INFORMATION ON SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL COOPERATION - 1960

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000201500001-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 19
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 16, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: December 23, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

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1960
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PB 131632- 150
ffi'~MTtdf 5OVttT BLOC INTERNATIONAL OBOPHTSICAL COOPERATION - 1960
U. S. Department of Commerce
Business and Defense Services Administration
Office of Technical Services
Washington 25, D. C.
Published Weekly
Subscription Price $12.00 for the 1960 Series
Use of funds for printing this publication has been
approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, October 289 1959
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Table of Contents
1.
II,
III.
IV,
V.
INFORMATION-ON-INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL OOPEaATION
SWIET-BLOC ACTIVITIES
(Final issuo)
GENERAL
UPPER ATMOSPHERE
METEOROLOGY
9
GRAVIMETRY
11
LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE
12
OCEANOGRAPHY
13
ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC
15
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. GENERAL
CPYRGHT
Publication of New Series on the Climate of the USSR
The following. report a eared in a recent issue of It Izvestia."
Leningrad, 117 November (TASS). The staff of the Main Geophysical
Observatory im. A. . Voyeykov has decided to publish a series of mono-
graphs entitled "T Climate of the USSR."
The monogra s will contain various information concerning the
climatic resources f the USSR in the largest physical geographic regions
of the country. A such data are of very great importance for the con-
struction industry, the planning of new enterprises, for the purposes of
agriculture, etc.
The first m ographs have already been published. These are de-
voted to the climat of the European territory of the USSR and the Far
East. Monographs the climate of the Caucasus, Central Asia, and
Western and Easter Siberia have been fully prepared for publication at
the Main Geophysica Observatory,
The publicat of the series "The Climate of the USSR" will be
completed in 1 62. ("Climate of the USSR," unsigned article, Izvestiya, C PYRE H
18 November 1960, p. 6).
Soviet Achievements in Space Technology Exhibited in Moscow
The pavilion of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR at the Exhi-
bition of the Attainments of the National Economy in Moscow contained
displays this year which reflect the new successes of Soviet scientists
and their growing contributions to the development of science and tech-
nology.
The greatest amount of attention was attracted by the section on
the conquest of space. It showed data on the remarkable scientific
achievements of the Soviet people who have created a powerful spaceship
and who, for the first time in history; have successfully brought about
the return of this ship and the living creatures aboard after many revo-
lutions around the Earth.
Because of this material the two exhibition halls set aside for
space science have been completely rearranged. The halls contain the
models and replicas of the satellites and the rockets which have reached
various altitudes, their parts, and individual instruments used for in-
vestigation of space. These very familiar objects have previously ab-
sorbed the attention of hundreds of thousands of visitors to the pavil-
ion. This year there has been added a replica of the automatic inter-
planetary station and its phototelevision apparatus used in photograph-
ing the far side of the Moon. The shell of this unique apparatus en-
closes a number of automatic instruments and mechanisms whose precise
and reliable operation has provided world science with a document of
the greatest significance - a map of the surface of the Moon which is
invisible from the Earth.
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At the end of the second hall, as if to provide a transition to
third hall, where the latest attainments in Soviet physics are
broad. Those instruments include an acoustic anomoseope and acoustic
hibited, there are instruments of an original design, without equals
of propagation of a sound wave (it has been established-that the veloc-
ity of sound depends only on air temperature, and not on pressure); it
is practically free of such errors due to the absence of a thermometric
body and at the present time is used for correcting radiosonde readings.
The importance of the new instrument can be fully appreciated if we
remember that hundreds of radiosondes are sent aloft daily, not only in
our country, but throughout the world. (The article is accompanied by
a photograph captioned as follows: "Instrument for radioacoustic meas-
urements of atmospheric temperature at heights of 10-40 km."+)
The section on seismology has also received new exhibits. The
instruments are from the Institute of Physics of the Earth im. 0. Yu.
Shmidt. One of the new instruments is the SRZO-2 seismograph. In con-
trast to other seismographs, which record weak and very distant earth-.
quakes, it is designed for the recording of displacements of the soil,
during strong and destructive earthquakes. It is activated only by a
jolt of major proportions (intense earthquakes are a rarity, so it is
inexpedient to have continual recording). A second instrument is the
VBP-3 seismic receiver. It is used to record vertical and horizontal
movements of the ground and structures for displacements with an ampli-
tude from 1. to 100 mm in a range of frequencies from 1 to 100 hertz.
