INFORMATION ON SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL COOPERATION -- 1960

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• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000201210001-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 40
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 12, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 3, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

Approved For ReiCA~~Pi -~1E~11I0121 ~ ~/ R 1'I I?1 1 -1.,01' 0 ~ - ~ W ~',Jr E 1
BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYS I CAL=' ~ COO,PER~T I O.f
JUNE 3:.x.960. d 19
 Appro
ed FB 6Ojeas
COPY
/J
02 for both aeas
and craters, in continents, and in they rays and radiant aureoles of
craters a1 < 02.
The fact that GI f G2 in many details of the Junar surface is
not remarkable because even in radiant objects, the radiance of which
within a definite interval of wave length :onforme to Planck's la ,
the gradients in the neighboring intervals on the order of 1.0000 A do
not necessarily coincide. If the spectral reflecting properties of
lunar objects are distinguished to a considerable degree by a dis-
tribution of energy in the spectrum from the properties of radiant
bodies with a corresponding color temperature, it may be expected
that the probability of coincidence of G1 and G2 cannot significantly
exceed the probability of other relationships between GGl and G2. In
actuality the magnitudes G1 and G2 of 50 percent of the investigated
objects practically coincided, and the distribution of values of the
measured degree of difference of G1 and G2 is represented very well
by the Gauss curve, i.e.., the normal law of distribution of chance
valves is upheld. It is still unknown whether differences cf gradi-
ents in the half-intervals appear as a result of errors in measure-
ment or whether they are real properties of lunar details. These
differences are not great and in any, case. they do not change the
basic reoulta of our investigations.
The simplest characteristic of the colon properties of celes-
tial objects is the color index (CI).' The difference in.color proper-
ties of two objects 'may be expressed by the color excess
I(~'~.) Io(~1)
(4) CE= CI-CI0 --2.5C3,g 2 -ig L)-7
I(A
For normal color indexes A l - 440 m?., and A 2 - 550 m ?. Applica-
tion of the color index to reflecting surfaces is not alw+avvs fool-
proof because as indicated by N. P. BM.rabashov., a single value of
color index may correspond to two completely different spectral
curves if these curves do not have a monotonous shape of intensity
along the spectrum.
The spectral curves of lunar objects' indicate that application
of the color index (color excess) for characterization of color dif-
ferences on the lunar surface is .equitable. Actual.ly, the relation-
ship between the values of G and CE for lunar details obtained by ob-
servation are., within the limits of chance deviations,, identical and
are represented by a rectilinear relationship.'
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(5) a ? 2.27 CE
From determination of the relative apectrophotometr:,c gradient
(1) the theoretical relationship between 0 and CE may be derived. In
this, the factor d (I -) is replaced in (1) by the equation
A1-1-,A2-1.G.46?-1
corresponding to the wave lengths 440 and 550 mp,.
Thun
(6)
0.0.92
mo )4W - (m - mo )550
0.46
(7) 0 ^ 2.00 CE
i.e., the theoretical function and that obtained from observations are
practically identical.
The use of the color index considerably facilitates massive in-
veotigation of the color properties of numerous details of the lunar
surface. Measuring transverse dispersion in wave lengths between 440
and 550 mp. of lunar regions with the aid of an !4P-4 registering micro-
photoometer, we obtained photometric profiles in monochromatic rays for
all the investigated areas of the Moon. Up to 25 individual sections
could be isolated in each area, for which the color index was deter-
mined as the average of the measurements of 10 to 14 spectrograms. On
the basis of these measurements a catalog of the color characteristics
of 262 portions of the Morn. The magnitude of color contrasts on the
lunar surface may be judg'?t according to the data of the catalog. In-
aemuch as the investigated areas conform to morphologically different
regions of the Moon, the color difference values obtained may be con-
sidered the upper limit of color contrasts for the visible side of the
Moon.
The color indexes of lunar details vary from +0m.76 to +0m.97,
i.e., the limiting co.i'r difference is 0m.21, in normal color index
unite. Let us pause be: a for a moment and consider the quantitative
distribution of lunar objects according to color. A survey of this
distribution presents first,of all an interest from the point of view
of the development of the twat frequently encountered color shadings
on the surface of the Moon, and also in respect to comparison of our
results with those of earlier investigations.
Let us establish a statistical series for all the investigated
objects according to their color excess (Table 2). The curve of dis-
tribution is not a Gauss curve, which indicates that the distribution
of lunar objects according to color is not random in character. The
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maximum number of objects is within the interval CE ^ 014.05 to 014.06
(CI ? om?82 to OO.83). The average color index of the Moon for all
objeoto is
CI, ? +0.1185
CE
n
Y.
CE
n
P.
-0.1401-0.14OO
13
0.050
O.nU_Om.12
19
0.073
0. 01-0. 02
22
0.085
0. 13-0 .14
20
0.077
0. 03-0. 04
34
0.131
0. 15-0 .16
11
0.042
0. 05 -0. 06
53
0.202
0. 17-0 .18
15
0.058
0. 07-0. 08
37
0.142
0. 19-0 .20
4
0.015
0. 09-0. 10
32
0.323
Because the distribution of all objects depends upon the "selec-
tion effect" inasmuch as the number of details located in the sees is
greater -than those located on the continento., let us examine a separate
distribution of objects according to color., pertaining to two basic
morphological groups: the sea- and continent-reae of the Moon (Table
3)?
Table 3
CE
-0.1401-O.m00
0. 01-0. 02
o. 03-0. 04
11
17
28
o. o5-o. 06 29
0. 07-0..08 14
0. C.O. 10
o. 11-0. 12
15
5
Seas Continents
3r
0.076
0.3.17
0.193
0.200
0.097
0.103
0.034
n
8.
3
!0.040
2
0.027.
17
0.230
14
0.189.
7-
0.095
0.068
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CPYRGHT
Seas
Continents
CE
n
P.
a
2.
0-213-0-MI4
6
o.041
9
0.122
0. 15-0. 16
1
0.007
8
0.108
0. 17-0. 18
1
0.007
7
0.095
0.19-0.20
--
2
0.027
The maximum number of objects for the seas are in the color
excess interval 0.m03 to O.m06, i.e., the greatest number of portions
of the lunar seas have the color index of CX ? o9m80 to O.m83. For
the continents the curve of distribution has two maximum : at, CI -
O2682-Om.83, and at CI - Om.90-0m.91. Figure 3 shows a histogram of
the distribution of objects according to color, constructed on the
basis of the values of the distribution function
f (x) - lx
where p is the statistical frequency (p and lx is the magni-
tude of the CE interval. i
The presence of two distribution maximums for the continents is
of considerable interest, because if this distribution is actual this
means that the substance from which the external covering of the con-
tinent areas consist is not uniform. However, we refrain from making
any final conclusion on this ground,, taking into consideration the fact-
that the available data is inadequate for making such a conclusion.
Additional epectrocolorimetric investigation of a still greater number .
(up to 1,000) of sections of the Moon Is necessary. These inveetiga-
tions are being ce,'ried out at the present time. However, only the
following notations my be made:
1. The coloration of the seas aLi continents generally. are
identical in range, but the shapes of their distribution curves are
different. The distribution curves of the continents drops off on
the side of the lesser values of CE considerably more steeply than
do the curves of the seas.
2. The in maximum distributions according to color practi-
cally coincide for seas and continents, i.e., the greatest number of
objects in the mesa and on the continents have the values CI - Om.82
to O15.83. However, the maximtms of the. continents are sharper than
those of the seas.
