SURFACE-T0-AIR MISSILE FACILITIES KAPUSTIN YAR/VLADIMIROVKA MISSILE TEST CENTER, USSR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP02T06408R000900010017-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 32
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 7, 2003
• Sequence Number: 17
• Publication Date: March 1, 1961
• Content Type: REPORT

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PIC/JRi008/61
March 1961
JOINT PHOTOGRAPHIC iNTELLIGENCE REPORT
SURFACE-TO-AIR MISSILE FACILITIES
KAPUSTIN YAR/VLADIMIROVKA
MISSILE TEST CENTER, USSR
ARMY
NAVY
CIA
Published and Disseminated by
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
PHOTOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE CENTER
SECRET
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Declass Review by NIMAIDOD
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
r
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 Approv
May 1961
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
PHOTOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE CENTER
ERRATUM FOR PIC/JR-1008/61
The sentence beginning near the bottom of the second column on
page 23 of PIC/JR-1008/61 reads as follows: There are two other similar
buildings within the Kapustin Yar/Vladimirovka Missile Test Center, both
located in the SSM Facilities (areas 3-A and 3-D USATC 0235-22A). This
statement should be changed to read as follows: There are three other
similar buildings at the Kapustin Yar/Vladimirovka Missile Test Center.
All are located in the SSM Facilities, two at Complex "C" and one at
Complex "G".
~gFRE
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I For Release 2003/0
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JOINT PHOTOGRAPHIC iNTELLIGENCE REPORT
SURFACE-TO-AIR MISSILE FACILITIES
KAPUSTIN YAR/VLADIMIROVKA
MISSILE TEST CENTER, USSR
PIC/JR-1008/61
March 1961
Published and Disseminated by
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
PHOTOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE CENTER
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PREFACE
This joint photographic intelligence report has been prepared by the Army,
Navy, and Central Intelligence Agency in partial answer to general requirements
for a detailed analysis of the Kapustin Yar/Vladimirovka Missile Test Center. The
purpose of this report is to present a detailed photo analysis of the Surface-to-Air
Missile Facilities at the Test Center. Reports on Launch Complex "E" (JR-1005/61)
and Troop Training Launch Complex "G" (JR-1006/61) of the Surface-to-Surface
Missile Facilities have already been published, and analysis is under way on the
remaining Surface-to-Surface Missile complexes and the Probable Aerodynamic
Missile Facilities. Each of these remaining complexes or groups of facilities will
be the subject of a forthcoming report.
Insofar as possible, this report includes a comparison of 1957 and 1959 photo
coverage, with observable changes between
shown in green on the line drawings. All orientations are referenced to true north,
and the term miles mentioned in the text refers to nautical miles. A table giving
the geographic location of all functional areas will be found on page 29.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
page
SUMMARY .................................................................. 9
INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 11
SAM LAUNCH COMPLEX ........................................................ 12
R&D LAUNCH AREA ........................................................ 12
Launch Sites ........................................................... 13
R&D YO-YO Guidance Site ................................................. 14
PROTOTYPE HERRINGBONE LAUNCH AREA ....................................... 14
Prototype Herringbone Launch Site ............................................ 15
Prototype YO-YO Guidance Site .............................................. 15
TROOP TRAINING LAUNCH AREA ............................................... 16
Practice (Live) Firing Sites ................................................ 16
Launch Training Sites .................................................... 17
Bivouac Site ........................................................... 17
NEW TYPE SAM LAUNCH AREA ................................................ 17
Launch Sites ........................................................... 17
Instrumentation/Control Site ................................................ 18
Discussion and Analysis ................................................... 18
SAM TEST RANGE ......................................................... 19
Instrumentation Site 1 .................................................... 19
Instrumentation Site 2 .................................................... 19
Instrumentation Site 3 .................................................... 20
Instrumentation Site 4 .................................................... 20
Instrumentation Site 5 .................................................... 20
Instrumentation Site 6 .................................................... 20
Instrumentation Site 7 .................................................... 21
Instrumentation/Control Site 8 ............................................... 21
Probable Range Control Center .............................................. 21
(Continued)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued)
HOUSING AND SUPPORT AREA ................................................. 21
Section ,A" ........................................................... 21
Section "B" ........................................................... 23
Old Tent Sites .......................................................... 23
New Tent Site .......................................................... 23
23
MISSILE CHECKOUT AND PROPELLANT STORAGE AREA .............................. 24
BASE SUPPORT COMPLEX ...................................................... 25
BASE SUPPORT AND HOUSING AREA ............................................ 25
Base Support Section ..................................................... 25
Housing Section ......................................................... 25
Possible Storage Sections .................................................. 27
Transloading Site ....................................................... 27
MARSHALLING AREA ....................................................... 27
Equipment ............................................................ 28
Other Facilities ........................................................ 28
Discussion and Analysis ................................................... 28
KAPUSTIN YAR AIRFIELD .................................................... 28
INITIAL SAM LAUNCH COMPLEX .................................................. 29
CONCLUSIONS ............................................................... 30
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TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS
page
FIGURE 1. GENERAL ORIENTATION MAP ......................................
....
9
FIGURE 2. LOCATION OF SAM FACILITIES AT THE KAPUSTIN YAR/VLADIMIROVKA
MISSILE TEST CENTER ..........................................
....
10
FIGURE 3. SAM FACILITIES ...............................................
....
11
FIGURE 4. PHOTO ENLARGEMENT OF THE R&D LAUNCH AREA AND PROTOTYPE
HERRINGBONE LAUNCH AREA .....................................
....
12
FIGURE 5. R&D LAUNCH SITES .............................................
....
13
FIGURE 6. PROTOTYPE YO-YO GUIDANCE SITE .................................
....
14
FIGURE 7. TWO 6-LAUNCHER SEGMENTS OF THE PROTOTYPE HERRINGBONE
LAUNCH SITE .................................................
....
15
FIGURE 8. PROTOTYPE YO-YO GUIDANCE SITE .................................
....
15
FIGURE 9. PHOTO ENLARGEMENT OF THE NEW TYPE SAM LAUNCH AREA AND
TROOP TRAINING LAUNCH AREA ...................................
....
16
FIGURE 10. PRACTICE (LIVE) FIRING SITES ....................................
....
17
FIGURE 11. NEW TYPESAM LAUNCH AREA .....................................
....
18
FIGURE 12. PERSPECTIVE OF NEW TYPE SAM LAUNCH SITES ........................
...
18
FIGURE 13. INSTRUMENTATION SITE 1 ........................................
....