Finally, there is a third instrument, a tiltmeter. This instrument
has photoelectric recording with an accuracy up to 0.001 for measure-
ments of the tilt of the Earth's crust; this changes under the influ-
ence of tidal forces which cause the deformation of the Earth. These
tidal forces cause the Earth's surface to rise and fall each day (up
to 40 cm in the vicinity of Moscow).
It should be mentioned that this year the field of biology is
only represented in the pavilion of the Academy of Sciences of the
USSR by a section on microbiology. This occupies a part of the third
hall and the greenhouse which adjoins it; this area holds the basic
exhibition of the Institute of Microbiology.
Marine microbiology is being intensively developed in our coun-
try in recent years. Three stands portray the work in this field which
this year merited the award of a Lenin Prize. One of these stands
thermometer; these are being exhibited this year for the first time.
They were developed by the Institute of Physics of the Atmosphere. All
known methods of direct measurement of air temperature are essentially
unsuitable at altitudes greater than 25 to 30 km due to errors of inor
tional and radiational character (the heating of the thermometric body
by solar radiation). Radiosondes and bimetallic -temperature units are
characterized by errors which almost double with an increase in height
by each 5 to 6 km, Their readings n.ro already incorrect at a height of
12 km, and at a height of 30 km the errors amount to 30?, The acoustic
thermometer has readings which are based on the measurement of the time
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carries a map showing the microbiological stations where observations
have been made in the world ocean, plus a map showing deep submarine
currents discovered by moans of microuig..nisms. As a result of the
expeditions conducted in 1956-1959 it has been established that equa-
torial and tropical waters are distinguished by a high bacteria content;
Arctic and Antarctic waters, on the other hand, have a low bacteria con-
tent. Microbiological research in the Indian, Pacific, Atlantic and
Arctic Oceans, and in the Norway and Greenland Seas has shown that equa-
torial and tropical waters penetrate into Arctic and Antarctic regions;
counter-currents of Arctic and Antarctic water have been discovered even
in the vicinity of the equator.
The second stand is devoted to a discovery made in the course of
expeditionary work -- a class of microorganisms living at various depths
in the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic Oceans and in the Black Sea. These
earlier unknown microorganisms are encountered in the water mass of the
oceans from the North Pole to the equator. They are no thicker than
0.002 mm and the diameter of the spores which they propagate is about
0.001 mm. It is possible that this new class of microorganisms takes
part in processes leading to the precipitation of iron, manganese and
other elements on the floors'of the oceans.
Work in the field of marine microbiology has considerable impor-
tance in practical respects, in addition to its theoretical value. It
is used to determine the biological productivity of the various seas and
oceans and for hydrology (in particular, for the study of the problem of
the movement of water masses). The results of the study of the life
activity of microorganisms at great depths can play an important role
in an industry based on the utilization of the biochemical activity of
microbes. These investigations, which are reflected on the third stand
of the marine microbiology exhibit, have demonstrated that bacteria
break down glucose more intensively under high pressure than at normal
atmospheric pressure. In the former case, there is a change in the
quantitative ratio of the decomposition products of glucose.
1960, pp. 45-57)
(Excerpts from "Exhibits of 1960," Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, No. 10,
Scientific Session of the Geography Department at Leningrad University
A scientific session of the Geography Department at Leningrad
State University was held in the period 4-6 April 1960. It was devoted
to the International Geophysical Year.
About 200 persons participated in the sessions and a total of 8
reports were delivered and discussed. The papers included the following:
Prof. V. Kh. Buynitskiy -- "On the Origin and Tendency of Development of
Shelf Ice in Antarctica"; Candidate in Geographical Sciences Ye. V. Maksi-
mov -- "Origin of Modern Types of Glaciers in the Dzhungarian Alatau";
Prof. L. K. Davydov -- "Formation of the Water Regime of Rivers in the
Sel'dar River System"; Prof. 0. A. Drozdov -- "Several Peculiarities of
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'the Thermal and Radiation Rogirno and Atmospheric Circulation in the
Vicinity of the Fedchenko Glacior in the Ablation Period"; University
Roader B. P. Karol' 'On Radiation Properties of Glacier Ico"; V. A.
