INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF ILLICIT DRUG TRADE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP74B00415R000300230063-1
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 3
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 4, 2005
• Sequence Number: 63
• Publication Date: July 18, 1972
• Content Type: OPEN

July 18, 1972 Approved Feb ".fi NA/ L 4tRDPZA ?15R000300230063-1 S 11093
Eisenhower McGovern pro-
budget, fiscal posals fiscal
Total outlays year 1960 year l1)75
8illions__________________ 75 approx. 54.8 (1915 d.1-
dollars). Jars).
Total active forces.......- 2.5 millions.-..- 1.7 millions.
Army divisions ----------- 14_____________ 10.
Marine divisions .......... 3.... ......... 2.
Troops in Europe --------- 479,000 -------- 130,000.
AF fighter/attk. squadrons. bl------------- 54 (approx.).
Navy fighter/attk. squad- 80 ............. 20 (approx.).
"on'.
Aircraft carriers.-.....-.- 23 (1r4iattack 6(l).
car.
Cones air defense:
SAMS____------------- 4,400_- .......... 8 batteries.
AF fighter/interceptor 65------------- 5.
Sqdns.
Economic and military 4.0 (a dollars). 1.4 Jars). dol-
aid.
------------
President Eisenhower was, to be sure, leery
of committing ground forces on a large scale
in SE Asia. What he would have done if faced
with the situation that confronted President
Kennedy in 1963 can be only a matter of
conjecture for anyone. But the point is that
he retained the flexibility to apply American
military strength whenever and wherever he
felt it to his advantage. Witness the swift-
ness with which he moved 13,000 troops-
both Army and Marine-to Lebanon on
July 16, 1958. Could Senator McGovern's pro-
posed force structure support such an
operation?
It is true, as Senator McGovern says, that
my father as President always yearned for the
day in which U.S. Forces in Europe could be
reduced to the strength of one division-with
supporting troops. He had held to that ob-
jective ever since he had accepted the posi-
tion of Supreme Commander, Allied Forces
Europe, in 1951. But he was also pragmatist
enough to realize that his dream, In fact, was
not materializing. It was predicated on a good
deal more willingness on the part of the Eu-
ropeans to carry their own share of the load
than has actually turned out to be the case.
At the time he left office 390,000 U.S. troops
were still deployed In Europe, in contrast to
the 130,000 advocated by Senator McGovern.
Today the U.S. Is faced with a balance of
payments situation that would doubtless be
somewhat alleviated by reduction of our
present strength of 300,000 troops in Europe,
But I could never visualize President Eisen-
hower attempting to approach such a task
by such a sudden, arbitrary and major out to
130,000 which would, in my opinion, cause
such despair on the European continent that
nobody could predict the outcome. (The Eu-
ropeans are already sufficiently skeptical re-
garding our willingness to risk our major
cities to protect the 300,000 men we have
there today.)
The basic difference in philosophy between
the two men, as I understand them, is a
corollary of what I have said above. Presi-
dent Eisenhower never subscribed to the be-
lief that a unilateral force cut on the part of
the United States would elicit similar moves
on the part of the Communist world. Sena-
tor McGovern, from what I read, feels dif-
ferently. He cites the unilateral suspension
of nuclear testing during 1958-1959; but I
can assure the reader that this action was
taken with great discomfiture-and in the
realization of the gigantic lead the United
States then enjoyed in the quality of its nu-'
clear weaponry. The actual philosophy Ei-
senhower expressed succinctly:
"Since an acceptable treaty for controlled
disarmament was not realized, we continued
to build an overpowering military establish-
ment as the only feasible defense against
the menace and probings of international
Communism and as the indispensable plat-
form from which to continue negotiations
for a peaceful world."
Waeine Peace. n. 483.
