Congressional Record-Sen Morse on Vietnam

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP66B00403R000200160019-1
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 13
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 29, 2004
• Sequence Number: 19
• Publication Date: August 20, 1964
• Content Type: OPEN

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In a wry echo of the headquarters major,
an elderly representative of the U.S. Opera-
tions Mission (USOM is the local alias of the
Agency for International Development) said
to me:
"We have some of the finest soldiers In the
world assigned to South Vietnam. But what
does a military man know about the people?
Will they talk to a soldier, knowing what
they do of soldiers? No. But I am a fat old
man; they talk to me. They ask me why the
United States talks about democracy while it
Is supporting a military dictatorship. They
ask me why we talk about freedom when we
are taking them from their homes and
herding them into strategic hamlets, like
criminals. I have no answer.
"What would he do for a Western victory
in South Vietnam?
"We should cut our military advisers to the
1962 level, 6,000 or 6,000 men, and put the
difference into volunteers who know the peo-
ple, who want to help the people. Like the
IVS workers (International Voluntary Serv-
ice, similar to the Peace Corps and predating
it). The people trust them. I have never
heard of an IVS worker being harmed, or even
threatened. Soldiers must travel in con-
voys here, but the IVS can go anywhere."
Quality goes down as numbers go up, but
there is no doubt that several thousand young
volunteers-teachers, nurses and technicians
-could do far more than the same number
of soldiers to bring Western ideals to South
Vietnam. And they could do it far more
cheaply. The Peace Corps has functioned
admirably around the world without benefit
of officers' clubs, post exchanges and all the
other accessories that go with a U.S. Army
compound.
It would be unfair to suggest that our mil-
itary effort in South Vietnam is entirely
confined to hunting the elusive Vietcong.
The army is trying hard to adjust to the de-
mands of revolution, by whatever name.
"Civil action" is almost a cant phrase in
military circles these days-there Is even a
new S-5 section in the Army staff organiz-
ation, devoted to psychological warfare and
civic action. Army engineers are digging
wells and building bridges all over South
Vietnam, and Special Forces is constructing
a model farm near Pleiku where montagnard
peasants can learn to use fertilizer and irri-
gation pipes. There are dedicated, inventive
soldiers in every outfit, but any ex-GI knows
how much of this dedication and inventive-
ness 1s destined to be smothered by the rou-
tine of army life. Whatever the U.S. military
is doing now to help the Vietnamese, the
same number of volunteer civilians could do
far more.
Opportunities are particularly abundant
in the central highlands where the mon-
tagnard population Is only beginning to
emerge from the dark ages. A few miles
from Pleiku, the military headquarters for
fully one-fourth of South Vietnam, I visited
montagnard settlements which had never
seen a doctor or a schoolteacher.
"Talk about people that don't have a
chance, one American captain said in
amazement. "What will these kids do with
their lives? Why, I'll bet if you asked every
one of the 400 people in this village who the
premier of their country was, they wouldn't
be able to tell you."
That was overstating the extent of educa-
tion among the montagnards. Most of them
do not know that they have a country, let
alone a premier.
I asked the USOM representative in Pleiku
why we did not spend more of our money
for schools, instead of for armored personnel
carriers. "A schoolteacher here earns 600
piasters a month-about $6," he said. "A
coolie sweeping the streets can earn 30 pi-
asters a day. We can't recruit enough
teachers to staff the schools we are building."
So I asked him why we didn't match the
teachers' salaries with an equal amount from
American funds, and he could only shrug.
The highlands are an especially fertile area
for such programs because they are militarily
quiet. The Mekong Delta may have dete-
riorated too far for education, agriculture
and medicine to win the countryside back
from the Vietcong, and there a military
solution may be the only feasible one, But
the highlands are a different matter. The
Vietcong operates only in small units, usually
consisting of irregulars, and even the U.S.
military regards two vehicles as a sufficient
convoy in most areas. For this reason the
highlands have the lowest priority in every-
thing-even In the assignment of IVS and
USOM workers. Yet if the military believed
its own doctrine-that the revolution here is
a war staged and supplied from North Viet-
nam-surely the opposite should be the case.
The highlands are the logical infiltration
route from Laos and Cambodia. If the
montagnards were won over to the Vietnam-
ese Government, the Vietcong supply line
would be cut and (if the military view is
correct) their war in the delta would be
choked off. Whether the "masked aggres-
sion" theory is right or wrong, we are mak-
ing a tragic mistake in the highlands.
More likely, the fighting in the delta would
continue even if the highlands were pacified.
But that is a military assessment, and our
error in South Vietnam has been to think
in military terms. A peaceful, prosperous
central highlands would demonstrate to the
rest of the nation that the Government has
more to offer than the Vietcong. Victory for
the West in this revolution waits upon that
demonstration. If we make it, we shall
win; If we do not, we deserve to lose.
I shall never forget the afternoon I
watched three young men through binocu-
lars, convinced that they were hard core
Vietcong soldiers. They were strong fea-
tured and alert, dressed in black; they were
cooking dinner behind a boulder about 600
yards from the spot where our strike force
patrol was taking a 10-minute break. A
squad had been sent out to encircle them.
But the young men heard the snap and rus-
tle of moving soldiers. They stood up,
ready to flee, The American Special Forces
sergeant in charge of the patrol decided to
fire while he still had a target. He fired
twice, aiming into a cleft in the boulder, and
his buddy did the same. Then we sprinted
up the hill. The three young men had fled,
unharmed, leaving behind not weapons but
a much-thumbed copybook of the kind used
in rural schools.
The sergeant was troubled by the idea of
shooting at schoolboys.
"Well, I'm glad we missed," he said. Then
he brightened. "But if those guys weren't
Vietcong an hour ago, they sure as hell are
by now."
Things were right in his world again.
He did not seem at all concerned by the like-
lihood that, instead of lessening the Viet-
cong threat, our patrol had added to it.
PROBLEMS IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent to have printed at
this point in the RECORD an article en-
titled "Johnson's Problems in the Medi-
terranean," written by James Reston,
and published in the New York Times of
August 19, 1964.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
JOHNSON'S PROBLEMS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN
(By James Reston)
WASHINGTON, August 18.-The rising op-
position in the Congress to U.S. foreign mili-
tary aid Is vividly illustrated by the current
Greek-Turkish crisis over Cyprus.
For the Congress is now confronted by the
fact that the Greeks and Turks are with-
drawing U.S. military equipment from the
North Atlantic alliance and threatening to
use these American supplies on one another,
This has put the Johnson administration
In a delicate and untenable position. The
President does not want to pass judgment on
who is to blame for the fighting on Cyprus,
but at the same time, he cannot explain to
the Congress why American arms intended
to maintain the peace are being diverted for
possible military action on Cyprus.
From 1946 to 1963, the United States sup-
plied military aid to Greece totaling $1,656
million. The total for Turkey in this same
period was $2,404 million. In the fiscal year
1963, the Greek allocation was $85,800,000 and
the Turkish $160,800,000.
THE LEGAL RESTRICTIONS
That these Impressive sums should be
voted for arms to bring some kind of decent
order into the eastern Mediterranean and
then be used in part in the bitter communal
struggle in Cyprus Is the sort of thing that
makes the Congress balk every time the for-
eign aid bill comes to debate.
President Johnson has been trying quietly
to bring an end to the fighting. He sent
this week a curt note to President Makarios
Ignoring the latter's plea for more aid and
advising him bluntly to cooperate with the
United Nations and avoid any action that
might make the bitter struggle between the
Greek and Turkish Cypriots any worse than
it now is.
Meanwhile, disturbed by the Turkish use
of American planes and arms to attack the
Greek Cypriots, he has been in personal
communication with the Turkish Govern-
ment to halt all military activities. The
answer of both the Ankara and Athens
governments was to withdraw arms from
the NATO command.
This sort of thing cannot, however, go on
without placing the foreign aid program of
the United States in jeopardy. In fact, con-
tinued defiance of Washington's requests
for a peaceful settlement of the Cyprus dis-
pute, and constant vilification of the United
States for Its efforts to produce a peaceful
settlement there can easily force the Presi-
dent to cut off aid from both Greece and
Turkey.
The bilateral agreement between the
United States and Turkey on the furnishing
of aid is quite specific on this point. The
aid is made available by Washington to help
secure the freedom and independence of
Turkey and the allies. The U.S. retains the
right to withdraw its equipment if its arms
are used in such a way as not to further
the interests of the United States.
Furthermore, section 506(d) of the For-
eign Assistance Act of 1961 states that "Any
country which hereafter uses defense arti-
cles or defense services furnished such coun-
try under this act * * * in substantial
violation of the provisions of this chapter
* * * shall be immediately ineligible for
further assistance."
Also, the so-called Gruening amendment, to
the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, section
620(1), insists that "No assistance shall be
provided under this or any other act * * *
to any country which the President deter-
mines is engaging in or preparing for aggres-
sive military efforts directed against (1) the
United States, (2) any country receiving as-
sistance under this or any other act (Cyprus
is receiving assistance under the act)."
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THE TURKISH ARGUMENT
There is little 'doubt here that American
arms have been used in the Cyprus crisis in
violation of these amendments, but the ad-
ministration has been hesitating to invoke
the law for fear of creating an even more
serious crisis within the NATO alllance.
The Turkish argument apparently Is that
they not only have the right to withdraw
their military units and American arms from
NATO but that they are using these arms
legitimately in protection of their treaty
rights In Cyprus.
If this argument can be sustained, how-
ever, it is all the more likely to provoke new
and sterner amendments to the Foreign As-
sistance Act to make sure that U.S. arms
cannot be used legitimately in any such ad-
ventures in the future.
In fact, It is only the preoccupation of the
Congress with the presidential election and
other matters in the closing days before the
Democratic Nominating Convention that is
keeping the Cyprus controversy from provok-
ing another anti-foreign-aid storm on Capi-
tol Hill.
Meanwhile, pro-Greek elements in this
country, which are vocal and influential in
some of the big electoral States. are begin-
ning to demand that military aid to Turkey
be cut off and withdrawn. Thus the con-
troversy affects not only the President's re-
lations with the Congress and the allies, but
with the voters as well, and he will no doubt
be forced to act unless he begins to get some
kind of settlement of the dispute before long.
DOCUMENTATION OF MILITARY
POWER
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, one of
the most useful documents published
anywhere In the world is the annual sum-
mary of military power, published by
the Institute of Strategic Studies, in
London. If one sought In the United
States the information that is contained
in this document, much of it would be
marked "Secret." This bears out the
point which the senior Senator from
Oregon has made for many years,
namely, that the American people are
being given a "snow job" by their Gov-
ernment. Citizens are being denied ac-
cess to the public business in regard to
the military power of the United States.
It is business which they are entitled to
know.
This British document contains much
military information that one cannot get
from the Pentagon.
This article shows how perfectly ab-
surd our so-called top secret policy is
in the United States. It serves for the
most part only to deny to the American
people the facts which they should have
If they are properly to judge and to ap-
praise the unsound policies of the United
States in the field of military aid and in
the building up of a war machine in this
country far beyond the kind of war ma-
chine we need to protect the security of
the free world.
In my judgment, as I have said this
annual summary of the world's military
power published by the Institute of Stra-
tegic Studies in London, is one of the
most useful documents published any-
where in the world.
As I did last year, I am going to have
it printed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD,
so that it will be more readily available
to Americans who a!e interested in the
facts of the world's military power.
I particularly call attention to the
analysis of the military strength of Com-
munist China. This report indicates that
while China maintains an armed force of
2,476,000, it has 130 million men of mili-
tary age. It also estimates that China's
military power has declined over the last
5 years, and that its concentration of
forces has moved away from the Taiwan
Straits to China's northern and southern
borders.
I also point out that the Institute es-
timates the size of the Soviet Army at no
more than 2,300,000 and possibly only
2 million. It also describes a 25 percent
downward revision of Soviet tactical air
strength, and a doubling of the number
of nuclear-powered submarines com-
pared to last year.
I ask unanimous consent to have the
entire publication "The Military Balance,
1963-64" printed in the CONGRESSIONAL
RECORD.
There being no objection, the material
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
TEE MILITARY BALANc2, 1963-64
PORLWORD
This is the fifth of the institute's annual
estimates of the nature and size of military
forces of the principal powers Involved in the
cold war. It covers the Communist bloc and
those countries with which the United Stag
has mutual defense treaties. This year in-
formation has also been included on a num-
ber of important nonalined countries.
The institute assumes full responsibility
for the facts and judgments which the pam-
phlet contains. It owes a considerable debt
to a number of Its own members and con-
sultants who have cooperated in compiling
and checking the material. However, not all
countries have been equally cooperative in
producing Information and some figures have
been estimated.
Thispamphlet examines the military bal-
ance as it existed at the end of October 1963,
and as It will, on present Indications, change
during the ensuing year. No longer-range
projections of force levels, or weapons beyond
1964 have been included.
The material In this pamphlet should not
be regarded as a comprehensive guide to the
nature of the balance of strategic power: it
does not reflect the facts of geography, vul-
nerability, efficiency, etc., on both sides. It
may, however, be found useful in the context
of discussions on disarmament and the gen-
eral balance of power.
Note on the figures
Manpower figures given are those of regu-
lar forces, although an indication of the size
of paramilitary forces, militia or reserve
forces, has been given in the sections deal-
ing with individual countries. Naval
strengths are those of active fleets and ships
In commission only, except where otherwise
stated. All vessels of less than 100 tons
standard displacement have been excluded.
Fighting ships below 400 tons have been
classed as light coastal unite. Figures for
defense budgets are exclusive of American
military aid. Fighter and strike squadrons
of allied air forces have 25 aircraft and wings
have 75 aircraft, except where otherwise
Stated.
PART I. TITS COMMUNIST POWERS
The Soviet Union, population: 225 million
The main lines of Soviet defense policy In
1963 have changed little from those of the
preceding 2 years. The slow buildup of the
strategic deterrent force of ICBM's is con-
tinuing. Soviet policy still lays stress on
high-yield warheads for the small number
of missiles available. It would appear that
the deployment of MRBM's is now complete.
The procurement of the longer range IRBIkf's,
of the type which were first publicly known
to be operational when launching pads for
them were built In Cuba in 1962, is probably
continuing.