Dzhorzhio, A. B, Kazanskiy, V, N. Kolasnikova and M, A, Potrosyants --
"The Fedehenko Glacier and Climate"; Candidate in Geographical Sciences
A. K. Ryumin -- "Geomorphology and Several Problems of the Glaciology
of the Fedchonko Glacier and its Lower Feeders"; Senior Scientific
Worker A. 0. Pronin -- "On the Regime of Suspended Alluvium in the
Scl'dar River at the End of the Fodchonko Glacier,"
Thu reports will be published later in a apocial brochure,
("Geographers -- IGY,"" by V. P. Kryukov, Vestnik Loningradskogo Uni-
versiteta,, No. 18, Soriya Geologii i Goografii, No, 3, 1960p pp. 161-
162)
Ukrainian Brochure Mentions IGY Work of Soviet Training Vessels
A recently published 38--page brochure describes a voyage by the
Soviet training vessel "Tovarisheh."" This sailing vessel and its equip-
ment are described in some detail. The long itinerary described includes
Egypt, India, Indonesia, and other countries bordering the Indian Ocean
and the Red Sea, Only brief mention is made of the fact that research
was conducted in accordance with the program of the International Geo-
physical Year. It is possible that Soviet vessels of the tiTovarishchit
type make many meteorological and oceanographic observations. ("On a
Sailboat Across Three Oceans," by V. F. Tereshchenko, Society for the
Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge of the Ukrainian
SSR, 1960, 38 pages.
New Books and Other Publications of the Academy of Sciences USSR
Trudy Instituta Fiziki Zemii imeni 0. Yu. Shmidta. 11(178). Voprosy
Teoreticheskoy Seysmologii i Fiziki Zemriykh Nedr (Works-of the Insti-
tute of the Physics of the Earth imeni 0. Yu. Shmidt. Problems of
Theoretical Seismology and of the Physics of the Earth's Interior).
Moscow, 1960, 174 pages.
Contains works on the statistical theory of turbulence, on the
effect of pressure on the coefficient of diffusion in solid bodies, the
viscosity of the Earth's interior, and on other related subjects.
Trudy 14-s Astrometricheskoy Konferentsii SSSR (Kiev. 27-30 Maya 1958g)
(Works of the 14th Astrometric Conference USSR [Kiev, 27-30 May 1958]).
The Main Astronomical Observatory (Pulkovo)
Moscow-Leningrad, 1960, 80 pages, illustrated.
Trudy Instituta Okeanologii. T. XLI. Biologicheskiye Issledovaniya
Vitvazya v Tikhom Okeane (Works of the Institute of Oceanology. Vol 41.
Biological Investigations of the Vityaz in the Pacific Ocean).
Moscow, 1960, 268 pages, illustrated.
("New Books, Publishing Hous:) of the Academy of Sciences USSR";Moscow,
Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, No 10, 1960, p. 120-121)
4_
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II. UPPER ATMOSPHERE
Astrobotanists. Volume 8, published at Alma-Ata in 1960. The 262-page
publication was printed in 1,130 copies and dells for 17 rubles 60
largest astronomical instrument. The plans were drawn up in the Design.?
Office under the direction of B. K. loannisiand., a recipient of the
Lenin Prize. The main mirror will weigh 40 tons; the weight of all the
movable parts of the telescope will weigh 540 tons.
Even with its immense dimensions and the great weight of its
reflector it is considerably lighter and more compact than the tele-
scope located in the United States. ("World's Largest Telescope,"
unsigned article, Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 5 November 1960, p. 4)
Soviet Book on Astrobotany Published
The following is a review of the Transactions of the Section of
Plans for a unique telescope reflector, whose main mirror has a,
diameter of 6 meters, have been approved by the technical council of
the State Optical-Mechanical Factory in Leningrad.
Its total weight will be 630 tons, and it will be the world's
World's Largest Telescope Planned
&0ars; staand Eunomia; electric-photometric investigations of the Moon and
study of twilight phenomena in the Earth's atmosphere and the
"This collection of articles reports on the results of visual
observations of the planet Mars during the time of the opposition of
1958 and the cartographic processing of photographic observations of
the opposition by G. A. Tikhov during the time of the great opposition
of 1909.