Perhaps the most dramatic difference in
viewpoint between President Eisenhower
and Senator McGovern lies in the matter
of our worldwide alliances, many of which
are maintained by a program of Mutual Se-
curity (Foreign Aid). In Fiscal 1900, the ad-
ministration asked Congress for funds in
the amount of approximately $4 billion
(1975 value). Senator McGovern would cut
this hack to $1.4 billion. Even while the
President was fighting to obtain this sum-
which he himself considered inadequate-
one of his big opponents was the then Con-
gressman George McGovern. By what stretch
of the imagination, in examining this set
of facts, can one consider McGovern as a
"disciple" of Eisenhower?
These then are the differences. The only
similarity in the military philosophy of Mc-
Govern and Eisenhower lay in the desire,
shared by all, to keep military expenditures
to the lowest level possible so that those ?
funds can be used along more constructive
channels. But the order of priorities places
the two men poles apart.
Senator McGovern has courageously put
forward his own views. He is entitled to do
so and we should all be grateful that he has.
But in listening to these views, let none of
us be fooled by any self-serving association
between George McGovern and Dwight D.
Eisenhower.
CALIFORNIA CORRIDOR FEASI-
13ILITY ACT
Mr. TUNNEY. Mr. President, on June
29, 1972, shortly before the last recess,
I introduced the California Corridor Fea-
sibility Act, which called for a feasibility
study of the desirability of a high-speed
ground transportation system to connect
the cities of San Diego, Los Angeles, San
Francisco, and Sacramento. I am de-
lighted to add the distinguished majority
leader (Mr. MANSFIELD) and the Senator
from Massachusetts (Mr. KENNEDY) as
cosponsors of this proposed legislation.
I would like to add several comments
to my remarks on that system.
First, as I mentioned in my initial
statement on the subject, I believe that
the study would be undertaken in three
parts: The route connecting the cities
of San Diego and Los Angeles; the route
connecting the cities of Los Angeles and
San Francisco; and the route connecting
the cities of San Francisco and Sacra-
mento. It is imperative that such a sep-
aration be effected, because it is quite
likely that the factors which prevail in
one section of the California corridor
will be very different from tho,:e which
prevail in other sectors.
Second, it should be evident that the
need for such a study is urgent. The dra-
matic increase in population which is
projected for that corridor, combined
with the staggering projected increases
in demand for transport and travel be-
tween those cities provides persuasive
evidence of the desperate need for some
new system linking the cities in that
corridor. It is uncertain what that system
should be, but it is evident that some new
system is imperative. A proper evaluation
of those needs-undertaken now-will
enable us to make an efficient and eco-
nomical determination of the system
that should be selected.
Filially, it must be clear that I am by
no means wedded to any particular sys-
evaluated as carefully and as comprehen-
sively. The technologies are not yet op-
erative. The possibilities are not yet
clear. Only the need is apparent. Accord-
ingly I believe that it must be empha-
sized that all of the alternatives must
be evaluated, so that the eventual deci-
sion is balanced and wise.
Accordingly, Mr. President, I hope that
the study can begin as soon as possible,
and that all of the alternative possibil-
ities can be explored. The transportation
needs of the citizens of California and
the Nation deserve that prompt and care-
ful consideration.
ILLICIT DRUG TRADE
Mr. SPONG. Mr. President, during the
recent congressional adjournment, I un-
dertook, under the auspices of the Com-
mittee on Foreign Relations, a tour to
study international aspects of the illicit
drug trade-a trade which sustains an
estimated half million addicts in the
United States, ruining their lives, bring-
ing sadness and misery to their fam-
ilies, and contributing to the increases
in crime in our cities.
During my travels, I visited Heidelberg,
Germany, to review the drug problems
among U.S. troops in Europe and efforts
to overcome such problems; Marseilles,
France, where much of the morphine
base is converted into heroin; Ankara
and Afyon, Turkey, where poppies are
grown and much of the morphine base
originates; Tehran, Iran, where there is
a limited maintenance program coupled
with strict laws and law enforcement
procedures; and London, which also util-
izes a maintenance program. I was ac-
companied by John Ritch of the Senate
Foreign Relations Committee staff and
Lt. Lewis Hurst, head of the narcotics
squad of the Norfolk Police Force.
