TITANIUM IN THE SINO-SOVIET BLOC

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79T00935A000400200001-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 28
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 21, 1998
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: December 31, 1956
• Content Type: IM

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177
INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM
TITANIUM IN THE SINO-SOVIET BLOC
CIA/RR IM-443
31 December 1956
WARNING
THIS MATERT CONTAINS 0O TION AFFECTING YEE
NATIONAL DEFENSE OF THE U]TED STATES WIT ?'. N THE
1 A ' G OF TIE ESPIONAGE LAWS, TITLE 18, SC 9 SECS 0
793 AND 79)9 T A.NSfiISSION OR RED E:t~ATION OF
WHICE IN K MANNER TO AN UJTApYTHORIZED PERSON is
PRQSITED BY LAW
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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FOREWORD
Reflecting Soviet policy regarding all nonferrous metals, the USSR
has released few data on titanium. In June 1947 the Council of Minis-
ters of the USSR declared that information on reserves and extraction
of all nonferrous metals was "a state secret., the divulgence of which
is punishable by law." This policy actually had been effective since
the mid-1930?s, The result is that the USSR (and the European Satel-
lites as well) has released no direct information on the status of the
titanium industry in the Sino-Soviet Bloc. Only recently, in fact, has
the USSR permitted publication of scientific and technical articles on
titanium. The Soviet writers have carefully avoided reference to the
quantities of titanium raw materials, concentrates, or metal produced;
the location of plants; or the extent of application in the aircraft
industry or in other military production.
Under these conditions, assessment of the current status of the
Soviet titanium industry is most difficult. All available information,
from books and articles published in the Russian language and from
intelligence sources, has been analyzed. Although the estimates and
conclusions presented in this memorandum are believed, to be reasonable,
they necessarily have been derived,by inference.
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CONTENTS
Page
Summary and Conclusions . . .
1
A. Properties and Uses of Tiitanium. . . -
3
B. Status of the Titanium Industry in the Free World
C. Outlook for th
Tit
i
4
e
an
um Industry in the US . .
5
II. Titanium in the USSR . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ .
C,
Development, Technology, and Production . ,
1. Evidence of Interest . n . .
2. Sponge Production Processes . . . , . .
3. Ingot Melting and Ingot Size . . . . . . . . .
4. Fabrication Technology . . . . . . .
5. Physical Metallurgy and Alloy Development . . .
B.. Current Trends in Technology and Evidence
f
o Production . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
C. Raw Material Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
D. Utilization a p a . p . n . n . . . .
10
1. Aircraft Industry . p . . . . . . . . .
10
2. Civilian Applications n . p , p
10
III. Titanium in the European Satellites and Communist
China . . n p
A. Hungary . . . . . p n . e . . . . . e n
10
B. East Germany p p . . . . . . . . .
11
C. Other European Satellites and Communist China n . .
12
A . end.ix
Appendix. Source References
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CIA/RR IM-443
(ORR Project 24.1649)
TITANIUM IN THE SINO-SOVIET BLOC*
Summary and Conclusions
Production of titanium sponge in the Sino-Soviet Bloc in 1956 is
estimated to have been between 3,000 and 5,000 metric tons,** which
.at the maximum was about one-third as much as was produced in the Free
World and 40 percent as much as was produced in the US. For all prac-
tical purposes the Bloc production of titanium is confined to the
USSR. Although East Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and
Communist China are known to be interested in the development of tita-
nium and have done experimental. work, production has been limited to
laboratory-scale quantities.
The USSR is the only country in the Sino-Soviet Bloc that has ade-
quate natural resources for supporting the development of a large-
scale titanium industry. Although Soviet resources of rutile, the
only low-cost titanium-bearing ore, are negligible, Soviet reserves of
ilmenite, a titaniferous magnetite containing 10 to 15 percent titanium
dioxide, are enormous. There are major deposits of ilmenite in the
Ural Mountains and the Kola Peninsula.
Soviet scientific and. technical books and articles published in
the Russian language disclose a high degree of interest in titanium.
These sources also indicate that the USSR is acquiring the technical
experience necessary to the development of an integrated titanium in-
dustry. Soviet scientists have been, assisted greatly by the theoretical
and engineering details of Free World research on and development of
titanium and titanium base alloys. They are familiar, for example, with
vacuum melting procedures and both magnesium and sodium reduction
processes, and they understand the consumable electrode and double
melting techniques. Published Soviet material indicates, however,
that the titanium industry of the Bloc is from 2 to 4 years behind
the US industry.
