aa'ld., based In connection with thy.^, was a thematic plan of the
Upper ~.t mos .:,}.lei e Division of the In st:Ltute of the Physics of the Atmos-
phere.
V. I. K"ZIsovS1liy read )'Beci.lar .,].n- of Proton" a
~ , re-port by .l . B.
Sb1,lo'rsh:Ly, 'xp:i,;.i.r..:Lng a 'J;ileoxy developed by the author that included in
'hhc CO'sfl >C)Cii 1GJ.: of the SLL--.',j ; j3:-,) lsc'i1.a flow's, which cause auro"ae, and
a '1_^O .i 'n. F?C,mao1tei;jC : 11C~. i:Y..1C di.st',~ C)a:1cc!s, are neutral hydrogen
Ltom^ lil ch i'(; ;cv2i'leli In in"(,'.rpl,-Lne-tafy space as a result of the recharg-
in? o-".' ;, solar protons withl llc.ut ,l gas.
a 1'r ~1+Vreport 1),y Ya. G. J37._,):Lel.'C1, "!'n*'.ar 1111ageS from Atu-orv.e," p"esented
G c c I:.1 c) ' obs,c . a ion r.l .t. r9.r:1. and some 01 the authors views on the
1l~acurc ~) ' rf dni iralages from atu'o:-ae.
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I. Yk?dor?ova gave tltc resul.t; c,f measurements of the diot'r:i.bu-
ti. ~n oi: ti u, Lnt,.~n i.ty in the ~:otabion,L:L-occ:i.:Ll7.tory spectrum oi' hydroxyl
for d.crl: r.: m.Ln:Ln ; temnc:~ aturc , of the upper atmoe p.io c~ .
A report by V. S. Prokudina was devoted to a consideration of the
p :cu.L of hydrogen c:nu.a,;:ion in low-:Latitude au::?orac. (' Ex anded
Report's Session of the Scientific Council of the Institute of the Physics
o L' `1;1-ic Atmosplu.rrc, " by F. F. Yuda levich; Moscow, Izvestiya Akaclernii Nauk
O SP, Scriya Gcol'i.ziehe; kaya, No 10, Oct 58, pp 1.2(2-1263)
Conference of Young Specialists. of' Institute of Physics of the Atmos- hp ere
A conference of young specialists was held from 6 to 7 March 1958
in the Institute of the Physics of the Atmosphere, Academy of Sciences
USSR after the close of the i eport s Session of the Scientific Council
of the Institute.
The opening address was given by Ye. M. Feygel'son, senior scien-
t Lfic associate.
A review of observational material obtained at the North Scientific
Station was given in L-he report "Spect:?oscopic Investigation of Auroras,"
by Yu. 1. Gal'perin. It was disco.?ced tliat in a number of cases, hydro-
gen li.nes a.r(.e observed prior to the appearance of any indications of an
aurora and only one to 2 hours after this, d.id a strong radiance appear.
As a result of an analysis, 1.31 spectrograms of the hydrogen patrol
service with an exposure of one hour, established a noticeable correla-
tion in i;he appearance of hydrogen luminescence with the appearance of
radio reflections from aurorae on a wave length of 4 meters. A theory
on the form of hydrogen emission of aurorae was constructed.
':'.tic results of observations of radar images from aurorae in the
Nor~ch Scientific Station of the Institute of the Physics of the Atmos-
phere, Academy o? Sciences USSR, particularly, the distributions of radio
cflec .ions at frequencies, of 30 megacycles and 72 megacycles and the
diurnal variation of' the r^e.aleetions for three months were given in the
~epor is "fi' e Play ure of Rurli,:) Reflections from Aurorae," by A. 1. Grachev.
A report by N. v . 'Ur. b.ord zhi o, " Plect.rophotometsy of Emissions in
the Zone of the Aurorc,e, " contained a description of apparatus used for
elec ; op;.ioto;ncl:ric s-Gud.ies of emissions of aurorae and illumination of
the a::.r1 the results of observations performed with it. A comparison
of the intensity of emissions in the zone of the aurorae and in southern
latitudes, and also the electrophotometric investigation of wind move -
mcnt:s and pulsations of intensity in the zone of the aurorae were given.
- 4 -
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A. V. KoroL-in reported the results of the processing of spectra
obLa.i.ned at the North Scientific Station using a patrol spectrograph
in ;tic report "Classification of Auroral Spectra."