"A number of articles are devoted to spectral investigations of
the Moon, Uranus, magnetic and nonjtationary stars, and the asteroids
results of spectrophotometric investigations of cultivated and wild
lants . !+
"New-Books," unsigned article, Vestnik Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoy SSR,
No. 10 (187), October 1960, p. 109).
Meeting Held by Commission for Investigation of the Sun
CPYRGHT
A plenary session of the Commission for Investigation of the Sun
of the Astronomical Council of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was
held in Kiye,r during the period 30 May through 4 June.
Theoretical problems of the physics of flares and mechanisms for
explaining the formation of high-energy particles and gamma radiation
in flares were among the sub.iects discussed. The motion of as in flares
was examined in relation to its magnetic field.
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An analysis of observations of the corona made at the time of the
full eclipse of 30 June 1954 provided information on the polarization of
the radiation of the several parts of the corona and the position of the
coronal ray in space from observations of its polarization. On the basis
of a photometric study of photographs of the corona a study has been made
of its jet-like character. The physical properties of the transitional
region between the chromosphere and corona were also analyzed; these were
determined on the basis of rocket observations of the solar spectrum in
the far ultraviolet.
Ye. A. Ponomarev reviewed the theory of the corona from the view
point of gas kinetics. Proceeding on the assumption that the corona is
a plasma under the influence of the forces of gas pressure, gravitation,
and electrical and magnetic fields, he has proposed an explanation for
several structural forms of coronas. He also discussed the distribution
of electron and ion temperature and the balance of energy in the corona.
A number of reports concerned the spectrophotometric study of
prominences. A study has been made of the Balmer decrement, temperature,
electron concentration, and turbulent velocities in prominences. Pre-
liminary results were given concerning speatrophotometric observations
of filaments and prominences made at a number of observatories.
Observations of magnetic phenomena on the Sun were discussed in
relation to large-scale movements in the Sun's atmosphere; a theoretical
examination was made of the penetration of the magnetic field,into the
corona; one paper covered the possible relationship between the varia-
bility of the Sun's total magnetic field and the escape of energy into
the corona in the form of heat.
A large group of reports was devoted to problems of speetropho
tometry of the photosphere and spots; still other papers discussed re-
search on the radio-frequency emission of the Sun. Specific reports
included one on observations of the motion of matter in the Sun's super
corona by recording the radio-frequency emission of the Crab nebula pass-
ing through the Sun's corona. Others dealt with the relationship between-'
thtie
f s
moon o
un spots and change in the radio-frequency emission of
the Sun, the statistical relationship between the sporadic radio-fre- I
quency emission of the Sun and ionosphorJc anomalies, the structure of
the spectrum in the centimeter region of local sources on the Sun on the
s
basi
of data from observations of eclipses, and observations with a 22-
meter radiotelescope (on a 8 mm wavelength) of the slowly changing com-
ponent and sporadic emission associated with a flare.
A significant part of the reports and discussions dealt with the
corpuscular radiation of the Sun.
Problems related to observations of the next full solar eclipse
of the Sun on 15 February 1961 were discussed by a special commission
consisting of representatives from observatories. It is planned to-gip
serve this eclipse from the ground and from aircraft flying at gPet
altitudes. ("Expanded Plenary Session of the Commission fir Investiga-
tion of the Sun," by G. M. Nikol'skiy, Vestnik Akademii NNuk SSSR, No.
10, 1960, pp. 104-105)
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Academician Barabashov Reviews Present Knowledge of the Moon
The Russians expect that the study of the Moon will yield impor-
tant data for the solution of a number-of very important practical prob-
lems in geophysics, geology, cosmogony, and astronautics. The Moon will
probably be the first heavenly body reached by Man -- with a flight re-
quiring about 50 hours,
Although much is now known about that heavenly body, there is
still no unanimous opinion as to the character of the surface layers of
the Moon and of what rocks they consist. This is important information
to know to ensure the safe landing of spaceships.