I am currently preparing a report for
submission to the Foreign Relations
Committee and to the Senate. In the
meantime, I am today submitting to the
Virginia State Crime Commission, meet-
ing in Richmond, a preliminary report
summarizing some general findings. I
had hoped personally to present my
statement to the Crime Commission,
which has reported that "trafficking in
narcotics and dangerous drugs in the
State is the most serious problem facing
law enforcement," but business here in
the Senate prevents my doing so..
My statement to the commission, based
on an examination of drug trade in one
area of the world, suggests that we must
make a multipronged attack on the il-
legal drug problem: Our customs efforts
must be maintained at the highest level
possible; we must continue to build our
defenses through improved local law en-
forcement; serious study and considera-
tion must be given to the successes and
failures of maintenance programs; we
must continue to expand educational and
rehabilitational efforts; and we must fo-
cus our criminal sanctions upon the deal-
er and pusher to such a degree that the
risk will not warrant the huge profit.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the testimony which I am today
- - -------
faithfully by the fruit. ~t e o 6 tR s ~ol be o~P eN"O ll09 has begun to bear fruit. Ot er sy syse ms mUS be CO Sl 0 ill
ft~~`fi`!`ta Crime Com-
fff~ `fi`l`th RECORD.
 8 1";"* Approved For Relea I TV:f 11 Z460A4i 5RQiPp,300230063-1 July 18, 1972
There being no objection; the state- In Juno 10, 1971, President Nixon and and law enforcement levels to restrict the
ment was ordered to be printed in the Premier Nihat Erim of Turkey announced flow of illegal drugs through Europe into this
RECORD, as follows: that after the 1972 harvest of opium poppies country. I would characterize the attitude of
STATEMENT BY ,SENATOR WILLIAM B. SPONG, in Turkey production would cease. They also those on the scene as mildly optimistic.
JR., TO STATE CRIME COMMISSION AT VIR- stated that the 1971-72 crop would be rigidly I must, however, note this caveat. Even
18, IS ION controlled by the Turkish government. In should the Turkish source be contained, acres
J,IA STATE CAPITOL, JULY
consideration of this, the United States of opium poppies are being grown in Afghani-
Initially, I should like to thank the menu- would provide money for technical assist- stan, Pakistan and India. Moreover, those
bers and staff of the Virginia State Crime ance to Turkish farmers in cultivating other who have exported drugs into Saigon from
Commission for inviting me to have this crops and to subsidize for loss of revenues, the Golden Triangle will be looking for new
statement submitted at their organizational Earlier this year, I met with then-Premier outlets as American troops continue to be
meeting. I regret that business in the. Sen- Erim In Washington who advised me that withdrawn from South Vietnam. I do not
ate today prevents my appearing before you. after studying the effects of drug abuse in believe optimism about our prospects for
On June 30 I began a ten-day study of il- the United States, his government had continued success in Marseilles or probable
licit drug traffic coming into the United agreed to the ban on the growth of opium success of the Turkish experiment should
States from abroad. There are three geo- poppies as a humanitarian gesture. He was make us believe that drug abuse problems
graphic areas that may be identified in the confident that Turkey would stand by its here at home are any nearer solution.