The estimates and conclusions contained in this memorandum repre-
sent the best judgment of ORR as of 31 December 1956..
Tonnages throughout this memorandum are given in metric tons.
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Although the USSR has shown strong interest in all aspects of
titanium and is carpying on a large research and development program,
it does not appear to be trying to match the growth of titanium pro-
duction and utilization in the US. Available evidence suggests that
Soviet metallurgists hold some reservations regarding the necessity
for titanium in aircraft. Comparison of titanium base alloys with
special steels, on both a strength-to-weight basis and a cost basis,
may be responsible, at least in part, for the "wait and sees" attitude
of the USSR.
The USSR also is alert to the nonmilitary application of titanium.
It is unlikely,, however, that the less strategic uses will be of suf-
ficient importance to the Soviet planners to alter the normal course
of events in budget allocations. It is to be expected, therefore,
that more intensive Soviet efforts in the production, fabrication,
and utilization of titanium will follow acceptance of the metal by
designers of Soviet military equipment, particularly aircraft.
I. Introduction.
The purpose of this memorandum is to assess the current status
and future industrial potential of titanium* in the Sino-Soviet Bloc,
especially in the USSR. Although numerous scientific and technical
books and articles on titanium have been published in the Bloc, they
indicate no spectacular advances in the knowledge of titanium metal-
lurgy. These publications clearly indicate, however, that the USSR
is well aware of the potential significance of the metal.
A brief review of the properties, applications, and limitations
of titanium may be helpful in understanding why such great stress,
unprecedented in the history of the development of a new metal, is
being applied to the-titanium industry in Free World countries. It
will also help-;to explain why the progress of the titanium industry
is being so.carefully observed by the Bloc.
* The titanium pigment and ferroalloy industries will be mentioned
only as they affect the production of the metal and titanium base
alloys.
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A. Properties and Uses of Titanium.
The unique properties of titanium that account in large measure
for the tremendous interest in the metal and its principal alloys are
its high strength-to-weight relationship, its retention of this and
other desirable properties at high temperatures,* and its great re-
sistance to chemical corrosion. For example, titanium alloys at nor-,
mal temperatures have a tensile strength equal to high strength. steel
alloys, but the titanium alloys weigh only one-half as much as equal
volumes of the steel alloys. Although titanium alloys weigh twice as
much as equal volumes of aluminum alloys, they have far greater ten-
sile and impact strengths Some titanium alloys, moreover, retain
useful structural properties at temperatures exceeding 8000 F, which
is considerably above the service limits of most aluminum alloys.
One of the more important Free World applications of titanium
is that in the aircraft industry. In jet engines** and elsewhere in
aircraft, titanium has displaced some stainless steel. In such in-
stances the apparently higher cost of titanium components is offset
by resultant reductions in aircraft structural weight. 3 Similar
weight savings are achieved by using titanium in such applications as
skins and stiffeners, firewalls, exhaust shrouds, engine mounts, land--.
ing gear, spars, and other support members. The merit of titanium for
aircraft use is clearly indicated by the fact that the production of
Pratt and Whitney J-57 jet engines in 1957 will require several mil-
lion pounds of titanium. Advanced models of many other jet engines
will rely almost exclusively on titanium compressors. V
Promising ytitaniam base alloys under development may increase
the present 8500 F maximum permissible operating temperature of
titanium components to 1,100? F. l/ (For serially numbered source
references, see the Appendix.
* Titanium alloys can be used effectively at temperatures be-
tween 3000 F and 7500 F, mainly in the compressor end of jet engines
designed for speeds of Mach 2, and also for blades, discs, rings,
spacers, casings, and bearing supports. 2/
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B. Status of the Titanium Industry in the Free World.
All segments of the titanium industry, from production of
sponge* and ingots through fabrication and utilization, have advanced
considerably beyond the pilot-plant stage -- to what might be desig-
nated as a "semicommercial level" 7.- in less than 15 years. The
first year in which titanium sponge was commercially produced in the.
US.was 1948, when production was less than 10 tons for the entire
year. By 1955, US production had expanded to 6,530 tons, 1 Japan
produced 1,475 tons, 7 and the UK produced about 450 tons. Laboratory
plants.and small-scale pilot plants were operating in Canada, West
Germany, Austria, France, and Italy during 1955, but their combined
output was negligible. Free World production in 1955 was, therefore,
about 8,700 tons. In 1956 the Free World probably will produce slightly
more than 16,000 tons, 13,000 tons of which will be from the US alone.