3. The sloping drop of the distribution curve toward the
larger values of CE for all objects (asyaosetry of the curve) is con-
nected with the presence of the second maximum in the curve of
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dietri'oution for the continents (or at leant the alopin drop of the
curve for continents, if the second maximum is not real)*
Let us compare the distribution of lunar objects according to
color obtained by us, with the distribution obtained on the basis of
the data of N. P. Barabashov and A. T. Chekirda. Comparison nay be
mode only for the total number of objects because of the fewer number
of objects contained in the work of the latter two authors. The sta-
tistical series according to the data of N. P. Barabashov and A. T.
Chekirda is contained in Table 4.
Table 4
CE n P. CE n
o.mol-O.m02
9
0.130
o.m13-o.214
5
0.072
o. 03-0.04
to
0.11+5
0. 15-0. 16
3
0.044
o. o5-o. 06
11
0.160
0. 17-0. 18
2
0.029
0. 07-0. 08
13
0.188
0. 19-0. 20
4
0.058
0. 09-0. 10
10
0.15
0. 21-0. 22
0
0.000
0. 11-0. 12
0
0.000
0. 23-0. 24
2
0.029
The structure of the distribution curve is. not very distinct,
but its asymmetry is noticeable clearly, enough and has the same char-
acter as the curve of distribution according to our observations.
The maximum number of objects have the value CE - Om.05 to Or?.08,
i.e., if several differences in the zero-point are taken. into con-
sideration they practically coincide with the values obtained by us.
An asymmetric distribution curve also is obtained from.the?data
of the catalog of L. N. Radlova. Thus independent observations of
various authors lead to the single result, disclosing the predominance
on the lunar surface of more colorful objects conforming to the steeper
slope of drop of the distribution curve on the side of the large values
of the color index* ("Color Contrasts on the Tains. Sur ace the
Visible Spectrum," by V. G. Teyfel', Vestnik Akademii Nauk Kazakhakoy
SSR, No 2(179)0 1960, pp 77-84)
Radio Image of the Moon
The distribution of radiobrightness,of the Moon.in 8 mm band
was measured with the 22 m radiotelescope at the Physics. Institute
imeni P. N. Lebedev. It is connected with the phase and is shifted
about 300. The limb darkening is revealed too. ("The Radio Image
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CPYRGHT ?
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of the Moon in 8 mm Band," by N. A. Amenitokiy, R. I. Nookova and
A. Ye. Salomonovich, Phyoice Institute imeni Lobedev, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moocov, Astronomichenkiy Zhurnal, Vol 36, No 1,
Jan/Feb 1960, pp 185-186) ._~--
New We of Grating
An attempt to apply an echelle-grating for the spectroscopy of
solar flares and other rnonstationary processes on the Sun with the aid
of the tower solar telescope is described. The echelle was made by
F. M. Gerasimo and permits the whole solar spectrum on the range
X X 3700-6600 A to be obtained in the form ~f separate strips covering
a 13 x 8 cm plate. The dispersion is = 1 )/mm, the resolving power
0.04 4 and the exposure 0.5 sec. Examples of the obtained spectra
of the Sun and solar flares are given. The use of the echelle permits
the detection of a large number of emission lines in flare spectra.
The hydrogen lines in separate cases can be traced to %2, about 32
lines of He (including A 4686 Hell) are well pronounced and more than
450 metallic and other lines can be identified in flare spectra.
A catalog is given of emission lines in the spectrum of the
flare of 17 August 1959 obtained with the echelle-grating. ("The
Spectroscopy of Solar Flares With an Echel.le Grating," by A. B.
Severn}, N. V. Stechenko and V. L. IShokhlova, Crimean Astrophysical
Observatory, Acaden r of Sciences USSR; Moscow Astronomicheskiy
Zhurnal, Vol 36, No 1, Jan/Feb 1960, pp 23-31)
Atmospheric Ionization of 72 Lever
The variation of the ionization component of the F2? layer during
the first-half of the-day are investigated. It is shown that the vari-
ation of the diurnal illuminated component during the year correlates
well with the sine of the zenith angle of the Sun. The annual ampli-
tudes of the diurnal illuminated component are well defined by the
mean annual values of sunspot numbers. At the latitude of Tomsk the
ionization in the F2 layer is saturated during the summer months.
The introduction of the parameter f?F2 of ionization of the
F2 layer permits a sufficiently accurate prediction of the state of
ionization for a long period.. ("The Variation of Ionization of the
P2 layer During the First Hall' Day," by A. I. Likhachev, Siberian
PlWeico-Technical Institute at the Tomsk State University imeni Kuq-
byehev; Moscow, AstronomLcheekiy Zhurnal, Vol 36, No 1, Jan/Feb 1960,
pp 135-139)
Observations of Solar S nercorona
The summarized results of observations of the solar supercorona
made at the Crimean station of the P1Vsics Institute of the Acadeu r of
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Ucienceo USSR are giver.. These observations were made on different
wavelengths and interference banes od' different dimensions during
1951-1958. The mean characteriotico of the oupercorona?at the mini-
mum phase of molar activity are found. During the period of maximum
solar activity the electron concentration of non-uniformities in-
creases in the mean by a factor of 2. An increase of the electron
concentration is observed for the outer an well as the inner regions
of the aupercorona. The mean minimum velocity of the plasma ejected
from the Sun during the period of maximum solar activity and reaching
the outer regions of the eupercorona is 1 Ioi/eec. ("The Solar Super-
corona from Observations of 1981-1958," by V. V. Vitkevich, Pbyyoics
Institute imeni Lebedev) Academy of Sciences USSR; Moacow, Astronomi-
cheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 36, No 1, Jan/Feb 1960, pp 32-41)
Observation of Radio Echo of Meteors Uain_Two Receivers
The results of the study of the parameter S of the function of
distribution of meteoric bodies with mass are given for the Quadrantid
stream of 1949. It is shown that S did nct remain constant but varied
with time and reached its maximum value 2.96 at about 0500-0700 hours
UT on 4 January 1959. The deduction is given of the formula for the
determination of the diffusion coefficient D from radio echo observa-
tions of meteors with two receivers of different sensitivity. ("Radio
Echo Observations of Meteors with Two Receivers of Different Sensi-
tivity," by L. A. Kataeev, V. N. Korpusov, and A. D. Orlanskiy, Insti-
tute of Applied Geophysics, Acadenbr of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Astro-
nomicheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 36, No 1, Jan/Feb 1960, pp 115-118)
Structure of Quadrantid Meteors
The results of the measurements of the number and duration of
meteor radio echoes made in January 1959 in Itharkov were used for
studying the structure of meteor btreamo. Tbe diatr.oution of meteors
according to duration shows that in the central condensation of the
Quadrantin stream there is a concentration of the largest particles.
The maxims of the number of particles encountering the Barth is later
in time, the larger the particles considered. The distribution of
meteoric bodies with mass shows that apparently there is a lower limit
in the mass of the particles held by the stream. An identical charac-
ter of distribution is observed for the meteoric particles of the
Geminid stream. ("The Structure of the Quadrantid Meteor Stream," by
Be L. Kaahcheyev and V. N. Lebedineta, dbarkov Po3ytechnical Insti-
tute imeni Lenin; Moscow Aatronomicheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 36, No 1,
Jan/Feb 1960, pp 119-1225
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Infrared Spectrum of the Night Sky Studied
The emission spectrum of the night sky in a wide region,
1.2-3.4 p., was obtained by means of a spectrophotometer with a lead
sulphide photoreoistor. The reoulto for the region 1.2-2.0 M. are in
good agreement with the data of Gush, Johns and Harrison (Jof
Atmospherical and Terreotriaal Physics) 7, 185, 1955; 11, 192, 1957).