19
FIGURE 14. INSTRUMENTATION SITE 2 ........................................
....
20
FIGURE 15. INSTRUMENTATION SITE 3 .........................................
...
20
FIGURE 16. INSTRUMENTATION SITE 4 .........................................
...
20
FIGURE 17. INSTRUMENTATION SITE 5 .........................................
...
20
FIGURE 18. INSTRUMENTATION SITE 6 .........................................
...
21
FIGURE 19. INSTRUMENTATION SITE 7 .........................................
...
21
FIGURE 20. INSTRUMENTATION/CONTROL SITE 8 .................................
...
21
FIGURE 21. PROBABLE RANGE CONTROL CENTER ................................
...
21
FIGURE 22. PHOTO ENLARGEMENT OF HOUSING AND SUPPORT AREA ...................
...
22
FIGURE 23.
...........
...
23
FIGURE 24. MISSILE CHECKOUT AND PROPELLANT STORAGE AREA ....................
...
24
FIGURE 25. PHOTO ENLARGEMENT OF THE SUPPORT COMPLEX ......................
...
25
FIGURE 26. BASE SUPPORT AND HOUSING AREA ..................................
...
26
FIGURE 27. MARSHALLING AREA .............................................
...
27
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 27670 3-59
Railroad
Road or route
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5910
500 NAUTICAL MILES
250 500 KILOMETERS
JLLL
aIi9Ir
K$2YL.xUM
D ERE
1. GENERA
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SUMMARY
The Surface-to-Air Missile Facilities
situated in the area north-northeast of
Kapustin Yar, include an active SAM
Launch Complex with an associated test
range, a Base Support Complex, and an
Initial SAM Launch Complex, now inactive
or abandoned. The active facilities extend
over a 180-square-mile area which is
roughly rectangular in shape and extends
20 miles north-northeastward from the
Base Support Complex through the instru-
mented portion of the associated test
range. The Initial SAM Launch Complex
is situated 10 miles to the east, outside
the area of current SAM activity.
The active SAM Launch Complex,
served by an excellent all-weather road,
has its own first-echelon support facili-
ties, which include separate storage and
personnel housing sections. The large
Base Support Complex, served by both
road and rail, probably functions as a
second-echelon support facility. Third-
echelon support probably is provided by
facilities at Kapustin Yar.
The grouping and orientation of the
active SAM Facilities indicate that they
function independently of other missile
facilities at the Kapustin Yar/Vladimir-
ovka Missile Test Center. For example,
the SAM Test Range is oriented north-
northeastward, along an azimuth of 20
degrees, in contrast to the generally east-
ward orientation of the SSM Range. More-
over, the SAM Range includes its own
instrumentation, control, and guidance
facilities. This independence of the SAM
activities is further emphasized by the
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orientation of internal road systems and
buried cables as well as by the general
absence of connecting roads between these
and other facilities.
The SAM Launch Complex consists
of four launch areas, an instrumented test
range, and three support areas. The launch
areas, which include an R&D Launch Area,
a Prototype Herringbone Launch Area, a
Troop Training Launch Area, and a New
Type SAM Launch Area, are all oriented
north-northeastward. Buried cables ra-
diate downrange from an instrumentation
site at the rear of the Launch areas to
forward instrumentation sites, forming a
quadrangular pattern which measures
about 5.4 miles on a side. Support areas
within the Launch Complex include a
Housing and Support Areal
and a Missile Checkout and Propellant
Storage Area.
The Base Support Complex, located
7 miles south-southwest of the SAM Launch
Complex, includes a Base Support and
Housing Area, a Marshalling Area, and
Kapustin Yar Airfield. The main road from
Kapustin Yar to the SAM Launch Complex
passes through the Base Support Complex.
The initial SAM Launch Complex,
which is served by road from Kapustin
Yar, consists of a Launch Area and a
Support Area, both apparently inactive or
abandoned. The two areas are located one
mile apart and are connected by an unim-
proved road.
It is apparent from photography that
at least two surface-to-air missile sys-
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@oondories ere not eeoe.,o?'lr those
e~oye o od br the US. Gojn,menL
Oetroo
inr9n h YI
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tems have been developed and a third is
probably under development at Kapustin
Yar. The first to be developed was the
SA-1 (B-200) system, which utilized the
Herringbone-type site. The SA-2 system
was the second system to be developed.
The major effort at the time of
photography was probably concen-
trated on this system, which utilizes the
Hexadic-type sites. This photography also
reveals a new surface-to-air missile sys-
tem under development. Indications are
that this system is probably being devel-
oped for a low- or medium-altitude short-
range missile utilizing a four-position
launch site.
It is thus possible to trace the histor-
ical development of two complete missile
systems by use of photography. One is the
SA-1 (B-200) system utilizing the V-301
type missile. The development of this
system started with missile testing at the
Initial SAM Launch Complex. The second
phase, utilizing segments of a launch site
and components of guidance equipment,
was carried out at the R&D Launch Area.
The third phase was the testing of a pro-
totype site utilizing the Herringbone pat-
tern, and the final or fourth phase was the
deployment of the Herringbone Launch
Sites in a double ring around Moscow. A
similar case can be made for the SA-2
system utilizing the Guideline missile. In
this instance, the first and second phases
were probably carried out at the R&D
Launch Area and the third phase at the
Troop Training Launch Area. The fourth
phase is represented by the construction
of Hexadic-type sites throughout the USSR.
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PLC/JR-1008/61
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3S 30' 6
FIGURE 2. LOCATION OF SAM FACILITIES AT THE KAPUSTIN YAR/VLADIMIROVKA MISSILE TEST CENTER.
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INTRODUCTION
The Surface-to-Air Missile Facilities
are a part of the Kapustin Yar/Vladimir-
ovka Missile Test Center, which is located
60 miles east of Stalingrad, on the eastern
side of the Volga River (Figure 1). These
facilities, which occupy the northwestern
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OR &D LAUNCH AREA
J
BASE SUPPORT
COMPLEX
INSTRUMENTATION SITE 1
evident. At least 60 surface-to-air mis-
siles, positioned at two of the four launch
areas in the SAM Launch Complex, have
been identified on the same photography.
The SAM facilities were covered by
small-scale oblique photography in
I I and again by excellent qual-
ity photography in Most
of the detailed interpretation presented
in this report is based on the 1959 cov-
PROTOTYPE
HERRINGBONE
LAUNCH AREA
??,,_?..0#
INSTRUMENTATION SITE 6
.
.. ~ ... uuo._-_ .uu.........
