JPRS ID: 10614 USSR REPORT ENERGY

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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N'UR OH'1~~('IA1. I1tiH: ONLY
JPRS L~10614
~5 JuNE 1982
I~SSR Re ort
_ p
- ENERGY
CFOUO 9/82)
~
FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORIVIATION SERVICE
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JPRS L/10614
25 June 1982
USSR REPORT
ENERGY
(FOUO 9/~321
CONTENTS
ELECTRIC POWER
Power Machinebuilding Minister Krotov Reviews Progress
(V. V. Krotov; ENERGOMASHINOSTRAYENIYE, Jan 82)........ 1
Minister Cormnents on Future Development of Power Industry
(P. S. Neporozhiniy; ELEKTRICHESIffYE STANTSII,
Dec 81) 9
Development of Nuclear Power in USSR
- . (I. Ya. Yemel~yanov, V. A. Chernyayen; TEPLOIIJERGETIKA,
Jan 8~1 13
Power Developi~~e~~ in 1981, P1ans for 1982
~Ye. I. Borisov; TEPIAINERGETIKA, Feb 82) 20
Construction at Zaporozhskay AES
(A. B. Kocherga, et al.; ENE~ETICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO,
Jan 82) 26
Methods for Modernizing Thermal Electric-Power Plants
Described
(V. I. Gorin, et al.; ELEKTRICHESKIYE ST.ANTSII, Feb 82) 41
Ne�: Book I1i scusses Development of Electric Power Industry
(V. A. Ryl'skiy; REGIONAL'NYYE PROBLEMY RAZVITIYA
E~IERGETIKC I ELEKTRTFIKATSII, 1981) 49
_ a _ [III - USSR - 37 FOUO]
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ELECTRIC POWER
POWER MACHINEBUILDING MINISTER KROTOV REVIEuu~ PROGRESS
Moscow ENERGOMASHINOSTROYENIYE in Russian No 1 Jan 82 pp 2- 4
/Article by V. 'v'. Krotov, USSR minister of power machinebuilding
"Basic Reference Points"/
/Text/ The ~~uccessful development o' the Soviet Union's fuel and
~ power complex, as noted at the 26th Party Congre~s and in Comrade
L- I. Brezhn~v's speech at the November (1981) Party Plenum, is one
of the key t~sks involving the enti~~e national economy. In his re-
port at the Party Congress, Brezhnev indicated that the problem af
improving the str~irture of the fuel and power balance is becoming
increasingly urgent; he also emphasized that "it is necessary to
~ut back on the amount of petroleum used as fuel and to substitute
coal and natural gas for it and to more rapidly develop the atomic
power industry, including the use of fast breeder reactors. And, of
course, life requires tt~at we continue to look for essentially new
sources of energy, including the creation of the fundamentals of the
- � thermonuclear power industry."
In his speech at the November (1981) Party Plenum, Brezhnev, refer-
-ing to the future, reported that "the recently conducted review of
the reserves of gas, petroleum and condensate in West Siberia has
again demonstrated that nature has not neglected us. The resources
available to the Soviet Union enable us to look into the future with
confidence. We need only to be thrifty and to use them with intelli-
gence. We cannot let up in our efforts to develop the fuel and power
complex, including the development of new sources of energy. At the
~ sa~ne time we must adopt energy saving equipment and technology as
. quickly as possible."
~ At the Sixth Session of the USSR Supreme Soviet of the Tenth Convoca-
tion in the repcrt on the state plan for the economic and social
development of the USSR for the years 1981 through 1985, it was noted
that the 26th Party Congress, having confirmed the basic direction
of the Party in the area of the economy for the primary development
of the socialist industry, especially heavy industry, devoted parti-
cular attention to the further increase of the potential of the base
- sectors of industry, especially the fuel and power sectors. Accord-
- ing to the plan in the ]lth Five-Year Plan the output of electricity
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in 1985 is to reach 1,555 billion kilowatt-hours, an increase of 260
billion kilowatt-hours as compared with 1980.
Moreoever, the production of electric power at atomic and hydroelectric
power stations will reach 450 billion kilowatt-hours, an increase of
more than 1.7-fold.
The~ llth Five-Year Plan calls for an increase in the extraction of pe-
troleum and gas condensate to 630 mil.lion tons by the year 1985.
Along with the introduction into indiistrial exploitation of new pe-
troleum deposits it is planned to expand the use of intensive methods
of influencing the petroleum-bearing strata in order to increase their
yield. It is planned to continuQ the development of the gas industry
- at a rapid pace. In 1985 the amount of natural gas extraction must
Ue 63U billion cubic meters, which exceeds the 1980 level by 45 per-
cent.
To ~;peed up delivery of the blue fuel to the customer in the llth Five-
Year Plan major gas pipelines must be built with a total length of
48,U~0 km, including from the fields in Tyumen' Oblast to regions of
the Center and the Urengoy to Uzhgorod gas pipeline, which will satis-
fy export requirements.
- The associations and enterprises of the PSSR Minisear of theefiveCyear
Building must work more diligently i� th_ second y
plan than they did in the first. Tc meet the plans of the Party and
government for outfitting fac:ilities of the fuel and power complex
with equipment, which beca~ne la~~ at rhe next session of the USSR oWer
preme Soviet, the production of power' units for atomic electric p
stations will be increased by more than 2-fold; steam turbinPs by
draulic turbines by about 26 percent; boilers
nearly 3U percent; hy er hour b 21.3
with a steam generating capacity of more than 10 tons p Y
percent; the production of gas pumping units will be doubled; and
the manufacture ef consumer goods will be increased by 44 percent.