illegal flow of drugs. The first is a familiar agreement. Shortly after his return, Premier Just before I left on this mission, John
route over which the flow has built up con- Erim was deposed and there has been specu- E. Ingersoll, Director of the Bureau of Nar-
siderably since the end of the Second World lation that the Turkish Parliament would cotics and Dangerous Drugs, told the Foreign
War. The gum from opium poppies grown overturn the decree. I found no evidence of Relations Committee that there are pres-
in Turkey is processed to morphine base, and this, ently In the United States well over a half
sent overland through Germany or Italy or . While the system of controls imposed by million persons addicted to hard drugs. This
by sea to Marseilles where the morphine base the government of Turkey is not perfect, I is double the statistics of two years ago. The
is converted into heroin and shipped into the was impressed at the lengths to which the new figures remind us that the hour is late
United States. Turkish government is going to reduce leak- here before the problem reaches epidemic
The second area is in Southeast Asia, en- age. Undoubtedly, there are some stores of proportions. We must continue our efforts at
compassing parts of Burma, Thailand and opium gum which will trickle into illicit the international level. As long as ten kilos
Laos, known as the Golden Triangle. This trade, but despite the protests in Parlia- of opium can be purchased for a few hun-
area has facilities for the complete conver- mont, the prevailing opinion, both among dred dollars, and the kilo of heroin produced
sion from the gum of the opium poppy to Turkish and American officials, is that the from this can be sold on the streets of New
heroin. More than half of the world's illicit decree will not be reversed and that there York City in dosage units to produce hun-
production of opium is produced there. By will be no sizable opium crop grown in Tur- dreds of thousands of dollars, then smug-
several routes going east and west, the traf- key next year. glers and processors will find new routes,
fic moves to destinations on both the east Our visits to Germany and France con- new methods, new locations for processing
and west coasts of the United States. vinced me that the police authorities in and will become increasingly flexible in their
The third area is Latin America. Both hard those nations are increasing enforcement pro- operations.
and soft drugs are being illegally shipped cedures against both smugglers and pushers. One can predict with reasonable certainty
into the United States from the Caribbean The German authorities are becoming more that the closing of laboratories in Marseilles
and Mexico. Some of this traffic originates in sensitive to growing domestic drug abuse, will result in new operations in Germany,
the other areas mentioned. Much of it, how-' Germany has become more than a point of Italy or Spain. One can also predict that the
ever, has its Inception in this hemisphere. exchange for morphine base to be smuggled harvest of Turkey will be replaced by the
Our trip had as its purpose to examine into France. Hard and soft drugs are readily harvests of other nations.
the old route that for years has involved available in the cities and we can expect We must leave no stone unturned in cus-
Sicilian and Corsican brotherhoods and is greater and more coordinated initiatives on toms efforts at the borders of this country
reputed to be the source for the purest the part of German officials, and enforcement measures with the harsh-
heroin available. The reasons for choosing In France, it is obvious that the Pompidou est of penalties for those who smuggle and
this area as the initial phase of our study government has directed major police and sell. It is also apparent that we must give
for the Senate Foreign Relations Committee customs efforts to restrict the flow of drugs serious study and consideration to the suc-
are understandable. First, the United States, and to discover and close down the heroin ceBs and failures of maintenance programs
through negotiations with Turkey and initia- laboratories. at home and abroad, that we must continue
tives with the government of France, is seek Two such laboratories have been uncovered efforts to expand throughout the educational and United r States and stational
ing to eliminate or, at least, restrict this recently. We visited both of them in remote must focus ou min sanctions that
source of Illegal narcotics. Millions of dol- areas some miles out of Marseilles-relatively must focus our criminal sanctions upon
y the dealer and pusher nt such a degree that
lars, authorized by the Senate Foreign Rela- modest houses not easily seen from main
tions Committee, are being expended through thoroughfares. The equipment and supplies the risk oriel not wortant the huge profit.