? 5.2 NAUTICAL MILES
5.4
NAUTICAL
MILES
5.4 NAUTICAL MILES
INSTRUMENTATION SITE I
FIGURE 3. SAM FACILITIES. This illustration shows the relative location of all the various areas within the SAM Facilities.
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INSTRUMENTATION SITE 2
'-.._
POSSIBLE MO81LE
INSTRUMENTATION SITE
INSTRUMENTATION SITE 3
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MARSHALLING AREA
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margin of the Test Center (Figures 2
and 3), include a prototype launch site
for every surface-to-air missile defense
system known to be deployed in the
USSR. In addition, the 1959 photography
reveals a new probable low- or medium-
altitude, short-range surface-to-air mis-
sile system under development. Close-
in and base support facilities associated
with these missile systems are also
HOUSING AND SUPPORT AREA
MISSILE CHECKOUT AND
PROPELLANT STORAGE AREA
INSTRUMENTATION SITE 6 fl
PIC/JR-1008/61
erage, but whenever possible, compari-
sons are made with 1957 coverage so as
to indicate changes during the interim
period. For purposes of this discussion,
the SAM Facilities are grouped in three
complexes, the SAM Launch Complex, the
Base Support Complex, and the Initial SAM
Launch Complex.
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SAM LAUNCH
COMPLEX
The SAM Launch Complex is located
in the approximate center of the SAM
Facilities, with the associated test range
to the north-northeast and the Base Support
Complex seven nautical miles to the south-
southwest (Figure 3). The complex con-
sists of four launch areas, a Housing and
Support Area
a Missile
Checkout and Propellant Storage Area, and
an instrumented test range. The four
launch areas, which include the R&D
Launch Area, the Prototype Herringbone
Launch Area, the Troop Training Launch
Area, and the New Type SAM Launch Area,
are located along a roughly northwest/
southeast line. Each launch area has its
own associated guidance facilities. These
four launch areas, coupled with the three
support areas and the associated test
range, together comprise the SAM Launch
Complex. A discussion of each follows.
R & U LAUNCH AREA
The R&D Launch Area (Figure 4),
which appears to be the oldest of the four
active launch areas, is located along the
main road that serves the SAM Launch
Complex from the SAM Base Support Com-
plex (Figure 3). This launch area, which
was probably used to develop both the
SA-1 (B-200) and the SA-2 systems, con-
sists of five launch sites and a guidance
site. The main power line from the SAM
Base Support Complex terminates at the
guidance site. A water line also appears
to terminate at this site. The R&DLaunch
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FIGURE 4. PHOTO ENLARGEMENT OF THE R&D LAUNCH AREA AND PROTOTYPE HERRINGBONE LAUNCH AREA.
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and was probably still engaged in R&D
work for improvements of the SA-1 and
SA-2 systems. The area also probably
serves as a troop training facility.
The R&D Launch Area has five launch
sites enclosed by a common fence (Figure
5). Since the R&D Launch Area has served
for the development of both the SA-1
(B-200) and the SA-2 systems, the launch
sites include launch facilities for the SA-1
system as well as launch and guidance for
the SA-2 system. The guidance site for
the SA-l system is found 11,500feetsouth
of the launch sites.
The fenced area that encloses all
five launch sites is located at the terminus
of the all-weather road that serves the
SAM Launch Complex from the SAM Base
Support Complex. A security building
(Item 1, Figure 5) is situated at the en-
trance to the fenced area, and an earth-
covered bunker (Item 2) is adjacent to the
security building. Within the fenced area
are two 6-launcher segments (Sites "A",
"C") of the SA-1 system, a soft SA-2 site
("B") complete with guidance, a partially
prepared SA-2 site ("E"), and a site ("D")
which apparently is not associated with
any known system. Four of these sites
("A"-"D") appear active at the time of
photography and may serve as an R&D
facility for new or modified missiles. In
addition, the sites may also serve as a
demonstration facility in the training cycle
of SAM troops. The fenced area which
includes the launch sites has been expanded
to the south since 1957, but there has been
no construction within the expanded area.
Launch Site "A": This site, which is
a six-launcher segment of a Herringbone-
FIGURE 5. R 8 D LAUNCH SITES. Th... sltea include lo,IRHes !a R & D I, ,nchIng of missiles No the 5A.1 and 5A.2 eyeteme.
Launch i- 'A', 'B', ?C?, -d 'D' were appercm ar ----------- Johotogwphy,
type site, was present in 1957 (Figure 5).
It includes two launch roads, each having
three launch points with SA-1 missile
launchers. A covered unidentified missile
is situated on one of the launchers (Item 3),
and a transporter with a possible missile
(Item 4) is parked on the same launch
road. Located between the launch roads is
a control bunker (Item 5). Drifting snow
and lack of relief preclude an accurate
determination of the configuration of this
bunker. However, it is in the same relative
~. e ,l 10 ~ 1
location as the control bunker found at
operational Herringbone sites. A small
structure positioned adjacent to each laun-
cher probably serves as its control point.
A water tower Q in diameter (Item 6)
is located near the control bunker. Two
circular pads 85 feet in diameter (Items 7,
8) are located adjacent to one of the launch
roads. One pad (Item 7) is unoccupied,
while two, or possibly three, unidentified
vehicles are parked on the other pad (Item
8). Faint circular markings with radiating
lines are found on both pads. These pads
are probably associated only with the R&D
launching or guidance of missiles, since
they are not found at operational Herring-
bone sites.