- The tasks facing the sector require a great deal or organizational
wurk at all levels of managementaTtdci atin~finethensolution.1SMean-
upo~1 the shoulders of everyone p P g
- wt~ile, the results of the production and economic work and the econom-
ic indicators of the Ministry's associations and plants for the first
y~,ar uE the l~lth Five-Year Plan cannot be viewed as satisfactory.
H,v~ry c~uarter the industrial organizatiuns of the IQinistry worked un-
~~~.r a great deal ot pressure; the targets for meeting assigned tasks
wc~rr not always met, which led to additional difficulties. This is
why in 1982 it is necessary to significantly activate efforts tpWe~eet
- tl?e plaiis called for by the Party in the field of developing p
niachine building and Pa1the1No~�emberm(1981)tPartYhPlenumsions of the
L6th Party Congress an
"'rhe Basic Directions for the Economic and Social Development of the
USSR in the Period 1981 through 1985 and for the Period up to 1990",
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rox orrTCiaL usE orR,Y
which were 3pproved by the Party Congress, call for the power machine
building industry to signif.icantly increase the production of equip-
ment for .atomic, hydro-, and thermal electric power stations, includ-
ing atomic reactors with a rated capacity of 1 to 1.5 million kV and
power units with a rated capacity of 500,000 to 800,000 kV for thermal
electric power stations burning low-grade coal." At the same time it
is planned to manufacture and deliver the first atomic reactor which
will provide heat to large cities, to develop new designs of power
~ units with fast neutron reactors with a rated capacity of 800~000 to
1,60C~,000 kV, and to create an experimental-industrial steam-gas tur-
bine with a rated capacity of 250,000 kV (PGU-250) with the intercy-
clical gasification of solid fuel.
The associations and enterprises of the Ministry of Power Machine
Building need to increase the production of equipment, which will
make it possible to efficiently use secondary power resources in me-
tallurgy and other sectors of industry, and also to organize the se-
ries production of gas pumping units and mainline gas pipelines at
a pressure of 100 atmospheres.
' The Ministry of Power Machine Building has developed a set of practi-
cal measures to accomplish the decisions of the 26th Party Congress
and the decrees of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of
Minist~rs. Thus, in the llth Five-Year Plan it is planued along with
with a growth in the amounts and pace of manufacturing the basic pro-
duct to substantially improve other indicators of the production and
economic activity as well. It is planned in 1985 to ensure the
~ growth of the amounts of standard net product in an amount exceeding
42 percent, and for commodity output by not less than 42 percent.
The average annual pace of increase of prcduct output will be greater
than 7 percent. Approximately 90 percent of the growth in product
~ output (excluding the Atommash Production Association) is to be ob-
tained by increasing labor productivity, which must be more than 134
percent for the five-year plan.
Along with this it is planned to conditionally cut back on the number
of workers by several tens of thousands, including by substantially
raising the technical level and improvinb the organization of produc-
tion; to obtain a profit from reducing the cost of production in an
amount of 10 million rubles; to attain a machine shift coefficient
of 1.55; and to obtain economic savings on the order of 20 million
ri~bles through mechanization and the maximum reduction in h_avy and
in:inual labor.
'Tt?e basis for achievin~ these results is the significant speeding up
oL scientific-technical progress in the sector and the adoption into
production of the creative achievements of s~ientists, inventorsi ra- '
L-iunalizers, the experience of leading production workers; the fur~
tt~er expansion of the brigade form of organization and pay; raising
the level of comprehensive mechanization and the automation of tech-
nological processes; the use of progressive methods of processing
metal; the equipping of shops with modern control and measuring
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rvn ~irr~~ ~ri~, ~~r, viv~~
equipment; the adoption of rational procurements; the maximum re-
duction in the use of steel castings in equipment designs; the use
in production and their control by computers; and the more efficient
use of available and newly created capacities.
The ways and means for solving these important tasks have been tho-
roughly discussed in the labor collectives of the Ministry of Power
Machine Building and in the Ministry's associations, enterprises and
or.ganizations.
Based upon these measures, recommended by the Ministry, each associa-
- tion, enterprise and organization, deriving from the established
assignments, the.specific nature of production and the nature of
practical work, must come up with their own set of specific measures.
The management uf the associations and enterprises in concert with
public organizations must constantly direct the labor collectives to-
ward the efficient us? of fixed assets, capital investments, the in-
tensification of public labor; they must raise the responsibility
of each worker for the task at hand.
In the power machine building sector we continue to take measures to
further carry out the provisions of the CPSU Central Committee and
USSR Council of Ministers decree "regarding the improvement of plan-
iiing and strengthening the iiifluence of the economic mechanism upon
raising the efficiency of production and the quality of work"; the
brigade forms for labor organization and pay, which now includes
ti7.5 percent of the sector's workers, are being developed.
At present it is necessary to further improve the organization of
production and labor. Order No 221 of 13 July 1981 "concern~.ng mea-
sures to increase the efficiency of production at sector enterprises
in condxtions of limited labor resources" the associations and enter-
prises were given the assignment of using the experience of the Pra-
- duction Association Kaluga Turbine Plant. Several enterprises have
already started to do this. As it applies to the specific features
' of production brigades are being created, which are called upon to
assimilate the experience of the Kaluga plant workers, and a system
uf needed measures is bein~ dFVeloped. The departments of labor
and wages and the department~ for the scientific organization of la-
bor are involved in this important undertaking. Measures are being
taken to rework the technical documentation and to straighten out
tfit technological paths. The managers of the associations and enter-
prises are now faced with the task of speeding up the process of as-
" similating the "Kaluga variant".