The regionnA> 2.0 ? was investigated for the first time. In the
region 2.1-2.5 ? , which is relatively free of tropospheric absorp-
tion lines, no intense emission was detected. The weak maximum at
2.1-2.2 ,u, was identified with the band, 9-7 OH 2.145 ?.. In the
2.6-3.4 ,.t region the spectrum of thermal emission of the troposphere
was recorded. At 2.3 ? there is a sharply defined band structure
which is -identified with the reversed absorption spectrum due to
tropospheric vapors of O. The absolute intensities of the 8-5,
3-1, 4-2, 5-3, 9-7 OH bands were found and compared with theoretical
values. The intensity ratios of bands with common upper levels de-
rived using data of other authors also, are in better agreement with
the Einstein coefficients calculated by Shklovakiy than with the oec-
ond approximation of Heaps and Heizberg. The intensities of the
bands which were not studied (3-2, 4-3, 5-4, 9-8) are calculated and
the possibility of investigating the bands at AV w 1 discussed.
("The Infrared Spectrum of the Night Sky up to 3.4 ? ," by V. I.
Moroz, State Astronomical Institute imeni Shrenberg; Moscow Astro-
nomicheskiy Zhurnal., Vol 36, No 1, Jan/Feb 1960, PP 123-1305
Determination of the Balmer Decrement in the Spectrum of the Aurora
Polaris
The hydrogen lines H,< , H p., Hy (dispersion 250 R/mm) were
photographed in three aurorae polaris. The average decrements ob-
tained for H,( :H g) :H y were 3.0:1:0.8.
At the Roshchino station the hydrogen lines Ex., Hp and Hy
were obtained for a single spectrum in three case , using a simple
homemade spectrograph with low dispersion (^ 250 A/mm), with expo-
sures of 3 to 5 hours. The spectral sensitivity af the instrument
and film were calculated with the aid of a calibrated luminophor.
The decrement values obtained are shown in the accompanying table.
Value of the Balmer Decrement Ha :H P :Hy. in the Aurora Polaris
Spectrum
1H 0c ? 1H lH
P . r
2-3 Dec 1958, 13-14 Dec 1958
3.0:1.0:0.7
First half of night 13-14 Dec 1958
3.2:1.0:0.8
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Spectrum
lRa :1Hr
Second hale!' of night, according to observations
of Yu. I. Gal'perin
2.8:1.0:0.9
At Loparakaya
1:0:0.8
Computed values of Chamberlain
3.34:1.00:0.33
The aurorae of 2-3 December 1958 and 13-14 December 1958 dif-
fered in type. The first was a greenion-white 3-4 mark with develop-
ment of obape from arch to ray, transforming to drape and ending with
flame forme. Its spectrum contained intense molecular bands. The
second aurora was a diffuse light without development of shape, which
lighted a large portion of the elgr. The atomic lines were markedly
strong In the spectrum. It must be noted that during this aurora
movement of the region of b drogen emission tovard the north was ob-
served. During the first half of the night the hydrogen emission was
strong at Roehchino and weak at Loparslcaya, and during the second half
of the night, from 0200 to 0600 hours, it strengthened markedly at
Loparekaya and weakened at Roshclaino. This occurred simultaneously
with alight equalization of the intensity of Balmer lines, which may
be seen in the table (lines 3 and 4).
On the whole, the decrement values of both aurorae were very
similar. The measured value for the ratio 1Hp :1li. is close to the
value obtained at Loparskaya LG. I. Galperin, Planet, Space Sci.,
Vol 1, No 57, 19527. The. general trend of the decrement differs from
the cc putation of Chamberlain. J. W. Chamberlain, Astraphys. J., 120,
360a 195!!7, This may be caused by a decreased initial speed of the
protons. ("Determination of the Balmer Decrement in the Spectrum of
the Aurora Polaris " F. K. Shuyskaya; Moscow, Astronomicheskiy Zhurnal,
Vol 37, No 1, pp 186-187)
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Figure Appendix for Chapter III Upper Atmoophere
CPYRGHT
Figure I.
.a1
'a Sea of Tranquility B 4V
ar Manilius C V
AO'
421 Continent D III
40
Bea of Rains
0 III
Bea of Rains
, H, II
Od
al
Aristarchus
I II
Figure 2
Continen
1 -- LY . + __-P.1
do at a2c ao AJ 02 cc
Figure 3
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IV . OCEANOGRAPHY
The Storehouse of Mankind
The ocean contains great resources of plant and animal raw ma-
terial, unknown mineral riches and colossal power reserves. The sur-
face of the ocean, its depths and the air apace above it constitute
the cheapest and shortest routes of travel. There is an interchange
of moisture, heat and carbon dioxide gas between the ocean and the
atmosphere. All this long has attracted the steady attention of man.
Interest in the seas and oceans is developing rapidly, at an ever in-
creasing rate.
It attrrcts investigi%toro to the ocean bottom and to t be secrets
hidden on ai,d below the bottom. If this is not a remerkable example
of human love of knowledge and courage, then we have the dive made not
long ago by J. Picard to the greatest depth, aearly 11 kilometers, in
the Mariana Trench. Possibly the day is not far off when man will be
a regular visitor there.
Mary branches of science are interested in this entry into the
ocean depths, including geology, geophysics, geography, biology and
geochemistry.
On the bottom lie kilometers-thick benthic deposits, accumulated
during the entire history of the ocean. All they facts of this history
are printed in the deposits as though in a great yearbook, still un-
read, and promising solution of many important problems.
Has the climate tzr the earth changed during the past billions
of years of its history, or has it ever been thus? Have there been
periods of uniformly warm climate ,n the earth, or have there always
been climatic zones? Did the ocean always exist, or did it arise
only during the latter periods of the life of our planet?
Did the positions of the Earth's poles and of the Earth's axis
change, or have they always remained approximately in the same posi-
tion where they are now? Are the sunken continents of Atlantis, Gond-
van, and the Pacific hidden in the ocean depths? Do continents move
thousands of kilometers in a horizontal direction or do they always
remain in exactly the same place? What Is the structure of the Earth's
crust and its underlying layer, the mantle, which is moltenZ
There are serious reasons for believing that the ocean bottom
may give the answers to all these questions.
Some initial data already are known. Application-of the methods
of systematic sounding and gravimetry have shown that-the earth crust
under the oceans is very thin. In the continents it is 30 to 40 kilo-
meters thick, and below the oceans it is 5 to 8 kilometers thick.
Several years ago US engineers worked out a plan for drilling
through the entire thickness of deposit and through the earth's crust
to the secret, molten magma. The plan, which is to be carried out
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within the next four yearn, provideu for drilling from a large ship.
Equipped with a special drilling derrick, this ship must be secured
by thick cableu between several anchor., placed at depths of 4 to 5
kilometeru.
However, drilling from a ship through 4 or 5 kilometers of do-
posit is hardly a working method for penetrating the earth's crust.
This plan is too complicated technically, and storms and gales hardly
will allow the possibility for its use in the future, even though
positive reaulto my be achieved one time.
it id very clear that the technical concept for mastering the
ocean bottom rune along the lines of designing automatic drilling
equipment which my be lowered to the bottom of the ocean and may be
controlled from automatic, self-propelled bathyscopes.
One thing is clear: in very quickly will become master of
the ocean floor, of its secrete and its resources.
Oceans cover three-fourths of the Earth's surface. To the pres-
ent time man has obtained all hie mineral resources from one-fourth of
the earth's crust. May we think that three-fourths of the earth's
crust, covered by water, is bare of mineral deposits? No, we cannot.
When man has conquered the ocean bottom it is possible that prospect-
ing and working out minerals there will be easier than on dry land.
The crux of the matter is that the major mineral deposits are
located in a zone of transition from the hard crust to the subcortical
mantle, in the so-called "lines of Mokhorovichich," named in honor of
the Yugoslav geophysicist who established this formation through seis-
mic methods based upon sharp differences in the speed of propagation
of sound through the crust and the distribution of the deeper, molten
magma (mantle). However, much still remains completely unclear in
the understanding of the structure of the earth's crust and of the
subcortical layer.