The melting of titanium . sponge into ingot, pioneered and
largely developed by US industry, has attained a stage of technologi-
.cal development adequate for both present and foreseeable future-needs.
For example, equipment for the casting of ingots of 26-inch diameter
weighing about 3 tons is in regular production, and provisions have
been made for casting of 30-inch ingots weighing 4.5 tons. J Al-
though titanium melting equipment of the sizes mentioned has not been
reported in use in Europe, US technology and equipment are generally
available to most Free World countries. Presumably, such equipment
will be installed when demands for the metal warrant installation;;
European concerns are certainly capable of manufacturing their own
equipment. Until recently, technological problems made extensive
fabrication of titanium metal impractical, and the bulk of the sponge
produced went to the strategic stockpile. Although this same situation
may prevail during 1957, the wide gap between the sponge produced and
metal fabrication will surely be greatly reduced, if not eliminated,
in the near future.
* Sponge is the industrial designation of the hard, porous, crude
titanium metal resulting from the reduction of a titanium compound
(usually titanium tetrachloride) by a reductant (usually magnesium
or sodium). Sponge metal is consolidated into ingot form by melting
under vacuum or inert atmosphere.
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C. Outlook for the Titanium Industry in thi US.
Both short-range and long-range prospects for the US titanium
industry are good. Production of titanium sponge is increasing so
rapidly that it is difficult to determine accurately either production
rates or national capacity. By the end of 1956, sponge capacity prob-
ably will range between 27+,000 and 25,000 tons. Increases authorized
at existing works are expected to bring the aggregate atmual capacity
to more than 32,000 tons by 1958. Some of the strongest and. most conserva-
tively managed industrial concerns in the US are increasing their al-
ready huge investments in titanium production and fabricating facili-
ties.
In brief, titanium is rapidly finding its special field of
application in the most highly industrialized countries of the Free
World. Contrary to much of the current publicity, titanium is not
a panacea. It is, however, here to stay. A leading US metallurgist
has aptly stated, "Where the combination of minimum weight and ser-
vice in the temperature range of 300 - 800 deg. F. is required., ti-
tanium has no. competition." Q
II. Titanium in the USSR.
A. Development Technology, and Production.
1. Evidence of Interest.
Soviet interest in titanium dates back at least 25 years.
Production of high-titanium iron, ferrotitanium, and titanium pig-
ments from domestic ilmeni.te* ores was the main objective... More
recently, Soviet scientists have also published numerous books and
articles indicating a substantial, research program on both the
5X1 X7
physical metallur of titanium and on the various methods for r
25X1 X7 ducing the metal.
25X1X7
In addition, the Sixth Five Year Plan specifically states
that by 1960 79prospectedB4 titanium deposits must be increased 7+0 to
7+5 percent in comparison with deposits available at the beginning of
the Plan period. 11
Ilmenite described on p. 9 , below.
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2. SSponge Production Processes.
There is no indication that the USSR has developed pro-
cesses for producing low Brinell hardness number (Bhn),* low-carbon
titanium sponge, which in any way is comparable to that produced
from magnesium or sodium reduction processes in common use in the
Free World. Early Soviet efforts to produce metal by the hydride,,
iodide, and electrolytic processes apparently proved to be com-
mercially impractical. The latest information available indicates
that the USSR has adopted, with little or no modification, the
Kroll-Wartman magnesium reduction process for producing ductile sponge,
which is a process developed in the US. 12
3. Ingot Melting and Ind Size.
As in sponge production, scrutiny of available Soviet tech-
nical literature on methods and. equipment for titanium ingot melting
indicates no significant departures from Western practice. In fact,
Soviet publications reveal that Free World methods for melting sponge.
and scrap into ingots are being checked in Soviet laboratories and
probably are being adapted to Soviet needs. A recently published
article in the Soviet press by the well-known Soviet metallurgist
S. Mikhaylov traced the course of titanium development from ingot
melting in a graphite crucible, then in copper-lined water-Jacketed
ones, and. finally the switch from tungsten electrodes to consumable
electrodes in vacuum-arc furnaces. 13 The only positive informa-
tion on ingot size was a reference to a 25-kilogram (kg) ingot that
was produced experimentally in the laboratories of the All-Union
Scientific Research Institute for New Materials, l/ which may be
primarily responsible for titanium research and development..