Customs Services, the Bureau of Narcotics necessary to process the heroin are not ex- Stt fth rco efforts to his co ntr mrom
and Dangerous Drugs and international agen- pensive or sophisticated. The chemical skills mina of narcotics into u this Gauntry from
ties to reduce the flow of illegal drugs. This required area different matter, abroad are essential but that alone is bur
great effort of the past few years has, in In Marseilles we also saw the boat on defenses at also through continue
g improved l w en-
large
large measure, been concentrated along the which $90 million worth of heroin sup- defenses t, home education and law en-
education and expanded
Middle East-Munich-Marselles route. More. posedly bound for Florida was seized by the drug forcemeat, treatment a public and
ever, a protocol amending the Single Conven- French authorities. This is the largest a nd time when dr faabities.
tion on Narcotic Drugs of 1961, now pend- seizure in history. Tragically, to b our pr en me abuse is
prob-
ing before the Senate Foreign Relations Com- Both American and French authorities be- lerecogman st be oar communities domestic face re-
mittee, will be of great concern to the Eu- lieve that increased vigilance will bring more ductions e, many staes and ouniries face re-
mittee, nations along the route. I have chaired success in discovering laboratories and large cent In their n programs as a retree of Act.
the hearings on the protocol and will prob- shipments in transit. Their feelings about Under i the Federal Safe Streets Act.
ably manage the debate concerning it on the prospects of ultimately curtailing most fective Under new requirements which became ef-
ably floor of the Senate. Of the illicit traffic flowing through France states es are on ask to e i,to already
take ake f
greaternancially os cost tabur-
A study of the Middle East-European might be described as reaonably sanguine, dens order continue their siao n,
route provided an opportunity to examine I talked with agents of the U.S. Bureau Of The a d cold fact is many o the states effectively our money is being used Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs in Frankfurt, unable hard, ado fact is ord of the one survey, are
abroad to combat illicit drug traffic; also, to Marseilles, London, Ankara and Tehran, and uto do so. According to one survey,
consult with officials in other nations on am impressed by their activities in working some a 17 or tl 18 states, Including
ai anig um own Com-
the treat amendment. A report in jnon of oi and nu m local
proposed y with local and national officials of the coup- jurisdictions have ve no choice but to to cut t back
greater detail will be filed in the near future tries in which they are stationed. These men on drug treatment and prevention programs
as a Senate document. This statement will came to their posts with the benefit of ex- which are among the major activities funded
attempt no more than to relate general 8n- perience in the major cities of the United by Safe Streets grants.
pressions which, hopefully, will aid in your States. In their present posts, however, they It is estimated that even after appropriat-
important work on drug abuse in Virginia. are dealing with criminal elements that have ing additional funds above the budget rec-
I was accompanied by John Ritch, of the operated across International borders for ominendation, Virginia stands to lose about
staff of the Senate Foreign Relations Com- many years. Also, modern air travel, interna- $1,5 million over the next two years in Fed-
mittee, and Lieutenant Lewis Hurst, head tional trucking agreements, elements such eral action grants which otherwise would be
of the narcotics squad of the Norfolk Police as the large Turkish work force presently available to A. This at a time when this Coln-
Force. Lt. Hurst's vast experience in drug in Germany and the difficulties of customs mission reports that "trafficking in narcotics
abuse was invaluable to our mission. Our inspection-particularly on ships and and dangerous drugs in the State is the most
conversations with police officials were aided trains-make the task increasingly difficult. serious problem facing law enforcement."
immeasurably by his presence. I hope your It is my impression that the full force of This at a time when many community groups
Commission will be hearing from him. our government is works q;~ y,~
Approved For Release 2005/01/27 : CIA ~l4 6 4T"59UVOM Y ftlare organizing efforts
 Approved For'R61ease 2005/01/27":`CIA-RC074B00415P,000300230063-1
on a volunteer basis to do something about
drugs.
Ilow can we explain to these parents and
community leaders and young people that
while they are moving ahead the Federal
government is moving backwards in terms of
funding the necessary facilities and materials
to support their efforts? I-low can we explain
the gap between the rhetoric on this subject
and the commitment to do something about
it?
Early this year, I introduced a bill (S. 3137)
which would provide partial relief for hard-
pressed states and communities. Specifically,
the bill would delay for one year the hard-
match funding requirement which requires
states to put up cash rather than being able
to credit equivalent value goods and services
towards their share of the program. My bill is
a partial solution but vitally important in
terms of the serious drug and crime problem
the program is meant to relieve.