Tn hi.s speech at the November (19~31) Party Plenum, Comrade L. I.
Brezhnev devoted quite a bit of attention to raising the efficiency
- of. the national economy and its intensification. He emphasized,
"It is necessary to work better. It is necessary to compile plans
better and to do a better job of fulfilling them. It is necessary
to better o~ganize production and to produce better. In a word, it
- is necessary to ~�ork more efficiently. This, comrades, in the final
~ analysis is basic and decisive."
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At present in the associations and enterprises of the Ministry of
Power Machine Building we are continuing to adopt the unified system
for the operational production planning; and we are executing a
set of ineasures to improve this work. Annual, integral schedules
for the manufacture of ordexs from start to outpu.t according to an
established plan are being developed, as well as for interministeri-
al and intraministerial cooperation considering the stocks for the
next period; network, cyclic~l schedules are being prepared for
new articles and for articles that take a long time to produce. A
system is being adopte~ which provides for the distribution of the
annual plan depending upon the number of working days in a month;
and control over the output of norm-hours by the shops of the enter-
prises is being tightened, etc.
Starting with the fourth quarter of 1981, the associations and en-
terprises of the power machine building industry are being assigned
the task of improving the technical-economic indicators by making
use of production reserves, which are discovered through the analy-
sis of their production and economic activity. These assignments
have become the basis for justifying counter plans made by the col-
lectives of the enterprises. Along with this it has been deemed
wise to use the functional-cost analysis method for making more ef-
- ficient use of the reserves that are discovered for increasing la-
bor productivity, reducing production cost, and raising profit.
The functional-cost analysis is an efficient system for managing
expenditures in conditions of scientific-technical progress, which
promotes growth of output of high-quality product with a decrease
in expenditures for its manufacture.
The managers of the associations and enterprises in order to improve
the organization and intensification of production must speed up the
realization of ineasures connected with the adoption of a system of
operational production plar_ning and increase their control over
their full execution and for the use of the functional-cost analysis
method.
In tiis speech at the N~vember (1981) Party Plenum, L. I. Brezhnev
noted that the llth Five-Year Plan calls for a 1.5-fold increase
in the rates of renovating equipment. Of course, this poses a large
number of problems for the scientific-researach and design insti-
, tutrs. "Unfortunately," indicated L. I. Brezhnev, "far from all of
thein~ function as required by the present stage of scientific-techni-
cal progre~s. Ti;e proposed cechnical and tect~nological solutions
du not always respond to this level."
Tt~e scientific-technical and design organizations of the sector are
_ u~aking a considerable contribution to the improvement of the equip-
ment that is being produced and to the creation of new power mach-
inery, as evidenced by the hydroturbines being supplied for the
Sayano-Shushenskaya GES. These turbines have a rated capacity of
640 MW. Additional proof of this claim are the 1,200 MW sream turbines
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ruK ~rr~~?H~ v~c, v~~,.~
for the Kostromskaya GRES and the 1,000 MW turbines for the Yuzhno-
Ukrainskaya AES. The 16 and 25 MW gas pumping assemblies, which are
now being tested at experimental-industrial compressor stations, are
yet another example of the contribution of the institutes. In the as-
sociations and at the enterprises of the sector they are adopting pro-
gressive technological processes and expanding and improving metallur-
gical production; they are introducing capacities to obtain large
ingots and forged pieces made of high-quality steel.
Nonetheless, our researchers and scientists are fa~ed with the need
to significantly speed up the solution of those pressing problems,
which are directly linked with technical progress in the field of
power machine building; and to increase the output of the means need-
ed to expand the scientific-research and designing sectoral base; and
to concentrate the creative energy of the designers, scientists, pro-
duction specialists on solving specific, real long-term tasks for cre-
ating new equipment aad improving production.
The State Plan for the economic and social development of the USSR
in t~~e years 1981 through 1985, which was accepted by the 6th Session
oF the USSk Supreme Soviet, lOth Convocation, called for a reduction
of 30 billion rubles in allocations and material-technical resources
for capital construction. The limits on ::~ney for these purposes in
our. sector were also affected. This is ,~hy it is so importarit that
we do everything possible to assimilate the capital investments allo-
cated to us in the five-year plan, especially in 1982, and why we must
~fficiently distribute and concentrate on the construction projects
slatPd for completion in the near future and also the assimilation of
newly introduced capacities. We must substantially speed up the in-
stallation of equipment presently awaiting installation at the enter-
prises and increase the turnover of funds in order to make use of
the internal opportunities for further developing production. .
�rr~e 26th Party Congress pronounced that the "economy must be economi-
ral" In June 1981 the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council
of Ministers passed a decree on strengthening work to conserve and
n~ake rational use of raw materials, fuel and power and other material
resources." In the labor collectives of the power machine building
industry this decree was perceived as a specific, real program for
rc~ducing production cost and raising the efficiency of all put~ic pro-
duction.
Tn ~xecuting this decree, the Ministry of Power Machine Building de-
vc~loped and delivered to the associations and enterprises a compre-
licnsive program of ineasures for conserving material and fuel and power
rc:sources during the years 1981 through 1985. Most of the savings in
tl~e llth Five-Year Plan is to be obtainEd through the production of
pr.ogressive power machinery with a reduced relative expenditure of
n~aterials; by improving the structure of the equipment that is pro-
~ d~iced; the modernization and production of manufactured articles
with an icreased service life, which will significantly reduce the
demand for them.