On the basis of research conducted ut the Kharkov Astronomical
Observatory, it may be concluded that the rocks making up the Moon's
surface reoemble tufaceous rocks and volcanic ash on the Earth. Recent
observations by the author have shown that the microrelief of the Moonts
surface is very great. The surface may well be-covered with sharp irw .
regularities, with parallel crevasses and crushed tuff with grains 1-3 mm
in size. Fine dust evenly covering an even surface does not give lunar
observers the effects of light reflection.
The photometric structure of the Moon's surface is the result of
the influence of internal forces, determining the macro- and microrelief,
as well as of external forces which can exercise a substantial influence
on its microstructure.
Existing data seem to indicate that on the average the Moon's
surface is photometrically homogeneous and possesses the same degree of
porosity. The difference observed between the seas and continents is
relatively small. Nevertheless, they possess a somewhat different homo-
geneity. For the most part the continents are brighter than the seas;
the porosity of the continents is greater than the porosity of the seas.
Thus, it may be said that the Moon's surface consists of extremely
porous tufaceous rocks, possibly in a highly granulated state, with
grains in the range of 1 to 3 mm. The same-conclusions-are reached by
lunar research using VHF radiowaves.
The article contains considerable data on lunar thermal radiation;
much of this data is taken from American sources.
Radio observations indicate that the loose or-porous surface layer
of the Moon has a thickness of about 10 cm. This does not contradict
observations made by other methods.
The fact that the Moon has no detectable magnetic field is an
indication that it has no liquid core and that its constituents change
but little from the surface to the center. Mention is made of observa-
tions of some residual volcanism on the Moon.
Polarimetric observations by the Soviet astronomer Yu. N. Lipskiy
show that the Moon has a gaseous atmosphere whose-mass-per unit area is
1/10,000th that of the Earth, while foreign observers suggest a figure
of 1/230,000. Still others report a figure less than 1/1,000,000.
Moon and the results of some of these observations.
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The article then discusses the use of radar observations of the
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The author suggests that the many unanswered physical problems
concerning the Moon will be answered by rockets, automatic interplane-
tary stations, spaceships, landings by man on the Moon's surface, and
establishment of observatories' on the'Moon, in that order. ("New
Stage in the Study of the Moon,"".by Acad. N. P. Barabashov, Vestnik
Akademii Nauk SSSR, No. 10, 1960, pp. 32-36)
Leading Soviet Newspapers Feature Atlas of the Far Side of the Moon
The recently published Atlas of the Far Side of the Moon has been
discussed in Izvest a by Academician A. V. Topchiyev, Vice-President
of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and in Pravda by A. Mikhaylov,
Corresponding Member of the,Academy of .sciences, Director of the Main
Astronomical Observatory in Pulkovo.
The atlas was prepared by scientists in Moscow, Leningrad and
Kharkov and put into final form by the Publishing House of the Academy
of Sciences. The editors were N. P. Barabashov, A. A. Mikhaylov and Yu.
N. Lipskiy.
Photo interpretation was difficult because the far side of the
Moon was fully illuminated. As a result, there were no shadows to aid
the interpreters. Interference in transmission caused additional prob-
lems in interpretation. It was therefore necessary to develop special
methods which made it possible to increase the contrast on the'photos
by tens or even a hundred times. These-methods are described in the
new atlas.
About 500 features were mapped from the photographs. Depending'
on how many negatives showed a particular feature and how clearly the
feature stood out, the ils on the map were classified under three'
.categories of reliabili.;. Features in the first category are shown
by unbroken lines; these features appear clearly on at least three nega-
tives. Those in the second category are those features which appeared
on at least two negatives and whos- outlines were not entirely clear.
Features in the third category,are clearly visible on only one negative.
Those in the second category are outlined with a broken line, while those
in the third category are encircled by a dotted line., Formations that
are darker than the surrounding surface are cross-hatched. Mountainous
regions are shown by special symbols. The heavy broken line in the.lower
part of the map (reproduced in both articles) shows the boundary of the
surface photographed by the automatic interplanetary station.
The atlas contains 30 enlarged photographs of the far side of the
Moon and a catalog of all features delineated, together with their de-
scriptions and coordinates.
Of the two artioles, the one by Topchiyev contains by far the
better description of this historic publication.