Defense expenditure has increased slightly.
This is probably due to the demands of re-
search and development, and to some extent
of the modernization of the armed forces.
It is notable that the U.S.S.R. is continuing
the procurement of medium-range supersonic
bombers which are clearly expected to con-
tinue In service for the foreseeable future.
Though the Soviet Union has a force of fleet
ballistic missiles, it is doubtful whether So-
viet claims to have developed a true equi-
valent to the American Polaris submarines
can yet be taken literally.
But although the main lines of Soviet pol-
icy are unchanged, there have been a number
of developments which indicate changes of
emphasis, and to some extent of force levels.
In the spring of 1963, the Chief of the Gen-
eral Staff, Marshal Zakharov, was replaced
by Marshal Biryuzov who had previously held
the key posts of chief of Soviet air defense
from 1955-62 and commander of the strategic
rocket forces from 1962-63. The increasing
influence of officers with a scientific back-
ground which this indicated is likely to con-
tinue. Marshal Malinovsky, the Defense
Minister, may be the last of the generation
of military commanders whose authority
arises from the part they played in the Sec-
ond World War. It should, however, be
noted that the book "Military Strategy,"
edited by Marshal Sokolovsky, has been crit-
icized in the Soviet Union over the past year,
not only, for Ignoring the importance of
scientific developments in determining mili-
tary strategy, but also for paying no atten-
tion to the political and ideological factors
in maintaining morale and military efficiency.
The debate between traditional military lead-
ers and younger technocrats will doubtless
continue In the years ahead. From the So-
viet viewpoint the most noticeable feature
of the Sokolovsky book was perhaps the fact
that for the first time it presented an accu-
rate picture to the Russian public of the
strategic strength of the United States. The
book has been criticized for ignoring the
possible circumstances in which nuclear
weapons could not be used if war broke out:
the significance of this criticism may be re-
vealed when the revised edition of the book
appears later this year.
The test ban treaty is unlikely to inhibit
Soviet development and advance in the one
field where Soviet prowess is apparently in-
ferior to that of the United States-very low
yield nuclear weapons. Official doctrine has,
however. laid little stress on these in the
past. The treaty may Inhibit the antiballis-
tic missile program, but it would appear that
the Soviet Union has resigned itself to a
period without any effective defense against
missiles, and believes that the same will be
true of the United States. This resignation
seems to be a part of the general Soviet ap-
proach to the present strategic confronta-
tion: it appears that the Soviet authorities
are debating future policy in terms of their
own resources and of the current strategic
controversies within NATO before they de-
cide whether any large reorientation of their
own policy is necessary.
Meanwhile the Sino-Soviet dispute pro-
vides a complicating factor. Apart from 17
Soviet divisions In the Far East, troops al-
ready In central Asia, and a few detach-
ments beyond Lake Baikal, the Soviet Union
has no military formations, other than bor-
der guards, along Its border with China.
There is unlikely to be any shift of forces
from Europe or European Russia, but there
might be military pressure for a reactiva-
tion of the cadre divisions in the Soviet Un-
ion. and a reorganization of naval and air
defense. It Is doubtful whether this pol-
icy will be put Into effect. In European Rus-
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CONGRESSIONAL
2161 -
sia the reorganization of the Soviet forces (a) 70 Turboprop Bears (TU-20): now
has resulted in a reduction of the number of able to carry one large winged missile.
men in uniform rather than an increase. One hundred and twenty 4-jet Bisons; now
The Soviet Union is also feeling the effects able to carrytw a iineedm issilm bomber Bad-
of the low birth rate of the war years, al- (b)
though the age for compulsory registration gers (TU-16). In addition the naval air force
was lowered from 18 to 17 in 1962. (The contains a strike force of about 400 Badgers
figures of youths of military age will begin with winged missiles for ship attackmediu.
to increase again after 1965.) It was an- (c) A gt.win-engined supersonic
nounced in September 1963 that all those bomber, the Blinder, now coming into serv-
born in 1944 would now be called up. But ice with a long-range air-to-ground missile.
the size of the Soviet forces in October 1963 This is probably a replacement for Badger.
was estimated at a maximum of 3,300,000 LRAF is grouped in three areas: western Ukrain
and
Far men, or 300,000 less than in the autumn of Easstia,In t additionla rfieldsein the A ctic are
19Th
The Soviet defense budget for 1963 (cal- maintained for training, dispersal, and stag-
endar year) shows an increase of about 4 ing purposes.
percent over the preceding year, but the pro- (ii) Tactical air power
portion of the total budget being spent on The U.S.S.R. probably has about 3,000
defense is about the same. The 1963 defense tactical bombers (this is a reduction of about
budget totals $15,400 million. This does not 25 percent on earlier estimates). Older air-
lo ha.va
a -
At
a re
include space or defense research.
istic rate of exchange this figure would trans-
late at about $34 billion.
Rocket Forces
The present figure of operational ICBM's
is in the neighborhod of 100. It is uncer-
tain how many of these are the second gen-
eration ICBM which appears to have a stor-
able liquid fuel and which has been under
development in recent years. This is likely
to be easier to conceal than those of the
first generation. The proportion of these in
service is probably low. Soviet ICBM's have
powerful boosters and larger warheads than
their American counterparts.
A number of ICBM sites have now been
hardened, but it appears that Soviet policy
relies to a great extent both on concealment
and on active defense measures for protec-
tion. There is no evidence that the So-
viet Union has made any further progress
than the United States in developing a re-
liable antimissile system at an acceptable
cost.
The number of MRBM's is now stable at
a total of about 750. These are deployed
in sufficient numbers to deal with strategic
and semitactical targets-"such as fighter air-
fields-ln Western Europe;` including Britain,
and in the Far East. There are two types,
one with a range of 700 statute miles, the
other with a range of 1,100 statute miles.
They are sited near the western, southern,
and eastern borders of the Soviet Union, on
the Pacific coast and in Siberia. The IRBM
which has been operational for over a year
has a two-stage liquid fueled engine with a
range of 2,100 miles. This force is still
building up. The strategic missile forces are
now under the command of Marshal Krylov.
The air force comprises about 12,500 oper-
ational aircraft, organized into five major
components, namely:
1. The long-range strategic bomber force.
2. The tactical, or front-line force, which
includes fighters and tactical bombers.
3. The fighter interceptor force of air de-
fense command.
4. The land-based fleet air arm.
5. The air transport force.
The heavy bomber force has been kept at
a considerably lower strength than that of
the U.S. Strategic Air Command, though the
general lines of development, including
stand-off bombs and missiles, are similar.
On the other hand the Soviet Union has
built up a very strong force of medium
bombers suitable for use all over the Eura-
sian theater and its coasts, which may now
be in process of reduction, and an efficient
light bomber force. The following gives
some indication of Soviet air power:
(i) Strategic striking power
The strategic bomber force consists main-
ly of the following aircraft:
No. 164-5
now'been largely replaced. The Flashlight B
with transonic capabilities and a radius of
action of about 570 miles has entered into
service, and large numbers of a further
development of this aircraft, the supersonic
Firebar A are operational. A number of
other developments indicate the intensive
work that has been going on in the field of
high-performance aircraft. The tactical
bomber forces still contain, however, a large
proportion of obsolescent aircraft, such as
the Mig-15 in a fighter-bomber role. It is
basically an interdiction force.
(iii) Air defense
The number of ground-to-air guided mis-
siles has steadily increased and an extensive
early warning system is in operation. The
quality of fighter aircraft in service has also
improved. The following are details of air
defense weapons:
Ground-to-air guided missiles: An anti-
aircraft missile which has a slant range of 18
miles.
A two-stage solid fuel missile which has
been in service for some time. Its slant
range is 20 miles, and it is effective at a height
of well over 12 miles (60,000 feet).
There is also a higher altitude guided mis-
sile.
Fighters: The number of operational air-
19883
of the Army is now estimated at a maximum
2,300,000 men. Some Western authorities
believe the Army may now number no more
than 2 million men.
It is organized in about 150 divisions.
Geographically their distribution is as
follows :
1. Eastarn Europe, 26.
2. European Russia, 75.
3. Far East, 17.
4. Central Russia, 32.
Of these 150 divisions, about half are
capable of undertaking operations without
reinforcement, a quarter would need limited
reinforcement, while the balance, which are
at cadre strength, would rcqui.re major rein-
forcement.
The Soviet mobilization capacity is large,
and in theory all the 150 divisions could be
at full strength after 30 days uninterrupted
mobilization.
By types of division the distribution would
be approximately:
1. Armored or tank divisions: 50 (of
9,000 men, 430 medium and heavy tanks at
full strength).
2. Motorized divisions: 100 (11,000 men,
195 medium tanks at full strength).
It will be noted that the size of Soviet
divisions has markedly decreased.
The airborne forces total approximately
70,000 men in 9 divisions. The resources of
the transport fleet would allow two divisions
plus other elements to be airlifted simul-
taneously over short to medium ranges.
The 20 Soviet divisions in East Germany
(10 tank, 10 motorized) are among those
maintained at full strength. There are two
divisions in Poland (one tank, one motorized)
and four divisions in Hungary (two tank, two
motorized). This force of 26 divisions could
be reinforced to a total of some 70 divisions
in 30 days if unimpeded by interdiction.
The military value of the satellite armies
is hard to assess, despite recent improve-
ments in equipment. Some could undoubt-
edly be used as a substitute for Soviet
divisions if Soviet communications and
logistics were disrupted in the event of war.
The major reorganization of the Soviet
Army to meet the conditions of nuclear war-
fare has led to an increase in nuclear fire-
power and mobility, to a reduction in con-
ventional artillery, and in the overall size of
divisions, although this has not significantly
affected their nonnuclear firepower. Tactical
missile units are now organic to all forma-
tions including the Soviet forces in East Ger-
many. The main emphasis of training con-
tinues to be the advance of tank and APC-
borne infantry formations across radiation-
contaminated ground at an average rate of
60 miles a day. This is in accordance with
Soviet doctrine which envisages a major of-
fensive role for the ground forces in the
event of nuclear war.
craft is probably about 8,000. The most com-
mon standard fighter in air defense forma-
tions is the Sukhoi Fishpot C, a supersonic
aircraft with four air-to-air rockets. The
chief multipurpose long-range interceptor,
which can also carry both bombs and guided
weapons, and two long-range air-to-air mis-
siles is the Yakovlev Fiddler. Its maximum
speed is about mach 1.9. A number of other
supersonic interceptors have also been de-
veloped including Flashlight C.
The most important day fighters are:
Maximum
speed (miles
per hour)
Mig-19 Farmer___________
Mig-21 Fishbed------ _____
SU-15 Fishpot_-____-______
SU-? Fitter________________
900
1,200
1, 300
1, 400
Ceiling
(feet)
55, 000'
60, 000
60,000
60:000
The Mig-23 Flipper may now also be in
service with a speed of about mach 2.5.
There are 500,000 men in the Soviet air
and rocket forces, a slight reduction on
earlier years.
Land Forces
The size of the Soviet Army and the
number of active divisions have been some-
what reduced in recent years as the cost of
complex new equipment has come to con-
sume an increasing proportion of the Army's
budget, and as the country has encountered
endemic manpower problems. The total size
The Soviet Union has not shown as much
interest as the United States in the develop-
ment of very low yield nuclear missiles for
tactical purposes? but all the missiles men-
tioned below are designed to carry nuclear
warheads. The Soviet Army also has an of-
fensive chemical capability and is well
trained and equipped for chemical defense.
Soviet Army equipment includes:
(1) Tanks
The standard medium tank (T54/55) has a
100-millimeter gun. The 54-ton heavy tank
(T.10) has a 122-millimeter gun. Soviet
tanks can deep-wade up to about 15 feet.
(ii) Artillery
The Soviet Army remains strong in artil-
lery. Field guns are towed and the main
types are 85 millimeter, 100 millimeter, 122
millimeter, 130 millimeter, and 152 milli-
meter. The main antitank gun is 57 milli-
meter. Self-propelled assault guns are
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 u=u -Lween aaao ana 1945, Navy
divisions. The Soviet Army has also retained displacement 8,500 tons; speed 30 knots; Total strength: 12,000; 7 submarines, 3
a considerable air defense capability and has armament nine 180-millimeter guns and 20 surface-to-air missiles, LAA guns and AA anti-aircraft guns. mines eessels. 02 minesweepers, 4 coastal
heavy machineguns. New destroyers include: minesweepers, 80 other ships.
,
g
er regi-
f
forces Include those with ranges from 10--to-
0 to surface missiles, 30 surface-to-air missies; meats, mainly with Mig-19's and Mig-21's
4 antiaircraft
about 300
us
il
8 t
b
g
;
m
orpedo tubes; 2 anti- are
es, some of which are carried
eing introduced, 4 ground attack regi-
on modified tank chassis. The smaller mis- submarine missile launchers, meats, mainly with Mg-17'a 2 bomber regi-
elles are all on amphibious tracked chassis. Krupny class: Displacement 4,500 tons; ments with IL 28's.
Seapower speed 35 knots; armament: 12 surface-to- Paramilitary forces
The Soviet Navy, including the naval air ~e mile launchers; 18 antiaircraft MIS- Including armored brigades of the frontier
force, is manned by about 600,000 officers torpedo tubes; 2 antisubmarine mid- defense force: 46;000.
ells launchers.
and men. It Is the second largest navy in Kildin class: Displacement 3,800 tons; Bulgaria
the world with a total fleet of about 1,600,000 speed 35 knots; armament: 6 surface-to- General
tons. surface missile launchers; 16 antiaircraft Population: 8 million.
(1) Submarines guns; 2 antisubmarine missile launchers. Length of military service: 2 year. Tota
The main strength of the Soviet Navy Ketlin class: Displacement 3,800 tons;. regular forces: 13000. Defense sbu get:
continues to lie in the submarine fleet, which speed 35 knots; armament: 20 antiaircraft $256 million.
comprises some 420 units. Over 300 of these guns; 10 torpedo tubes; other antisubmarine Army
are ocean-going. It is estimated that there weapons, Total strength:
are now 20 nuclear-powered submarines full aaear ... _ 110,000; 10 divisions, of
are four fleets: 70 conventional Submarines There are no aircraft-carriers in the Soviet maintained at about 50 percent of war
are based In the Baltic, at least 150 In the Navy, but there is a land-based Naval Air strength. There are about 2 300 tanks, main-
Arctic, 50 in the Black Sea, and 120 or more Force with about 750 aircraft, it is estl- ly T-34's with a number of T-54s.
in the Par East. There are estimated to be mated to have 500 bombers, of which about Navy
at least 30 missile-carrying submarines with 450 are based on the European shores of the Total strength: 5,000; 3 submarines; 3 es-
a strategic role with the Arctic and Far Soviet Union. They consist mainly of: corts, 11 mineswee
a pers, 9 coastal minesweep-
East fleets. It Is not known what proportion (a) The TU 18 Badger-range of 3,500 ers, 60 smaller craft.