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A substanti.alcontribution to the overallsector's conservation fund
will be the replacement of outdated designs by progressive designs and
the improvement of technological processes estimated to better, more ~
wisely make use of equipment and metal i~ all stages of its processing
~ and especially in the billet production, in order to conserve fuel,
thermal and electric power. Finally, an important contribution to the
conservation fund will be the more extensive use of new progressive ma-
terials and the use of experience gained in the sector in substituting
other materials for metal.
The labor collectives of the power machine building industry, in par-
ticipating in the all-union effort to conserve, are looking for ways
to fulfill the established assignment to reduce the norms for expend-
ing .metal, particularly rolled metal, fuel, thermal and electric power
for the production of a unit of product.
T1?e struggle to conserve material resources in the national economy is
not a short-term capaign. This is one of the main directions of the
Party's economic policy. For this reason the managers of the associa-
tions, enterprises and organizations of the sector along with the Party
and public organizations must systematically study the organization of
this important undertaking and monitor the progress in fulfilling the
set measures aimed at the conservation and rational utilization of all
material resources.,
In these times the scope of socialist competition is expanding in all
sectors of the national economy to overfulfi~l the assigned planned
tasks, to increase the quality of manufactured articles, to reduce
outlays for their production, and to increase labor productivity and
the efficiency of all public production. The power machine building
workers are actively participating in the all-union movement for high-
ly-productive labor. Production leaders and innovators are being at-
tracted to all initiatives to further improve the organization of la-
bor. Socialist competition is being developed on the sound, proven
principle of the "workers' relay race". In evaluating the labor con-
tribution of each worker to the common good, the instruction of the
Party regarding the fact that one cannot tolerate even isolated cases
of wage equalization and the undeserved awarding of bonuses, which has
a very harmful effect both on productior? indicators and on the morale
' of people. At the 26th Party Congress, L. I. Brezhnev said, "Conscien-
tious workers ?nust be encouraged and loafers and shoddy workers must
not be given any loopholes for a gaod life when they are doing poor
work. He who wants to live better must work more and harder." This
principle must be persistently used in our labor collectives.
In the associations and enterprises of the power machine building in-
dustry a set of ineasures is being taken to reduce the turnover of la-
bor, to strengthen labor and production discipline, and to provide for
a rc~gular pace ~f product output. In view of the demographic situa-
tio~l in the next five years, this important and very responsible task
~i~ust be decisively activated, The managers of the enterprises along
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. .
tti~~ Party, trade union and Komsomol or~anizations must achieve the
maximum possible stability of labor collectives, using such an impor-
tant factor as imgroving the social and daily living conditions of the
- workers toward this goal.
With each five-year plan the demand of the USSR national economy for
reliable power machinery of various types and for different purposes
increases. There are also a sizeable number of export orders. In
order to meet all orders, it is necessary to wor,?c even harder and to
continue to look and efficiently use internal reserves. In the final
analysis, the well-being of the government and each man depends upon
the conscientious labor of everyone.
COPYKIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", "Energomashinostroy2niye",
1982
8927
CSO: 1822/ 120
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ELECTRIC POWER
MINISTER COMMENTS ON FUTURE DEVEIAPMENT OF POWER INDUSTRY
Moscow ELEKTRICHESKIYE STANTSII in Russian No 12, Dec 81 pp 2-5
(Article by P. S. Neporozhiniy, USSR minister of power and electrification: "The
Electric Power Industry in the llth Five-Year Plan"]
[Excerpts] Work has begun on the utilization of nuclear power for the generation
of hezt. PZuclear heat-supply stations (AST�'s) with outputs of 860 Gcal/h each '
are being built.
Pumped-storage hydroelectric stations of 1,200 and 1,600-MW capacity are under
construction.
~ The construction of new high-voltage and superhigh-voltage lines has made it possi-
ble to insure the further growth of the U~SR i3nified Power System.
The Siberian Integrated Power S~ stem was connected to the USSR Unified Power System
~ during the five-year plan. The formation of various power systems into a Central
Asian Integrated Power System was continued on the basis of the powerful
Syrdar'inskaya GRES and the Nurekskaya and Toktogul'skaya GES's.
The on-site practical utilization of Ekibastuz coal has begun. Four power units
of 500,000-kW capacity each are in operation at the Ekibastuz GRES-1, now undex
construction.
The technical and economic indicators of power-system operation have improved on
the whole. The per-un it expenditure of fuel has been reduced from 340 to 328 g
per kWh during the lOth Five-Year Plan. This has made it possible to insure a
fuel savings of 36 million tons of convantional fuel over the 5 years.
Pl.ans have been made to raise the producti~n of electric power in the country to
1,555 billion kWh. In this case, the generation of electric power at nuclear and
hydr.oelectric station s will amount to 450 b illion kWh.
The increase in the prodLCtion of electric power over the five-year plan will amo~nt
to more than 20 percent; that is, the high growth-rate of consumption will be main-
tained on the whole. At the same time, about 70 percent of the planned growth
of electri.c-powex production will fall to nuclear and hydroelectric power stations.
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rv~c vrr~~,~na. UJG Vl`ILI
_ The percentage-share of newly introduced capacities (not requiring fossil fuels)
will increase from 35 percent in the lOth Five-Year Plan to 53 percent in the llth.