("Atlas of the Far Side of the Moon," by Academician A. V. Topchiyev,
Izvestiya, 16 November 1960, p. 4, and "Reverse Side of the Moon," by
A. Mikhaylov, Pravda, 16 November 1960, p. 6)
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III, METEOROLOUSC
The "A, I, Voyeykov" Briefly Described
The folic
"Weather :p" :s ?he
the name of A. 1. Voyeykov, so
returned from its fourth voyag
scientific research work in th
The vessel is equipped
It is a real floating institut
research is conducted with pil
cal rockets are launched into
special apparatus; the rockets
vessel by radio signals.
Deep-water equipment ha
tion of hydrometeorological e1
Observations of tempera
and wind direction and velocit
has made it possible to collet
long-range weather forecasts,
article in Ekonomi-
YRGHT
pelation given to the vessel which bears
entist and geographer. It has recently
The staff of the expedition conducted
Pacific Ocean for more than two months.
ith the latest instruments and apparatus.
with many laboratories. Atmospheric
balloons and radiosondes. Meteorologi
e upper layers of the atmosphere from
onvey the necessary information to the
made it possible to study the distribu-
ents to depths of five thousand meters.
e, pressure, humidity, precipitation
together with hydrological research,
new data which will ensure more thoroughi
"Weather Ship," unsigned article
Ekono-
,
micheskaya Gazeta, 4 November 1960, p. 3).
Remote Meteorological Stations Described
C PYRE HT The Tevyaku meteorological station is situated in the Sikhote-
Alin Range, surrounded for hundreds of kilometers by unbroken taiga,
almost 300 kilometers from the small village of Gvasyugi. It takes
about two weeks to reach the station by small boat. The four-man staff
is headed by Stepan Tunsyanovich Kimonko, a native of the region. A
hydrometeorologist, he is a graduate of the Sverdlovsk Hydrometeoro-
logical Technical School. The station, on the neadwaters of the Khor
River, is connected with the outside by radio. Weather, reports are
transmitted ltd times each day.
Another station of this type is the Chekunda station, situated
at the headwaters of the Bureya River, one of the largest tributaries
of the Amur. This river will one day be used to a greater extent than
now; meteorological and glaciological observations, however, are a neces-
sary prerequisite. ("Weather Sentries," by F. Nigey, Ekc:iomicheskaya
Gazeta, 10 November 1960, p. 4)
Methods for Measurement of Air Temperature on Shipboard
There is no generally accepted method for the measurement of air
temperature on shipboard for meteorological purposes. Special research
was conducted in the Arctic in 1956-1957 aboard the vessels "Obi" and
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"Lena" for the purpose of comparing various methods for measuring air
temperature on shipboard and the selection of the simplest and most
representative method. The -ollowing four methods were used: 1) on
,booms; 2) in a psychrometric booth; 3)' using the ship's telemeteoro
graphic station (SDS); 4) on the bridge, using the Assmann psychrome-
ter. These four methods are each the subject of an individual paragraph
in the article cited below.
The author concludes that the simplest and most representative
method for determination of,air temperature on shipboard is that recom-
mended in the "Instructions" for observations with the Assmann psychrom-
eter, suspended on the windward side of the vessel below the bridge, In
no case should thermometer readings for-meteorological purposes be made
from wall thermometers because some cases sire observed in which their
readings deviate from the true values by 5 to 100. '("On the Evaluation
of Different Methods for Measurement of Air Temperature on Shipboard,"
by L. S. Petrov, Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta) No. 18, Seriya
Geologic i Geografii, No. 3, 1960, pp. 145-146)
Patent Granted for Improvement of Radiosonde Signal Reception and
Recording
The following is the description of a patent issued to A. L.
Zlatin, V.. A. Usol'tsev, A. N. Volosevich, B. S. Kozhinskaya, and A. S.
Antoshina.
CPYRGHT
"A device for the automatic reception and recording of signals
from a radiosond in free flight with a-two-letter system,of coding.