The mineral riches of the ocean may be searched on the very
surface of the bottom. For a long time it has been known that so-
called "ferromanganese concretions" may be found there* large quanti-
ties of these concretions cover the bottom of the White, Baltic and
Caspian Seas. Photographs of the bottom of the Atlantic and Pacific
? Oceans dhow that wide expanse also are almost completely covered with
these concretions.
Their quantity sometimes reaches many tens of kilograms per
square meter. In the Pacific Ocean alone the area covered by concre-
tions consists of several tens of millions of square kilometers, and
their total weight is several billion tons!
The origin of these concretions is tied to the vital activity
of special types of bacteria which are able to concentrate minerals
which are dissolved in insignificantly small amounts in sea water.
In addition to iron and manganesep the concretions also contain
nickel, cobalt and copper.
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Does man have the right to allow this really great quantity of
valuable ores to lie vraate, covering the floors of the oceans and
aeaa? No, he does notl It nay be stated with confidence that the
coming century will be the century of the conquest and mystery of
apace, but also of the earth crust beneath the oceans. ("Oceans --
The Storehouse of Mankind," by L. A. Zenkevich, Corresponding Mem-
ber of the Academy of Sciences USSR, and President of the Oceano-
graphic Committee, Nedel', Sunday supplement to Izvestiya,
10-16 April 1960, p 2)
On the EScransea of the Indian Ocean CPYRGHT
Yesterday the expeditionary ship of the Acadenpr of Sciences
USSR "Vityaz" Knight Errant] arrived in the part of Odessa. We
left our native shore at Vladivostok almost seven months ago. For
half a year the "Vityaz'" plowed the expanses of the Indian Ocean.
Oceanographic sections with small chains of installation-stations,
at each of which various types of investigations were conducted, cut
across the ocean in meridional and latitudinal directions from the
shores of the Asiatic continent to the boundaries of the south polar
waters, from Australia to Ceylon and India, and from India west to
Madagascar and the shares of Africa. The distance covered was ap-
proximately 30,000 riles. Unique collections were gathered. The ma-
terials of 247 oceanographic stations enable multilateral and renewed
illumination of the nature of one of the greatest oceans of the world.
It seems paradoxical that the Indian Ocean, which is crossed
by hundreds of ships every year, until recently remained one of the
least studied oceans of the world. Only at present are many of its
"secrets" being revealed.
The investigations of the "Vityaz'" covered the enormous ex-
panse of water between three continents: Australia, Asia and Africa-,
These investigations were conducted according to the International
Geophysical Cooperation Program. New data on the relief of the ocean
were obtained, new deep currenta,were discovered, and approximately
100 previously unknown types of mammals and fishes were discovered.
In many of the areas studied, which appear on the maps as deep
blue spots indicating great depths, we discovered extensive elevations
and individual mountains. The current is so strong near the bottom
that with even slight elevation in the relief the silt is carried
away. In these places we found great accumulations of the remains
of extinct animals, particularly teeth of ancient sharks, slightly
interstratified with small. amounts of sediment.
Three Indian scientists participated in tlY study of the west-
ern portion of the ocean: Doctor Reguye Prasad,,the famous marine
biologist, member of the UNESCO committee on marine research, bydrolo
gist Ayer, and Master of Science Irama Padzhu.
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PYRGH
In the western portion or tiv' Indian Ocean we crooned the
Equator six times. Here, close to 101u- shores of Arica, is an area
of an enormous number of small islands. They are the remnants of
the ancient continent of Lemuria, which was lost under the waters of
the ocean. In tests of the bottom, conducted at depths of almost
rive xtiometers, sand was found tinder a two-meter layer of ordinary
oceanic silt. Apparently this also is a trace of ancient Lenuria.
The isles are surrounded by coral reefs, and atolls often rime sev-
eral meters above the water. Corals are the principal accummlators
of lime. Gigantic colonies of these small organisms have been con-
ducting their constructive work for hundreds of millions of years.
The system of winds and currents in this region, the presence
of submarine mountains and the island archipelagoes create conditions
particularly favorable for the development of life. Great shoals of
tunny azri other fish feed in the great oceanic pastures. It is in-
teresting that the fishing in areas far from shore is in the hands
of Japanese enterprises. At night we frequently were forced to re-
duce speed to avoid Japanese fishing stages.
The final stage of work was devoted to the Bay of Aden and the
Arabian Sea. The causes of the phenomenon frequently observed at the
Arabian shores, consisting of mass death of fish as a result of "star-
vation," and which is brought about by water from the ocean depth poor
in oxygen coming to the surface, were carefully studied.
It is simply impossible to discuss in the present article,
albeit briefly, the results of seven months of research, of all the
new things which were seen and discovered, and of visits to countries
and islands of the Indian Ocean. Nevertheless I do hope to write
about several encounters.
During its voyage the "Vityaz" visited many foreign ports, in-
cluding Djakarta, Freemantle in western Australia, Colombo in Ceylon,
Cochin in southwest India, Bmbay, and Tamatave in Madagascar. We
were the first Soviets to visit Male, capital of the Maldive island
sultanate. During the stay at the island of Nossi-Be, near the north-
ern limit of Madagascar., an entrance to the Bay of the Russians was
discovered among the mountains, so named by the French in honor of a
squadron of our countrymen which stayed in the bay in 1904 during
their trip to the Far East. We were the first Russians to visit
these waters in 56 years. The inhabitants of the Comoro Islands
(they also are known as Lunians because Comoro means Moon in Arabian),
of the island of Zanzibar, the African shore and the Sea Shell Islands
"Vityaz'." Everywhere we were overwhelmed by warm welcome.
Unfortunately the concept of the Soviet Union occasionally is
confused and unclear.
"Is it possible that these photographic cameras were.made in
the Soviet Union?" we were asked On Madagascar by the reknowned bota-
nist Ton'ye, as he examined our "Kiev" and "Zorky" cameras. "But,
after all, you do buy your microscopes from Germany."
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We replied:
"No, they also are our own."
In the Comoro Islands we were met by Police Lieutenant tk\rben,
who readily pointed out on the tap a locality favorable for collecting
coral. In conclusion, however, he suddenly and unexpectedly said:
"I am especially pleased to be of sorvice to Russian,, because
3ovtet troops liberated me from Fascist captivity in Euat Germany."
At each stop hundreds and thousands of people visited the
"Vityaz'," and talked with the sailorL, and with members of the expedi-
tion. In Indonesia, Australia, Ceylon and Madagascar our associates
gave talks before the local acientisto.
The main impression, uniform in all the visited countries, is
that the old order, propagated for centuries by the colonizers, is
crumbling away. The new is breaking out in life. Where not long ago
administrative posts were occupied by Europeans, those posts now are
passing ,'auto the hands of the national intelligentsia.
Even in Zanzibar, which in the preceding century was the center
of slave trade in East Africa and at present is under the protectorate
of Great Britain, the growing influence of the national party of the
manses is feat. During an excursion in the vicinity of the city of
Zanzibar, among plantations of clove trees, cocoa palms and coffee
plantations, we became acquainted with an African of the Swahili tribe,
the youth Ali, who participated in the World Wide festival of youths
and students at Moscow. He has translated Russian songs and the Hymn
of the Democratic Youth into the Swahili language. In speaking with
the Africans we frequently heard the word "Nkhurul" or "Freedom!"
spoken instead of the curstomary greeting.
The common misfortune of all these countries is the insuffi-
ciency of their national cadres, their intelligentsia. Because Of
this at every encounter they questioned us at length about the Uni-
versity of the Friendship of Peoples, es ;ablished at Moscow. News
of this recommendation of Nikita Sergeyevich IQuushchev has reached
into the farthest places.