Due t~ this, about 75 million tons of fossil fuel will be freed in 1985 as compared
to 1980.
The installed capacity of electric-power stations should reach 334 ~illion kW,
~ taking into consideration the decommissioning of equipment which has reached the
end of its service life (6-7 million kW).
In the near future, the development of electric-power and heat supply will be accom-
pl.ished according to the following guidelines:
A nuclear-power system will be created in the country's European sector which will
cover the growth of consumption in this region of electric and, to some degree,
the.rmal energy.
The introduction of 23 to 24 million kW of new AES capacities is planned for
1981-1985. This trend is based on a considerable i.nten sif ication of nuclear-power
equipment construction, the development of the construction industry as well as
the Production of nuclear fuel.
Plans have been made to commission 17 power units of 1 million-kW capacity each
as well as several 1.5 million-kW units at nuclear electric-power stations.
Construction will continue on hydroelectric power stations, mainly in the country's
eastern regions, as well as in Central Asia with integrated utilization of reser-
voirs. These will include the Sayano-Shushenskaya, Bureyskaya, Boguchanskaya,
R~gunskaya, Kurpsayskaya and Baypazinskaya GES's, as well as others.
Tn the European sector, construction will be completed on the two latest hydroelec-
tric stations in the Volga-Kama cascade--the Nizhne-Kamskaya and Cheboksarskay:~
CES's. Construction will continue on hydroelectric stations in the Northern Sild
Tr.anscaucasus, and constructiun work will commence on pumped-storage hydroelectric
stations [GAES's]--the Zagorskaya, Ilnestrovskaya and Kayshyadorskaya GAES's.
Plans have been made to commission a total of 12 million ktd of new capacities at
~I;S's in the llth Five-Year Plan.
We must mention certain system requirements for the operational utilization of
hydroelectric stations.
fn connc~ction with the massive construction of base-load nuclear condensing power
st~tions, there has arisen an acute need for peak and semipeak capacities in the
i;uropean sector of the USSR.
TI~~~ research and design studies which have been carried out attest to the fact
tl~nt it is expedient to have 200 and 500-MW steam-turb ine units operating at sub-
critical steam parameters as maneuverable semipeak capacities. A combination of
(;AES's and gas-turbine installations is the most economical for a peak source.
'fhe guarantee of reliable AES operation in the base-load regime with the most effi-
cic:nt utilization of fuel is possible only with the introduction of a sufficient
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numbcr of GAES's and gas-turbine installations which will smooth out operating
conditions for base-load electric-power stations, covering the peak portion of
the load and raising the load to AES's during nighttime hours. For this reason,
the c~nstruction of GAES's and gas-turbine installations must be considered an
i_ndispensable part of the program for the development of the nuclear-power indus-
~ try. By 1990 it will be necessary to commission maneuverable units with an outpttt
of more than 16 million kW, including 8 million kW at GAES's.
Unfortunately, the equipment to be used f~r such purposes, particularly the gas
turbines, is being manufactured in limited quantity, and this delays the solution
to the problem.
Plans have been made to commission 32 million kW of new capacities at thermal elec-
tric-power stations in the llth Five-Year Plan.
The introduction of power units possessing high per-unit capacities will increase
considerably. Provisions have been made to commission 7 power units of 800,000-kW
capacity each, 9 units of 500,000-kW capacity, 26 units of 210,000 to 300,000-kW
capacity and other equipment.
The most important tasks in the area of thermal-power engineering are the following:
_ the further improvement of the Ekibastuz f ue1 and power-production complex. Now
under construction within this complex are two power stations with an output of
4 million kW each from 500,000-kW generating units;
the creation of the Kansko-Achinsic f uel and power-production complex, made up of
the largest open-pit coal mines and thermal electric-power stations. The reserves
� of Kansko-Achinsk lignite are huge and amount to hundreds of billions of tons,
of which about 130 billion tons are suitable for open-pit mining. The first
800,000-kW power units at the Berezovskaya GRES in this complex are slated for
introduction in the llth Five-Year Plan. In the future, 10 electric-power stations
of 6.4 million-kW capacity each will be built here;
the further development of the Western Siberian fuel and power-production complex
through the construction of a group of powerful electric-power stations utilizing
local. casing-head gas. In order to provide electric power to the rapidly growing
gas and oil industrial region here, plans have been made to construct a number
of electric-power stations with 800,000-kW power units.
~ The role of centralized heat sources, particularly heat-and-electric power stations
and large-scale boiler plants, wi11 be increased in the economy's heat supply in
the llth Five-Year Plan.
The total heat output from centralized sources in our country will amount to about
2,700 million Gcal, half of which will be due to TETs's.
Considerable attention will be devoted to involving new sources of power in the
fuel-and-power balance. The coming years will be the years in which we master
the first magnetohydrodynamic installations, as well as solar and geothermal power-
production installations.
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. .
An experimental 5-MW solar electric-power stati~n will be commissioned durir.g this
five-year period, while a 50-MW unit is planned for the f uture. It has been decided
to build geothermal electric-power stations in Dagestan and on Kamchatka.
As a result of the realization of th;se trends, the utilization structure of fuel
and power resources has changed considerably, and the consumption of petroleum
products has been significantly reduced. The scale of fossil-fuel consumption,
however, remains substantial. The great volume of consumption and the increase
in the cost of extraction and transportation require a more economical expenditure
of fuel and all types of energy.