It contains a un connected to the output of the radio receiver for
the conversion o low-frequency signals into a voltage gradient and an
electromechanica recording device. It is distinguished by the fact
that for the pur se of automatic deciphering and signal recording
there is a selec or for the separation of -voltage gradients by duration
and amplitude, a decipherer for converting the combination of signals,
of the two-lette code into a combination of figures in the decimal sys-
tem, and a memo -
cordin device " (Patent description, from Section 42 -- Measuring CPYRGHT
Devices and Instruments, Byulleten' Izobreteniy, No. 23, 1959, p. 54)
Five Natural Synoptic Regions in the Northern Hemisphere Defined
A researcher at the Institute of. Geography of the Academy of Sci-
ences of the USSR has developed the concept that in both winter and sum-
mer there are five natural synoptic regions in the Northern Hemisphere,
each of which is characterized by special circulatory conditions: the
Atlantic and West Europe, East Europe and West Siberia, East Siberia and
Kamchatka, the Pacific Ocean, and North America with Alaska.
All five are said to be homogeneous in synoptic respects in both
winter and summer because they are under the influence of a single group
of. Arctic anticyclones. Each of these regions embraces a territory
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within whose limits the underlying surface has an identical influonco on
atmospheric processes. ("The Displacement of Natural Synoptic Regions
in the Northern Hemisphere," by Yu. V. Spiridonova, Izvoatiya Akadomii
Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geografichoskaya, No, 6, 1959, pp. 94-97)
GRAVIMETRY
. Sfleoial Requirement for "se of the SN-3 Gravimeter
that no particular attention has been paid in the past to what position
the instrument occupies in the periods between observations, while being
transported are, at stops. Investigations have shown that during such
times these gravimeters should be maintained in a position close to hori-
zontal, insofar as possible within the limits of 20-30,
("Remarks Relative to Work with the SN-3 Gravimeter," by P. F. Shokin,
Candidate in Technical Sciences, Geodeziya i Kartografiya, No. 9, 1960,
PP. 64-66)
A recent article in the journal "Geodesiya i Kartografiva"" reports
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CPYRGHT
. LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE
Report on the Kitab Latitude Station -An ""Izvestivat' Report
The Soviet Union's
lishod thirty years ago in
the rayon center Kitab. I
astronomer Ulugbek.
A zenith telescope
on 14 November 1930. On t
these have made it possible
with the movement of the Ea
The Kitab station pH
gram of the International
two powerful zenith telesco
The regular All-Unio
grad. A. Kalmykov, Directo
V. Shukhorov delivered repo
ing the International Geop
terest to the scientists pr
Considering the impo
Kitab, it was decided to ho
CPYRGHT
rat international latitude station was estab-
he southern part of Uzbekistan, not far from
was given the name of the outstanding Uzbek
a first directed into the sky at this place..
t date began continual observations of stars;
to solve very important problems associated
th's poles.
-ed an active role in the conduct of the pro-
ophysical Year. Observations were made with
eel I
Latitude Conference has been held in Lenin-
of the Kitab Station, and scientific worker
s concerning the results of observations dur-
ical Year. These reports were of great in
ant.
ante of the work done by the astronomers at
the Fifth All-Union Latitude Conference at
TK-itab Latitude Station," by N. Lozhkin,
Izvestiya, 15 November 1960, p. 2).
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VI. OCEANOGRAPHY
The ""Vo.ve koy"" Conducts Research in the North Pacific
The hydrometeorologioal vessel "Voyoykov" departed from Vladi-
vostok early this year. It an into a zone of storms near the 45th
parallel, a region rarely visited by ships. The work of the aerologists
and oceanographers was extremely difficult because their observations
are ordinarily made when the ship is at drift.
The hydrologists defined the boundaries of the Kuro Siwo current
more precisely and studied the distribution of temperatures at various
depths. Cyclones arine when the warm waters of the Kuro Siwo meet the
gold waters of the Kurile Current. The expedition's scientific program
included study of the influence of the ocean on the atmosphere in the
northern part of the Ps,aific Ocean.
After moving into tropical areas, the Soviet researchers launched
meteorological rockets. The expedition has introduced corrections into
atmospheric charts of a little-studied part of the Pacific Ocean. A
powerful jet stream was discovered here at a height of ten kilometers;
it moves at a velocity of 300m per second.