The following are details of the conven- with a range of 3,600-1,800 miles; Total strength: 20,000; 2 interceptor groups
tionally powered submarine fleet: and a reconnaissance group, each consisting
(iv) Bea-to-ground missiles nr en?fl,.. , - r ,..-
of action. At least 10 of these are in service, missile, which can be fired from a submerged Mig-21's. A fighter-bomber group has Wig-
This is basically a submarine hunter. submarine, has been successfully developed, 15's. Afighter- bomber group has Mig-15's.
0 class: 310 feet long and has a submerged must be treated with caution. But the There is a small transport group.
displacement of feet ion tone. It has a rged soviet Union has not neglected fleet missiles. Paramilitary forces. 10,000.
3,000 Th is
large conning tower for the vertical launch- ere a cruise missile with a range of Czechoslovakia
about 100 miles_ which inn >b 19- r-,..,., -
The W class makes up the bulk of the mile ballistic missile of which some 90 are Population: 14 million. Length of military
Soviet submarine fleet. It is 245 feet long, deployed on G and Z class submarines for service: 2 years, Total regular forces:
arccv av snore; armament: 16 surface-to- Total strength: 45
000; 5 fi
ht
submerged, and a radius of action of 10,000 Paramilitary forces Total strength: 160,000; 15 divisions: 2
miles. Although the-Soviet DOSAAF organization tank and 12 motorized. One of the three
The R class is a modernized form of the is several million strong, the active partici- Czech armies may soon be reorganized into
W. Together, these comprise some 200 sub- Pants in intensive paramilitary training a tank army with three tank divisions and
marines. probably number about 1% million. There one mechanized Infantry division, There are
Z class: 290 feet long with a submerged are also 300.000 security and border troops. 3,060 tanks. T-54's and T-10's are now re-
displacement of 2,800 tons, It is capable of THE WARSAW PACT placing older Soviet tanks. The army is
20 knots on the surface and 13 knots sub- There has been a considerable improve- maintained at approximately 65 percent of
merged, with a radius in excess of 20,000 ment in the coordination of the forces of war strength,
miles. There are at least 20 of these in derv- the Warsaw Pact over the past year, and it Air Force
ice. A small number have been converted appears to be taken more seriously by the Total strength: 95,000; 6 interceptor regi-
to fire missiles, probably in a manner similar Soviet Union as a military organization. meats equipped with Mlg-17's, Mfg-19's and
to the 0 class, They are stationed princi- Communications and command and control Mig-21e; 4 ground attack regiments with
pally In the Arctic and the Far East. procedures had begun to be improved at the Mfg-15's and 10g-17's. The total firstline
There are two other classes of submarines, time of the Berlin crisis In 1961. There has strength Is about 400 aircraft.
both of small displacement and designed for been a noticeable growth In the efficiency of Paramilitary forces, 35,000.
operations in the Baltic and Black Sea; the the Polish and East German armies, though East German
K and Q types. The K Is now becoming the latter Is not well-equipped. The prob- 17
obsolete. The Q is still serviceable, and has able order of efficiency of the Warsaw treaty General
a radius of action of 3.500 miles. powers Is: Poland, Bulgaria, East Germany. Population: 17 million. Length of mili-
(11) Surface ships Czechoslovakia, Rumania, Hungary, Albania tart' service: 12-18 months, according to
The surface ships of the Soviet Navy con- (Nora.-It is only possible to present de- specialization. Total regular forces: 118:
000. Defense budget: $86 million,
sist of: Cruisers, 19; destroyers, 100; missile fense expenditures on a standard basin s e
-
destro
ers
---
--e
y
, .?, fast patrol boats, many using official exchange rates which may die-
with surface-to-surface missiles, 400; other tort the true value of defense budgets in
vessels, 2,000. (There are a number of dis- these countries.)
guised trawlers used for radar and recon- Poland
naissance purposes). General
These are distributed more or less equally Population: 31 million.
among the four fleets, The cruisers are af: Length of military service: Army 18
three different types: months, air force and navy 3 years. There
Sverdlov: Launched between 1951 and 1967. Is also a form of service of 27 months In the
displacement 20,000 tons, speed 34 knots, Internal security forces.
armament twelve 152-millimeter guns and 32
antiaircraft guns. One or two have recently Total regular forces: 257,000.
been reequipped with medium-range surface- Defense budget: $911,000,000.
to-air missile launchers, probably as an Army
experiment. Total strength: 200,000; 14 divisions orga-
Chapayev: Completed between 1948 and nized on Soviet lines, 4 are armored divisions,
1951, of 11,500 tons displacement, with the 9 are motorized, and I Is airborne,
same speed and armament as the Sverdlov. There are 2,750 tanks.
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Army
Total strength: 90,000; 6 divisions, of
which 2 are tank, and 4 motorized. There
has been a great increase in the fire-
power of the East German Army over the
past 18 months, and motorization is now
proceeding rapidly. There are about 1,500
amphibious vehicles, including tanks.
Navy
Total strength: 11,000; 4 escorts, 16 mine-
sweepers, 135 Small vessels. A program of
landing craft construction, begun in 1961,
suggests a growing interest In amphibious
operations.
Air Force
Total strength: 15,000; 2 air divisions of
Interceptors with MIG 19's and 21's, and MIG
15 and 17 fighter-bombers. Each division
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 Approved Fo`re~GS~RACIft 00 f6?J200160019-1
1964
lias three wings of three squadrons. First
line airgrafi total about 400.
Excluding the 350,000-strong Kampfgrup-
pen '(some formations' of which provide a
serious military force) there are 60,000 se-
Curity and frontier troops.
Rumania
General
Population: 19 million' Length of mili-
tary service: 2 years. Total regular forces:
227,000. Defense budget: $342 million.
Army
Total strength: 200,000; 13 divisions, 9 in-
fantry divisions and supporting tank and
artillery elements, 1 tank division, 3 motor-
ized divisions.
Navy
Total strength: 7,000; 2 submarines, 3
escorts, 14 minesweepers, 22 coastal mine-
sweepers, 24 other ships.
Air Force .
Total strength: 20,000; three fighter regi-
ments, each possessing two wings of three
squadrons. It is believed that Mig-21's are
beginning to replace the Mig-11's, one light
bomber regiment with IL-28's. Paramilitary
forces: 60,000.
Hungary
General
Population: 10 million. Length of mili-
tary service: 21/2 years. Total regular forces:
99,000. Defense budget: $277 million.
Army
Total strength: 90,000; five divisions, one
armored, four motorized. There are about
1,000 tanks, for the most part T-34's, with
some T-54's.
Air Force_
Total strength: 9,000; three fighter regi-
ments, each of two groups of three squad-
rons. 1`teequipment with Mig-21s began in
1962, but the bulk of the interceptor force
is still Mig-17's; one bomber regiment with
IL-28's. Surface-to-air missile batteries
equipped with Soviet missiles,
Paramilitary forces, 35,000.
General
Population: 1,800,000. Total regular forces:
35,000. Albania is still nominally a member
of the Warsaw Pact,though there is now min-
imal cooperation with her other allies, and
she is the principal European champion of
Chinese views,
Army
Total strength: 25,000; 5 brigades.
Navy
Total strength: 2,800; 4 submarines, 350
other ships.
Air Force
Total strength: 7,200; 2 squadrons Mig
ITS.
Paramilitary forces, 10,000.
China
Population: 726 million.
Total armed forces: 2,476,000.
The armed forces are organized by the
ministry of defense, advised by a national
defense council which is presided over by
the chairman of the Central People's Gov-
ernment. Control is exercised through 13
military regions.
There were about 130 million men of mili-
tary age in 1963. Only about 700,000 men, a
small proportion of potential conscripts, are
called up each year. They serve 3 years in
the Army.
In addition, the declared intention of the
Chinese Government is to embody every
third person in the population in the militia,
but this is still scantily armed and sketchily
organized. It is as much ,a labor as a defense
-force, There are about 300,000 men in the
public security force, including the armed
police.
There has been a gradual debilitation of
Chinese military power over the last 5 years.
The size of the armed forces is growing, and
may be further increased, but their effective-
ness is not increasing.
There has been some movement of troop
concentrations away from the Fukien area
over the past year, which suggests that the
main preoccupations of the Chinese Govern-
ment now lie in the Indian border region,
and possibly to the north.
Some equipment is beginning to become
obsolete. The last deliveries of Soviet mili-
tary material were in 1960. Apart from a
few Chinese prototypes, the only tanks pos-
sessed by the army are some T-34/85's and
T-58's. The latest combat aircraft are Mig-
19's,
Army
Total strength : 2,250,000: 120 divisions.
There are two or three armored divisions and
one is an airborne division, supporting troops
and cavalry for desert areas. There appears
to be a barely adequate supply of small arms
up to light antitank weapons, but artillery
and ammunition are scarce. The army is not
a highly mobile organization. It is tied to a
rudimentary railway network, and faces
heavy transport and logistic problems.
Navy
Total strength: 136,000, including marines.
There are 31 submarines, of which about half
are Soviet W Class Four escort ships.
Air Force
Total strength: 90,000. There are perhaps
2,000 firstline aircraft, of which some 25
percent are light bombers, mainly IL-28's.
The bulk of the remainder are Mig-15's and
Mig-17's, and a small number of Mig-19's.
The most modern transport available to the
Chinese Air Force is a small number of Brit-
ish Viscounts. There are perhaps 10,000 pi-
lots, but shortage of fuel prevents adequate
training.
North Vietnam
Population : 17,000,000.
Both the Soviet Union and China still
appear to be giving active assistance to sup-
port a conscript army of about 250,000 in
15 divisions, but the arms supplied appear,
apart from some mortars in the hands of the
Vietcong guerrillas, to be less modern than
those used by the Vietminh in the final stages
of the Indochina war. Paramilitary for-
mations total about 100,000 men. The Viet-
cong guerrillas operating from North Viet-
nam are estimated to total between 25,000
and 30,000 men.
North Korea
Population : 10, 000, 000.
It its not known how far the Soviet-North
Korean mutual defence treaty, concluded in
1961, remains in force in the circumstances
of the Sino-Soviet rift. The North Korean
Army is estimated at 280,000 men, organized
in 16 divisions. The Air Force has about
30,000 men, and some 500 aircraft, mainly
Mig-15's.
Cuba
Population : 7,200,000.
The Soviet forces in Cuba totalled some
17,000 men in March 1963, according to
American official statements. There is rea-
son to suppose that this number had dimin-
ished by about 9,000 by October. They are
equipped with modern armaments which in-
clude a surface-to-surface missile (with a
nuclear capability and a range of 25 miles),
and modern antitank missiles. There are 24
antiaircraft missile sites. There are also T-
54 tanks, SU-100 assault guns, and wheeled
APC's. The Soviet air units on the island
are estimated to have some 42 Mig-21's,
equipped with air-to-air missiles.
The Cuban army totals about 90,000, and
there is a strong militia of 200,000 men and
women. It Is organized only at battalion
level, and equipped with light and heavy
mortars, some light tanks, self-propelled ar-
tillery and light antiaircraft guns suitable
for low-flying aircraft. The Cuban Air
Force appears to have Mig-17's and Mig-19's
and a small number of IL-28s.
The navy has 4 old cruisers and perhaps
25 modern Soviet torpedo boats.
PART II: THE WESTERN ALLIANCES
Strategic nuclear forces
Both the United States and the United
Kingdom maintain substantial forces specif-
ically designed for strategic nuclear retali-
ation. France is creating a striking force for
the same purpose.
(1) U.S. air and a missile power: the
U.S. strategic retaliatory forces are ex-
pected to deter war with the Soviet Union by
an ability to destroy Soviet warmaking po-
tential, including nuclear strike forces, mili-
tary installations, and urban society itself.
Strategic Air Power
The present force of about 1,300 strategic
bombers in the Strategic Air Command will
be reduced to about 700 in the next 2
years if the plans to phase out some 600 B-47
bombers are carried through. No new stra-
tegic bombers are on order. The main ele-
ment of the bomber force is 630 interconti-
ental B-52's organized into 14 wings based
on the continental United States. These
aircraft carry a heavy and varied bomb load,
The B-52G series are equipped with two
Hound Dog air-launched missiles. There
have been suggestions that both these and
the B-52H series would be adjusted to carry
four Hound Dogs. The B-52H bombers were
designed as the platform for the skybolt air-
borne ballistic missile which was canceled
in late 1962. Quail decoy missiles are carried
by B-52's. There are two wings of the B-58
Hustler supersonic medium bombers in
frontline service. Plans to procure large
numbers of these aircraft have been dropped.
The fleet of 600 KC-135 tankers for refuel-
ing bombers in flight is being enlarged for
supporting the B-52 and B-58 bombers in
the 1965-68 period. These tankers also sup-
port tactical aircraft.
Strategic Missiles
All 13 planned Atlas squadrons are in
place. Of the total of 126 missiles, 60 are on
hardened sites. Some of the 66 soft-based
missiles are to be phased out, though the
dates have not been decided. All but a few
of the 108 Titan missiles are deployed on
hardened bases and this buildup is due to
be completed by the end of 1963. Minute-
man solid-fuel missiles which can be fired
from underground are being ordered in large
numbers, with 800 due to be in place by the
middle of 1965. Funds have been voted for
a total of 950. About 180 Minuteman mis-
siles are now in place and this force is being
increased at a rate of 20 a month.