Launch Site "B": This site, completed
or in a late stage of construction in 1957,
is a soft, circular, Hexadic-type site
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(Figure 5). It has six launch points locate
at equal intervals along the inside of a
perimeter road (possibly concrete). Each
launch point is approximately square in
shape and has an SA-2 launcher. Three,
nn GG ~~//.11I
or possibly four, of the launchers have
a~ D ]Ot
Guideline missile on them. In the centeY7LJJAJ7th
of the site is a circular unrevetted guid-
ance pad (possibly concrete) (Item 9),
which is connected by an access road
(possibly concrete) to the perimeter road 5X 1
On the guidance pad there is a FRUIT SE 5 ` ' 1
radar and at least 13 vehicles. Burie JX~
cables extend from the guidance pad t
each launch point, and in some cases
interconnect individual launch points. ~X I
control building (Item 10), also connecte
by buried cable to the guidance pad, is
situated south of the service road. Adjacen25X 1
to this building, a FRUIT SET radar and
at least five vehicles are parked on a
hardstand (item 11). Parked in the open
near Site "B" are four SA-2 launchers,
two of which have Guideline missiles otr)5X1
them. L
Launch Site "C": This launch site
(Figure 5), a six-launcher segment of a
Herringbone-type site, is very similar to
Launch Site "A". The site also has tw~5X1
launch roads, each having three launc
points with SA-1 launchers. There are
three missile transporters located on the
launch roads. Between the launch roads
there is a circular control bunker 66 feet
in diameter (Item 12). A water tower 12
feet in diameter is located adjacent to the
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bunker. This site has three circular con-
crete pads (Items 13, 14, 15) positioned
in a triangle around and approximately
equidistant from the control bunker. The
pads, which were present in 1957, are 85
feet in diameter. One (Item 13), situated
astride a launch road, is a launch point
of the Herringbone segment. The other
two pads (Items 14, 15) are served by
all-weather access roads (possibly con-
crete). Although they are situated just
inside the perimeter road on the south
side of the site, one (Item 15) is served
by an access road leading diagonally from
the other side of the site. The pad which
is a launch point (Item 13) is connected
to the diagonal access road by a Y-shaped
service road. An earth-covered bunker
(Item 16) is also serviced from the dia-
gonal road. Faint circular markings and
radiating lines are found on each of the
three pads. The exact function of these
pads has not been determined, although
they are probably involved in the R&D
phase of launching or guidance of missiles.
Launch Site "D": This site, completed
or in a late stage of construction in 1957,
does not appear to be designed to test a
specific launch system (Figure 5). It con-
tains three circular concrete pads (Items
18, 19, 20), all of which are marked by
faint concentric circles and radiating
lines. Two of the pads (Items 18, 19) are
probably launch points. One (Item 18) is
in diameter, with concentric
circular markings in
diameter. Parked on the pad are three
vehicles and an unidentified object, the
latter at the center of the pad. A Guideline
missile on a transporter is parked on the
other of the two pads probably used as
launch points (Item 19). The third circular
pad (Item 20) is probably used as a service
pad. Adjacent to it is a triangular parking
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area (Item 17) with two Guideline missiles
on transporters.
This site also contains two excava-
tions (Items 21, 22). One (Item 21) is a
typical SA-2 launch emplacement (launch
point), and is unoccupied. The other exca-
vation (Item 22) appears incomplete and
may be a launch point under construction.
The site also has an earth-covered bunker
(Item 23). Adjacent to the bunker is a
small structure (Item 24) which is con-
nected by buried cable to Launch Site HG??.
Launch Site "E This site (Figure 5),
which has been constructed since 1957,
consists of two excavated Hexadic-type
emplacements (launch points) (Items 25,
26) and a large revetment for guidance
equipment (Item 27). Buried cables con-
nect the guidance revetment with the two
emplacements and with four possible fu-
ture emplacements which would make
this a complete Hexadic-type site. A
buried cable also joins Launch Site "B"
with the guidance revetment at this site.
Though construction is apparently com-
plete on the two emplacements and the
guidance revetment, they are unoccupied.
Trackage suggests that the launch em-
placements may have been used, but there
is no evidence of activity at the time of
photography. The site is served only by
unimproved roads.
R&D YO-YO GUIDANCE SITE
The R&D Guidance Site for the SA-1
system is located 11,500 feet south of the
launch sites (Figure 6). This site contains
a YO-YO radar (Item 1) situated along
the north side of a large dumbbell shaped
building (Item 2). This building probably
contains the computing equipment for the
YO-YO radar as well as other electronics
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0 500
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FIGURE 6. PROTOTYPE YO-YO GUIDANCE SITE. This site serves as the R 8 D guidance facility for the SA-1 system.
equipment associated with its research
and development. There are several other
structures which probably serve as labo-
ratory, administrative, and other support-
type buildings. The site is solid-fenced
except for a break between the radar and
launch sites. A bore-sight pole (Item 3),
present in 1957 and located 660 feet in
front of the radar, had been removed
prior to However, the
foundation for this pole is still evident
on 1959 photography, and a buried cable
connects it with the radar. A buried cable
also leads to the launch sites from the
radar. Within the site, there are two
water tanks, one of which is served by
the main water line. The main power line
from the Base Support Complex terminates
here.
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BURIED WATER LINE /POWER LINE
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PROTOTYPE HERRINGBONE
LAUNCH AREA
The Prototype Herringbone Launch
Area consists of a launch site and a guid-
ance site (Figure 4). The Prototype Her-
ringbone Launch Site, which is triple-
fenced, is a typical complete Herringbone
site with 60 launch points and 10 control
bunkers. The Prototype YO-YO Guidance
Site, which is double-fenced, consists of
a YO-YO radar and an associated control
bunker.
Since developmental work on the SA-1
system (B-200) was completed prior to
1959, the Prototype Herringbone Launch
Area serves as a retraining site for SA-1
system troops.
 SECRET
PROTOTYPE HERRINGBONE
LAUNCH SITE
The Prototype Herringbone Launch
Site is triple-fenced and is surrounded by
firebreaks (Figure 4). The "Herringbone"
configuration is 4,840 feet long and mea-
sures 2,375 feet in width at the inner end
and 3,055 feet in width at the outer end. It
has 10 launch segments, each with six
launch points and a control bunker, making
a total of 10 control bunkers and 60 launch
points. This site is very similar to those
found around Moscow, except that the
control bunkers are not earth-covered. An
all-weather (concrete) road serves the
site, and the internal launch and service
roads are also concrete.
Missiles: At the time of
__________
I hoto coverage, the Prototype Her-
ringbone Launch Site contained a total of
56 missiles and five additional trans-
porters without missiles. There were 27
V-301 type missiles dispersed along 18
launch roads which contained 54 of the 60
launch points. Most of these missiles were
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emplaced on launchers, but a few were on
transporters positioned near launchers.
The five additional transporters were also
parked near launchers along the same
launch roads. The other 29 missiles,
which were Guideline missiles, were
crowded on the two remaining launch
roads and the outer access road serving
them. None of the Guideline missiles were
on launchers, but all were on dollies. This
concentration of Guideline missiles in one
corner of the Herringbone Site was in
marked contrast to the wide dispersal
of the substantially equal number of V-301
type missiles throughout the remainder
of the site.
The Prototype Herringbone Launch
Site has strong indications of active troop
training. The presence of the V-301 type
missiles and the Guideline missiles on
the same launch site indicates that train-
ing activity possibly utilizing both types
is carried on here. The concentration of
Guideline missiles on dollies in one corner
of the "Herringbone" suggests that they
may be parked here prior to being moved
60' X 30'
FIGURE 7. Two 6-LAUNCHER SEGMENTS OF THE PROTOTYPE HERRINGBONE LAUNCH SITE. This illustration shows two of
the ten 6-launcher segments of the Herringbone Launch Site, along with the Checkout and Support Facilities.