Mikhaylov stated that there was no interest in the small-size ingot,
.from which it can be inferred that production of "large ingots" has
been mastered, at least in sufficient quantity to satisfy needs for
experimentation.. The source of the sponge is left in doubt, but it
is presumably of domestic origin. Particular attention was also given
to Soviet success in producing a consumable titanium electrode by
pressing a combination of titanium shavings and titanium sponge. The
largest consumable electrode produced thus far was indicated to be
Brinell hardness number 150 and lower, usually associated with
commercially pure,: ductile titanium sponge.
** Mikhaylov's account undoubtedly was based on published US tech-
nology.
n , r
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just over 3 inches in diameter, whereas electrodes up to 26 inches in
diameter are being produced in the US. 15
4. Fabrication Technology.
Although, information on production of sponge and ingots
has been published in the Soviet, press there is no evidence of serious
Soviet efforts to develop the industrial technology of titanium fabri-
cation or of activity comparable. in any way to the intensive, industry-
wide efforts of the US in developing mechanical working, welding, heat
treating, or other techniques. It appears, however.: that attempts are
being made to roll titanium on a mill scale and that the quality and
quantity of available sponge and ingots justify fairly large-scale
experiments. Mikhaylov mentioned the necessity of rolling "huge in--
gots" and implied that experience gained in rolling small ingots could
be applied to the rolling of large ingots. He may have been referring
to an operation that took place at the Serp i Molot steel plant in
Moscow in May 1956, when mill operators were reported to have achieved
the first production of "rolled shaped profile" from titani-wma 16
The same report also claimed that Soviet industry was making wider use
of titanium.
In view.of the accessibility of most of the Free World's
titanium technology, there is no reason to doubt that the USSR could
produce and fabricate commercially pure titanium and titanium base
alloys. At present, howeve:-?, whether the USSR is in fact doing so is
speculative; there is no confI matory evidence to show that titanium
base alloys of good .-opertles and consistent quality are available
in commercial tonnages. Quantity production and fabrication of titani-
um base alloys were developed in the US only after many years of the
most concentrated development campaign in metallurgical history.
5. Physical Metallurgy and Alloy Development.
Recent Soviet reports of research on the physical metal-
lurgy of titanium. suggest that it is from 2 to 4.. years behind that of
the US. For example, a Soviet metallurgist, when asked in May 1956
what methods the USSR was using to melt sponge, replied that the most
commonly used method was induction melting. 17 In 1955, two papers
written by competent Soviet authorities disclosed that melting was'
done in graphite crucibles and that the resultant material contained
0a8 percent carbon. :18 A technical journal published by the USSR
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in September 1956 contained the statement that hot mechanical working
of industrial titanium containing. even a considerable amount (0.8
percent) of carbon did not present particular difficulties. 19 Free
World experience has shown clearly that a carbon content of 07per-
cent is far in excess of maximum allowances for quality products and
that the industrial use of induction melting is impracticable because
of the high carbon pickup.* 20
B. Current Trends in Technology and Evidence of Production.
Statements of Soviet scientists and metal technicians indi-
cate that such titanium sponge as is being produced in the USSR is
made by the Kroll-Wartman magnesium reduction process. Production
of titanium tetrachloride, required for the Kroll-Wartman process,
from local raw materials is feasible; and the chemistry and methods
for producing and purifying tetrachloride have been widely publicized
in the Soviet press. There is also evidence which indicates that in
the early 1950's the USSR was experimenting with a sodium reduction
process, but there is no information to indicate the outcome of those
experiments. 21
There is little information on the quantities of titanium.
produced annually in the USSR, and Free World estimates of Soviet
output have ranged from negligible to 95,000 tons per year.:-* On.
the basis of the qualitative information given in the numerous Soviet
articles on titanium published in the Russian language, it can be
inferred that titanium sponge probably is being produced domestically
in sufficient quantities to sustain experimental production of ingots
of comparatively small size (perhaps as large as 1,000 pounds). 22
On an annual basis, this output in 1955 and perhaps even in 1956.prob-
ably was less than 5,000 tons and may very well have been only about
3,000 tons. If the USSR is indeed producing a significantly larger
tonnage of titanium sponge than this, which is highly doubtful in view
of Soviet published statements on titanium research and development,
Recent experiments on close control of melting time and temperature
in induction melting in graphite have reduced contamination to a low
(0.03 to 0.08 percent) figure. This work may lead to greater use of
induction melting.
