THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP66B00403R000100370157-6
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 23
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 29, 2004
• Sequence Number: 157
• Content Type: REPORT

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In international affairs, intelligence is
knowledge and foreknowledge?fact and
estimate. It is an instrument of statecraft
that serves the nation in war and peace.
In war, it is knowledge of the enemy without
which there is no victory. In peace, it is
that knowledge of the world about us which
is essential to the preservation of peace.
Always it is a never-ending guest for an
accurate and objective understanding of
men and events throughout the world. It
is the support of policy, the prelude to deci-
sion, and the guide to action.
The importance of the intelligence mis-
sion to the nation places a heavy premium
upon the character and the abilities of those
who engage in it. The Central Intelligence
Agency needs young men and women of
character, of intellect, and of dedication
who are interested in having a part in this
mission.
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THE
CENTRAL
INTELLIGENCE
AGENCY
The creation by the Congress of the Central Intelligence
Agency came as a result of the development of U.S. intelligence
in World War II.
The history of intelligence is as old as history itself. It has
always been essential to the intelligent conduct of affairs among
nations. In times of peril, it has been an integral part of the
response to the challenge. So with American history, the story
of intelligence reaches back to the earliest days of the Republic.
Our history books record the valor of intelligence officers who
kept us informed in wartime as our diplomats kept us informed
in peacetime.
The modern age, however, has wrought complex social, eco-
nomic, and technological changes, often accompanied by violent
political upheavals. The emergence in our time of such ideologies
and power movements as Nazism and Communism and the devel-
opments in nuclear power and missile systems have brought in
their wake new problems of national and international security.
The task of intelligence has become more complex and more
difficult. For the United States, this has necessitated developing
and perfecting both old and new techniques, a greater utilization
of the intellectual resources of the nation, and the elaboration of
a strong central intelligence system.
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The attack on Pearl Harbor revealed the inadequacy of Ameri-
can Intelligence for the world in which we live. Out of this
awareness and out of the needs of World War II there arose a
new intelligence instrument, the Office of Strategic Services.
The experience gained by OSS, led by the famed "Wild Bill"
Donovan, was valuable in the establishment after the War of its
permanent successor, the Central Intelligence Agency.
Established by Congress as an independent civilian agency of
the United States Government through passage of the National
Security Act of 1947, the Agency was placed under the National
Security Council and made accountable to the President, with
Congressional review to be exercised through select committees.
The Director of Central Intelligence, head of the Central Intelli-
gence Agency, is also coordinator of the total American intelli-
gence effort and intelligence advisor to the President. The prin-
cipal functions of the Central Intelligence Agency can be sum-
marized as follows; (1) to perform the specialized intelligence
collection and analysis functions that the National Security
Council determines can best be performed centrally; (2) to cor-
relate and evaluate all intelligence pertaining to the national
security; and (3) to perform such other functions as the National
Security Council may from time to time direct.
Overseas, CIA has responsibilities for the collection of intelli-
gence. Just as one dimension of intelligence is collection, so is
another, research and analysis. Major contributions to the for-
eign intelligence effort are made by CIA in the fields of economic
research, geographic research, and scientific and technical re-
search. Reports, monographs, and studies are regularly pro-
duced by CIA and other analysts in the Intelligence community
in support of the integrated political, military, and economic
estimates and surveys prepared for the President and National
Security Council.
Applied engineering, administration, training, and an impres-
sive number of other fields of knowledge are embraced by the
scope of intelligence activity, and career opportunities exist in
all of them. CIA is charged with the integration of many func-
tional programs essential to the refinement of a single product--
intelligence. No product is more sensitive to the exactitudes of
the process by which it is evolved.
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THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE is a continuous process, begin-
ning with the drafting of information requirements, followed by
the location and exploitation of information sources, and leading
finally to the dissemination of the intelligence report or estimate.
Information in many forms and from a variety of sources comes
to the attention of the analysis staffs in CIA, specifically trained
in and alerted to the recognition of items of intelligence value
that are deserving of coding, classification, and filing for ultimate
incorporation in a definitive research document.
CIA's facilities and techniques for the indexing, abstracting,
translation, storing, and retrieval of information and data have
been praised as "The most comprehensive information system
now in operation." This recognition was accorded by the Com-
mittee on Government Operations of the U.S. Senate in its report
of May 24, 1960, entitled "Documentation, Indexing, and Re-
trieval of Scientific Information."