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from the dollies to launchers when the
V-301 type missiles occupying them have
been fired or removed. On the other hand,
it is also possible that the Guideline
missiles are temporarily stored in the
"Herringbone" Site prior to being moved
to the SA-2 firing sites.
Control Bunkers: Figure 7 shows two
typical 6-launcher segments of the Proto-
type Herringbone Launch Site. It also
shows the access road that serves the
site and the adjacent checkout facilities.
Each control bunker (Items 1) serves six
launch points (Items 2), three on each of
two launch roads. The control bunker is
connected to each of the six launch points
by a buried cable. Each of the two control
bunkers nearest the YO-YO end of the
launch site is connected to the guidance
site by a buried cable. In addition, a
buried cable connects the five control
bunkers on each side of the center service
road. Each control bunker is connected by
buried cable to a small earth-covered
bunker (Items 3) on one side and also to
a small upright structure (Items 4) on the
PIC/JR-1008/61
opposite side. These small earth-covered
bunkers may serve as storage points for
fuses or initiators. No facilities for stor-
age of complete missiles can be identified.
Checkout and Support Facilities: Lo-
cated just inside the fenced launch site is
a large drive-through building (Item 5).
This building, which is very similar to
the checkout buildings found at sites
around Moscow, has a drive-through cen-
ter section with two large doors. One of
these doorways is blocked by a large
spherical or upright tank. Just off the
concrete apron that serves this building
is a buried tank 35 feet in diameter
(Item 6). In addition, there are two other
buildings. One of these (Item 7) is prob-
ably used for storage, while the other
(Item 8) is the security and administrative
building for the launch site.
PROTOTYPE YO-YO GUIDANCE SITE
The guidance for the Prototype Her-
ringbone Launch Area is a YO-YO radar
site (Figure 8) very similar to those found
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FIGURE 8. PROTOTYPE YO-YO GUIDANCE SITE. This site serves as the guidance facility for the Prototype Herringbone Launch
Site.
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around Moscow. The site is double-fenced
and encircled by firebreaks. The YO-YO
radar (Item 1) and control bunker (Item 2)
are positioned in the center of the site,
and the control bunker is not earth-
covered as are those at sites surrounding
Moscow. There is a foundation for the
bore-sight pole (Item 3), 640 feet in front
of the rada However. the pole was not
present in In addition,
there are six buildings, two buried tanks,
and a partially buried bunker (Item 4)
with three large ventilators on top. This
site is situated 5,400 feet from the junction
of the nearest set of launch roads, and
10,000 feet from the junction of the far-
thest set of launch roads.
INSTRUMENTATIONCONTROL SITE
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TROOP TRAINING
LAUNCH AREA
The Troop Training Launch Area
(Figure 9) which was under construction
in is situated along a
branch of the main service road from the
Base Support Complex (Figure 3). The
area, which is probably used mainly to
train SA-2 unit troops, consists of two
partial prototype Hexadic sites for prac-
tice firing, six launch training sites, and
a bivouac site. Only the practice firing
sites are fenced. This area probably rep-
resents the third phase in the development
of the SA-2 system. The initial work was
LAUNCH TRAINING SITES
SITE $
PIC/JR-1008/61
porters and two vans parked on concrete
parking aprons. A security building is
situated where the all -weather road serv-
ing the firing sites enters the fenced area.
A system of internal all-weather roads is
apparently designed for efficient access
to all launch revetments. The following is
a description of the two partial Hexadic
sites.
Launch Site "A": This site (Figure 10)
has four completed launch revetments
(points) and an elliptical guidance revet-
ment in the center. Two other launch
emplacements were started but construc-
tion has apparently been suspended. The
launch revetments are more heavily con-
structed than those of the other launch
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F'I. CTICE !LI
LAUNCH TRAINING SITES
probably carried out in the R&D Launch
Area.
PRACTICE (LIVE) FIRING SITES
The two Practice Firing Sites, which
are both partial prototype Hexadic sites,
are surrounded by a common double fence
(Figure 10). These sites, under construc-
tion at the time of 1957 photography, were
undergoing expansion in
Positioned between the two sites is a
large hip-roofed building (Item 1) with a
dormer on each end. Two small sheds
are located in front of this building. To
the rear of the two sites, and also within
the fenced area, are 10 missile trans-
IRING SITES
 SECRET
site (Site 11B"). A square hip-roofed build-
ing (Item 2) and a small water tower are
located adjacent to the guidance revetment.
This building is connected to a small
possible generator building by buried ca-
ble. Located to the rear of the site is
another small water tower and an unident-
ified square tower-like structure (Item 3)
with a sloping top. This structure may
have a parapet above the roof for the posi-
tioning of tracking equipment.
The launch and guidance revetments
contain no launchers, missiles, or other
equipment. Recent expansion at this site
includes the extension of the fenced area
400 feet to the east-southeast, and the
construction of a loop road within the
expanded area.
Launch Site "B": This site (Figure 10)
consists of three completed launch revet-
ments (points). Construction had begun on
three other launch revetments but was
apparently suspended at the time of 1959
photo coverage. The guidance facilities
include two long excavations. This type
of guidance facility as well as the revet-
ment type used at Site "A" has been
observed at operational SAM sites within
the USSR. Other facilities at this site
include a square hip-roofed building (Item
4), with an adjacent small water tower.
This building, identical to the one at Site
"A" (Item 2), is also connected to a pos-
sible generator building Ijy buried cable.
Between the hip-roofed building and the
guidance excavation are four poles or
masts. In addition, this site also has a
small water tower and an adjacent uniden-
tified structure (Item 5). This structure is
the same type as Item 3, Site "A". Recent
expansion at this site includes an extension
of the fence line 400 feet to the west-
northwest and construction of a loop road
within the expanded area. Two hardstands
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FIGURE 10. PRACTICE (LIVE) FIRING SiTES. These sites which ore partial prototype Hexadic sites were under construction in
____________Ibut the stage of construction could not be determined due to small scale and obliquity of photography and lack of stereo
coverage,
(Item 6), located along widened portions
of the loop road, are connected to a third
hardstand (Item 7) by ground scars. The
construction of these two hardstands is
not complete enough to determine their
use, although they may serve as pads for
instrumentation or missile launching. The
fill on which this loop road is constructed
is broken in two places, one where a
construction road crosses it and the other
where a drainage culvert is apparently
being installed.