** The. latter figure, widely circulated in the Free World press in
late 1955 and early 1956, originated with a US newsman who misinter-
preted an estimate of titanium ore reserves in the USSR obtained from
an unidentified source in the US Government.
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Soviet officials are being modest to a degree unparalleled in the
history of industrial development in the USSR.
C. Raw Material Base
The abundant authentic information on the geology of the USSR
indicates clearly that the nation has adequate natural resources to
support a large-scale titanium industry. Although the USSR has only
limited deposits of rutile, the only low-cost titanium mineral used
for making titanium metal, it has extensive deposits of low-grade
titanium-bearing ores The main resources are the titanifero-s
magnetites in the Ilmen Mountains, .a branch of the Urals. It is from
these mountains that the mineral 44ilmenite9' received its name. These
deposits were reported in 1938 to constitute a reserve of 400 million
tons of ore. The ores, which contain 14 percent titanium dioxide, 54+
percent iron, and 0.6 percent vanadium pentoxide, are amenable to
magnetic separation. The concentrate so obtained contains 42 percent
titanium dioxide and 37 percent iron. 23
There are other important deposits of ilmenite on the Kola Penin-
sula. Ir 1950 the Africanda mine, the region's largest producer, had an
estimated reserve of 50 million tons of ore containing 10 to 15 per-
cent titanium dioxide.. 24/ Titanium dioxide is also contained in the
apatite* ores of the Kola Peninsula, which are being mined by the
Kirovsk Apatite Combine, a producer of mineral fertilizer.
Although the USSR has an abundance of titanium-bearing ores,
most of them are low in grade, by ?ree World standards, and require
beneficiation. The resulting concentrates are satisfactory for the
production of ferrotitanium, titan:um-rich slags (72 to 75 percent
titanium dioxide), and pigments, but they are not particularly desir-
able for economic - manufactm, re of titanium tetrachloride, the indus-
trial chemical source of titanium which is vital to both the magnesium
and the sodium -eduction processes. These processes are now the only
ones that yield a commercially satisfactory ductile titanium sponge.
The most advantageous and economic raw material for the production of
titanium tetrachloride is rutile, which is reported to occur in the
USSR only in the remote K'yzyl Kum area. 25
Other raw materials needed in the Kroll-Wartman process (or
its sodium variation) include, of course, magnesium or sodium reductants,
* Calcium fluorophosphate.
-9..
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chlorine for the production of titanium tetrachloride,, inert gases
such as helium and argon, carbon, electric energy,. and minor quanti-
ties of a few common materials. All of these are available in ade-
quate suplaly in the USSR.
D. Utilization.
1. Aircraft Industry.
Recently produced Soviet aircraft and parts of such air-
craft have not been available for examination in the US or elsewhere
in the Free World, and concrete evidence of Soviet application of
titanium in aircraft is not available. Although the extent to which
Soviet aircraft contain titanium is uncertain, 26 there is no doubt
that Soviet aircraft engine designers have carefully considered using
titanium in gas turbine engine compressor discs and blades and are
well aware of titanium?s potentialities in other applications. 21/
For example, they are known to have compared the properties of a
titanium.-aluminum-chromium alloy, corresponding to one developed by
the Mallory-Sharron Titanium Corporation, with other light-metal
alloys and steel. After comparing the weight savings and relative
costs of titanium and steel, Soviet officials stated that "as titanium
alloys are mastered and they are more extensively produced, we can ex-
pect a reduction in cost, both of the material itself and of parts
made from it." 28/
2. Civilian Applications.
No quantitative or qualitative data on civilian applications
of titanium and titanium base alloys in the USSR are now available.
Several popular articles in the Soviet press have stressed the value
of titanium in such nonmilitary applications as corrosion-resistant
pipe and pipe fittings, fasteners, and electronics. Such limited in-
formation does not justify estimates of the quantities so used..
III. Titanium in the European Satellites and Communist China.
A. Hungary.
Hungary has shown considerable interest in titanium, particu-
larly in recent years. 29 Although the Hungarians have published
several scholarly reports on titanium technology, the reports are
based exclusively on Free World developments- 30
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Having no workable deposits of titanium ore, Hungary has con-
fined laboratory experimental work primarily to efforts to extract
the metal from the "red mud" produced as a residue in the manufacture
of alumina, one of Hungary's major industries. Hungarian red mud
residue may contain 5 to 6 percent titanium dioxide.and other values
in iron, vanadium,, alumina, and caustic soda. On further chemical
processing,: and finally thermal reduction of the iron to pig, a titani-
um slag containing about 22 percent titanium dioxide can be produced,
and then titanium can be extracted by chemical means. The economy of
such involved piocessing.of a low-grade residue depends on the recovery
of not only the titanium, iron, and vanadium but also a good part of
the alumina and chemicals contained in the red mud. A recent Budapest
press report claimed that experimental production of titanium would
be started by a Hungarian alumina plant and that large-scale production
of titanium would be attained by the end of the Second Five Year Plan
(1956-60). 31/ If this is true, Hungary could, perhaps, supply domes-
tic needs.