Ten nuclear submarines each with 16
Polaris missiles are in commission. Eight
more are due to enter service before mid-
1964. The first 5 carry the Polaris A-1 mis-
sile, the 6th to the 18th the Polaris A-2 and
the balance of the planned fleet of 41 will
carry the Polaris A-3. The 5 submarines
equipped with the Regulus missile (a total
of 17 missiles) are being phased out,
Command and Control
The command and control system of the
Strategic Air Command is now part of the
Strategic Retaliatory Forces program. Fifty
percent of the manned bomber force is
maintained on a 15-minute ground alert. A
fleet of specially equipped KC-135 command
post aircraft has been acquired and B-47's
have been converted for communications
relay. This airborne element of the postat-
tack command and control system is already
in operation and the system will be com-
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pleted by mid-1964. To give the long en-
durance which this airborne system cannot
achieve, a deep underground support center
Is being created.
(2) British airpower: The medium bomber
squadrons of Royal Air, Force Bomber
Command consist of Vulcan and Victor
bombers, Mark i and Mark 2. This force of
about 180 aircraft is equipped with thermo-
nuclear weapons In the megaton range; and
the later quarks of aircraft are equipped with
the Blue Steel air-launched missile. Target-
ing for general war has for some years been
done jointly with the tT.8. Strategic Air Com-
mand. The force has now been assigned to
the European command of NATO. A force
of all-weather Valiant bombers, armed with
both nuclear and conventional weapons, was
already committed to Allied Command
Europe. Bomber Command keeps a propor-
tion of its aircraft on ground alert.
(3) French air power: The first of 50
Mirage IV supersonic light bombers appears
to have entered service in October 1963. They
are being equipped with medium-yield atomic
bombs (probably about 60 kilotons). The
force Is being given strategic striking range
by the purchase of 12 KC-135 tankers from
the United States which will be delivered at
the end of 1963. A Commandement AErien
Stratkgique has been formed and targeting is
the responsibility of a committeeof the Sec-
retariat de is Defense Nationale. The Gov-
ernment is constructing a permanent com-
mand post; and the operations center of the
Strategic Air Force is also being made a hard-
ened Installation. It is planned to put 30
percent of the available aircraft on a 5-min-
ute alert status. Training flights will, as far
as possible, be done with weapons.
(4) Seapower: The United States at pres-
ent maintains 15 attack carriers In commis-
sion, nine of them of the Forrestal class.
The U.B. Navy has a large inventory of air-
craft with a nuclear capability of the order
of 1,000 planes or more. These include the
subsonic A -4C Skyhawk, a newer version, the
A- 4E, a smaller number of A-3D Skywarriors,
and the supersonic A-5 Vigilante. However,
the nuclear retaliatory functions of the car-
rier are passing to the Polaris force, and it is
probable that the attack carrier force will be
reduced to 12 ships and its limited war role
given high priority.
The Royal Navy maintains four carriers for
which there will be three squadrons of Buc-
caneer aircraft capable of delivering a therm-
onuclear bomb, by the end of 1963. The
French, Netherlands, and Canadian carriers
do not have a nuclear capability.
North American air defense
This has been conducted for 6 years by a
joint Canadian-American command, Norad,
at Colorado Springs. Its function is the de-
fense of the continent against manned
bomber attack, and the alerting of SAC and
other retaliatory forces in the case of a mis-
sile attack.
Norad's air defenses consist of about 1.500
fighters, the F-101, the CF-101, F-102, F-104,
and F-106, about one third of which are
manned by the National Guard. One-third
of this force Is maintained on 15-minute
ground alert. Its missiles include 180 Bo-
mare A (250-mllo range) and about 170 Be-
mare B (440-mile range). The Canadian
Government has now agreed to create stock-
piles of nuclear warheads for Bomares and
CF-101's based in Canada. In addition there
are 180 Nike batteries around the major cities
and industrial targets of the United States;
the Nike-Hercules can carry a nuclear war-
head and is said to have a slant range of
75 miles; the older nonnuclear Nike-Ajax Is
being phased out by the middle of 1964.
Norad's warning system stretches half-
way across the Northern Hemisphere. Its
central components are: (a) three lines of
radar stations across northern and central
Canada, which are extended by air and sea-
borne radar pickets into the mid-Pacific and
the eastern Atlantic; (b) a space detection
and tracking system (spadats) which
keeps an inventory of all objects in space
and extends warning to the southern quarter
of Northern America; (c) the ballistic mis-
sile early warning system (BMEWS) which
is designed to provide 15 minutes warning
of missiles on the United States. There Is
one station in Alaska, one in Greenland, and
one in Yorkshire; and (d) a bomb alarm
system which would automatically provide
data on nuclear explosions resulting from an
attack on North American targets.
No decision has been taken to Install an
antimissile defense system though about
$500 million a year is spent on the study
of alternative systems.
Strategic Army reserves
The deepening nuclear stalemate between
the great powers has given a strategic sig-
nificance to mobile ground forces. The
United States has a Strategic Army Corps of
three divisions (two airborne, one infantry)
with headquarters in North Carolina. This
is under joint Army-Air Force command, and
one division is maintained in a high state of
readiness. The British strategic reserve con-
sists of one division of two Infantry brigades
and one paratroop brigade based in southern
England, France Is developing a "force
d'intervention" of one division. Canada has
one brigade designed forsuch a role.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
There are three major military commands
In NATO-those of Europe, the Atlantic, and
the Channel, respectively. Of these only Al-
lied Command Europe has national forces
assigned to its operational control In peace-
time. However, all three commands include
earmarked forces-forces which member
countries have agreed to place at the disposal
of the commanders In the event of war.
Other forces remain under national control
either to insure the defense of the national
territories or to meet commitments outside
the NATO area.
The number of tactical nuclear weapons
deployed in Western Europe has increased
by 60 percent in the last 2 years. The
principal army weapons involved are Honest
John at brigade or divisional levels and
Corporal and Redstone at corps or army
levels. The United States is the only NATO
country which has produced any nuclear
warheads appropriate for operational ground
based missiles and she retains control over
them even when the missiles themselves are
operated by other national forces. Under
the "double-key" arrangements, which is be-
Ing reinforced by a "permissive link" or elec-
tronic lock, the nuclear warheads can only be
fired by the mutual agreement of the United
States and the host country. During 1963
Pershing and Sergeant have started to replace
Redstone and Corporal, respectively, in the
U. 7th Army. Pershing will be acquired also
by the Bundeswehr. The 7th Army has
introduced Davy Crockett mortars, which can
throw a nuclear or high explosive shell 2,000-
4,000 yards, down to the level of armored
reconnaissance companies but it appears that
nuclear warheads are retained at a higher
echelon. There are about 25 of these mor-
tars Ineach of the 7th Army divisions.
The NATO Infrastructure program in
Europe has been responsible for the develop-
ment of 220 standard NATO airfields capable
of an-weather operation of all types of air-
craft. They constitute the chief bases for
the 5,500 or so tactical aircraft belonging
to the air forces In Europe of the NATO
powers. Other major Infrastructure achieve-
ments include the building of 5.300 miles
of fuel pipelines together with storage tanks
for 160,000 tons and the construction of 27;
000 miles of communications and signals
networks.
Certain pieces of equipment have been
designated as standard for NATO although
this does not mean that they have been,
or are intended to be. introduced into all
national forces. The major weapons systems
concerned Include the F-104G Starfighter
and Fiat G--97 fighters, the Breguet 1150
Atlantique maritime patrol aircraft, the
Hawk ground-to-air missile launcher, the
Bulipup guided bomb, the Sidewinder air-to-
air missile, and the MK 44 homing torpedo.
F-1040's are being produced jointly by Bel-
guim, Germany. Italy. and the Netherlands.
Germany is to receive 700 of the total, Italy
125, the Netherlands 120, and Belgium the
remainder. Over 250 F-104's have now been
delivered under this program. Other multi-
lateral programs include one for enough
Hawks to equip 22 battalions on the cen-
tral front. Nine nations have been pro-
ducing Sidewinders since 1961. Early in
1904 Bullpups being manufactured jointly by
Britain, Norway, Denmark. and Turkey will
start entering service. Later in 1984 the first
Breguet Atlantiques, will enter service.
1. Allied Command Europe
This has its headquarters near Paris and
it covers the land area extending from the
North Cape to the eastern border of Turkey
excluding the United Kingdom, the ground
defense of which is a national responsibility,
and Portugal which falls under Allied Com-
mand Atlantic. It also includes Danish and
Norwegian coastal waters.
Following a decision taken at the NATO
Council meeting in May 1963, a deputy to
the supreme commander (a Belgian gen-
eral) has been appointed with special re-
sponsibility for nuclear planning. At the
same time the United States assigned three
Polaris submarines to the supreme com-
mander and Britain her V-bomber force.
The following field commands are sub-
ordinate to Allied Command Europe:
(a) Allied Forces Central Europe has its
headquarters In Fontainebleau and com-
prises 28 divisions I (out of a proposed 30)
assigned to the Supreme Commander as
follows:
Germany ----------------------------- 10
United States------------------------- 6
United Kingdom---------------------- 21/a
France-------------------------------- 2
Belgium------------------------------- 2
Netherlands--------------------------- 2
Canada brigade group---------------- 1
The tactical air forces available include
some 3,500 aircraft of which 500 or more
are American fighter-bombers, a smaller
number of British Canberras and Valiants,
and F-1040 and CF-104G of several air forces
have a nuclear capability and the range to
cover important sections of Western Russia.
An integrated early-warning and air defense
system has been developed for Britain, West
Germany, the Low Countries, and Northeast
France.
The command is subdivided into North-
ern Army Group and Central Army Group.
Northern Army Group Is responsible for
the defense of the sector north of-roughly
speaking-the G6ttingen-Liege axis. It In-
cludes the British and Benelux divisions,
3 of the German divisions, and the Canadian
brigade. It is supported by 2d Allied Tacti-
cal Air Force which Is composed of British,
Dutch, Belgian, and German units. Other
land forces are under CENTAG and other
air forces under the corresponding air com-
mand-4th ATAF.
So far seven countries have committed
one or more reinforced infantry battalions
to form a mobile task force. It Is Intended
that this group should have nuclear weap-
ons and organic air and sea transport. It
is to serve as a mobile reserve for NATO
as a whole.
Central Europe is taken to include the
Heligoland Bight and so the command would
control the German North Seas Fleet and
part of the Dutch Navy in the event of war.
(b) Allied Forces northern Europe has its
headquarters at Kolsaas, In Norway and is
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F sponsible for the defense of Norway, Den-
mark, Schleswig-Holstein, and the Baltic ap-
proaches. All the Danish and Norwegian
land, sea, and tactical air forces are ear-
marked to it. The Germans have assigned
one division, two combat air wings, and their
Baltic Navy.
(c) Allied Forces southern Europe has its
headquarters in Naples and is responsible
for the defense of Italy, Greece, and Turkey.
The forces assigned include 14 divisions from
Turkey, 8 from Greece, and 7 from Italy, as
well as the tactical air forces of these coun-
tries which comprise some 1,000 warplanes.
Various other divisions have been earmarked
for AFSOUTH and so has theU.S.6th Fleet
which would become Striking Force South If
NATO became involved in war.
(d) Allied Forces Mediterranean has its
headquarters in Malta and is primarily re-
sponsible for safeguarding communications
in the Mediterranean and territorial waters
of the Black Sea and for protecting the
Sixth Fleet. The national fleets and mari-
time air forces of Italy, Greece, and Turkey,
together with the British Mediterranean
Fleet, are assigned to or earmarked for this
command.
2. Allied Command Atlantic
This has had its headquarters at No
. Va. The duties of. Supreme Allied Com-
mand Atlantic in in the event of war are (a)
to participate in the strategic strike and
(b) to protect sea communications from at-
tack from submarines and aircraft. For
these purposes the eight NATO naval powers
.which border on the Atlantic have ear-
marked forces for exercises and, if need be,
for war. Saclant is responsible for the
North Atlantic area north of the Tropic of
Cancer including the northern North Sea.
Three subordinate commands have been es-
tablished-Western Atlantic area, Eastern
Atlantic area, and striking force Atlantic.
The nucleus of the NATO striking force is
provided by the U.S. Second Fleet with its
two or three attack carriers.
There are probably about 450 escort ves-
sels serving in the navies of the nations
concerned of which a high proportion are
wholly or partly designed for antisubmarine
work.' About 250 of these are normally serv-
ing outside the Atlantic area. Most NATO
navies are equipping and training their sub-
marine forces primarily for ASW and well
over 150 boats are potentially available in the
Atlantic for such duties. The 8 nations In
Allied Command Atlantic also have about
375 long-range land-based maritime patrol
planes in operation, a large majority of which
are stationed on or near Atlantic coasts.
Furthermore, the U.S, Navy alone has over
1,000 carrier-borne specialist antisubmarine
fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters of which
about half are embarked at any one time.
Another 300 or so are serving in the other
? navies concerned. The overall total that
could be quickly operational from carriers
out on Atlantic sea stations is probably
around 400.
All these estimates include units ear-
marked for Channel Command.
3. The Channel Command
The role of Channel Command is to exer-
cise maritime control of the English Channel
and the southern North Sea. Many of the
smaller warships of Belgium, France, the
Netherlands, and the United Kingdom are
earmarked for this command as are some
maritime aircraft.
NATIONAL FORCES
$ELGIUM.
General: Population: 9,260,000. Length of
military service: 12 months. Total armed
forces: 110,000 (34 percent conscripts). De-
fense budget: $444 million.
Army: Total strength: 85,000; 2 infantry
divisions with M-47 tanks; 2 reserve divi-
sions; 1 paracommando regiment. The active
divisions are NATO assigned and the reserve
ones are earmarked for NATO.
Navy: Total strength: 5,000; 4 escorts, 47
minesweepers.
Air Force: Total strength: 19,000; 2 F-
104G squadrons, 4 F-84F fighter-bomber
squadrons, 1 transport wing with 35 C-
119G's, 4 Nike Ajax/Hercules batteries are lo-
cated in Germany. All the Air Force and
naval units are NATO assigned.
CANADA
General: Population: 18,930,000. Military
service: voluntary. Total forces: 124,000.
Defense budget: $1,480 million.
Army: Total strength: 50,000. In Canada:
three infantry brigade groups, two of these
are earmarked for NATO, the third forms
the Defense of Canada Force, one battalion
is available for U.N. service. In Europe: 1
Canadian infantry bridgade group; 50,000
militia.