LAUNCH TRAINING SITES
There are six Launch Training Sites
(Figure 9), three on each side of the
fenced area containing the Practice Firing
Sites. Each training site is divided into two
three-launcher battery positions. There
are seven batteries set up on four of the
sites, and the two remaining sites are
unoccupied. Each battery consists of a
FRUIT SET radar, three SA-2 launchers,
and seven vehicles. Equipment within the
Launch Training Sites consists of 7 FRUIT
SET radars, 211aunchers, and 49 vehicles.
These sites are probably used to
train the SA-2 crews in nearly every
phase of missile launching except actual
firing of the missiles. The actual firing
probably takes place in the Practice
Firing Sites positioned between the Launch
Training Sites.
BIVOUAC SITE
The Bivouac Site (Figure 9) is alarge
area which has been used for the tempo-
rary housing of troops. It is located be-
tween and to the rear of the Practice
Firing Sites and the Herringbone Launch
Site. At the time o4 I pho-
tography there were approximately 240
bases for pyramidal tents, but no tents.
The ground pattern suggests that an area
adjacent to the existing tent bases has
also been used for temporary quartering
of troops, but the number of additional
tent bases is not evident on the photog-
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PIC/JR-1008/61
raphy. The site is surrounded by fire-
breaks, but it is not fenced. Numerous
tracks lead to the Practice Firing Sites,
Launch Training Sites, and the Prototype
Herringbone Launch Site.
Just northeast of the Bivouac Site is
a possible training facility which consists
of a rectangular hardstand 70 by 50 feet
and six cleared circular areas. The cir-
cular areas, which are in dia-
meter, are positioned in a semicircle
around the pad in a manner similar to
the firing points in a Hexadic site. This
facility was not active at the time of
photography, but old track
activity indicates it has been used exten-
sively.
NEW TYPE
SAM LAUNCH AREA
The New Type SAM Launch Area
(Figure 9) is located at the terminus of a
branch of the main service road from
the Base Support Complex (Figure 3).
This area, which probably represents the
development of a third SAM system (SA-3),
has been constructed since
Photography of that time showed
no evidence of any construction at this
area. It consists of two 4-position launch
sites and an instrumentation/control site.
The area is probably used for research
and development of low- or medium-
altitude short-range missiles, as well as
for development of a prototype site.
LAUNCH SITES
The New Type SAM Launch Area has
two launch sites enclosed by a common
single fence (Figures 11, 12). An all-
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55 x
J.
96 x 66'~ ^
}\~
INSTRUMENTATION/II
CONTROL SITE I I ~?
I : ~'
I ?
1, ;
1 I ^ I "
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500
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1000
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FIGURE 11. NEW TYPE SAM LAUNCH AREA. This area
is probably designed for development of a low-or medium-
altitude short range missile.
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weather (concrete) road provides access
to these sites. This road is an extension
of the road that serves both the Prototype
Herringbone Launch Site and the Troop
Training Launch Area. There were no
indications of construction on the service
roads or the launch sites in
located between and to the rear of
these two sites, and within the fenced
area, are six unidentified vehicles parked
on a hardstand. A security building, (Item
1, Figure 11), three or four small sheds,
a circular buried tank (Item 2), and a
small square tower-like structure (Item
3), are also situated to the rear of these
sites. A detailed discussion of the two
launch sites follows.
Launch Site "A": This site (Figure 11)
has four launch revetments t.F ^ints) posi-
tioned around a large c cuLL: guidance
revetment (Item 4). All the rcvc:ments
are unoccupied. Construction was nearly
complete on this site ml
but some work was :till in progress on
the roads. A large control building (Item
5) is positioned adjacent to the guidance
revetment. To the rear of this building
are two possible buried tanks (Item 6).
These possible tanks are positioned so
that traffic coming in the access road
will have to drive around them to serve
two of the launch revetments. Each launch
revetment and its service road is in the
shape of a "T" (Figure 12), with the
launch revetment at one end of the bar
and the other half of the bar probably
used to position the missile delivery ve-
hicle prior to backing into the launch
revetment. The half of the bar probably
used to position the missile delivery
vehicle could also serve as a temporary
hold for extra missiles. Each launch re-
vetment is separately served by an access
road.
PIC/.1R-1008/61
PERSPECTIVE OF NEW TYPE SAM LAUNCH SITES.
Launch Site "B": This site (Figure 11)
has four non-revetted launch pads (points)
positioned like "saw teeth" along a semi-
circular access road. All these pads are
occupied with some sort of equipment.
One pad (Item 7) has what appears to be
two missile-like objects approximately 25
feet long. Two other pads (Items 8, 9)
have what appear to be covered missile
launchers. The fourth pad (Item 10) has
an unidentified object parked on it. Lo-
cated to the rear of the site is a square
hip-roofed building (Item 11) connected
to a possible generator building by buried
cable. The square hip-roofed building is
nearly identical to the one found at Prac-
tice Firing Sites "A" and "B" in the Troop
Training Launch Area (Items 2, 4, Fig-
ure 10). Positioned on a concrete pad in
front of this building are a possible radar
and three vans. The possible radar, which
is not a FRUIT SET, is partially obscured
by shadow. The reflector, which could be
up to 20 feet across, is probably either
a parabolic dish reflector or a cut para-
bolic reflector. It seems to be offset-
mounted on a pedestal, probably from a
small carriage, and has what appears to
be a large feed mechanism.
INSTRUMENTATION/CONTROL SITE
An instrumentation/control site (Fig-
ure 11) is located 4,800 feet south of the
fenced launch sites. Two buried cables
connect it with the launch sites. The
instrumentation/control site, which is not
fenced, is served by an unimproved road
and contains two buildings. One (Item 12)
is a hip-roofed building with a flat-topped
parapet on the roof. The other (Item 13)is
a smaller, shed-type building at which all
buried cables appear to terminate. This
site is also connected to the range instru-
mentation system, and the relationship
between them will be discussed under the
SAM Test Range.
DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Photography indicates that the New
Type SAM Launch Area is designed for
development of a new missile system,
probably utilizing a low- or medium-
altitude short-range missile. This launch
area is probably intended to serve not
only as a prototype site (Site "A") but
also as an R&D test site (Site "B") for the
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new system. This hypothesis is substan-
tiated by the fact that (1) Site "B" is
apparently completed and is occupied with
electronic equipment as well as some
possible missiles, and (2) Site "A" is
still in a state of construction, as indicated
by the incomplete roadways to the pads
and the apparent construction material
still lying on the ground. In addition, there
are no launchers, missiles, or guidance
equipment located in the launch or guid-
ance revetments of Site "A". The launch
pads and guidance facilities at Site "B"
are not revetted. This association of a
soft site (Site "B") with an apparent
prepared prototype site under construction
(Site "A") follows the same phases of
development as has been noted for both
the SA-1 and SA-2 systems.
The location of the New Type SAM
Launch Area relative to facilities asso-
ciated with the SA-1 and SA-2 systems,
and its tie-in to the existing range ins-
trumentation is significant. The tie-in of
the new system with the existing down-
range instrumentation probably indicates
that interception will be made at ranges
no longer than those obtained with the
SA-1 or SA-2 systems. This is especially
true since the instrumentation existing in
1957 has not been extended beyond the old
sites.
The 25-foot possible missiles on the
pad at Site "B" are indicative of a low- or
medium-altitude short-range missile sys-
tem. The size of the possible missiles
correlates quite well with the size of the
launch revetments at Site "A". In addition,
the revetments at Site "A" are relatively
shallow, allowing firing of a missile at a
relatively low angle. The layout of the
access roads to the launch revetments
of Site "A" is inconsistent with the re-
quirements for a Guideline-type trans-
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porter. It is probable that the missiles
will be transported on the equivalent of a
2.5 ton truck or possibly transporter-
launchers. The use of only four pads at
the new-system sites suggests that more
than one missile will be positioned on
each pad. Particularly is this so when
compared to the six single-missile launch-
ing revetments at each SA-2 site. In
addition, a low-altitude defense system
would probably have a short operating
range, and hence require multiple firing
to increase the kill probability.
In determining the capabilities of the
new system, it is important to note that
the system has a range capability prob-
ably not exceeding that of the SA-1 and
SA-2 systems, and probably has more
than one missile per launch revetment.
In conclusion, indications are that the
missile system under development at the
New Type SAM Launch Area is not a
refinement of the SA-2 system, but a new
system utilizing a low- or medium-altitude
short-range missile. The alternative pos-
sibility that the system being developed
utilizes a high-altitude or long-range
missile is not nearly as probable. The
possibility that it is an anti-missile mis-
sile system is inconsistent with the char-
acteristics of the equipment observed, and
with the positioning of the site within the
launch complex.
SAM TEST RANGE
The Test Range for the SAM Facil-
ities is entirely independent of other
instrumentation systems in the Kapustin
Yar/Vladimirovka Missile `l'est Center
(Figure 2). Launchings at the SAM Com-
plex apparently can be conducted without
-19-
regard for those at the other complexes
at the Center. The orientation of the SAM
Test Range to the north-northeast, on a
general azimuth of 20 degrees, precludes
interference with firings at the SSM Launch
Complexes to the southeast, which are
orientated approximately due east.
Instrumentation for the SAM Test
Range consists of 8 sites, 5 forward and
3 to the rear (Figure 3). Most cable lines
and roads from these sites appear to
converge in the vicinity of Instrumentation
Sites 6 and 7 and Section "B" of the
Housing and Support Area. From Site 6,
cable lines with paralleling roads and
trails fan out to the five forward sites
(Sites 1 through 5) and define the extent
of the instrumented test range. Other
cable lines also lead from some of the
launch areas to two of the rear instru-
mentation sites (Sites 6 and 7).
The forward instrumentation sites
(Sites 1 through 5) are situated at the
corners of a large roughly square area,
approximately 5.4 miles on a side. A
projection of the center access road of
the Prototype Herringbone Launch Site
would pass through this roughly square
area. The other three launch areas in the
SAM Launch Complex, which are oriented
in the same general direction, also use
this test range. Instrumentation Sites 6
through 8 are located to the rear of the
launch areas.
Each launch area has its own asso-
ciated guidance facilities, which are dis-
cussed with the launch area to which they
are related. In addition, a Probable Range
Control Center is situated between the
R&D Launch Area and the Prototype Her-
ringbone Launch Area (Figure 3).
A discussion of the instrumentation
sites and Probable Range Control Center
follows.
PIC/JR-1008/61
INSTRUMENTATION SITE 1
Site 1 (Figure 13) is located 8.2 miles
from the Probable Range Control Center
(Figure 3). It consists of two buildings
surrounded by a roughly circular fire-
36' x say 1~---430' x 30'
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FIGURE 13. INSTRUMENTATION SITE 1.
break. One of the buildings (Item 1, Fig-
ure 13) has a steep gable roof, while the
other (Item 2) has a relatively flat gable
roof. Both buildings have a very small
structure on the roof. The Site has no
security fence. Located just outside of the
firebreak is a possible buried tank (Item
3). This site could not be identified on
photography.
INSTRUMENTATION SITE 2
Site 2 (Figure 14), which is located
8.2 miles from the Probable Range Control
Center, is roughly circular in shape and
protected by three to four graded fire-
breaks. The main building (Item 1) is a
square hip-roofed structure with five
protrusions on top. One of these protru-
sions extends upward much higher than
the other four. Near this building is a
bunker (Item 2) with a drive-down ramp
leading under it. In addition, there are
two other small buildings (Items 3), an
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FIGURE 14. INSTRUMENTATION SITE 2.
excavation (Item 4), a possible buried tank
(Item 5), and a probable generator building
(Item 6), which is connected by buried
cable to the main building and one of the
smaller buildings. An unimproved road
and several vehicle tracks serve the site.
Buried cables lead to Sites 1, 3 and 5.
A possible buried cable leads down-
range from this site and converges with
the one from Site 3 at a forward point
which may be a mobile instrumentation
site. Though this mobile instrumentation
site was unoccupied ml I
mobile-type instrumentation equipment
could be moved to this point during firings.
INSTRUMENTATION SITE 3
Site 3 (Figure 15) is located 9.1 miles
from the Probable Range Control Center.
This site, which was present in 1957, has
no permanent buildings, but there is a
building foundation within the site. It can-
not be determined whether this is the
foundation for a building under construc-
tion or for a building that has been razed.
A large excavation with a long narrow
object being installed (item 1) is located
within the site. In addition, there is a lot
of unidentified clutter lying within the
site. The site is surrounded by at least
three graded firebreaks. One unimproved
road and several vehicle tracks lead to
the site, and buried cables connect it with
Sites 2 and 4. In addition, a possible
ff?
/ ??, f?~/// \Y? 0
BURIED CABLEl?? N?