East Germany.
In East Germany, research on various phases of titanium pro-
duction processes, on bench and small pilot-plant scales, has been
carried on intermittently since World War II at Elektrochemisches
Kombinat Bitterfeld (ETA) and. other East German research centers.
The early work on titanium reportedly was on the Soviet account. Work
in 1955,. especially at EKB, has sought methods for recovering titanium
from low-grade titanium-bearing materials from domestic sources, such
as brown coal ashes, Baltic Sea black sands, and red mud residues from
alumina plants.
EI, the main center of titanium research, has been concerned
mostly with the production of pure titanium tetrachloride as a base
for the production of titanium sponge4 Small-scale (about 6 kg' ,per
furnace run) experiments have also resulted in the productionof some
good sponge by means of the Kroll-Wartman magnesium reduction process.
Experimental melting of sponge into ingot was scheduled for the latter
part of 1955. 3 As late as July 1956, however, little success had
been achieved insofar as economic production of the metal /Titanium
is concerned." 33/ 7
Like Hungary, East Germany has no favorable natural-ore source
of titanium and is unlikely to develop a sizable industry based on
domestic materials. Any country with a titanium pigment industry, of
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course, could use high-priced* anatase (titanium-dioxide pigment) as a
source. Occasional reports of industrial-scale production of titani-
um from this material in East Germany cannot be verified.
C. Other European Satellites and Communist China..
Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Communist China are known to be
interested in titanium, and on several occasions officials of those
countries have referred to titanium as the metal of the future."
The scarcity of raw material resources in those countries indicates
that in none of them has titanium production gone beyond laboratory
experimental work.
Little is known about efforts in other European Satellites,
but it is fairly safe to assume that research on some phases of
titanium production and fabrication is in progress inmost of therm.
* The US price of anatase per pound of titanium content is about
4-0 cents,. compared with ilmenite concentrate at 3 cents and titanium
slag at 4 cents. 34
- 12 -
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APPENDIX
SOURCE REFERENCES
Evaluations, following the classification entry and designated
"Eval.," have the following significance:
Source of Information
Information
Doc. - Documentary
1
- Confirmed by other sources
A - Completely reliable
2
Probably true
B - Usually reliable
3
- Possibly true
C - Fairly reliable
4
- Doubtful
D.- Not usually reliable
5
- Probably false
E -- Not reliable
P - Cannot be judged
6
- Cannot be judged
"Documentary" refers to original documents of foreign governments
and organizations; copies or translations of such documents by a
staff officer; or information extracted from such documents by a
staff officer, all of which may carry the field evaluation "Docu-
mentary."
Evaluations not otherwise designated are those appearing on the
cited document; those designated "RR" are by the author of this
memorandum. No "RR" evaluation is given when the author agrees with
the evaluation on the cited document.
1. American Metal Market, 1 Sep 56. U. Eval. RR 2.
2. Wile, George. Use of Titanium in Jet Engines, Lecture no 18,
Now York University, Titanium Metallurgy Course, 10-14
Sep 56. U. Eval. RR 2.
American Metal Market, 9 Feb 56.
U.
Eval. RR 2.
3.
Wile, op. cit. (2, above).
American Metal Market, 1 Sep 56.
U.
Eval. RR 2.
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4. Kaufmann, D.W. General Applications of Titanium, Lecture
no 20, New York University, Titanium Metallurgy Course,
l0-14 Sep 56. U. Eval. RR 1.
5. Interior, Bureau of Mines. Mineral Industry Surveys:
Titanium in 1955 (Preliminary , MS no 2454, 3 Jan 56,
p. 2. U. Eval. RR 2..
6. Ibid.
7. Japan, Titanium Society. Titanium, Tokyo, 1956. U.
Eval. RR 2.
8. Modern Metals, Sep 56, p. 40. U. Eval.. RR 2.
Machinery, 13 Jul 56. U. Eval. RR 2.