Many thousand miles from our home shores it was noted with joy
that our Homeland serves as a beacon of hope for millions of people
who strive for freedoms and progress.
At present the ship "Vityaz'" is under repair. In September
it will net out on the return ygMe. again through the.Indian Ocean.
("On the Expanses of the Indian Ocean," by V. Bogorov, Corresponding
Member of the Acadeur of Sciences USSR, Head of Expedition, aboard
the expeditionary ship "Vityaz'" (via radio), Pravda, 29 April 1960,
p6)V
Problems of the Caspian Sea
Professor Be A. Apollov, D^--,tor of Technical Sciences and Cas-
pian Sea specialist, proposes a plan for "terminating the caprices of
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the Caspian" and bringing the Caspiun, which for thirty yearn has be-
come catastrophically shallow every year, back to its old shores by
building a stone clam, 375 kilometers long, aerooa the Caspian in an
east-went direction from a point thirty kilometers below the city of
Kaopiysk to the Dolgomo peninsula, creating a 76, 000-aquare -kilometer
water reservoir out of the northern portion of the Caspian, which
would fill up in two or three years. Other plans for regulating the
Ccu-pian Sea include diverting the Pechora and Vychegda rivers to the
Kama, and thence through the Volga to the Caspian yea. This plan,
suggested by engineer 0. V. Dmitriyev, would requite reservoirs to be
built at Pechora, Vychega and Kama, interconnected by canals of an
average length or 2.60 kilometers. An alternate plan involves the use
of explosives for building a partitioning dam, but this would kill
great quantities of fish. ("Problems of the Caspian Sea," by B. A.
Apollov, Nedel' Sunday supplement to Izveatiya, 10-16 April 1960, p 2)
Special Quantitative Characteristic of Deep Sea Life in the Ocean
In an article in IzveetiyAkademii Nauk SS3R, Sergi a Geografi-
chealMa No 2, 1960, L. A. Zenkevich reviews mostly US authors' views
concerning the antiquity and ecology of bottom fauna in freshwater seas
and in the oceans, arriving at the conclusion that salt-water bottom
fauna must be taken as ancient forms of life, whether similar species
or fossils are found in fresh water or on dry land, or not. The au-
thor also presents tables and charts showing the bipolar and circum-
tropical quantitative distribution of bottom fauna based on Soviet
sources. The etatement by US marine biologist Thorson that very
little work has been done in the field of quantitative mapping of
shallow water bottom communities is rebutted by the author, who ex-
plains that for the past 35 years the USSR has conducted quantitative
investigation of biomassee, the productivity of bacteria, plants and
animals, benthos and plankton, especially in the Bering, Azov and
Caspian Seas, and that during the past 10 years the "Vityaz'" and "Ob'"
expeditions have obtained data on the quantitative distribution of.
bacteria, plankton and benthos in the deep-water zones of the Pacific
and Indian Oceans and in the Antarctic waters. Comparison of data on
the quantitative distribution of organisms and their chemical composi-
tion with the chemical composition of bottom sediment and its rate of
accumulation enables a fairly accurate expression of the accumulation
on the bottom and re-solution of many chemical components, particu-
larly CaCO3 and SiCk. ("Special Quantitative Characteristic of Deep
Sea Life in the Ocean," by L. A. Zenkevich, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk
SSSR, Seriya Geograficheskaya, No 2, 1960, pp 10-16)
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Hydrologic Conditions of the Soicanon Sea
K. T. Bogdanov relates that on its twenty-fifth cruise the
"VityazI" took 18 hydrologic stations in the Jolomon Sca, includinL,
two stations at great depthn, the reoulto of which were at a variance
with the results found by the "Challenger" in 1872-1876, and that the
curreurto in the Solomon Sea actually are different from those shown
on the map of the currents of the Pacific Ocean contained in the Ma-
rine Atlas, Volume 1I. The water circulation determined on the banin
of the data of the "'rityaz l " in shown on a map of relative dynamic
topography which accou{panieo the article. Although the "Challenger"ra
:findings indicated that the depths of the Solomon Sea were isolated
from the Pacific currents, the findings of the "Vityaz'" indicate that
the southern trade current and deep waters flow into the Solomon Sea,
mainly from the southeast, through a deep channel located to the west
of the southern tip of the Solomon Islands, through the straits between
these islands, and through the Pioner Straits between New Ireland and
the island of Buk. The narrow straits located between New Guinea and
New Britain are called the Vityaz Straits. ("$rdrologic Conditions
of the Solomon Sea," by K. T. Bogdanov, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR,
Seriya Geograficheakaya, No 2, 1960, pp 117-122)
Contemporary Glaciation of Bazardyyuzi CPYRGHT
The summit of Bazardyuzi (4,480.9 m) is one of the highest moun-
tains of the Bast Kavkaz range. Protruding somewhat toward the north
from the main water divide ridge, this mountain group divides the
sources of the rivers Yatukhdere and Sel'dy.
The first information on the glaciers of Bazardyuzi may be found
in the works of G. V. Abikh. A. V. Pastukhov spent some time in the
region of Bazardyuzi in 1892, and in his work he includes a short de-
scription of the glaciation of this part of the Kavkaz. In another
work he gives a fairly detailed description of two glacial tongues on
the northern elope of Bazardyuzi. In 1938 the glacier expedition of
the Azerbaydzhan affiliate of the Academy of Sciences USSR worked on
Bazardyuzi and studied traces of ancient glaciation and also the type
and dimensions of contemporary glaciers.
In the summer of 1958 an expedition of the Administration of
the lydrometecrological Service of the Azerbaydzhan SSR, headed by
I. M. Kirin, investigated the contemporary status of the glaciers of
Bazardyuzi.
The glaciation of Bazardyuzi consisted of two glaciers, Tikhi-
tsar and Murkar, and a firn cap covering the summit of the mountain,
from which five email, pendulous, paddle-shaped tongues emerge.
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-IT
The glacier Tikhitaar is the moat inaccessible. Ito length is
approximately 0,9 Ian, and ito width In 150 to 200 m. The slope of the
glacier vex ies greatly along its longth., averaging approximately 25
degreeo.
In individual sections the elope of the glacier increases to
45 degrees or more. The tongue of the glacier, extending toward the
north, begins no an ice chute 60 m high with a aluirp slope of 60 to
70 degrees at its exit from a oquared semicircle, and its surface is
broken by steep (3 to 5 m wide) transverse fissures. At a distance
of 170 m from the end of the tongue there in a second, steeper (40 to
50 degrees) ice chute approximately 40 m high.
The significant slope of the Tikhitoar glacier causes its in-
tense speed of movement. According to measurements taken during the
period of the expedition the o Reed of movement of the lacier along
the line of direction (Table 1) was from 4.4 to 9.3 cm/day. Its great-
cat speed was noted in the center of its section, with the speed de-
creasing toward the edges.
The tongue of the glacier ends in an icy hill elope 35 m high,
with a slope of 50 degrees at the sole of which, at an altitude of
3,160 m (absolute altitude), in a grotto. The grotto is 1.2 m high
and 4.5 m wide.
Observations of the Speed of Movement of the Glacier Tikhitsar
Displacement of Measuring Rode cm
Distance
21-25 June 95
26-10 June 1958
Measuring
From Left
After
After
Rod Number
Bonk,
Days
c da
5 Day
cWd
a`y
Mark
00
00
00
00
da
00
1
55
28
5,6
25
5.0
2
95
43
8.6
47
9.3
3
145
22
4.4
26
5.2
Mark
3.75
00
00
00
00
The recession of the tongue of the glacier Tikhitaar is fairly
rapid. Comparing the marks obtained for the end of the tongue by
L. N. Leont'yev (3,]25 m) in 1938 and by us in 1958 (3,160 m) it is
apparent that a difference of 35 m was produced over.a period of 20
Years. According to the series of oblique indicators and according
to questioning of shepherds and hunters who visit this site from time
to time, the recession of the tongue of the Tikhitsar glacier over a
period of 20 years is approximately 190 to 200 m.