Although the deadline of July 1 for the new
hard-match requirement has come and gone,
I believe the measure can be made retroactive
and I know the relief offered by the bill
would be welcomed by states and localities
even If it is not enacted until this fall.
I have asked the Senate Subcommittee on
Criminal Laws and Procedures, which has
jurisdiction over the matter, to consider S.
3137 as an amendment to any appropriate
measure before it which has some chance
of enactment this session.
Specifically, I have requested that the bill
,8389 which passed the House on November 1,
1971, by a vote of 360 to 2. That measure
would amend the Safe Streets Act to au-
thorize use of LEAA funds for prison nar-
cotics treatment programs and would be an
ideal vehicle for my amendment to the Act.
The Subcommittee is scheduled to meet in
executive session this week. I am hopeful
that action will be taken.
I have no wish to be an alarmist, but your
Commission has recognized drug abuse as
the number one crime-related problem in
the Commonwealth of Virginia today. We
are making commendable progress in our
efforts abroad to fight illicit drug traffic at the
source, but our progress to date, when
weighed within the context of the enormous
and complex problem posed by the lucrative
drug traffic, might be compared to having run
a good 100 yards In a mile-long race.
Allow me to commend you for the work
thus far of this fine Commission. I know
you will not relax your efforts because of our
progress at the international level and I urge
that no stone be left unturned f~o combat
drug abuse throughout Virginia.
THE 50TH ANINVERSARY-FOR THE
ORDER OF AHEPA
Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, this
year the Order of AHEPA, the American
Hellenic Educational Progressive Associ-
ation, will be celebrating its golden an-
niversary. This association is a nonpoliti-
cal, nonsectarian organization whose goal
has been to promote civic leadership by
its membership and provide an under-
standing and appreciation for the ideals
of Hellenic culture which are the roots
of our Western civilization:
Many prominent Americans have been
members of Ahepa including Presidents
Roosevelt, and Truman, several cabinet
members, U.S. Senators and Representa-
tives. In my own State of Minnesota, the
local chapter of Ahepa has members who
are friends of mine and respected indi-
viduals in the Greek American commu-
nities of Rochester, Duluth, St. Paul, and
Minneapolis.
in their communities, contributing great-
ly to the advancement of Greek-Ameri-
can causes and cultural ties.
In due recognition for the work that
the Order of AHEPA has done and will
continue to do, I take this occasion, Mr.
President, to extend my congratulations
and best wishes on its golden anniver-
sary.
BUSING OTHER PEOPLE'S
CHILDREN
Mr. ALLOTT. Mr. President, the sum-
mer issue of the Public Interest contains
two items which should be studied by
every Senator-and every citizen-before
we proceed any further in the direction
of forced busing.
The first item is a letter from Prof.
James Coleman, the author of the "Cole-
man Report," which has been used-or,
it would seem, misused-by busing advo-
cates to justify busing.
Professor Coleman wrote this letter to
the New York Times. The Times would
not print it, presumably because the
letter might inconvenience the Times in
its advocacy of one of its principle pas-
sions-the busing of other peoples' chil-
dren,
I ask unanimous consent that Profes-
sor Coleman's letter be printed in the
RECORD at this point in my remarks.
There being no objection, the letter
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD
as follows:
COLEMAN ON "THE COLEMAN REPORT"
The following letter, by Professor James
Coleman, was sent to the Now York Times on
April 13th. The Times having failed to find
space for It, we are here inserting it into the
public record of the debate on busing and
school integration:
Dear Sire: Although I make it a practice
to stay away from reporters, some statements
of mine were printed in Sunday's (April
9) Times, I want to clarify several things
concerning the findings of the so-called
"Coleman Report," and the use of those find-
ings by governmental institutions, including
the courts:
1, The Report found, as I have testified in
various court cases, and as has been con-
firmed by numerous further analyses of those
same data, that the academic achievement of
children from lower socio-economic back-
grounds (black or white) was benefited by
being in schools with children from higher
socio-economic backgrounds (black or
white).