V. I. Pogoreiov spoke on the results of the studies of radar images
of aurorae at Roshchino.
"Temperature of the Atmosphere at the 100 Kilometer Level According
to Spectra," by V. S. Prokudina, was devoted to a discussion of the
spectral method of determining temperatures of the upper atmosphere ac-
cording to rotational bands of hydroxyl also obtained by reporters of
experimental data.
In the report "Continuous Emission Spectrum of the Upper Atmosphere,"
N. N. Shefov discussed the results of measurements of the relative and
absolute intensities of the basic emissions of the night sky and con-
sidered the problem of errors introduced by the continuous spectrum in
determinations of the intensities of emissions with the use of interfer-
ence filters.
A. B. Kazanskiy presented a paper on the regime of turbulence of the
ground layer in conditions of unstable atmospheric stratification. The
basic results of a theory of similarity in the ground layer of the atmos-
phere are explained. From measurement considerations, expressions for
the turbulent flow of heat q and the coefficient of turbulence It, are
reduced. A general case of unstable atmospheric stratification is con-
sidered. The form of the universal function f ( ) for the entire range
of values of Richardson numbers (- _-. ) is e ermined. A method
of processing the results of gradient measurements is proposed. A nomo-
gram for determination of the flow of heat q is suggested.
A. S. Gurvich spoke on a distribution analyzer, developed by him-
self, which is intended for finding the distribution probabilities of
occassional processes. ("Conference of Young Scientists of the Insti-
tute of the Physics of the Atmosphere, Academy of Sciences USSR," by
F. F. Yudalevich; Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geofizi-
cheskaya, No 10, Oct 58, pp 126.3-12610
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II. ROCKETS AND ARTIFICIAL E I5I ,SAT1 LLIT - S
Nesmeyanov Places Special L lnphasis on Space Research Under New 7-Year
Plan
Academician Aleksandr Nesmeyanov, president of th4-Acts) my of Sci-
ences USSR, in a long Pravda article on the problems facing Soviet science
under the new Seven-Year Plan, had this tosayi regarding the study of
space: CPYRGHT
"In the Seven-Year Plan f
attention will be given to the
investigations, both with the
struments, as well'as through
earth satellites, with which i
the development of science, considerable
evelopment of new means of astronomical
d of new powerful optical and radio in-
e use of cosmic rockets and artificial
will be Possible to place instruments CPYRGHT
beyond the Earth's atmos here." ("Tasks of Soviet Science in the Light
of the Seven-Year Plan for the Development of the Economy of the USSR,"
by Academician A. Nesmeyanov, president of the Academy of Sciences USSR;
Moscow, Pravda, 1 Dec 58)
Pokrovskiy Proposes Creation of Artificial Atmosphere for Moon Landings
The creation of an "artificial atmosphere" which would enable space
shipo to land on the Moon and other planets where an atmospheres is lack-
ing, is proposed by Professor G. I. Pokrovskiy, Doctor of Technical Sci-
ences. The large fuel reserves nece,-= y for braking actions using jets
can be eliminated in the use of Pokx' iy's method.
Pokrovskiy proposes to create this "atmosphere" in this manner. As
the space ship approaches the Moon's surface, it will launch a small mis-
sile forwards. This missile will outdistance the space ship and strike
the Moon's surface with meteoric velocity. As is known, the lunar surface
is covered with a thick, loose layer of dust. Under the impact of the
missile, at a tangent to the surface, enormous amounts of this dust will
be thrown upwards and since high temperatures will develop upon impact,
part of this dust will evaporate and form a cloud of rather dense gases.
The space ship must approach the Moon's surface almost at a tangent.
Thus it will remain for a relatively long -'j1ne near the surface, penetrat-
ing the clouds of dust and gases. To increase the braking effect a curved
vane can be extended to catch the dust and, gases and changing their di-
rection, throw a powerful jet forward at a speed greater than that of the
ship. This jet can be directed downwards so that in hitting the Moon's
surface it will continuously raise up new masses of gas and dust before
the ship. Thus the cosmic ship will always move in a dense atmosphere
along its flight path.