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CPYRGHT
Glacier Murlmr extends in a northeasterly direction, making a
circular d:.lation at the slope of the city of llazardyuzi. The ring
of the glacier has the shape of a bowl with almost vertical wallop
and has a diameter at the bottom of 700 to 800 in. On the slopes of
the ring narrow hollows filled with firn, may be observed. The total
length of Murkar is 1,1E14O in, and it is 300 to 450 m wide. The slope
of the glacier varies insignificantly along its length, averaging 10
to 15 degrees. The surface of the glacier has an extremely broken
character, with individual depressions reaching 5 to 7 in. Near its
right bank it is intersected by the long bed of a brook 15 to 18 m
deep. Along its entire length the top of the glacier is covered with
moraine deposits up to 1 or 1.5 m deep, and the ice is visible only
in occasional patches.
The tongue of the glacier ends in a ledge 70 m high, 130 m
wide and with a slope of 50 to 60 degrees. At the sole of the ledge
is a grotto 0.8 m high and 1.2 m wide. The mark of the grotto was
determined at 2,94E0 mp against 2,920 m entered in 1938 by L. N.
Leont'yev. At that time the Murkar glacier descended much lower and,
according to the description of K. I. Bogdanovich and L. N. Leonttyev,
completely partitioned off the valley, as a result of which the stream
flowing out from the Tikhituar glacier gouged a tunnel in the ice of
Murkar. At the present time the confluence of the streams occurs be-
low the end of the tongue of Murkar, and its recession over a period
of 20 years (with' a fair degree of accuracy) has been 220 m. Thus
after a relatively long stationary status (from 1901 to 1938) the re-
cession of the glacier during the past 20 years has been very rapid,
averaging 11 m per year.
The Murkar glacier does not have a firn basin., and it is fed
mainly by snow avalanches from the slopes,l and by crumbling of over-
hanging firn. At an elevation of 350 t0400 m above the upper end
of the glacier selvage of the firn cap overhangs the glacier., where
the thickness of the ice reaches 20 or 30 in. The force of the ice of
Murlrr gradually decreases from the end of the tongue of the glacier,
where it is 60 to 70 in, to its beginning, where it exceeds 10 or 15 in,
compared to 20 to 25 m according to L. N. Leont'yev. This circum-
stance led to the idea of earlier investigators to the effect that the
Murkar glacier is: "...a peculiar type of dead glacier, having lost
connection with the feeding basin."
A speed line established in the central portion of Murkar
glacier (Table 2) enabled elucidation of the speed of movement of
the glacier, varying from 1.2 to 4 cm/day.
The insignificant speed of movement of Murkar Glacier in com-
parison to that of Tikhitsar glacier is explained both by the con-
siderably gentler slopes of the lacier bed and by poorer conditions
of feeding (lack of a firn basin).
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CPYRGHT
Table 2
Observations of the Speed of Movement of the Glacier Murkar
Dis
cement of Measuring Rods, cm
Distance
202
June-
25 9 Juno 8
Measuring
From Left
er
After
Rod Number
Bank, m
y
c a
5
Mark
00
00
00
00
00
1
4O
8
1.6
10
2.0
2
100
14
2.8
16
3.2
3
160
20
4.0
15
3.0
4
240
12
2.4
8
1.6
5
340
6
1.2
7
1.4
Mark
390
00
00
00
00
Studies of the melting of the surrrwes of the Tikhitear and
Murkar glaciers also were conducted by weans of special ablation-
measuring rods mounted at various elevations (Table 3)-
Tab le 3
Melting at Ablation-Measuring Points
of the Tikhitser and Markar Glaciers., cm
Tikhitsar
Murkar
Date
Rod No 1 Rod N 2 Rod No 3
18 m 3,220 m tom
Rod No 1
020 m
Rodeo E
090 m
3
Rod No 3
4
1
,
gi
0m
17 June
6
4
3
2
1
0.5
18 "
7
6
3.5
3
2
0.7
19 "
5
3
2.0
1
0.8
0.5
20 "
3
2.5
1.0
2
2.7
1110
21 "
covered by snow
22 "
3.5
3.0
0.8
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CPYRGHT
Tikhitoar
Mukar
Rea
Rod No 1
165 m
Rod No
3,220 m
Ry~ Rod
~~ No 3
m
Rod No 1
3,020 M_
Rod No 2
3,090 m
Rod No 3
1__ m
23 June
3.0
4.5
2.0
3
0.8
1.0
24 "
4.0
2.5
1.6
2.5
1.2
1.0
25 "
6
11,5
3.8
3.0
2.2
1.2
26 "
7
5.4
3.5
3.4
2.0
1.0
27 "
5.4
3.0
2.0
4.0
1.5
1.2
28 "
7,5
6.2
4.1
4.5
2.0
1.4
29 "
6.0
4.3
3.5
3.4
2.5
1.2
30 "
5.5
3.4
2.5
3.0
2.2
1.0
The amount of daily melting varied within considerable limits,
comprising from 1 to 7 cm on Tikhitsar, and from 0.5 to 4.5 cm on Mur-
kar. The small amount of melting of the surface of Murkar glacier (al-
though the rode were set up at. lower elevdtions',than in the case of
Tikhitsar glacier) was caused by its shadiness, by the steepness of
the slopes of the semicircle, and by good protection of its surface
by the layer of moraine.
The area of glaciation of Bazqdyuzi according to the deter-
mination of L. N Leont'yev is 4.6 km-, and according to our measure-
ments is 3.62 km~ . It is risky tg take the indicated difference in
the amount of glaciation (0.98 km) as the quantitative characteristic
of the shrinking of glaciers over a given period because it may be the
result of an error in the accuracy of measurement. However, this in-
dicates the over-all tendency of reduction of the area of glaciation
and emphasizes the regressive character of the evolution of glaciers.
The area of the tongue of Tikhitsar glacier is 0.5 km2, and that of
Glaciation of Bazard ruzi," by B. A. Budagov and I. M.. Kirin, Dokiady
Akademii Nauk Azerbaydzhanskoy SSR, Vol 16, No 1, 1960, pp 29-32)
to. the tiro cap covering the summit of Bazardyuzi.l "Contemporary
lactation belongs
CPYRGHT
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VI. ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC
Scientific Conference on the Meteorolo
of the Antarctic
From 26 through 28 October 1959 a scientific conference on the
problems of the meteorology of the Antarctic was held in the Main Ad-
ministration of the 1 -drometeorological Service of the Council of
Ministers USSR. Representatives of many scientific institutions par-
ticipated in the conference, including representatives of the Central
Institute of Prognoers, the Main Geophysical Observatory, the Central
Aerological Observatory, the Arctic and Antarctic Scientific-Research
Institute, the Main Administration of the North Sea Lane (GUSMP), the
Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences USSR, the Moscow
State University and others, who give more than 30 reports at the con-
ference.
The conference began with a dual report on new discoveries in
the Antarctic. V. A. Bugayev and Ye. I. Tolstikov presented a relief
map of a considerable portion of Fast Antarctica, based on aerolevel-
ing data of the Antarctic obtained during flights over the continent.
The authors of the report organized and participated in these flights.
Yu. M. Model' and A. V. Nudel'man gave a survey of the latest
data on the thickness of the ice cover and the relief of the rock bed
In the Antarctic.