The effectiveness of an intelligence organization is determined
by the quality of its research and the accuracy and clarity of its
reporting. Persons selected for PROFESSIONAL RESEARCH
ASSIGNMENTS in CIA bring to the Agency a configuration of
knowledge and experience in all of the academic disciplines re-
lated to intelligence. The ECONOMIST, GEOGRAPHER, FOR-
EIGN AREA SPECIALIST, MATHEMATICIAN, PHYSICAL SCI-
ENTIST, the ENGINEER all find a particular role in the develop-
ment of intelligence.
CIA research staffs require and work in an intellectual environ-
ment conducive to scholarly inquiry and contemplation supported
by an impressive collection of source materials and library facil-
ities, access to consultants outside the Agency, and a foreign docu-
ments division that supplies translations and editorial assistance.
Much could be written about each of the several fields of knowl-
edge applicable to the production of intelligence, but, in this brief
account, no extensive description can be made.
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CAREERS
IN
INTELLIGENCE
The Central Intelligence Agency employs qualified persons
from virtually all divisions of the social sciences, physical sciences,
engineering, and certain technological fields. Some candidates
are sought because of the professional competence they possess;
others are selected on the basis of general excellence, without
specific reference to subjects of major study or to experience,
because they appear to possess the potential to advance to posi-
tions of responsibility in the Agency.
The choice of career avenues in the Agency is governed by indi-
vidual qualifications, personal interests, and, of course, personnel
requirements throughout the organization. The new employee
will find both opportunity and encouragement to progress in
professional stature and responsibility. He will be supported by
a personnel management system that will allow him to rise to
the highest level of responsibility commensurate with his capacity.
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The attack on Pearl Harbor revealed the inadequacy of Ameri-
can Intelligence for the world in which we live. Out of this
awareness and out of the needs of World War II there arose a
new intelligence instrument, the Office of Strategic Services.
The experience gained by OSS, led by the famed "Wild Bill"
Donovan, was valuable in the establishment after the War of its
permanent successor, the Central Intelligence Agency.
Established by Congress as an independent civilian agency of
the United States Government through passage of the National
Security Act of 1947, the Agency was placed under the National
Security Council and made accountable to the President, with
Congressional review to be exercised through select committees.
The Director of Central Intelligence, head of the Central Intelli-
gence Agency, is also coordinator of the total American intelli-
gence effort and intelligence advisor to the President. The prin-
cipal functions of the Central Intelligence Agency can be sum-
marized as follows: (1) to perform the specialized intelligence
collection and analysis functions that the National Security
Council determines can best be performed centrally; (2) to cor-
relate and evaluate all intelligence pertaining to the national
security; and (3) to perform such other functions as the National
Security Council may from time to time direct.
Overseas, CIA has responsibilities for the collection of intelli-
gence. Just as one dimension of intelligence is collection, so is
another, research and analysis. Major contributions to the for-
eign intelligence effort are made by CIA in the fields of economic
research, geographic research, and scientific and technical re-
search. Reports, monographs, and studies are regularly pro-
duced by CIA and other analysts in the Intelligence community
in support of the integrated political, military, and economic
estimates and surveys prepared for the President and National
Security Council.
Applied engineering, administration, training, and an impres-
sive number of other fields of knowledge are embraced by the
scope of intelligence activity, and career opportunities exist in
all of them. CIA is charged with the integration of many func-
tional programs essential to the refinement of a single product?
intelligence. No product is more sensitive to the exactitudes of
the process by which it is evolved.
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CIA's responsibility for research, analysis, and the preparation
of reports on FOREIGN ECONOMIC SYSTEMS involves the meas-
urement of aggregative economic performance or detailed re-
search on various sectors of foreign economies: major industries,
transportation, communications, agriculture, international trade,
finance, etc. For these assignments, graduate students in the
following disciplines are sought: ECONOMICS, ECONOMIC
HISTORY, ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, AREA STUDIES, INTER-
NATIONAL TRADE.
Closely related to economic intelligence research are compe-
tence in GEOGRAPHY and CARTOGRAPHY. Graduate students
in geography whose curriculum has embraced cartography on a
foreign region are prepared for assignment in this category, in
research analysis, and preparation of reports and maps concerned
primarily with environmental characteristics of foreign areas.