In electric-power engineering, we must reduce the per-unit expenditure of f uel
to 319-320 g/kWh.
An active energy-conservation policy must become the primary direction for the
development of the entire fuel and power-production complex. There is a potential
for saving in all sectors of the economy and it must be mobilized.
One of the most important conditions for improving the eff iciency and reliab ility
of electric-power production is the further growth and formation of the USSR Unified
Power System. Plans have been made to insure the connection of the Central Asian
int~grated grid to the USSR Unified Power System in the llth Five-Year Plan.
The primary electric network of the Unified Power System should prov~:de f or the
distribution of power from newly constructed electric power stations and cover
the overcurrents associated with the realization of an intersystem effect f rom
the combined operation of the integrated power system and associated with the effi-
_ cient utilization of power resources.
The establishment of system-forming networks wiZl be accomplished through the con-
struction of networks of higher voltage.
The rise in unit outputs of thermal and nuclear power stations to.4-6 million k~d
and the increase in the magnitude and range of overcurrents generate great require-
ments for a further improvement in the reliability of system-forming communications.
In the western and southern regions of the country, plans have been made to construct
750-kV electric transmission lines, while provisions have been made to make the
transition to a new class of 1,150-kV lines in the Siberia-Urals region. The length
of 500 to 1,150-kV lines commissioned in the llth Five-Year Plan will amount to
more than 17,000 km.
Plzns have been made to construct a 1,500-kV direct-current line to transport elec-
tric power from the Ekibastuz complex to the European sector of the country.
Thus, the development of the power industry in the llth Five-Year P1an is an impor-
tant plan for the introduction and mastery of new equipment and new developments,
as well as the realization of the resolutions of the 26th CPSU Congress and a power
program directed at the further improvement of the welfare of our country's people.
To insure the implementation of these tasks is the most important duty of the power
engineers.
- COPYRIGHT: ~,nergoizdat, "Elektricheskiye stantsii", 1981
9512
CSO: 1822/121
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ELECTRIC POWER
i
DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR POWER IN USSR
Moscow TEPLOENERGETIKA in Russian No 1, Jan 82 pp 2-7
/Article by I. Ya. Yemel'yanov, corresponding member of the USSR
Academy of Sciences, and V. A. Chernyayev, candidate for the degree
of doctor of technical sciences: "Implementing tt-~e Decisions of the
26th Party Congress: Development of Nuclear Power in the USSR"7
/Excerpts/ The basic economic, engineering and scientific-technic~-
tasks for the further development of the nuclear power industry over
the next ten years and beyond are:
expanding the scale of adopting nuclear power into the national econo-
my by the continued mass construction of industrial atomic electric
power stations (AES) with standardized reactors usi*~g thermal neutrons;
raising the efficiency of nuclear power sources based upon thermal
neutron reactors;
the development and assimilation of full-scale nuclear fast breeder
reactors for the expanded reproduction of nuclear fuel in converter
and breeder modes within the industrial AES's;
the assimilation of the controlled reaction of thermonuclear synthe-
sis, and also the development and assimillation of the technical means
whir_h provide for the efficient use of the energy of thermonuclear
synthesis for energy purposes;
and the development of a general strategy for the long-term develop-
mer~t of the nuclear power industry.
'ft~~� scale of AES construction in the USSR in the lith Five-Year Plan
was specified in the decisions of the 26th Party Congress. (7) Dur-
ing the period from 1981 through 1985 it is planned to introduce ,
24 to 25 million kilowatts of new capacities at atomic electric power
stations, bringing the generation of electricity at AES's in 1985
to 220-225 billion kiluwatt-hours.
In the 1980's the USSR will continue to cooperate with the sbe~alist
nations in the field of nuclear power within the framework of target
programs approved by the 32nd Session of CEMA.
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By the end of the 1980's the overall scale of nuclear power development
in the USSR and the CEMA nations will grow considerably as compared
with the end of the 1970's.
In proportion to the increase in the amount of electric and thermal
energy produced by AES's, ATETs's and AST's, the practical importance
of nuclear power will increase. To increase the efficiency of nuclear
power sources based upon t:iermal neutron reactors it is expedient to
do work in two directions.
1. Increasing the efficiency of nuclear thermal neutron reactors
(RBMK and VVER) for the production of electricity at the base AES's.
- 'fhis can be accomplished by enlarging the per-unit capacity of the
nuclear power units and increasing the initial parameters (efficiency)
of the AES's power cycle, and also by increasing the efficiency of
using nuclear fuel as the result of increasing the depth of its burn-
up and recycling at an AES regenerator of the spent fuel.
2, Expanding the range of the use of nuclear thermal neutron reactors,
wh.ic.~ can be done in several ways. .
First - the use of an AES to participate in meeting the alternating
zone of the electric power load schedule.
Sec�.ond - the extensive use of nuclear power sources for municipal
heating and industrial central heatii?g systems.
Third - the use of nuclear reactors to provide energy to high-tempera-
ture and energy-intensive industrial technological processes.
- Thc: channel uranium graphite reactors of the RBMK type possess the
possibilities to enlarge the per-unit capacity and to increase the
initial parameters (including the efficiency). Available sc'~entific-
technical experience in the production in a nuclear reactor of steam
at a pressure of ]0 to 13 MPa and superheating it to 500 - 550 degrees
C(the first and second units of the Beloyarskaya AES) attests to the
possibility of increasing the initial parameters and efficiency of an
, AES's power cycle with channel reactors.