Nine reports were devoted to the problem of atmospheric circu-
lation above the Antarctic. G. M. Tauber gave the characteristics of
the climatic cyclone in the western portion of the Indian sector of
Antarctica. S. P. Ithromov presented interesting conclusions based on
analysis of synoptical processes observed during a cruise aboard the
Diesel-electric ship "Obi" in antarctic waters during the summer of
1956-1957. Iihromov arrived at the conclusion, supported by later ma-
terials of other authors, that during the summer period the zonal
type of processes prevail, and toward winter the meridional type
strengthens sharply. The Antarctic front in the processes of cy-
clonic activity is thrust upward far from the continent. The sharp
cloud boundary and drop in temperature in the immediate vicinity of
the continent are not of a frontal nature, but are connected with a
change in the spreading surface and the run-off circulation. Ithromov
noted that the aperiodic changes in temperature of the air above the
ocean increase considerably with altitude.
This fact is interesting from the point of view that in pre-
vious years many authors, fixiig a uniform summer temperature back-
ground upon the southern portions of the ocean, arrived at incorrect
conclusions concerning the lack of air exchange between the temperate
and polar latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. The fact is that the
temperature background of the lower layer of the atmosphere is formed
under the influence of the powerful effect of the watery surface of
the ocean, the temperature of which changes slowly.
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The report of Ye. 1. Tolotikov, entitled: "Air masses in the
region of Eastern Antarctica" gave the characteristics of four basic
types of air manses, which he determined on the basis of analysis of
aerological soundings at Mirnyy and within the deep interior of the
continent, at Vootok Station. The characteristic temperatures of air
massed, according to the data of Vootok Station, are 10 or 15 degrees
lower than at Mirnyy (distance 1,400 1cm).
Voluminous material on the development of synoptic processes
above Western Antarctica was generalized in the report of P. D. Asta-
penko. The report of S. S. Gaygerov was devoted to comparison of
circulation of the atmosphere in the Antarctic and Central Antarctic,
through the demonstration of many vertical sections, maps, graphs and
tables.
The report of G. V. Gruz, entitled : "On the Problem of In-
vestigation of Planetary Circulation With the Aid of the Character-
istics of Macroturbulence" evoked great interest. It was shown that
the kinetic energy of atmospheric movements in the Southern Hemisphere
is twice as great as in the Northern Hemisphere. The energy of meridi-
onal movemerte is approximately the same in both hemispheres. Through
comparison of meridional currents of heat it was established that the
cooling role of the Antarctic is greater than that of the Arctic with
respect to the atmosphere.
A large group of reports referred to the radiation and heat
balance, the climatic system and to individual meteorological peculi-
arities of Antarctica. Among the latter two reports must be mentioned:
two reports by N. P. Rusin on "The Radiation Balance of the Snowy Sur-
face of Antarctica" and "Turbulent Heat- and Moisture Exchange in the
Layer of Air Near the Surface in Antarctica, and two reports by V. F.
Belov on the results of actinometric observations in the Antarctic with
the aid of aircraft, and on a meridional radiation profile, obtained
during a cruise aboard the Diesel-electric ship "Ob'" in 1959? In par-
ticular, in the last mentioned report it was indicated that the radia-
tion characteristics undergo sharp deflections in transition across the
line of Antarctic convergence, once more emphasizing the significance
of this line as a remarkable physico-geographic boundary. T. F. Batya-
yeva and D. T. Stekhnovskiay reported on the average monthly fields of
pressure and temperature of the air in the Antarctic and Southern
Hemisphere.
The author of the present article reported on climatic zones of
-Eastern Antarctica. G. M. Tauber gave a detailed analysis of run-off
winds of the Antarctic.
The reports of M. G. Burlachenko, entitled : "On the Amounts Of
Ice Discharged into the Davis Sea," and of Kh. Ya. Zakiyev, entitled:
"An Experiment in the Approximate Determination of the Balance of Snow
and Ice in Eastern Antarctica" evoked great interest. Initial sys-
tematic data on atmospheric electricity in the Antarctic were intro-
duced in the report of T. V. Lobodin. Measurements of the potential
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gradient indicated that for winds exceeding 35 m/nec it has a nega-
tive value, attaining tens of thousands of volts per meter.
Original results were reported by V. L. Lebedev: examining
the spread of pack ice on the aquatorium of Davis Sea during the course
of one year he established that a quasi-stationary cyclonic circula-
tion of the atmosphere prevails here; an analogous circulation in
noted near the western shelf glacier, aloo.
It is impossible to describe all the reports in a abort arti-
cle, therefore we shall limit ourselves to mentioning that the final
oeooion of the conference was devoted to reports on the methodology
of antarctic observations, including methods of determining the height
of the ice shield.
On the whole the first scientific conference, reflecting only
part of the investigation of the aerometeorology of the Antarctic,
showed how far Soviet scientists have advanced in investigation of
the Sixth Continent, concerning which not so very long ago there
existed only most approximate concepts. ("Scientific Conference on
the Meteorology of the Antarctic," by V. A. Bugayev, Izvostiya Akade -
mii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geograficheskaya, No 2, 1960, pp 133-134) Over the South Pole
In an article in Pr iroda, No 3, March 1960, V. A. Bugayev and
Ye. I. Tolstikov report on a flight made by members of the Third So-
viet Complex Antarctic Expedition from Mirnyy Station to the US base
at McMurdo Sound. Lcf. Priroda, No 4, 1959, pp 63-70j
The Soviet expeditionaries for a long time had wished to see
the region around the Satth Pole from the air to take barometric read-
ings and to ascertain the feasibility of making tractor-sled-train
trips over the terrain. Because of the limited range of the available
Ll-12 aircraft available a flight from Mirnyy Station to the South
Pole and return was impossible. The US base'at McMurdo Sound was
contacted through the US synoptician Morton Rubin who was spending
the winter at Mirnyy and the flight was arranged. The aircraft took
off from Mirnyy Station at 0800 Greenwich time, 24 October 1958. The
pilot had difficulty in maintaining course because of the monotonous
terrain and indistinct horizon. The aircraft's position was checked
with Mirnyy every hour by radio, from where the plane's position was
relayed to McMurdo Sound and to Moscow. At 1205 hours the aircraft
passed over a site which is indicated on the map by "Mountains,
sighted 1947." Members of the First Soviet Antarctic Expedition,
however, flew over this site and established that there actually
were no mountains there, but the cloud formations in that area may
resemble mountains.
At 1530 hours the aircraft passed over Sovetskaya Station. The
pilot dipped his wings and was answered by a discharge of multicolored
rockets. At the station is a large building consisting of five cabins
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10 to 20 m2, connected by a common room. The first cabin is the aero-
logical cabin, inhabited by the aerologist, mechanic and doctor; the
second is the radio shack-meteorological cabin, in which the station
chief and the radio operator live, and opposite the latter are the
camboee cabin and cold storeroom. Across the station is the cabin of
the electric power plant, and separated from the other buildings is
the aerological pavilion. Two tractors and sleds are visible. As
the party flew over the South Pole the pilot circled the pole twice,
and noted that the building of the US base Amundsen-Scott was 900
meters from the South Pole, itself. The remainder of the flight to
McMurdo Sound was uneventful, passing over monotonous, nearly level
terrain.
Again receiving the weather prognosis from the US personnel at
McMurdo Sound, the aircraft took off for the return trip to Mirnyy
Station at 0900 hours local time. As a result, of this reconnoitering
trip the Fourth Antarctic Expedition was able to travel from Mirnyy
Station, through Vostok Station to the South Pole by caterpillar
tractor-sled train during the period 27 September to 26 December 1959.