Navy: Total strength: 22,000. One aircraft
carrier with one squadron of Tracker aircraft
and one squadron of helicopters; 26 destroy-
ers, 17 frigates, 10 minesweepers, 4 sub-
marines (3 on loan from United Kingdom),
4 squadrons of shore-based aircraft.
Air Force: Total strength: 52,000. Europe:
One air division of 8 squadrons in France
and Germany. The 8 squadrons are to be
equipped with 200 CF-104 Super Starfighter
aircraft by the end of 1963. North American
Air Defense: 5 squadrons of CF-101B Voodoo
aircraft, 2 Bomarc B squadrons. Coastal air-
craft: 3 Argue squadrons on the east coast.
(NATO earmarked) ; one Neptune squadron
on the west coast; 800 Army and 80 RCAF
personnel in UNEF Middle East. 280 Army
and 24 RCAF in the Congo.
DENMARK
General: Population: 4,690,000. Length of
military service: 14 months in Navy, 16
months (24 months for NCO's) in the Army
and Air Force. The standard period is to be
reduced to 14 months In the Air Force and
parts of the Army in 1964. Total armed
forces: 49,000. Defense budget: $225 million.
The Danish forces are earmarked for NATO.
Army: Strength: 33,600 (76 percent con-
script); 2% armored infantry brigades each
with 6,000 men in 5 battalions including one
tank battalion with Centurions; 2 Honest
John battalions (with high explosive war-
heads only) ; 4 reservist armored infantry
brigades; 56,000 Army Home Guards for local
defense.
Navy: Strength: 7,000 (75 percent con-
script); 18 escorts, 3 submarines, 12 mine-
sweepers, 20 other ships.
Air Force: Strength: 8,400 (75 percent con-
script) ; 3 F-100's, 3 F-86's and 1 Hunter
squadron with C-47's and C-54's, 1 air/sea
rescue squadron with helicopters and am-
phibians, 1 RF-84F tactical reconnaissance
squadron, 1 Nike Ajax and Nike Hercules
battalion. In the autumn of 1964, 29
F-104G's are scheduled to be delivered.
FRANCE
General: Population: 48,100,000. Length
of military service: 18 months. Total' armed
forces: 636,000. Defense Budget: $4,062,000,-
000.
Army: Total strength: 430,000. In terms
of command organization, the French Army
is organized on two separate lines: The forces
de manoeuvre, which are divided into the
forces under national command stationed In
France, the forces assigned to NATO, and
the land component of the French strategic
reserve, the forces d'intervention. The forces
du territoire which are organized at local
brigade or regimental level. In terms of
divisions, the organization is 3 light divisions
of 3 brigades each, which will be fully
equipped in 1965. They will receive the new
AMX light tank. One airborne/marine divis-
ion. Two divisions in Germany, one me-
chanized and one armored. They are
equipped with Honest John launchers. Over
2,000 French troops are stationed in Berlin.
There are still 60,000 troops in Algeria.
Withdrawal from Bizerta is almost complete.
Navy: Total strength: 76,000; two 22,000
ton aircraft carriers, one 10,000 ton carrier,
one 10,000 ton helicopter carrier, two cruisers.
one experimental guided missile ship, 72 es-
corts, 24 submarines, of which 6 are ocean-
going, 210 other ships.
The greater part of the French fleet will
be transferred from its Mediterranean sta-
tion to the North Atlantic over the next 18
months. The Mediterranean squadron at
present comprises some 40 ships, including
3 aircraft carriers.
Naval Aviation includes 4 fighter squad-
rons with 80 Etendard IV aircraft, 3 AlizB
ASW squadrons, 5 Neptune maritime recon-
naissance squadrons, and 3 helicopter squad-
rons. Deliveries of 26 F-8E Crusaders are
due to begin in 1964.
Air Force: Total strength: 125,000. (a)
Strategic Air Command (see p. 12); (b) Air
Defense Command: 9 Super Mystcre
squadrons, 3 Vautour squadrons; (c) 1st
Tactical Air Force (1st CATAC), has 450 com-
bat aircraft assigned to the 4th Allied Tacti-
cal Air Force. They Include 9 F-84F squad-
rons that will start to convert to Mirage III
E's in 1964, 6 F-100D squadrons, 6 Mirage
III C squadrons, 3 Mystore IV A squadrons,
3 RP-84 F squadrons that will convert to
Miracle IIIR in 1964, 2 Nike-Ajax and Nike-
Hercules brigades in Germany.
GERMANY
General: Population: 55,000,000. Length
of military service: 18 months plus 9 months
reserve full-time training liability up to the
age of 45. Total armed forces: 404,000 (160,-
000 conscripts). All except the territorial
force are NATO assigned. Defense budget:
$4,607,000,000.
Army: Total strength: 256,000, plus a ter-
ritorial force of 27,000 held for rear area du-
ties; 7 armored infantry divisions, 3 ar-
mored divisions, 1 mountain division, 1 air-
borne division. One of the divisions is not
yet completed. The battle tank force con-
tains about 1,500 M-47's and 1,000 M-48's.
Navy: Total strength: 28,000. Naval air
wing; 68 Sea Hawks and 15 Gannets, 42 es-
corts, 62 minesweepers, 18 submarines, 69
light coastal units, 9 amphibious warfare
craft, 50 other ships.
Air Force: Total strength: 92,000; 4 Sabre
fighter wings, 2 F-104G fighter-bomber wings,
4 F-84F fighter-bomber wings (to convert to
F-104G's in 1964), 4 F-104G and Fiat-G91 R
reconnaissance wings, 3 Noratlas transport
wings, 6 Nike-Hercules battalions.
GREECE
General: Population: 8,500,000. Length of
military service'. 18 to 24 months. Total
armed forces: 160,000. Defense budget: $167
million.
Army: Total strength: 120,000; 11 infantry
divisions of which 3 are kept close to full
strength in peacetime, 1 armored division
with M-47 tanks, 8 divisions are NATO as-
signed. Some Honest John batteries are in
service.
Navy: Total strength: 19,000; 14 escorts, 2
submarines, 6 minesweepers, 15 light coastal
units, 29 amphibious warfare craft.
Air Force: Total strength: 22,000; 3 F-84F
fighter-bomber squadrons, 3 F-86 fighter
squadrons, 1 RF-84F photoreconnaissance
squadron. Over the next 2 years about 40
F-104G Starfighters and some Northrop
F-5A's are to be procured. Nike-Ajax and
Nike-Hercules batteries.
ITALY
General: Population: 50,270,000. Length
of military service: 18 months for the Army
and Air Force, 24 months for the Navy.
Total armed forces: 470,000. Defense budg-
et: $1,510 million.
Army: Total strength: 380,000 (including
80,000 carabinieri) ; 5 infantry divisions with
M-47 tanks, 2 armored divisions with M-47
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tanks, 5 alpine brigades, 5 Independent In-
fantry brigades, 1 independent cavalry bri-
gade with M-47 tanks, 1 parachute brigade
(7 of the divisions and some of the Independ-
ent brigades are assigned to NATO).
Navy: Total strength: 40,000; 2 cruisers.
62 escorts, 6 submarines, 74 minesweepers,
14 light coastal units, 72 other ships.
Air Force: Total strength: 60,000. (a)
Assigned to 5th Allied Tactical Air Force: 8
F-1040 strike squadrons, 2 F-88E day fighter
squadrons. 4 F-84F fighter-bomber fighter
squadrons, 2 G-91 fighter-bomber squadrons,
3 F-86K all-weather lighter squadrons. 2
RF-84P photoreconnaissance squadrons, 2
C-1190 transport squadrons. 3 Nike-Ajax
and Nike-Hercules squadrons, (b) Under
national command: 3 F-88E day fighter
squadrons, 3 SA-16A air-sea rescue squad-
rons, 3 Tracker antisubmarine squadrons.
LUXEMBORG
General: Population: 323,000. Length of
military service: 9 months; defense budget:
$7,000,000.
Army: Total strength: 5,500. An infantry
brigade would be available to NATO after
mobilization.
NETHERLANDS
General: Population: 12,000,000. Length
of military service: 20-24 months, plus 16
years reserve liability; total armed forces:
141,000; defense budget: $818,000,000.
Army: Total strength: 98,000. 2 mecha-
nized divisions assigned to NATO. 1 infan-
try division, 3 infantry brigades and army
corps troops to be formed by call-up of re-
servists earmarked for NATO. 8 active and
2 reservist tank battalions are organic to
the above formations. They have a total of
600 Centurion tanks. Honest John units are
In service.
Navy: Total strength: 22,000, including
8,000 marines; 1 16,000-ton carrier, 2 cruisers,
27 escorts, 5 submarines, 68 minesweepers.
2 amphibious warfare craft. Naval aviation
includes: 1 Sea Hawk strike squadron, 4 ASW
squadrons equipped with P-2H Neptune and
S-2F Trackers, 2 helicopter squadrons.
Air Force: Total strength: 21,000. (a) As-
signed to 2d Allied Tactical Air Force: 4
F-84F fighter-bomber squadrons; 1 RF-84F
photo reconnaissance squadron; two of the
fighter-bomber squadrons will be equipped
with F-1040's by late 1964. (b) Under na-
tional command: 4 fighter squadrons with
Hunters and F-86K'e. By 1965 two of these
will have been reequipped with P-1040's and
the others disbanded. The 8 Nike-Ajax and
Nike-Hercules squadrons will Increase to 8
in the near future; 12 Hawk squadrons are
soon to be established; 1 transport squadron.
NORWAY
General: Population: 3,870,000. Length of
military service: 18 months for the Army. 18
months for the Navy and Air Force, Total
armed forces; 36,000. Defense budget:
$197,000,000.
Army: Total strength: 18,000. Two active
brigades of which one is in Arctic Norway.
This brigade has an Honest John battery at-
tached with high explosive warheads, but
this is soon to be disbanded. These brigades
have M-24 light tanks. Mobilization would
produce 10 reservist brigades plus support-
ing units. This force would total 75,000.
Local defense and home guard forces are
100,000 strong.
Navy: Total strength: 8,000 including 2,500
coast artillery, 8 escorts, 7 submarines, 11
minesweepers, 11 other ships.
Air force: Total strength: 10,000; 4 F-86P
squadrons, one of which is now converting to
F-104G's; 3 F-86K squadrons; 1 RF-84 photo
reconnaissance squadron; 2 HU-18 Albatross
maritime patrol squadrons; 1 C-119 and C-47
transport squadrons; 4 Nike Ajax and Nike
Hercules sites are located around Oslo.
PORTUGAL
General: Population: 9,200,000. Length of
military service: 18 to 25 months for the
army, 38 for the air force, 48 for the navy.
Total armed forces: 102,000. Defense budget:
$176 million.
Army: Strength: 80,000 plus 14,000 African
troops. Half the Europeans are conscripts.
About 40,000 European and 7.000 African
troops are serving in Angola; 16,000 European
troops are serving In Mozambique and 6,000
In Guinea.
Navy: Total strength: 9,700 plus 500 ma-
rines; 14 escorts; 3 submarines; 18 mine-
sweepers; 43 light coastal units; 11 other
ships.
Air force: Total strength: 12.500 Including
8.500 parachute troops; 300 aircraft Including
2 squadrons of F-86F Sabres, and I recon-
naissance squadron of P-2V Neptunes. The
Neptune squadron Is NATO assigned.
TURKEY
General: Population: 29.500,000; length
of military service: 2 years for the army and
air force; 3 years for the navy; total armed
forces; 462.000; defense budget: $235 million.
Army: Total strength: 400,000; 16 divisions
most of which have 5 brigades: 14 with Hon-
est Johns are NATO assigned, 6 armored
brigades with M-47 tanks, 2 independent
parachute battalions. Nike-Ajax and Her-
cules units are deployed. There are 2,500,000
reservists.
Navy: Total strength: 82,000; 18 escorts,
29 minesweepers, 10 submarines, 27 other
ships,
Air Force: Total strength: 20,000: i F-
104 0 fighter-bomber squadron, 10 P-100
fighter-bomber squadrons, 4 F-86 interceptor
squadrons, 1 RP-84F photographic reconnais-
sance squadron (all these are NATO as-
signed), I C-47 and C-54 transport wing.
UNITED KINGDOM
General: Population: 53;800,000, voluntary
military service. Total armed forces: 429:
000: defense budget: $5,140,000,000.
Army: Total strength: 189,000 (of which
14,000 are Gurkhas); the army Is organized
into 68 battalions, of which 57 are British
infantry battalions, 3 are parachute bat-
talions, and 8 are Gurkha Infantry battal-
lions; 22 armored regiments, of which the
normal distribution is 14 tank regiments and
8 armored car regiments; 81 artillery regi-
ments; and engineer and signal regiments.
About 80.000 men are maintained In the
United Kingdom, Including the Strategic Re-
serve of 2 Infantry brigades and a parachute
brigade. The British Army of the Rhine,
based in Germany. has about 53,000 men. It
is being reorganized Into 3 divisions, each
of 2 brigades, which could reach their full
wartime establishment with the use of re-
serves from the Territorial Army and Army
Emergency Reserve. Air defense is provided
by the Thunderbird surface-to-air guided
weapons- Some artillery regiments have a
nuclear capacity with the Corporal and
Honest John missiles and 8-inch howitzers.
These are being supplemented by the 175-
mm. American medium gun.
i British brigade Is maintained in Kenya
as a theater strategic reserve and British,
Australian, and New Zealand troops to-
gether form a Commonwealth brigade In
Malaysia. Other garrisons Include 3,000 men
in Berlin. 6,000 men In Borneo. and troops In
Hong Kong, Aden, Libya, Cyprus, Malta, Gi-
braltar, and the Caribbean.
There are 157.208 men In the Territorial
Army and 122,238 In the Army Emergency
Reserve.
Navy: Total strength: 96.000; ships in the
operational fleet and on trials and training
include: 4 aircraft carriers, 2 commando car-
riers, 3 cruisers, 4 guided-missile destroyers,
13 other destroyers, 52 frigates, 1 nuclear
submarine, 35 conventional submarines, 82
minesweepers, 4 landing ships, 4 landiil;
craft, 89 fleet support and other ships.