[ncreasing the per-unit capacity of an AES's power units with channel
rc.actors and raising their efficiency can provide significant nation-
- al economic savings, which wiYl be manifest in the economy of expend-
itures For a unit of useful capacity, metal, cosntruction materials,
;i~,d labor resources. Moreover it is possible to reduce the number
uP construction and AES operating personnel and workers engaged in
the extraction of nuclear fuel and the manufacture and processing of
fuel elements /tve17 for AES's.
'Chere are also reserves for increasing the efficiency of the use of
~i~iclear fuel in RBMK-type reactors. Experience in the operation of
ci};ht power units with RBMK-1000 reactors led to the discovery of re-
serves for the linear loads on the fuel elements and the maximum
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(according to crisis conditions of the heat exchange) capacities of
- the chan_n.els. This makes it possible to rely upon the stable and re-
- liable operation of the tvels and the TVS at higher enrichments of the
oxide fuel. (8)
Another method for iLlproving the fuel cycle of RBMK reactors is to re-
duce the average fue' enrichment in the core during the first loadings
of these reactors. Reducing the expenditure of uranium can be achieved
by cutting back or completely eliminating the parasitic seizure of neu-
- trons in the additional absorbents (DP) during the initial period of
a reactor's operation.
Estimates show that during the first loading of a reactor the fuel
(according to the conditions of the criticality) can have an enrich-
.ment of approximately 1.3 percent. The loading can be from a TVS
containing uranium of one or two enrichments - stationary atid reduced.
A TVS with natural or depleted uranium can be used for the reduced en-
- richments.
The savings from reducing the enrichment of the fuel durin~ the first
loadings must be evaluated for the entire system for?ning the RBMK
with consideration given to the rates of its development.
_ A significant increase in the depth of fuel burn-up can also be anti-
cipated by substituting the steel spacer grids with zirconium grids,
which corresponds to a reduction in the expenditure of uranium for
feeding the reactor by approximately 5 percent.
The axial profiling with the use of a fuel of two enrichments will
cnake it possible to increase the depth of burn-up and to reduce the
expenditure of uranium for feeding the reactors by 3 to 5 percent.
Rotating the TVS in order to eqaulize the fuel burn~up results in a
similar savings.
There are plans to modernize the VVER-1000 reactors, which is to be
accomplished in two stages. ~9)
'Phe first stage in modernization is to be accomplished on the power
units now being built at the Yuzhno-Ukrainskaya and Kalininskaya AES's,
and also on the third power unit of the Rovenskaya AES; moreover,
they are making substantial changes in the design of the reactor. Es-
sentially these changes call for the switchover to the uncovered de-
si~;n for a fuel assembly. As the result of this change the core can
hold 163 fuel assemblies rather than 151 while retaining the internal
diamE~ter of tbe housing and the step of the tvel placement. The num-
ber oF control organs can be reduced to 61 and the number of absorp-
tion elements in a cluster can be increased from 12 to 18.
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The second stage in the modernization program is to be accomplished
by using improved equipment, simplifying the overall layout of the
AES, optimizizing the thermotechnical parameters and reloading modes,
and adopting.systems for monitoring the durability and serviceability
of the equipment.
For the VVER-1000 reactor a specific improvement ~f the fuel cycle
is possible in optimizing the reloading modes, improving the design
of the fuel assemblies, and improving the operational control over
the operation of the core, etc. In particular, they are planning
to switah to two fuel reloadings per year with a reduction in the
fuel cost for electric power of 8 to 9 percent.
VVER-type reactors have a high content of fissionable isotopes in the
unloaded fuel; for ~his reason it is important to obtain a uranium
regenerate from the spent fuel and its recycling in a closed fuel cy-
cle. In connection with this it is important to reduce the amount of
time that the reprocessed nuclear fuel is held in the external fuel
_ cycle. With a three to four year delay and longer the expenditure
of ~atural uranium in the VVER reactors, which operate in a closed
fuel cycle, remains at the level (or somewhat higher) as its expend-
iture in RBMK reactors without the processing of fuel during the adop-
tion of the measures we have discussed for improving the fuel cycle.
In using an AES for alternating loads one of the most important pro-
hlems is to ensure the hermetic seal of the tvel casing~ in connec-
tion with the repeated changes in their load. For this reason it is
- advisable to take measures to develop and assimilate materials and
a technology for manufacturing tvel casings with an oxide fuel that
is resistant to large deviations in temperature; fuel compositions
with an increased thermal conductivity and on their basis tvels for
the maneuvering AES's; and equipment for the nuclear power units of
the maneuvering AES's�
When using nuclear thermal neutron reactors for a central heating
system and industrial heating supply systems it is advisable to in-
crease attention to the following research:
that which provides the possibility of rigging central heating tur-
bines (type T and TK) of the planned or under construction power
uriits of the AES, the sites of which are found from 50 to~~60 kilo-
meters from the large users of heat with a concentration of thermal
load at a level of 4,000 to 6,000 Gj/hour and higher;
Chat which is directed at the creation of an AST and also specialized
A1'i:'1's based upon channel reactors with increased initial parameters
of l-he central heating power cycle;
that wtiich promotes the creation of atomic industrial heating supply
plants (ASPT), which in contrast to the AST can generate steam at a
pressure of 1.5 to 2.5 MF, and possibly as much as 4.0 MP for indus-
trial needs.