Candidates must possess competence in the language (s) of the
area, adequate, that is, for research. Factors pertinent to polit-
ical, military, and economic activities are studied in the course
of individual, problem-oriented projects.
Research of a different character is performed in other com-
ponents of the Agency. One component requires research sensi-
tivity to developing trends and the ability to synthetize political,
economic, and military intelligence in support of judgments re-
garding the intentions and capabilities of foreign governments.
The ability to write or make oral presentations clearly, rapidly,
and succinctly is requisite to the professional standards of this
office whose reports often go directly to the highest policy level in
the government. The preferred graduate courses of study for
this organizational element are AREA STUDIES, INTERNA-
TIONAL RELATIONS, POLITICAL SCIENCE, ECONOMICS,
HISTORY, and ANTHROPOLOGY.
The impact of SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY on all aspects of
human existence makes it mandatory that our government be
aware of scientific progress in all parts of the world. Since sci-
ence and technology contribute to the economic, military, and
political strength of any country, it is readily apparent that its
offensive and defensive capabilities are influenced by its achieve-
ments in science and technology. SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE
is an integral part of the total intelligence process.
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CIA employs SCIENTISTS, ENGINEERS, and TECHNICIANS at sev-
eral stages of the intelligence cycle. Space technology and missile sys-
tems are the objects of intensive study. The art and science of photo-
grammetry are employed in the critical interpretation and analysis of
aerial photographs, and, here, CIA requires GEOLOGISTS, GEODE-
SISTS, GEOGRAPHERS, FORESTERS, ARCHITECTURAL and CIVIL
ENGINEERS, and talents in the GRAPHIC and ILLUSTRATIVE ARTS.
The ELECTRONIC ENGINEER may work in one of the communica-
tions media so vital to the continuity of the intelligence process.
The PHYSICAL and BIOLOGICAL SCIENTIST may be a member of
the research staffs responsible for surveying foreign scientific literature.
The Agency is justifiably proud of its contributions in scientific intel-
ligence made by its permanent staff and its nation-wide consultant staff.
The CIA scientist enjoys a congenial, stimulating, and educational en-
vironment in which to further his professional interest. He is encour-
aged and enabled to keep abreast of developments in his specific field
and thus to grow in professional stature. In many scientific and tech-
nical study areas, and in other research fields, advanced academic studies
are sponsored by the Agency.
Singularly active in the use of computers for management applica-
tions, scientific and engineering calculations, and information retrieval,
CIA offers MATHEMATICIANS, SYSTEMS ANALYSTS, COMPUTER
PROGRAMMERS, and ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS career opportunities
in its unique and progressive data processing complex.
Understandably, the intelligence cycle must look to its administrative
support arm to keep all of its human and mechanical elements function-
ing efficiently and effectively. The Agency career fields found in this
major activity seek out the LAW graduate, the BUSINESS AND PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION major, the MEDICAL OFFICER and MEDICAL
TECHNICIAN, the PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT specialist, the COM-
MUNICATIONS ENGINEER and his technicians trained in wireless
transmission, reception, and maintenance. LOGISTICS support em-
braces SUPPLY, TRANSPORTATION, MARKETING, CONTRACT NE-
GOTIATION, and other skills. BUDGET and FISCAL activities, AC-
COUNTING, AUDITING, and RECORDS MANAGEMENT constitute
other Support career specialties, and, finally, the CIA depends upon its
professional SECURITY OFFICERS for maintaining the high level
security and integrity required of all Agency personnel and the security
of its facilities, buildings, and operating procedures.
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CAREER
SERVICE
PROGRAM
When appointed, each employee is assigned to a Career Service
which includes the field of vocational interest in which he is most
likely to develop and advance his career. Provision is made for
the individual's transfer to another Career Service if his profes-
sional growth or the changing needs of the Agency would better
be served.
Each Career Service is administered by a board of senior officials
who make decisions affecting promotion, assignment, training,
and other career development actions for each member of the
service. Board decisions are based upon perforinance, estimates
of potential, the needs of the Agency, and the member's stated
preferences.
Agency employees receive periodic evaluations of their perform-
ance and potential, and these evaluations are reviewed jointly
by the individual and his supervisors. Promotions are competi-
tive in each career field and are based upon a careful review of
all aspects of performance and recognized potential.