In addition, 263 ships (including one air-
craft carrier, 4 cruisers, 58 destroyers and
frigates, 18 submarines, and 119 minesweep-
ers) are In reserve or undergoing major mod-
ernization.
The Fleet Air Arm has a nuclear strike
capacity with Bucaneer bombers and Scimi-
tar fighter-bombers. The air defense of the
fleet Is carried out by County class destroyers
with the Sea Slug and Seacat guided weap-
ons, Sea Vixen Interceptors armed with Fire-
streak, and Scimitars armed with Sidewinder.
Wessex and Wirlwlnd helicopters serve in
both the antlsumbarine and the commando-
carrying role.
The Royal Marines are organized into 5
commandos of 600 men each.
There are 11,589 men In the naval and
marine reserves.
Air Force: Total strength: 138,000.
(a) Bomber Command: we page 12.
(b) Fighter Command Is equipped with
Lightning interceptors armed with Fire-
streak air-to-air guided weapons and with
Bloodhound surface-to-air guided weapons.
Deployment of the air transportable Blood-
hound 2 Is beginning.
(o) Coastal Command is equipped with
Shackleton long-range reconnaissance and
antisubmarine aircraft.
(d) Trans art Command has 23 Britannia
and 10 Comet airliners for strategic airlift.
In addition, It Is acquiring 11 long-range jet
VC-10's for passengers and freight and 10
long-range Belfasts for heavy equipment.
Two medium-range Argosy freighter squad-
rons have been built up in Britain. I in the
Middle East and I In the Far East. Short-
range transport squadrons in Britain and
Germany are being steadily increased and
there is a steady rise In the numbers of heli-
copters.
(e) RAP Germany Is equipped with Can-
berras for nuclear and conventional interdic-
tion and for photographic reconnaissance.
Javelin interceptors armed with Firestreak
have taken over the all-weather fighter role
of the command. -
(f) RAF Near East In Cyprus is equipped
with Canberra bombers in support of LENTO
and Canberra and Shackleton reconnaissance
aircraft. RAF Middle East in Aden is equip-
ped with Shackletona and Hunter fighter/
ground attack aircraft. RAP Far East Is
equipped with Shackletons, Canberras, Belve-
dere helicopters, and Hunter FGA's.
UN rED BTATE9
General: Population: 189.440,000. Length
of military service: selective service for 2
years. Total Armed Forces: 2,700,000. De-
fense budget: The administration requested
$52,400 million for the period mid-1963-64.
This Includes military aid and certain proj-
ects on which funds would not necessarily
be spent during that period. It appears prob-
able that the amount voted by Congress for
current expenditure will be $47,280 million.
Army: Total strength: 975,000.
The Army is organized into 16 divisions-
5 mechanized, 6 Infantry, 3 armored, and
2 airborne. The divisions have now been
reorganized from their pentomic systems
designed for nuclear war to the RCA Dsys-
tem, which with a three-brigade structure Is
adapted to frontal conventional war. New
units are now being created to study the
possibilities of substantially Increased air
mobility for troops. Tests of the costs and
military effectiveness of two types of unit
are being carried out., (1) air assault divi-
sions equipped with 480 aircraft (including
helicopters) with air transportable weap-
ons; and (2) air cavalry brigades for flank-
ing or rear attacks on an enemy In heli-
copters using large numbers of antitank
weapons.
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ii The Seventh Army, with 240,000 men, is
stationed in Germany and 3 divisions are
maintained in the Far East. The Seventh
Army is organized into 3 mechanized and
$ armored divisions, , Reequipment ? with
the M-60 tank should be completed late in
1964. This tank, with its 105-millimeter gun,
is considered necessary only in Europe; for-
mations in other areas will continue with
the M-48 tank (90 mm. gun) until the new
main battle tank is developed. New solid-
fuel bombardment missiles are, being de-
ployed in Europe. Redstone is being re-
placed by Pershing and Corporal by Sergeant.
In addition, the tactical nuclear weapons
available include substantial numbers of
Davy Crockett mortars and Little John,
Honest John, and Lacrosse missiles. Large
numbers of Hawk, and Nike-Hercules anti-
aircraft guided weapons are deployed with
the Army and production orders have been
placed for the light mobile Mauler air-
defense missiles; 6,000 men are in Berlin.
The Special Forces, the Army's specialized
troops for counterinsurgency operations, are
being reorganized. The force structure is
being increased from four to six groups with
a total strength of 5,600 men.
The Army Reserve contains 274,500 men
and the Army National Guard 375,500. They
will provide: (1) 6 divisions, 11 brigades, and
the units needed to r ound out the Active
Army within 8 weeks of mobilization; (2)
two theater reinforcement divisions for
Alaska and Panama with 4 to 12 weeks readi-
ness; (3) 21 divisions and, other nondivi-
slonal units to be ready within 24 to 36
weeks.
Navy: Total strength: 665,000.
The general purpose fleet is 836 ships (for
fleet ballistic missile submarines, see p. ii) .
It is divided into four fleets: the let in the
Eastern Pacific, the 2d in the Atlantic, the
6th in the Mediterranean and the 7th in the
Western Pacific. The 6th and 7th Fleets are
each built around 3 aircraft carriers.
The ships of the Active Fleet are approxi-
mately as follows: 15 attack aircraft carriers,
11 support aircraft carriers, 3 command
ships, 12 guided missile cruisers, 8 light and
heavy cruisers, 240 escorts, 19 nuclear-
powered submarines, 88 conventional sub-
marines,
In addition, there are over 400 escorts and
about 16 cruisers in reserve. , The Active
Fleet and Reserves include about. 250 am-
phibious ships, 220 minesweepers, and 870
service, patrol, and other craft.
The Navy has approximately 7,000 aircraft
in its inventory. In the interceptor role, the
F-B Crusader is being built up in numbers
and will later be replaced by the F-4B Phan-
tom. In the attack role, the Navy is acquir-
ing A-4E Skyhawk light aircraft for close
support and the A-6A Intruder for all-
weather low-level strike, Both aircraft are
subsonic and able to carry either nuclear
or conventional weapons. The supersonic
A-5C Vigilantes now in service are being
modified to a dual attack and reconnais-
sance role.. A carrier-based long-range search
aircraft, the S-2E, is being put into service
and rising numbers of the SH-3A antisub-
marine helicopter.
The manpower strength of the Naval Re-
serve is 126,000. A force of 40 antisubmarine
destroyers and escorts and 12 mine warfare
vessels is kept ready at sea at all times.
About 700 ships are maintained in the
"mothball" fleet.
Marine Corps: The Marine Corps main-
tains 190,000 men organized into 3 divisions
and 3 air wings. The Regular force also
maintains the nucleus of a 4th division/air
wing which can be formed in a few weeks
by calling up the Marine Corps Reserve. The
Reserve now stands at 45,500 men. It is
planned to expaid the aircraft strength of
the Marine Corps to give the air mobility
being considered for elements of the U.S.
Army. Like the Navy, the Marine Corps is
replacing its Crusader fighters (F8U) with
the Phantom 2 (F-4H). The reconnaissance
version of the Phantom (the RF-4B) will
give the corps day and night photographic
capability. Procurement of equipment is
going ahead in a quantity adequate to allow
all 4 divisions to stay in combat for a
substantial period of time and to allow two-
thirds of the 4 air wings to remain in
combat. Various types of chemical ammu-
nition are included in the buildup.
Air Force: Total strength: 865,000. Stra-
tegic Air Command: see page 11. Continen-
tal missile and air defense forces: see
Norad, page 12.
The General Purposes Forces of the Air
Force include bombers, fighter-bombers,
fighters, reconnaissance aircraft and missiles
with a tactical role. (The Strategic Air Com-
mand has taken over responsibility for the
air-refuelling of these squadrons.) It has
been decided to embark on a rapid modern-
ization of the 21-wing tactical fighter force.
This is now equipped with the F-84, F-1000,
F-104, and F-105 fighter-bombers as well as
B-57 tactical bombers. The modernization is
based on large orders for the F-4C Phantom
2 and later the F-111 (TFX). Reconnais-
sance squadrons, which are now based on the
RF-101 and RB-66, are being increased in
numbers and equipped with the RF-4C re
connaissance version of the Phantom. Air
defense for installations behind battle areas
is provided by the F-102 interceptor. 5 Mace
A bombardment missile squadrons are main-
tained in Europe on soft bases. One squad-
ron of the hardened Marc B missile is in
Europe and two are in Okinawa. Tactical
aircraft are being given protection against
non-nuclear attack by the construction of
earth-covered steel shelters.
The Air National Guard contains 72,000
men and about 500 aircraft organized into
19 fighter squadrons and 13 reconnaissance
squadrons. The re-equipment of the active
tactical fighter force will give the Guard a
substantial number of supersonic F-100,
F-101 and F-104 aircraft as well as increased
numbers of F-84's. The Air Force Reserve,
which provides units for supporting aircraft
dispersed to civilian airfields, contains 61,000
men.
CENTRAL TREATY ORGANIZATION
The members of CENTO are Pakistan, Iran,
Turkey (p. 20) and the United Kingdom
(p. 20). The United States is an associate
member, but is represented on the coordinat-
ing Council of military deputies and on the
economic and countersubversion commit-
tees. CENTO does not have an international
command structure nor are forces allocated
to it. The air striking power is supplied by
British Canberra bombers based on Cyprus,
and the U.S. Sixth Fleet.
IRAN
General: Population, 21,800,000. Length
of military service, 2 years. Total armed
forces, 208,000. Defense budget, $170 million.
Army: Total strength, 200,000 plus a gen-
darmerie of 30,000; 12 infantry divisions and
6 independent brigades, there are M-47, Sher-
man and T-34 tanks.
Navy: Total strength, 1,000; 2 escorts, 3
minesweepers, 5 other ships.
Air Force: Total strength, 7,000; 3 F-84G
fighter-bomber squadrons. These are ex-
pected to start converting to Northrop F-5's
in the course of 1964; 1 transport wing with
4 C-130B Hercules and some C-47's.
PAKISTAN
General: Population: 98,570,000. Volun-
tary military service. Total armed forces:
253,000. Defense budget: $240,000,000,
Army: Total strength: 230,000; 8 divisions
organized on ~ triangular basis and equipped
with Patton tanks, 250,000 lightly armed
militia and about 30,000 Azad Kashmir
troops.
19889
Navy: Total strength: 7,700; 7 escorts, 6
minesweepers.
Air Force: Total strength: 15,000; 260 air-
craft including 2 B-57 B light bombers
squadrons (these are a Canberra variant);
1 F-104 Starfighter squadron; 4 F-86F Sabre
squadrons,
SOUTHEAST TREATY ORGANIZATION
The members of SEATO are Australia,
France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philip-
pines, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the
United States. They are committed to build
up collective economic and military strength
and to consult with a view to joint defensive
action in the event of direct or indirect ag-
gression against a member or against the
protocol states of Laos, Cambodia, and South
Vietnam. The treaty area is the Southwest
Pacific theater south of 21?30' N. There is
no central command structure and forces
remain under national control. American
support for the treaty powers is exercised by
the 7th Fleet, based on Taiwan and the
Philippines, and American air and ground
forces based on Guam and Okinawa. The
28th Commonwealth Brigade (consisting of
British, Australian, and New Zealand forces)
plus supporting air units is based in Malaysia
as are British naval forces which would
operate in support of the treaty powers in
the event of war. France maintains no forces
in direct support of the alliance.
AUSTRALIA
General: Population: 11 million. Military
service: voluntary. Total armed forces:
50,700. Defense budget: $533 million.
Army: Total strength: 22,700. 1 infantry
battalion with artillery support in Malaysia,
1 tank regiment with 70 Centurion V's. Their
76 mm. guns are to be replaced by guns of
105 mm. caliber, 2 battle groups (large rein-
forced infantry battalions) becoming 3 over
the next 12 months, 1 Pacific Island Regiment
battalion. Others are being formed under a
5-year plan. There are 28,300 men in the
Citizen Military Forces organized in 8 battle
groups with armored car and Centurion
support.
Navy: Total strength: 12,000; 1 fleet carrier
(used for ASW), 1 carrier (fast transport), 8
escorts, 6 minesweepers, 5 other ships; 100
naval aircraft including: 1 Sea Venom all-
weather fighter squadron, 1 Gannet ASW
squardron, 1 helicopter squadron with 29
Wessex MK 31's.
Air Force: Total strength: 16,000; 4 F-86
fighter squadrons. These will convert to the
Mirage 1110 beginning in March 1964; 3 Can-
berra bomber squadrons, 2 Neptune maritime
reconnaissance squadrons, 3 transport squad-
rons with C-130 Hercules and C-47 Dakota,
18 Caribous will start entering service in
March 1964, 1 Bloodhound Mk 1 surface-to-
air missile squadron is in service.
NEW ZEALAND
General: Population: 2,550,000. Military
service: voluntary. (This is supplemented
by Selective National Service for 2,100 re-
cruits annually for the army territorial
force.) Total armed forces; 12,000. De-
fense budget: $87,000,000.
Army: Total strength: 5,000 regulars and
10,000 territorials; i regular brigade, includ-
ing a battalion in Malaysia.
Navy: Total strength: 2,900; 1 cruiser, 7
escorts, 4 minesweepers.
Air Force: Total strength: 4,100; 1 Can-
berra light bomber squadron, 1 Sunderland
maritime reconnaissance squadron, 3 trans-
port squadrons.
PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
General: Population: 27,500,000. Military
service: voluntary. Total armed forces:
30,000 plus a paramilitary national police.
Defense budget: $63,000,000.
Army: Total strength: 20,000; 1 active di-
vision, 3 cadre divisions. There is a reserve
of 100,00Q men.
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 Approved For Release 2005/02/10 : CIA-RDP66B00403R0002001600 Al at 20
19890 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- SENATE 9
Navy: Total strength: 4,000; 8 escorts, TABLE I.-Comparisons on defense expenditure
2 light coastal units, 2 minesweepers, 7 am-
phibious warfare ships, 10 other ships.
000. 3 F-86F
,
ce: Total strentgh: 6
F
r
or
Ai
day fighter squadrons, I F-86D all-weather
fighter squadron.
THAILAND
General: Population: 26,000,000. Length
of military service: 2 years. Total armed
forces: 134,000 plus 30,000 militarized police.