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The savings from the adoption of the results of this research will
be seen both in the r.eplacment of the scarce fuel oil b~ nuclear fuel
and in the increased efficiency of the production of electricity using
nuclear sources as the result of the comb~ned generation of electricity
based upon thermal consumption.
- To ensure the opportunity to bring nuclear thermal neutron reactors
into the supplying of energy for high~temperature and energy inten-
sive industrial technological processes zt is necessary to conduct
research in these areas:
the creation of high -temperature nuclear reactors capable of operating
reliably at a cooling agent temperature at core outlet of up to 900
to 1,300 degrees C;
the creation of technical means for transferring high-temperature
heat from the core of a nuciear reactor to the technological flows,
while providing the required level of radiation shielding of the
final industrial product, technological equipment and operating per-
sonnel.
At present work is underway to develop an experimental industrial
high-tem~erature nuclear reactor, the VG-400, with a thermal capaci-
ty oF I,000 MW, which is cooled by a gas:ccoling agent - hel.ium.
For the conditions of the USSR the most pressing problem has to do
with using high~temperature nuclear reactors for the chemical indus-
try, in particular for the production of ammonia and methanol. This
is caused by the following three factors:
the chemical industry is already an established and intensively de-
veloping consumer of natural gas;
the chemical industry has already assimilated the materials and struc-
tures of high-temperature equipment, which have an operating resource
of up to 100,000 hours at a temperature of 850 degrees C;
it is based upon the high-temperature and power intensive process
for the conversion of inethane.
I.ater oti it is possible to adopt nuclear fuel resources in such sec-
r.ors of industry as petrochemicals, f.errous metall.urgy, coal gasifi-
cation, the production of hydrogen, and so forth. We are also think-
ing about the possibility for long-distance transporting of heat in
a chemically connected state, based upon the storage of the heat from
the nuclear reactor during the methane conversion process and upon
its transport as a cold converted gas and separation at the place
- wtiere the heat is used through the accomplishment of a reverse rea.c-
tion - methanization. It is economically advisable to use the AT.~Ts
and AST on the basis of assimilated reactors for servicing the con-
s~imers of heat at a capacity of 4,000 Gj/hour and higher, and the
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a~omic-chemical sources of heating can serve the smaller consumers of
heat, the percentage of which is approximately 40 percent of the total
consumption of heat.
Also of substantial interest is the matter of const~ucting aluminum
and alumina complexes in regions near the sources of the raw materials
fur aluminum. These complexes would use the thermal and electric
power from AES's, which does away with the need to spend large amounts
of money for transporting fuel and raw materials, for the construction
oI high-voltage pow:.~r transmission lines and transformer substations
for the three-stage transfcrmation of voltage.
In the 1980's work will continue on the creation and assimilation of
power units using fast breeder reactors such as the BN with an elec-
trical capacity of 800 and i,600 million kilowatts. The effort to
simplify the technological layout of an AES ~at an AES using sodium
Las~ breeder reactors the layout consists of three circ�its) and to
increase the operating time of the muclear fuel was the reason for
cunducting research and dev~~opment wo~k on the creation of fast
breeder reactors with a gas cooling agent (helium) - the BGR. Reac-
tor.s of this type may become a good augmentation to the fast breeder
sodium reactors and promote the more efficient solution of the fuel
~~-oble~ms of the nuclear power indnstry.
At the same time at present fast breeder reactors (BN-350 and BN-600)
are operating in a convertor ~:~.ade, i.e., in the consumption of natural
uranium. For this reason the most important scientific-technical
r_ask in the area of fast breeder reactors is the creation of fast
reac:tors - breeders, which use in their core a secondary nuclear
fuel - plutonium.
I^. summarizing all that has been sa~d, we can with complete justifi-
cation assert that the nuclear power industry in the USSR is even
now becoming the basis for the growth in the production of electri-
cir.y. It possesses great promise and significant possibilities for
f.urther improving. At the same time its development is giving birth
ro new questions no less complicated than those already solved. But
ti~is is the natural process of development.
'Che decisions of the 26th Party Congress spell out the foremost
I~ractical tasks and basic directions for scientific research in the
fi.eld of nuclear power. There is every reason for confidence that
i: :~1 repr-ocessing of solid fuels.
T~~ f:~? fi.lli.ng the decisions of the 26th Party Congress and the assipn~-
~n~,nts of' Lhe na~ional economic plan, the Soviet power industry worlcerc
~~r,.n}~if~t~d a~,i.gtiif:i_cant amount of work in 1931 to supply the n~tional
~~cnnomy with electric and thermal power. Electric power output i.n
tl~e power sCations of the Soviet Union amounted to 1,325 bil.lion ki.lo�-
~,~att-ho~.irs, oE which nearly 80 percent was produced at thermal elec-
tric potaer stutions. The output of thermal energy from the thermal
~~7.t~ctric ~ower st~r_ions of the USSR Ministry of Power and Electrifi~~
c;+ti.on amounted to nearly 900 million Gcal,
i!!?.riup, th~ ~1sL- year. at Soviet electric power stations equipment
r;it-~ci a~ 10.5 m;llion KV was put into operation. The increase in
~,,,�,.~rr capaci.r..ies :~~as accomplished largeJ.y by putting ~.arge units in--
-~pcruction combine (1)SK and AESK) near the location of the indus-
cri~il. site. Work was also started on a boiler-auxiliary and non-
st~~r~dard equipment plant (KVO and NSO), which made it possible to
k~~~~~~ tlie construction and installation workers at the construction
:;i~c sc~ that later they can be transferred to working on the facili-
r.i