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CIA provides its employees an environment conducive to intel-
lectual satisfaction and harmonious association. Its salary scale
is fair and competitive. The Agency's Policy of Promotion from
within provides incentive for conscientious performance.
Opportunities for both intra-Agency and external training are
onstantly being expanded.
Many employees are permitted to write for publication, within
the limitations of security, and to attend professional meetings.
In certain components of the Agency, opportunities are avail-
-able for periodic _tours of duty abroad accompanied by dependents.
In other- components, the employee's overseas assignment for a
brief or extended period is regarded as a natural sequence in his
career development.
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CONTINUOUS TRAINING
The Agency is especially attentive to the need for the on-the-job and formal
training of its personnel throughout the early and mid-career stages of their
development and advancement. Senior intelligence officers are constantly
bringing to the lecture platform and the seminar session the experience and
expertise in intelligence technique and doctrine that only CIA can provide.
Professional training is given within the Agency, at other government train-
ing establishments, and at private academic institutions at government ex-
pense. Two of the six local universities conduct evening programs of under-
graduate and graduate study in Agency headquarters classrooms.
The Office of Training administers training programs, designed to prepare
the individual for positions of greater responsibility and to enable the Agency
to fulfill its highly specialized requirements. The vitality and quality of its
staff greatly enhance the appeal of CIA employment.
The JUNIOR OFFICER TRAINING PROGRAM (JOTP) is the proving
ground for many young intelligence officer candidates while others enter im-
mediately upon an on-the-job program of training and career development
which in due course may encompass a number of the courses offered by the
JOTP.
The JOTP, established as one means of systematically selecting and prepar-
ing highly qualified young men and women for professional careers in the
Agency, provides for an extended period of formal training and controlled on-
the-job assignments extending over a period of two to three years. When the
Junior Officer Trainee (JOT) is prepared to undertake a permanent assign-
ment he is transferred into an operating component career service and released
from the JOTP.
The attributes of successful candidates for this program are those of the
young man or woman who would be equally successful in business, industry,
or the professions. In addition, however, they must be willing to serve their
country without public recognition. High native intelligence, an exemplary
academic record, leadership potential, physical and emotional fitness, and ap-
titude for foreign language study are the principal criteria for selection. En-
rollment in graduate study, fulfillment of one's military obligation, residence
or travel abroad, and knowledge of a foreign area add considerably to the
JOTP candidate's possibilities of being selected.
Recruitment for the JOTP is directed toward college seniors and graduate
students, candidates completing their military service after graduation, and
alumni engaged in various fields of employment who may now find themselves
motivated to seek a new career in the intelligence community. Further, many
junior professional employees who have had the unique advantage of a period
of on-the-job seasoning within the Agency are found fully qualified and con-
stitute a significant share of the Junior Officer Trainees in each new semi-
annual class.
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CONCLUSION
? Necessarily limited by the restrictions properly imposed by national
security, the foregoing review should give the reader a passing acquaint-
ance with the structure and activity of the Central Intelligence Agency.
Many career fields, such as LIBRARY SCIENCE, JOURNALISM, and
LINGUISTICS have been given only brief mention although they are
extremely important to the success of the Agency's mission, and this
would be true of other skills not emphasized in this brief outline.
CIA employment offers many advantages to the person seeking a
career in public service. Training facilities, including an incomparable
laboratory for foreign language instruction, are of a high order of excel-
lence. Opportunities for rotating assignments between domestic and
foreign duties are available to qualified employees. Leaves of absence
with pay are sponsored by the Agency to give deserving employees the
benefit of advanced study and training in their fields of specialization.
Starting salaries depend upon such factors as education, employment
experience, and the assignment for which the individual is selected.
Salary and other career considerations are discussed in the recruitment
interviews.
Because the Agency is exempted by statute from most provisions of
law governing the federal civil service, it has developed its own proce-
dures for employing its personnel and its own programs for evaluation
of their performance, their assignment, career development, and ad-
vancement.
Agency employees enjoy the normal benefits and privileges of civil
service employment such as membership in a retirement system, liberal
vacation and sick leave, and eligibility to participate in contributory life
and health insurance programs.
The Agency has an extensive employee program including athletic,
cultural, and other recreational activities. Through such activities and
in his day-by-day working relationships, an Agency employee has the
opportunity to establish friendly and stimulating associations with
others having similar interests and backgrounds.
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