9. Kellogg, H.H. "What the Future Holds for Titanium,"
Engineering and Mining Jr o urnal, vol 156, no 4, Apr 55, 25X1X7
25X1 A8 ?-
12. Air, AIIR. IR-636-56, 1 Jun 56, info 18 May 56, p. 2.
C. Eval. RR 2.
CIA. 00, 31 Oct 56. S. Eval. RR 2.
13. CIA. FDD Special Translation no S-920, 26 Jul 56. OFF
USE. Eval. RR 2.
14. Ibid.
15. Modern Metals, Sep 56, p. 40. U. Eval. RR 2.
25X1A8j6`
17. Air, AIR. IR-636-56, 1 Jun 56, info 18 May 56, P-
C. Eval. RR 2.
18. CIA. 00, ]-.May 56. C. Eval. RR 3.
19.. CIA. FDD Summary no 1125, 12 Nov 56, Data on USSR Extractive
Industries (16), p. 44, OFF USE. Eval. RR 3-
20. Fel-ld, A.L., Jr. "Expendable Molds for Titanium Casting,,"
Metal Progress, Oct 56, p. 95-96. U. Eval. RR 2-
21. CIA. 00, 12 Jul 56. C. Eval. RR 3.
22. CIA. FDD Special Translation no S-920, 26 Jul 56. OFF
USE. Eval. RR 2.
CIA. 00, Sep 56, info summer 56. C. Eval. RR 3.
23. Barksdale, Jelks. Titanium, New York, 1949, p. 22. U.
Eval. RR 2.
24. CIA. FDD Q-630, 4 Feb 53, info 1950, p. 15. S. Eval. RR 3.
25. Barksdale, off'. cit. (23, above), p. 32. U. Eval. RR 2.
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S-E-C-R-E-T
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CIA. FDD Special Translation no 5-11+25, 26 Jun 56.
Eval. RR 3.
M. OO-M-1+22,_.6 May 55. OFF USE. Eval. RR 2.
25X1X7
28.
29. Air, AIIR. IR.-1313-56, 27 Apr 56. U. Eval. RR 3.
30. CIA. FDD U-9081, 25 Oct 56. OFF USE. Eval.. RR 2.
(tr of Laszlo Gillemot. Kohaszati lapok, vol 10, no 12,
Budapest, Dec 55, p. 51+8-553. U)
31. Air, .AIR.. IR-931+3-56, 13. Aug 56. C. Eval. RR.2.
32. Air, AIIR. iR-1+60-56, 17 Apr 56, p. 10. C. Eval. RR 3.
33. Air, AIIR. IR-1851-56, 21+ Jul 56. S. Eval. RR 3.
3). Kellogg, off. .cit. (9, above), p. 75. U. Eval. RR 2.
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CIA /RR IM-443
31 Dec 56
AD /F(R
DD /I
St/PCfile copies
l(/ LY/
75 7/
77- J-v
77 25X1
I f-V %.I CA
A iv4d4
SECRET
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germination List for ORR Rercrt, CIS`../,RR IM-443
N. of copies
Recipient
7 Office of Central Reference
I - IR 2 - Chief, CIA Library
I BR 1 - Publications Review Section
I. CI/LD/CR I - Area Records Control Officer
Assistant Director, Office of Operations
Chief, FDD, 201.9 Y Building
CD/ 00, Room 523 Matomic Building
RE WO15
Assistant Director, Office of Scientific Intelligence
1. NE D
Assistant Director, National Estimates
Assistant Director, Current Intelligence
Office of Special Ass 't to the Director for Planning &
Coordination
Assistant Director, Office of Basic Intelligence
I ISB/OTR, Room 2022, R and S Building
42 Office of Research and Reports, Room 1049 fM Building
a22 30 Records Center
I National Indications Center, Room BC956, Pentagon
8 State, Chief, Acquisition & Distribution Div.. Rm. 108, S, A. I
I - Mr Edward Doherty, EIC
I - Mr. Howard Wiedemann, EIC
2 Joint Chiefs of Staff, Secretary, JIG, Rm. 20940, Pentagon
11 Army, Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, Rm. 2A532,
Pentagon
I .- Col. Howard P. Persons, Jr., EIC
14 Navy, Director, ONI, Room 5B689, Pentagon
1 - Cdr. Robert E. Hawthorne, EIC
7 Air, Force, Director of Intelligence, Rm. 4B137, Att. 1B1-D
25X9A8
5 E
3 Assistant Secretary of Defense, International. Security Affairs,
Room 2E 860, Pentagon
1 Assistant Secretary of Defense, Research and Development,
Room 3E 1048, Pentagon
1 National War College, Fort Lesley J. McNair
215X9A8
~kxxxxxxxxil~~x~~aa~a~l~x3~~~.xxRia~~tt+F
25X1A9a
lexxxxx x4c& ca ~cfftx i x ? Y
10 Office of DD/I, 353 Adm. Bldg.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/21 :: C935A000400200001-8
20 December 1956
MEMORANDUM FOR: Assistant Director, Research and Reports
FROM : Chief, Projects Control Staff
SUBJECT Dissemination of CIA/RR IM-443, Titanium
in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, (Secret), (Project
24. 1649)
1. It is recommended that subject report be issued as an
Intelligence Memorandum and that it be given standard dissemination
for ORR finished intelligence reports.