Defense budget: $10,000,000.
Army: Total strength: 80,000. 3 infantry
divisions (nominally with 3 brigades each)
and 1 composite division with armor.
Navy: Total strength: 18,000 plus 4,000
marines; 7 escorts, 1 minesweeper, 21 light
coastal units, 4 amphibious warfare craft,
11 other ships.
Air Force: 40 F-86P Sabres in a fighter-
bomber wing, 30 F-84G Thunderjets, T-8
and T-28 armed training aircraft are also in
service in close-support squadrons.
THE PROTOCOL STATES
SOUTH VIETNAM
Total armed forces: 218,000. Army: Total
strength: 200,000. The army is organized on
the basis of 4 Army Corps areas. The orga-
nization of antiguerrilla warfare is based
partly on the local forces in the "strategic
hamlets," partly on small units of the reg-
ular army. The greater part of the army is
now committed to antiguerrllla operations
and only a sma11 part is held in reserve.
The combat units are equipped with Ar-15
rifles, 105-millimeter guns, M-113-114
amphibious AFC's. They are supported by
UH-1A and other American helicopters.
There are 6 battalions of paratroops.
There are about 8,000 special security
troops under separate command, responsible
for political security.
The American military advisers in South
Vietnam total some 12,000. About one-third
of these are actively engaged. Some Ameri-
can officers are In direct command of Viet-
namese Rangers recruited from the ethnic
minorities.
Navy: Total strength 10.000, including a
marine corps; 3 escort ships, 5 coastal patrol
boats (5 more are to be delivered), 300 armed
junks for river patrol.
CAMBODIA
Total armed forces: about 28,000.
Army : Total strength, about 27,000.
The Cambodian Army is organized along
stem of
e s
d
f
i
wo main lines: the stat c e ens y
t
t
Actual
(million
dollars)
Increase or
decrease
compared
with 1962
budget
(million
dollars)
1. NATO:
3
4
444
+88
Belgium----------- ------
4.9
.
1
5
480
1
Canada---------------??------_---------
Denmark------------- ------?---------------
France
---_--------------
9.0
8.7
11.0
&. 0
8
.
3.5
7.8
,
225
4,062
+45
+531
------------------
5.0
3.8
6.0
4,607
+857
O ermany- ----------------------------------
Or
c
----------
-
5.1
3
+4.5
167
-8
ee
-
e-----------------------
Ital
-----?---------------
4.5
44..
4.0
1,510
+255
y.-----------------
mbour
L
x
--------------
3.2
1.6
7
e
u
g.--------- --
----------------------
Netherlands
6.2
50
5.0
618
+63
----------
w
N
----------- -
-
5.7
4.0
4.2
197
+6
or
-
ay - ---------------------
Portu
al
---------------------
4.5
8.9
176
+18
g
.--------------
T
k
5.4
5.4
+5.0
235
-52
ur
e
---------------
dom
Unite Kin
IL 3
7.8
7.4
5,146
+327
------------
g
United States ---_-____----------------------
14.8
11.1
10.7
452,400
+400
alia
st
A
---------------
-
-----------
- 3.8
588
+61
u
r
-
-----------------
-----------
N
Z
l
nd
------------
2.4
84
--___--------------
ew
ea
a
rakistan
-------------------
------------
+4.5
240
+30
.--------------
-----. ?.-.^
lr~a
Phfil
-
------------
+1.9
63
pp
- -- --------------
-
Thailand --------------------------------
------------
90.4
10
1ladi on a standard definition of defense expenditure which does not nemssarily cover the same Items as national
defense budgets.
+ Provisional.
+ Excludes U.J. military aid.
4 Includes military aid. This is a higher figure then will actually be expended between mid-1963 and mid-1964.
figure
of national national incoa was about t 18 percent.
*This is basel on ,000,000,000 for the official Soiet defense bdget, the proportion budget
of $34
The Pathet Lao is now dependent on
Chinese and North Vietnamese assistance for
equipment and supplies, which mainly reach
them by road. Soviet aircraft which were
formerly used to supply these forces have
been placed at the disposal of the govern-
ment, but have since become inoperable as
their crews and technicians have been with-
drawn.
U.S. MUTUAL DEFENSE TazATIas
TAIWAN
General: Population: 11,510,000. Length
of military service: 2 years and reserve lia-
bility. Total armed forces: 644,000. De-
fense Budget: $185.000,000.
Army: Total strength: 400,000 Including
80,000 on Quemoy and Matsu, 21 Infantry di-
visions. 2 armored divisions, 1 Nike-Hercules
battalion.
Navy: Total strength: 35.000 plus 27,000
marines, 28 escorts, 11 minesweepers, 21 light
arfare craft
hibi
56 amp ous w ,
coastal units
he villages, with a militia officered by small
group of officers and NCO'a; and the mobile
detachments where a popular militia Is
equally heavily represented. A considerable
proportion of the army is engaged on eco-
nomic and social services, in command
terms, it is organized into 29 Infantry bat-
mor s, 2 parachute battalions, and 1 are
tarre ed regiment. There is a French milt-
tary training mission.
1,100, Navy: Total strength, 4 patrol here
ies 1 support gunboat.. 56 small craft. There
is a a small marine corps
Air l: This concerned Solely with
internaal l police and transport d du duties.
Laos
In the autumn of 1983, the distribution
of forces was roughly as follows:
The Pathet-Lao. some 20,000 strong, occu-
pied the greater part of northern Laos, and
were stretched in an are from the Chinese
to the South Vietnamese frontiers.
The following Pacific states have mutual
defense treaties with the United States.
JAPAN
General: Population: 95.180,000. Mililtary
service: voluntary. Total armed forces:
243,000. Defense budget: $876 million.
Army: Total strength: 171,500 (planned
expansion to 180,000 with 30.000 reserves by
1985) 13 divisions of 7-9,000 men, each
organised into 8-4 battle groups. One dt-
vision, based in Hokkaido. Is mechanized.
The army has 280 light aircraft and hell-
copters and 960 American-built tanks In-
cluding M-4A8's and M-47's. By 1984 the
first of 100 Japanese Type-81 tanks will be in
service. One Hawk battery will enter sere-
ice in 1964
Navy: Total strength: 84.000, 44 escorts, 8
submarines, 129 antisubmarine aircraft
(P2V_58, 82P-59; HSS--14).
The naval sir component has about 240
aircraft including helicopters.
,
27 other ships, (the assault shipping avail-
able is enough for one division).
Air Force: Total strength: 82,000; 3 F-86
and F-104 interceptor wings, 1 F-100 fighter-
bomber wing.
SOUTH KOREA
General: 25 million; military service: vol-
untary and conscript; total armed forces:
827.000; defense budget: $40 million.
Army: total strength: 670,000 plus 12,000
Koreans serving in the U.S. Army in Korea.
The let Army has 18 divisions plus 50
independent artillery and 7 independent tank
battalions.
The 2d Army has 10 divisions. It is
planned to reduce the overall order of bat-
tie by five divisions.
Navy: total strength: 17,000 plus 25,000
marines, 15 escorts. 12 minesweepers, 11 light
coastal units, 23 amphibious warfare craft,
10 other ships.
Air Force: total strength: 15,000, 8 F-86
1 photo reconnaisance
tor squadrons
interce
The Nationalist force of 50.000 men Don-
trolled most of the Mekong Valley, the main
ricultural plains
i
i
l
Air Force: Total strength: 44.000. 1 tac-
tical squadron, 7 fighter-interceptor wings.
d
,
p
squadron with 12 RP-86F aircraft, 18 C-46
and C-47 transports, 90 miscellaneous air-
,
pa
nc
ag
road axes, the pr
_
;
The first of 70 F-100's have been accepte
partisans or the mountain e,c.usn --
340 F-86E's in service. The F-104's and some
PART III: NONALINED COUNTRIES
to harry the Pathet-Lao forces.
of the F-S6E's are to have Sidewinders.
INDIA
000 The based Neutralist largefore ly"
on were some e enclaves some in
10
The first wing of 72 Nike-Ajax missiles and
nal in the Tokyo and
ti
General: Population: 462,000,000; mili-
tary service: voluntary; total armed forces:
,
and the mountains around
L
o
ers is opera
nc
h
u
000
000
820
t
$1
d
aos
Northern
the Plain of Jars.
n
a
fog
h
areas.
.
,
,
,
ge
:
585,000; defense bu
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 1964
Approved Foilease 2005/02/10: CIA-RDP66B004000200160019-1
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 19891
TABLE II.-Some strategic indicators
1963
Armed Forces
defense
Demographic
expendi-
ture
Country
As per-
Percentage
Number of
Population
Total
tentage
Dollars
of popu-
cities of
density
active
I. thou-
of male
population
per head
of pope-
lation in
cities of
over
100 000 in-
per square
kilometer
sands)
between
lation
over
habitants
(1962)
15 and 64
100,000
Belgium -------------------------------
Canada
110.0
3.7
48
28
4
301.30
_______________________
Denmark______________
124.0
49
0
2.3
3
3
78
48
23
12
1.80
France_____________________
.
636.0
.
4.6
79
25
19
4
32
106.88
83
39
Germany______________________________
Greece
404.0
2.2
83
30
52
.
215.36
_________________________________
Italy ________________-------------------
_ 160.0
470.0
5.8
2.8
21
30
27
24
3
30
64.16
169
31
Luxembourg. ------- ----?-------------
5.5
4.8
22
0
.
14
Netherlands___________________________
Norway
141.0
36
0
3.9
51
66
_
14
345.13
_______________________________
Portugal_______________________________
.
102.0
3.1
3
7
54
18
17
4
2
11.11
turkey________________________________
U
it
d K
452.0
.
5.3
8
13
2
5
99.49
38.46
n
e
ingdom______________________
429.0
2.5
96
44
50
215
00
United States__________________________
2, 700.0
4.5
276
29
130
.
19.60
Total, NATO___________________
5,818.5
3.8
------------
------------
340
21.80
Australia______________________________
51.0
1.5
49
53
7
1
36
ran___________________________________
New Zealand__________________
__
208.0
12
0
3.2
1
6
8
33
17
8
.
12.80
_
_____
Pakistan_______________________________
.
253.0
.
1.0
2
44
6
4
6
8.93
101
62
Philippines__________________________
Thailand_
_
30.0
134
0
.4
1
7
2
13
7
.
83.42
__
________________________
.
.
1
9
1
50.58
Total, all Western alliances------
6,506.5
3.2
_
19.80
apan__________________________________
outh Korea_
243.0
627.0
.8
9
0
7
2
27
19
138
255.10
aiwan________________________________
544.0
.
19.4
16
18
4
5
230.85
279.32
Total, all U.S. treaty powers-----
7,920.5
3.2
____________
____________
420
23.27
lbania--------------------------------
ulgaria_________________________
35.0
135
0
7.1
5
2
------------
8
1
59.15
______
zechoslovakia________________________
.
185.0
.
4.3
____________
____________
-----------
12
15
3
5
71.22
115
36
ast Germany-------------------------
ungary
116.0
99
2.4
-
16
10
.
158.40
-------------------------------
oland------------------------------
.0
257.0
3.2
3.0
------------
--------
-
23
20
5
22
108.63
47
96
umania------------------------------
.S.S.R...............................
227.0
3,300.0
3.7
6.4
-
--
% 152
23
30
6
174
.
77.71
9.74
Total, Warsaw Pact_____________
4,354.0
5.3
____________ _
___________
226
13
55
hina -----------------------------?--
orth Korea_____________________
__
2,476.0
310
0
1.3
11
5
-------- _?-
10
3100
.
73.44
__
__
orth Vietnam________________________
.
262.0
.
5.7 _
____________ -
_________
--?___-_-_
7
1
2
175.18
90
72
uba------?-----____?----------?----
120.0
-
5.2 -
-
.
59.39
Total, Communistbloc_________
I
7,522.0
1
2.0 _
___________
335
31.76
1 Cities of 200 000 population or above.
2 Based on a figure of real expenditure of $34,000,000,000.
Estimated.
TABLE III.-Some estimates of comparative strategic strength, early 1964
ICBM's (over 2,500-mile range) __?___________________________________________
Fleet ballistic missiles_________________________________________
IRBM's and MRBM's (600 to 2,100 miles) ------------------------
Long-range bombers (over 5,000-mile range)__________________________________
Medium-range land-based bombers (over 2,000 miles, excluding carrier air-
based aircraft) ----------------------- Carrier-based bombers (over 2,090-mile range) --------------------------------
Carriers (including commando and escort carriers)____________________________
Cruisers----------------------------------------------------------------------
Escorts-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Nuclear submarines ---------------------------------------------------- -------
Conventionalsubmarines ---------------------------------------------- ---
Active forces:
(a) Armies---------------------------------------------------------------
b) Navies----------:----------------------------------------------------
(c) Air Forces------ ----------------------- ----------------------------
Army: Total strength: 550,000 plus at least
250,000 in a volunteer reserve Territory
Army organized on a battalion basis. At
least 13 divisions Including 3 recently formed
mountain divisions. Another 3 mountain
divisions are being formed. All divisions
are still suffering from serious equipment
shortages. There Is one ormored division
with Centurions, one ormored brigade with
Shermans, and four light tank regiments
%with AMX-13's.
Navy: Total strength: 16,000; 1 16,000-ton
carrier; 16 escorts; 6 minesweepers; 2 light
No. 184-6
Western
alliances
475
192
---------------
630
780
600
(37)
33 (25)
732 (368)
219 (42)
6,696,300
1,211269
1,658:775
Communist
bloc
100+
100
800
200
1,400
------------------
19 (2)--
124 (248)
23
448 (65)
6,035,000
661,800
771, 000
coastal units; 2 amphibious warfare craft-
7 other ships. Naval aircraft include 24
Sea Hawk strike/interceptor planes and 15
Aline ASW planes.
Air Force: Total. strength: 18,000; 4 inter-
ceptor squadrons with 25 Mystere IV's each;
4 Interceptor squadrons with 25 Gnats each;
4 bombers squadrons with 20 Canberras each;
6 fighter-bomber squadrons with 25 Hunters
each. Several Ouragan and Vampire fighter-
bomber squadrons; 1 reconnaissance squad-
ron with 8 Canberras. The transport force
includes 80 C-119's, 24 Antonov 12's, and
about 50 C-47's. Avo 748's and Caribous are
being acquired. The 7 Auxiliary Air Force
squadrons chiefly fly Harvard and Vampire
trainers.