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It i:; -0.0 0 1,:~,:: 1.b1r 1;hr. t the space chip will not be braked suf-
Ci.ri rrtl.y in api~'1.'tY.LehJ.llf; the Moon to effect a landing but will be ca -
rJ ed N. l ;rra t (.1:i_5 Lance beyond :1. t
De.:,eribinL an ei.1.:Ipt?:i.cal orbit it will again approach the lunar
our:f'ace. Several. such approaches; using small jet motors for correc-
tions in the trajectory of the flight, will slow the ship down suffi-
ciently for a landing in the dust layer similar to the "belly landings"
mule by airplanes. Such landings, says Pokrovskiy, should not be too
difficult.
It is obvious, he continues, that in order to arrive at a more
exact solution of the problem presented here:, it is necessary to bombard
the Moon with special rockets which will skid along the surface of the
Moon at edge of the visible disk so that the clouds of dust thus created
will be clearly visible against- the dark background of cosmic space. It
will also be possible to observe these clouds both by the impacts on the
Lunar surface, as well as by the angular illumination of the Sun which
causes dark shadows to be cast by the clouds. Finally, it will be useful
to also launch rockets in the region of the lunar surface not illuminated
by the Sun in order to observe tLe illumination of glowing gases formed
as the rockets skid along 'the surface of the Moon. ("Moon Landings,"
by Prof G. I. Pokrovskiy, Doctor of Technical Sciences; Moscow, Tekhnika
Molodezhi, No 11, Nov 58, pp 3-1+)
Sputnik III Encounters Meteor Showers
V. Lutskiyt Scientific Associate of the Moscow Planetarium, reports
that several days ago, Sputnik III transmitted particularly frequent
signals concerning its collisions with meteor bodies.
From 10-lb November, the Earth and Sputnik III passed through the
Leonids shower. Earlier, from 14 to 26 October, Sputnik III passed
through the powerful shower of the Orionids.
In the first half of December the Earth and the artificial earth
satellite will pass through -the very powerful shower of the Geminids.
Several piesoelectric transducers are carried by Sputnik III for
recording the number of rnicrometeor impacts. These instruments are so
sensitive that they can detect the impact of particles with a diameter
of one micron and a mass of one billionth of a gram. ("Satellite Passes
Through Meteor Shower," by V. Lutskiy, Scientific Associate, Moscow
Planetarium; Moscow.; Vechernyaya Moskva, 24 Nov 58, p 3)
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in Finland
T7c:1 O1I5 in the K:L,jana District observed a "flying cigar" in
1;he ,;ky at 2230 hours on 18 November. `L Ie object, which emitted a loud
noise tad lil;llt.ed lip a area, moved from northeast tosouth:rest. and
was v:Lsil)l.e for 2 or 3 IIIinubes.
31;r..Lnge lights have been observed in the sky in Kainuti. ( "Flying
Cigars in ICainuu"; Helsinki, Hufvudstadsbladet, 22 Nov 58, p 1)
Koz ~7r. Soviet As tronomcr, Males new Discovery
Hitheri.o unknos,rn forces acting on the Earth's axis of rotation are
reported tc have been discovered by N. Kozyrev, Doctor of Physicomathe-
matica.l Sciences, the Pulkovo astronomer who recently revealed the dis-
covery of volcanic activity on the Moon Tsee Soviet Bloc IGY Information,
No 112, 28 November 1958].
The scientist, as far back as 1949, used astronomical photographs
in niaLing measurements of the shape of the hemispheres of the rapidly
rotating planets Jupiter and Saturn. It was found that the northern
hemispheres of these planets, as is the case on the Earth, are more
compressed than their southern hemispheres.
Kozyrev developed an original system of mechanics, on the basis of
which he arrived at the conclusion that peculiar, previously unknoT:*n,
forces act on the axis of the rotating bodies. These forces cause varia-
tions in ,:une. The existence of these forces on the Earth's surface were
established by Kozyrev as a result of experiments conducted last year at
the Pulkovo observatory. This special method of measuring forces proposed
by the scientists, was also applied by him for the Arctic Circle in Kirovak
and in the Crime. thl s year. The measurements supported his hypothesis
that these p:.,oviously unknown forces actually are directed on the Earth's
axis of ro ta.?~i o;.s and that their nia n .tude depends on the geographical
latitude. ("Interesting Work of a Leningrad Astronomer"; Moscow, Izvest-
iya, 22 Nov 58, p 4)
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