2. The action division for this project is Materials Division,
Non-Ferrous Metals and Minerals Branch. The Chief, Economic
Research, has read and approved this draft.
3. Attached are (1) a final typed copy of IM-443 to be used
for reproduction, and (2) recommended dissemination lists for subject
25X1A9a
Attachments:
As indicated
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RR 8-9436
5 January 1957
The Honorable Arthur S. Flemming
The Director, Office of Defense Mobilization
Executive Office Building
Washington, D. C
In accord with my promise to supply you with a study on titanium
in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, I am enclosing the completed work in five
copies. Additional copies are available if you require them.
As I have mentioned in previous correspondence (25 may 1956 and
4 August 1956) on this subject, our information is sparse on titanium.
The multiple security walls surrounding the research, development
and utilization of titanium in the Soviet Union make our assessment
of the situation most difficult.
If, after you and your people have examined the study, you have
questions or desire further evaluation, I invite you to communicate
directly with Dr. Otto E. Guthe, Assistant Director for Research and
Reports.
Faithfully,
Allen W. Dulles
Director
Attachments
Iii-443 (#162-166)
ODDI: jb 25X1A9a
CONCUR:
Deputy Director Intelligence
Distribution:
Orig. & 1 - Addressee
i - DDCI
2-DCI
1-WI
1 - AD/BR
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IMIT ED
Supplementary Source References
TITANIUM IN THE SINO?-SOIVET BLOC
CIA,/RR IM-443
31 December 1956
WARNING
THIS MATERIAL CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECTING THE
NATIONAL DEFENSE OF THE UNITED STATES WITHIN THE
MEANING OF THE ESPIONAGE LAWS, TITLE 18, USC, SECS.
793 AND 794+, THE TRANSMISSION OR REVELATION OF
WHICH IN ANY MANNER TO AN UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS
PROHIBITED BY LAW.
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
LIMITED
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RDP79T00935A000400200001-8
CIA/RR IM-443
(ORR Project 24.1649
LIMITED
Supplementary Source References
TITANIUM IN THE SINO-SOVIET BLOC
Evaluations, following the classification entry and designated
"Eval,," have the following significance:
Source of Information
Doc. - Documentary
A - Completely reliable
B - Usually reliable
C - Fairly reliable
D - Not usually reliable
E - Not reliable
F - Cannot be judged
1 - Confirmed by other sources
2 - Probably true
3 - Possibly true
4 - Doubtful.
5 - Probably false
6 - Cannot be judged
"Documentary" refers to original documents of foreign governments
and organizations; copies or translations of such documents by a
staff officer; or information extracted from such documents by a staff
officer, all of which may carry the field evaluation "Documentary."
Evaluations not otherwise designated are those appearing on the
cited document; those designated "RR" are by the author of this memo-
randum. No "RR" evaluation is given when the author agrees with the
evaluation on, the cited document.
The source references listed below constitute only those from which
identifying numbers have been deleted in the Source References appendix
to the memorandums Some of these references appear in the original
memorandum together with other references in connection with the same
citation
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25X1A2g
12. CIA.
18. CIA.
21. CIA.
22. CIA.
26. CIA.
31 Oct 56. S/NOFORN. Eval. RR 3-
1 May 56. C. Eval. RR 3.
12 Jul 56. C. Eval. RR 3.
Sep 56, info summer 56. C. Eval. RR 3.
31 Oct 56. S/NOFORN. Eval. RR 3.
- 2 -
LIMITED
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 Approved For release 1999/09/21 CIA-RDP79T00935A000400200001-8
Supplementary; Spurce References for
CIA /RR IM-443
31 Dec 56
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