INDONESIA
General: Population: 98,000,000, total
armed forces: 375,000, defence budget: $431,-
000,000.
Army: Total strength: 350,000. The Army
is in the main organized only at battalion
level, and is scattered throughout the main
Indonesian Islands. The infantry battalions
are equipped with American and some Rus-
sian small arms, The Army also has 57
mm. Soviet antiaircraft guns and associated
radar equipment, and at least one battery
of Soviet 105 mm. howitzers. There are some
30,000 paratroopers. Para-military forces
and police: 20,000.
Navy: Total strength: 26,000, 1 Soviet-
built heavy cruiser, equiped with surface-
to-air missiles (ex Sverdlov class), 5
destroyers, at least two of which are equipped
with surface-to-air missiles, 4 frigates, 15
escort ships, 27 light coastal craft, 6 landing
craft, 20 submarines. The Indonesian Navy
has also announced the successful firing of
a surface-to-surface missile with a 15-mile
range. It is to be assumed that the missile
is of Soviet origin. It is not known whether
it has yet entered operational service. The
Naval Air Arm maintains an antisubmarine
squadron equipped with helicopters and
Gannets. There is a strong Marine Corps.
Air Force: Total strength: 20,000. The
Indonesian Air Force is organized into 7 main
air areas, each with one main base and some
auxiliary bases and combining the separate
commands. There are about 450 aircraft;
Fighters: Over 100 Mig-15's, 17's, and 19's.
A small number of Mig 21's; Bombers: TU-
16's, some with an air-to-surface missile.
About 50 IL-28's. Some B-26's. Transports:
Some IL-14 and C--130 B Hercules. There is
also a considerable number of Soviet and
Japanese helicopters. There is at least one
surface-to-air missile unit, which is claimed
to be equipped with an advanced missile.
SWEDEN
General: Population: 7,600,000; length of
military service: 10 months for privates and
ratings- and up to 22 months for officers and
NCO's. Reserve service up to the age of
47. Total armed forces: 80,000 including
60,000 conscripts. On mobilization the total
would become 780,000. Defense budget:
$594,000,000.
Army: Total strength: 10,000 regular and
45,000 conscripts becoming 655,000 after mo-
bilization oragnized into about 12 divisions
of 3 brigades apiece. British Centurion
tanks including some mounting a 105 milli-
meter gun are in service in armored and in-
fantry divisions. The first Hawk squadron
is now being formed.
Navy: Total strength: 12,000 Including
7,000 conscripts, 2 cruisers, 23 escorts, 44
minesweepers, 26 submarines, 26 light coastal
units, 2 amphibious warfare craft, 36 other
ships.
Air Force: Total strength: 13,000 including
7,500 conscripts, 9 SAAB-29F day fighter
squadrons, 3 Hunter day fighter squadrons, 6
Lansen and 9 Draken all-weather fighter
squadrons, 6 squadrons of Bloodhound 2
antiaircraft missiles, 12 SAAB-32A Lansen
attack squadrons, 5 SAAB-29C and SAAB-
32C reconnaissance squadrons. (A combat
squadron normally contains 12 aircraft.) In
1964 SAAB-35D and F Drakens will replace
the Hunters SAAB-35E will start to replace
the SAAB-29C's.
SWITZERLAND
General: Population: 5,720,000. Length
of military service: About 4 months initial
basic training followed by 12 years in the
first reserve and 18 in second line reserves.
Total armed forces: 28,500 active and 600,000
reserves. Defense budget: $740,000,000.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - BEN TE Oust 20
Army: Total strength: 500 regular, 16,000
serving conscripts and 550,000 reserves. 3
mechanized divisions, 8 infantry divisions,
2 mountain divisions, 9 border brigades.
About 300 Centurion tanks are organic to
the mechanized divisions. They have 76-
millimeter guns but are to replace these with
105-millimeter ones.
Air Force: Total strength: 6,000 regular,
6,000 serving conscripts and 50.000 reserves.
5 Hunter interceptor squadrons, 11 Venom
close-support squadrons, 5 Vampire close-
support squadrons, S Ju 5223 transport
squadrons. A combat squadron normally ban
18 aircraft. Four of these squadrons are
manned by full-time personnel and kept at
a constant state of readiness.
YUGOSLAVIA
General; Population: 19,070,000, total
armed forces: 300.000. defense budget; $811%-
00D.000. Army: Total strength; 250.000 plus
19,000 Frontier Guards. 21 Infantry divisions,
3 armored divisions with 15-47 and T-34,185
tanks, About 18 Independent brigades In-
eluding a parachute brigade. 1,000.000 reserv-
ists.
Navy. Total strength: 30,000, 7 escorts, 9
minesweepers. 2 submarines. 19 light coastal
units, 5 amphibious warfare craft, 85 other
ship.
Air Force: Total strength: 24,000, 200 F-
840 Thunderjets. 250 F-86 Sabres, 100 F-47
Thunderbolts. Staff talks that have taken
place between Yugoslavia and the U.S.S.R.
in 1983 may result In an early resumption
of deliveries of Soviet combat aircraft.
TABLE IV.-Major nuclear delivery systems, 18$1-$4
(A) AIRCRAFT
Name
Origin
Unrefuelled
range
(miles)
Speed
mach No.
(m.p.h.)
All-up
weight
(lb_)
Became
a a-
tonal
Typical warload
------------
-
United States------__-__--
10,000
0.88 (665)
420-488,000
1955-61
~s
Q and Uog2 etc
-
B-52 Stratofortress------------------------------------
Tu-20 Bear---------------------------------------------------------
U.S.S.R------------------
7,000
6,050
.7B 680
86 600
8814000
260.000
1956
1956
.
25,000 pounds.
70000 pounds
lay ?Bison--------__-
Vulcan B1 and B2--------------------------------------------------
U.B.S.R-_-----.._-_?-----
United Kingdom. --------
8,500
6
0
.
.95 680
96 630
200,000
000
700
1957
1958
B ue Steel.
Blue Steel.
Victor Ill and B2--_---_----- ------------
----------------------------------------
B-47 Stratolet
----- do.-------------------
United States -------------
0
8,
8.200
.
.83 650
667
8
.
700.000
175
000
1962
1955
20,000 pounds.
21 000 pounds.
---------------
Valiant-------------------------------------------------------------
??
United Kingdom ------- ._-
U.8.8.R............ ------
4.500
$.609
4
.
.87 610
.
150.000
1955
low
Aim. _
p tin
Tu-16 Badger--------------------------------------?
B-68 Hustler--------------------------------------------------------
United states-------------
S
R
U
S
2,000+
2.1 ((1,330)
163,000
1962
undst
1200,
Tu T Blinder
Skywarrior-----------------------------------------------------
------------------
.
.
.
United States_ ..........
8.000
000
2
.83 (610
520
2:3 1
73.000
66,000
1936
1963-65
8,000 pounds
8,000 pounds?
Mir -------------------------------------------
A-6 o
------------------------
France ------------------
United States ........ .----
.
2,000
800
,
7.1 (1,885
83 (680
60.000
b6 000
1961
1956
6,000 pounds.
8000 pounds.
-
--
Canberra B(L)8---------------------------------------------?-----
United Klrrgdom__ ------
United states.------------
8.
2,000}
2.I5 (1,420
48,000
1961
962
8,000 pounds.
ounds?
8AOO
F-105D Thunderchief-----------------------------------------------
Buccaneer 8.1-------------------------------------------------------
United Kingdom ----- _....
2,862
2,000 -
.95 (720
604
6 (1
2
-46,000
45.000
1
1962
p
7,000 pounds?
F-4B Phantom TI---------------------------------------------------
_.
United States..... _.......
United Kingdom ..........
1,100
,
.
.97 (710
x4000
1958
1057
4.000 pounds.
000 pounds
6
Scimitar -_-------------------------------------------------------
F-100D Super Sabre------------------------------------------------
United States .............
1.600
2, 700
1.3 (864
450
2 (1
2
28,000
.000
27
1962
.
,
4,200 pounds.
F-1040 Starflgghter--------------------------------------------------
----do'" .. ..._
-'-?.......-
do
?
8,200
,
.
.9 (685
24,500
1956
s,ooopounds.
Skvbawk------------------------------------------------------
A-4c
-----
...._
-
Name
Weight propellant
Launching
(statute
weight)
(pounds)
Range
(statute
mass)
In service
Estimated warhead
United States:
_^------------------------------^-----..__.._
Atlas
Liquid fuel ---------------------------
260,000
000
220
9,000}
9,000}
1969
1901
3 megaton.
4 megaton.
_-_----
Titan 1---------------------------------------------__
Liquid fuel ---_-_'---------------
__-
Storable liquid fuel ------_----_-
,
am, 000
000
66
14,000
390
6
1963
1962
a megaton.
1-F megaton.
Minuteman------------------------------------------------
Solid fuel__--_____--______-------------
Solid fuel
-----------------
,
28,000
,
1,880
1962
0.7 megaton.
Polaris A1----------------------------------? ?.
-------- .-------------------- _'-'_-----?---
Polaris A2
-
-------------
8011d fuel- .............-?------------
37,000
1,7(6)
,8001
2
1963
1964
0.7 megaton.
0.7 megaton.
----
-
Polaris A3----_-_-_
solid fuel -------------------------- ---
_._- 18
-
000
1.
n thermonuclear.
-
Mace B-------------------------- -----------------------
Tutbolat?
Solid fuel------------------------------
,
30,000
00
1964
1966
kiloto
?
?
Pershing
---?? --------
Redstone_________________----------------
Liquid fuel ----------------------------
f
l
-
61 10
.000
4
85
1967
20 kiloton?
sergeant----------------------------------
ue
Sold
-
---------------------------
Liquid fuel---. -----------------------
I1,
f!0
1966
20 kiloton?
Corporal---------------------------------------------------
v.8.S.R.:
Intercontlnentalballistlcmissile---------------------------
Liquid NO ----------------------------
l
am, 0000 0
&090+
-,-?------?
1965
19&5
10 megaton.
30} megaton.
Intercontinental ballistic missile--------------------------
Storable liquid fue
--------------------
_-_______---------------
__
Liquid fuel
----
_ --
2 100
1959
Intermediate range ballistic missile------------------------
---------------
llistic missile
b
-
_
Liquid fuel ----------------------------
--??-
L,
1961
--------------
a
Medium range
Medium range ballistic missile -----------------------------
Submarine surface-launched missile--------------- __-------
?--??-----------------------------------
Solid fueL_______---------------------
------
---------
404
100
1959
1959
Submarine surface-launched missile________________________
Solid fuel.---_---___-__---------------
Liqui.i fuel
------------------------?
-------------
-------------
120
1967
61
Short-range missile-----------------------------------?----
.-
TurkKjet ----------------------
--------------
176-360
19
Short-range missile---------------------- ------------------
ASM-Air-to-surface missile.
The Inconsistency between mach numbers and speed in miles per hour is accounted for by dittermoes in operational cell gs.
STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL SECURITY
PDBLICATIONS Or THE INSTITUTE YOB STRATEGIC
STUDM3
1. "NATO In the 1960's" by Alastair Bu-
chan. Revised edition 1963. `Buchan has an
exceptionally profound and unified under-
standing of NATO and its problems"-The
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Chatto &
Windus. 21s.
2. "The Control of the Arms Race," by Hed-
ley Bull. "An admirably comprehensive and
reasoned survey of the major Issues of dis-
armament."--The Economist. Weldenfeld
and Nicholson. 21s.
S. "Mesa in Uniform," by M. B. D. Foot.
"An Important contribution not only to stra-
tegic planning but also to the planning of
any form of disarmament."-Neue ZUcher
Zeitung. Weldenfeld and Nicolson. 21s.
4. "World Order and New States," by Peter
Calvocoressi. "Interesting and comprehen-
give ? ? ' an excellent analysis "-The Lis-
tener, -,This is a very valuable study which
should be widely read."-International Re-
lation,. Chatto & Windus. 12s.8d.
5. "The Spread of Nuclear Weapons," by
Leonard Beaton and John Maddox. "Tightly
argued and full of facts ' ? ? remarkably
useful"-The Economist. "A major study
superseding all earlier work in this ffeld."-
The Year Book of World Affairs. 1983. Chatto
& Windus. Ills.
6. "Arms and Stability in Europe.' by Ala-
stair Buchan and Philip Windsor. "A report
of a Franco-German-British enquiry." Chat-
to & Wtndus. 21s.
To be published shortly
7. "Strategic Mobility," by Neville Brown.
Chatto & Windus (Nov. 1963).
8. "The Security of Southern Asia," by D.
E. Kennedy, Chatto & Windus (summer
1964).
crick Praeger in New York.
Survival
Every 2 months, Survival, the, journal of
the institute for Strategic Studies, reprints
the most significant contributions to the un-
derstanding of the problems of strategy and
security In the nuclear-missile age. Survival
is now found indispensable by governments,
libraries and thoughtful private citizens in 59
countries.
JAMES BENNETT RETIRING AS DI-
RECTOR OF THE FEDERAL BU-
REAU OF PRISONS
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, a won-
derful and dedicated public servant,
James Bennett, is retiring as the Director
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CONFIDENTIAL ECRE
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICIAL ROUTING SLIP
TO
NAME AND ADDRESS
DATE
INITIALS
1
Mr. Elder 7D5617
~-~
Jill
2
RV
3
4
5
6
ACTION
DIRECT REPLY
PREPARE REPLY
APPROVAL
DISPATCH
RECOMMENDATION
COMMENT
FILE
RETURN
CONCURRENCE
INFORMATION
SIGNATURE
Remarks: Attached is an excerpt from the
Congressional Record of 20 August containing
remarks of Senator Morse when he placed in the
Record a report published by the Institute of
Strategic Studies in London. He claims that this
document contains much information which is
withheld from the American public by the U. S.
Government.
FOLD HERE TO RETURN TO SENDER
FROM: NAME. ADDRESS AND PHONE NO.
DATE
Legislative Counsel, 7D01
Co
21 Aug
FORM NO. 23'7 Use previous editions (40)
4_61 L 1 ' U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1961 0-587252