The ttVoyeykov" is to continue its work in the Pacific Ocean; it
has now been joined by the "Shokal'skiy."" ("In a Zone of Storms," by
G. Baranova, Vokrug,Sveta, No. 10, October 1960, p. 59)
The Structure of the Antarctic Divergence Zone
An article in the Izvestiya of the Academy of Sciences of the
USSR, Geographical Series, presents significant data concerning the Ant-
arctic divergence zone. ("On the Problem of the Structure of the Antarc-
tic Divergence Zone," by Yu. A.Ivanov and B. A. Tareyev, Izvestiya
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geograficheskaya, No. 6, 1959, pp. 82-89)
Antarctic Whaling Gro?nds Related to the Antarctic Divergence
Important biological research in Antarctic waters is being car-
ried on by Soviet researchers, especially in ;haling grounds. The arti-
cle cited below is a significant contribution to the literature on this
subject.
All the principal whaling grounds in the high Antarctic are asso-
ciated with accumulations of krill in regions of pronounced upwelling of
water in the zone of Antarctic divergence, in the centers of cyclones.
This point is expanded on at considerable length.
Figure 2 is an interesting map of the number of whales taken in
different sectors of Antarctic waters in 1954-1955. ("The Antarctic
Divergence and Whaling Grounds," by K. V. Beklemishev, Izvestiya Akad
emit Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geograficheskaya, No. 6, 1959, pp. 90-93)
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lioation of Radioactive Tracors in Oceanographic Research
This article describes a method used for investigating turbulent ,
diffusion in the sea, based on the use of the radioactive' tracer Iodine-
131. Measurements made with a spooially designed apparatus have made it
possible to derive the value of the coefficient of turbulent diffusion.
The 9oeffioient varied from measurement to measurement between the values
5 am/sec and 7 em /sec.
("Determination of the Coefficients of Turbulent Diffusion in the Sea by
Use of Radioactive Tracers," by B. A. Nelepo, Vostnik Moskovskogo Universi-
14
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VII. ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC
Soviet Supply and Research Train Movea Southward
It is now spring in Antarctica. On 24 October three powerful
tractors left Mirryy and headed southward. Each of them towed expedi-
tion sledges heavily laden with barrels of diesel fuel, foodstuffs and
other kinds of essentials.
The destination is Vostok, but visits will be made at Pionerskaya,
Vostok-1 and Komsomol'skaya; the latter three stations are on a stand-by
basis. The 13-man crew is headed by B. Krasnikov, chief of the expedi-
tion's transportation detachment, Included in this group is the Ameri-
can seismologist Dewart.
A wide range of scientific observations will be made while en
route; seismic soundings will be made to determine the thickness of the
glacier at a number of points.
In the first five days the sledge-tractor train covered 150 kilo-
meters and has made gravimetrio and glaciological observations at five
points. ("Spring Trek," Nedelya (Izvestiya Sunday Supplement), No. 35,
23-29 October 1960, p. 2)
Apparatus and Method for Recording Temperature and Salinity of Ocean
Water
The paper cited below gives a description of new apparatus which
makes it possible to conduct a continual. and simultaneous recording of
the depth of submergence of the instrument, the temperature of the water,
and its electrical conductivity (salinity). The apparatus is especially
suitable for use in Antarctic waters. The name bathythermohalinograph
is applied to this instrument. Salinity is determined from electrical
conductivity. The use of the contactless method and special electronic
systems makes it possible to record fluctuations in electrical conduc-
tivity (salinity). Recorded fluctuations in electrical conductivity in
the surface layer of the ocean are cited. The autocorrelation function
has been determined and the integral scales of inhomogeneities of the
salinity field have been defined. ("Direct Recording of Temperature
and Salinity in the Antarctic Sector of the Pacific Ocean," by G. G.
Khundzhua, Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Seriya III, Fizika, Astrono-
miya, No. 4, 1960, PP. 47-51)
The Structural Geolozy of the Arctic
The article cited below is one of the most comprehensive reviews
of the structural geology of the Arctic yet published. The article is
accompanied by a large fold-out map with 42 different structural types
symbolized. The presentation is broken down into three parts: 1) the
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ancient platforms in the Arctic; 2) folded regions in the Arctic; 3) the
origin of oceanic trenches in the Arctic. The text is cross-referenced
to an extensive bibliography of 85 items, approximately half Soviet and
half foreign.
("Sane General Problems in the Structural Geology of the Arctic," by
Yu. M. Ishaharovskiy, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya aeologiohes-
kaya, No. 9, 1960, pp. 15-28)