2. This achievement increment is not near-
ly sufficient to overcome the educational dis-
advantage of children from lower sotto-eco-
nomic backgrounds.
3. This effect, however, was greater than
those of other school resources of the kind
ordinarily added by compensatory programs.
The effects of these resources on achievement
can hardly be found at all.
My opinion, with which others who have
more experience in constitutional law than _
I may disagree, Is that the results stated in
1 and 3 above have been used inappropri-
ately by the courts to support the premise
that equal protection for black children is
not provided unless racial balance is achieved
in schools. I believe it is necessary to recog-
nize that equal protection, in the sense of
equal educational opportunity, cannot be
only to add opportunity in such a way that
these inequalities are not increased but re-
duced. This does mean, of course, that ac-
tions of the State that have increased racial
or socio-economic segregation should be
corrected by the courts, but not on the
mistaken assumption that they are thereby
creating equal educational opportunity.
While the issue of racial integration in
schools does not, I believe, involve constitu-
tional questions of equal protection for black
children conditional upon Increased achieve-
ment in integrated schools, it is a matter
on which school boards and governmental
authorities have a responsibility to take af-
firmative action-action with a less punitive
and blunt quality than some court decisions,
but affirmative action nevertheless. In the
past 20 years, there has been an increasing
self-segregation into homogenous commun-
ities by those families that have greatest
freedom to move. The result is an increasing
social ? and economic segregation in the
schools, which makes a mockery of the classic
American conception of the common school
attended by children of all social groups.
Probably the most cogent recent statement
on this issue is that made by the New York
Board of Regents on March 24, In reaffirm-
ing its stand on school integration. The
Board of Regents did not mention constitu-
tional equal protection of black students
because of greater achievement In integrated
schools, but said rather, "This Board cannot
foresee any but the most sullen and cor-
rosive scenarios of the future if the multi-
colored and multicultured children of this -
state and nation are not permitted to get to
know one another as individuals."
Mr. ALLOTT. Mr. President, the sec-
ond important item in the summer is-
sue of the Public Interest is an article
by Prof. David J. Armor. Professor
Armor is on the faculty of the depart-
ment of sociology at Harvard University.
His article is titled `The Evidence on
Busing."
The editors of the Public Interest pub-
lished the following remarks by way of
an introduction to Professor Armor's
article:
Rarely can an unpublished academic arti-
cle have attracted as much attention and
publicity as has this analysis of busing. Pro-
fessor Armor, a sociologist who specializes in
research methods and social statistics, played
a leading role in research on the Boston
METCO study, which was one of the earliest
evaluations of the effects of busing on black
students. In this article he reports the de-
tailed findings of that study plus those of
several other comparable studies. While his
manuscript was being copy-edited in our
office, its findings were being "reported" in
the national press (e.g., New York Times,
Washington Post, Boston Globe), and they
have even been denounced publicly by critics
who have never seen the results of the
studies themselves.
We are publishing the full text of this
academic article-all the graphs, footnotes,
and references are included at the end-be-
cause we think that, in so controversial a
matter as busing, it is important to be as
precise as possible, even at the risk of
pedantry. Inevitably, findings such as those
of Professor Armor give rise not only to pub-
lic but also to scholarly controversy. In our
next issue we shall print comments on Pro-
fessor Armor's article by other scholars.
Mr. President, although the RECORD
can not reproduce the charts and graphs
that accompany Professor Armor's arti-
cle, I ask unanimous consent that his
article and footnotes and bibliography be
AHEPA chapters tk~~lQU t e`cQyr~yel~b ~~t~gt ,c a~p A~"SraQQ, lessor Coleman's
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