During this tr..p, which was a great new achievement of the Soviet polar
expeditionaries, glaciometric, gravimetric, magnetic and meteorological
observations were made at intervals of 100 to 200 kilometers. The
thickness of the continental ice was determined witb,the aid of seismic
sounding. The last leg of the trip, from Vostok Station to the Pole,
was begun on 8 December 1959 by two "Khar'kovchanka" oversnow vehicles
and', one caterpillar tractor with four sleds in tow. A group of 16
expeditionary personnel, led by expedition head A. G. Dralkin, set out
for the South Geographic Pole. The train arrived at the South pole
on 26 December, conducted scientific work at the pole for three days,
and began the return trip on 29 December 1959. ("Over the South Pole,"
by V. A. Bugayev and Ye. I. Tolstikov, Priroda, No 3, 1960, pp 69-79)
Severnyy Po]Jus-9 CPYRGHT
The scientific drifting community "Severn,, Polyus-9" is Just
being established. Several times a day aircraft land oL the ice.
Provisions, fuel, heating fuel, tents and collapsible houses are un-
loaded. We flew to the new drifting station on an "I1-14," the crew
of which is headed by V. P. Veselovakiy.
En route we looked into the crew compartment. We conversed
with the pilot, Aleksey Grigor'yevich Sorokin.
"Please notice," he said, indicating an instrument, "we are
flying at an altitude of 3,000 meters. The temperature outside is
10 degrees below freezing. At the Iapteva coast, from where we took
off, the temperature was approximately 20 degrees below freezing. A
warm front is passing overhead -- a herald of heavy fog. One or two
hours later the weather may change radically, and then it will not be
easy to land on the ice..."
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CPYRGHT CPYRGHT
er, everything turned out all right.
the ice I met an acquaintance, Yuriy Valentinovich Kolo-
an engineer-meteorologist. Seven months ago I saw him on
Polyuc-6" drifting station. That was the eve of the day
s ov. He
the "Sever
on which t
island in
"I
Nikolay Va
Fedorovich
Engineer-
Arctic for
by has re
uEa
We must bu
going, equ
have a gal
added joki
Arctic, bu
knows many
'Astoriya.
The
has partic
Um in a1
ceiving a
only two e
"it
"We
The high
men Mosul
kilometers.
The
It is inter
only approa
over the co
farther to
meters..."
The
the home
few months
and burning
are aware
needed by t
conquered.
meat to Izvestiya, 17-23 April 1960, p 7)
group of the drifting scientific community left the ice
Sea of Greenland*
sted for several months," be said, "and again I am in the
m not alone," added 'Curry Valentinovich. "Our hydrologist
1'yevich Pen'yevakiy, Yakov Markovich Korpich and Yuriy
ozov will be drifting on the ice for the third time*
hanic Dmitriy Ivanovich Anyutin has been wintering in the
everal years, and hydrologist Vladlen Vaoil'yevich Izmay-
atedly participated in many sea expeditions."
of us," continued Koloo0v, "now has very much work to do.
d houses, net up tents, get an electric power station
a radio shack and a wardroom. Although we still do not
, our food is good and hearty," the polar expeditionary
"Our cook Ivan Petrovich Fedorov is a novice in the
this has ro effect upon his specialty. Ivan Petrovich
eople from Leningrad, where he was chef of the restaurant
ommandant of "S?-9" Vladimir Alekaandrovich Shamont'yev
ated in many high-latitude and sea expeditions. We met
round tent. Here a command point is set up for re-
aft from the Mainland.
of an approaching aircraft is hearde
go meet it!" invites Vladimir Alekaandrovich. It is
to the airfield.
uld be interesting to know the thickness of the ice."
e as safe here as on the continent. It is reliable.
tulle expedition 'NartL-129 took care of that. The gir-
o and Serdyuk, expedition head Nikitin and others spent
ty hours in the air finding an ice island of 5 to 6 square
-knees of the ice floe is quite sufficient and reliable*
ting that at present the depth of the ocean below us is
tely two hundred meters. At present we are drifting
inental shoals. However, when the ice floe carries
e north the depth of the ocean will be several thousand
ientists will have to stand a hard watch far off from
At present the sun is shining for them, but within a
polar night will arrive. Furious snowstorms will rage
oats will strike. Ali the participants on the ice drift
this. But they also know that their investigations are
Id Soviet people. The grim weather of the Arctic zit be
'Severaiyy Polyua-9," by Stepan Khomenko, Nedel' supple-
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Voyage Around the World CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
At the beginning of the week the flagahip of tie Soviet an c-
tic expedition, the "Ob'," a Diesel-electric chip of he icebreaker
class, docked at the port of Odessa which, having ro ded the south
polar continent, not long ago arrived in the Atlantic at the same co-
ordinates where it had been 136 days earlier. Thus fxr the first time
in the history of science in a single navigation it complished a
daring round-the-world voyage in the high antarctic titudes within
a-period of only three and one-half months.
On the map published today, drawn by artist A. Vedernikov, the
route of the "Ob'" is indicated by a black broken lin
Now the unheard-of ice expedition, which has eat scientific
iamportance, for the first time has been crowned with omplete success.
Leaving the antarctic watera~ tho seamen and a ientiata sent
the following radiogram to their friends remaining f f winter in
the Antarctic at Mirnyy:
"dear Comrades! Astern the "O?)" the grandioa cliffs and ice
floes disappear into the fog. The course is set for he north. We
are leaving the Antarctic. At this minute our thoug a and best wishes
fly to you along the meridian antipode through the en ixe ice continent
and South Pole. We wish you cheerfulness, optimism, good health, a
rapid passage of time and furtherance of the beaut matter of in-
vestigation of the sixth continent. Soon, soon we ag in shall quit
our native shot and head south to meet with ou..," ("Voyage Around
the World," unsigned, Nedel' supplement to Izvestiya, 17-23 April 1960,
p 13)
A Radio Message From Mirnyy Station
For more than four months members of the fifth complex antarctic
expedition have been working at scientific-research stations on the
Sixth Continent. During this time the scientifia have conducted much
interesting work. Ye. S. KorotkevLc:h; head of the expedition, reports
the following :
Our aviation section, which is led by the experienced polar
aviator A. N. Pimenov, recently has been occupied with supplying all
necessary provisions for normal operation during the winter period to
the Vostok LEas J inland continental station. Eleven polar scientists
are conducting observations at this station.
Flights to the interior of the continent have been conducted
under difficult meteorological conditions and at low temperatures. It
is Interesting to note that the March average temperature at the Vostok
Station was minus 61.8 degrees Centigrade.
Having completed polar operations in Queen Maud Land and having
conserved the mountain camp of the geological-geographical section and
the tractor-sled train, its complement returned to Lazarev Station.
They then were transported by air to Mirnyy.
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CPYRGHT
At present the polar scientists are prepari for winter. Ito
icy breath is felt more and more strongly. The f t harbingers of
winter arrived at Iiacwale Island -- four imperial nguins. This was
the advance guard. Four days later the first larg group appeared.
At present the colony of imperial penguins numbers pproximately
20, 000 birds.
A nnowatorx broke out and laoted for days* hen it ended
Mirnyy was covered with a one-half-meter layer of s ow.
The tractor-pled train of the Komsomol'skaya Mirnyy inland
continental stations, headed by transportation sect on chief Be A.
Krasnikov, arrived at the Mirnyy South Pole observa ory after a 43-
day trip along the Mirnyy route. It had covered a istance of more
than 1,700 kilometers. With three heavy tractors awing trailer
sleds the polar expeditionaries brought fuel to KO omol'skayra Sta-
tion which will be necessary during the spring-summ r trips into the
interior of the icy continent. In addition, during
scientists conducted may ("Mirnyy Wio CPYRGHT
Message.," unsigned., Izvestiya, 28 April 1960, p 1)
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