/
~/~// /'
r
r
.
~? 500 0
TO SITE
FEET
/ /'
500
-j
0
FIGURE 15. INSTRUMENTATION SITE 3.
buried cable leads to the possible mobile
instrumentation site (see discussion of
Site 2).
INSTRUMENTATION SITE 4
Site 4 (Figure 16) is located 4.5 miles
from the Probable Range Control Center.
Facilities include a steep gable-roofed
building with two protrusions on top (Item
1). In addition, the site contains a flat-
roofed building (Item 2), a relatively flat
gable-roofed building (Item 3), two small
unidentified structures, and two possible
vehicles. This site is surrounded by at
least two graded firebreaks, and is served
by an unimproved road and several vehicle
tracks. It is connected by buried cables
_20_
~\ TO SITE 3
/?/
?
II:
//
+
i/
lK4
500
2 7 90' x 30
i /
TO PROTOTYPE
HERRINGBONE, I
LAUNCH AREA
?? ..
g
RI F
TO SITE 5 ?//BURIED CA?-_
f F ?
/ / TO NEW TYPE LAUNCH AREA
a
LI
25 525 /
40 x 40 i
0 500
I I I
FEET
FIGURE 16. INSTRUMENTATION SITE 4.
to Sites 3 and 6 as well as the New Type
SAM Launch Area and the Prototype Her-
ringbone Launch Area. The buried cable
to Site 6 passes through the Troop Train-
ing Launch Area.
INSTRUMENTATION SITE 5
Site 5 (Figure 17), which is located
3.6 miles from the Probable Range Control
Center, consists of two adjoining sections.
The larger is encircled by three graded
firebreaks and the smaller by two fire-
breaks. Within the smaller section is an
object (Item 1) which casts a shadow, but
it cannot be determined whether the object
is a structure or a mound of earth. The
larger section has a fenced area containing
two buildings. One (Item 2) has a flat roof
with three protrusions arranged in line
along the center of the roof, and the other
(Item 3) has a steep gable roof with a
protrusion on one side. Another object
(Item 4), which appears partially buried,
is also situated within this fenced area.
Just outside the fence, but within the
inner firebreak, is a possible buried tank
(Item 5). Outside the firebreak, to the west
of the site, is a circular revetment which
contains another possible buried tank
(Item 6). The instrumentation site is cha-
racterized by heavy track activity and is
served by an unimproved road. Buried
cables lead to Sites 1, 2 and 6 as well as
??? TO. SITES
/ ~' i /////////// /??
/' 30' x 15?
~j /
i 30 x 30 ~/. ~, /
/ APPRO%. 45' DI A.
25 X 25 -1 -
//7
BURIED C A B
\ /~/~ /~
\. I//////////////
~~~/iii
TO SITE 5 j
I!
:
1.i TO PROTOTYPE
,I HERRINGBONE AREA
? n?
/
?
50 DIA. _., /.??~
500 0 500
I I I
FEET
FIGURE 17. INSTRUMENTATION SITE 5.
to the Prototype Herringbone Launch Area.
The buried cable to Site 6 passes through
the R&D Launch Area.
INSTRUMENTATION S1TE 6
Site 6 (Figure 18) is located to the
rear of the SAM launch areas, 2.1 miles
south of the Probable Range Control Cen-
ter. It has three structures, one steep
gable-roofed building (Item 1), one flat-
roofed building (Item 2), and a relatively
flat gable-roofed building (Item 3). The
site is surrounded by three or four graded
firebreaks and is served by an unimproved
road and several vehicle tracks. Buried
cables extend from this site to Sites 4 and
5. A ground scar leads northward from
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?. TO SITE 15 II TO SITE 7
' 74Y /,
~'~ I 1
TO SITE
Jr.
I
45' x 90' ~?\ \
N ~., 1
I y
/
I
J
f ~
0 500
500
FEET
FIGURE 18. INSTRUMENTATION SITE 6.
this site to join a similar ground scar
from Instrumentation Site 7.
INSTRUMENTATION SITE 7
Site 7 (Figure 19) is located east of
Section "B" of the Housing and Support
Area and 1.5 miles south of the Probable
Range Control Center. It consists of three
i
TO MAIN ROAD' -
1 \ ,,.---
I I A BURIED CABLE
f 777 111
I ~ / 30 % 30'
,
I
1
/
i
i 1
'\ /
1
k-~~ ~i
/
` GROUND SCARS I
1 TO INSTRUMENTATION
SITE C
U~ i 500
I ?
I'
I
0
FEET
FIGURE 19. INSTRUMENTATION SITE 7.
500
buildings and an excavation, possibly for
a building foundation. One of the buildings
(Item 1) has a relatively flat gable roof.
Another is a small building (Item 2), roof
type undetermined, surrounded by a graded
firebreak. The third building (Item 3),
which appears to be the most important
one at the site, has a structure on the
roof which may be a radar or some other
type of instrument. A ground scar leads
from this site to a point on the main road
serving the SAM Launch Complex, where
it joins one of several ground scars which
extend along the main road from the
vicinity of the SAM Launch Complex to
the Base Support Complex. This ground
scar is also joined by the one from Site 6
at a point 310 feet west of Site 7.
INSTRUMENTATION/CONTROL SITE 8
Site 8 (Figure 20) is located behind
the New Type SAM Launch Area, 3.3 miles
east of the Probable Range Control Center.
- : -I;
k,-r ;
I I
~ It. I I
i
It
' I
eu2lEO 1 ' I
;
CABLE ~y
~\
TO SITE 7? ~95.x 55'
`--`-'- 55'%55
i l
II
I I
1
I
I
500 0 500
I I I
FEET
FIGURE 20. INSTRUMENTATION/CONTROL SITE 8. This
site was not present in
The site consists of two buildings. One
(Item 1) is a hip-roofed building with a
flat-topped parapet on the roof, and the
other (Item 2) is a small shed-type build-
ing. Buried cables lead from the small
building to the New Type SAM Launch
Sites and to a point near Instrumentation
Site 7. This site was not present in
PROBABLE RANGE CONTROL CENTER
The Probable Range Control Center
for the SAM Launch Complex (Figure 2)
FIGURE 21. PROBABLE RANGE CONTROL CENTER.
is located 3,300 feet to the rear of the
R&D Launch Sites (Figure 3). It is for-
ward of and approximately equidistant
from the R&D and Prototype YO-YO
Guidance Sites. The center consists of a
fenced area 205 by 165 feet surrounded
by a graded firebreak. It contains one
main building 45 by 30 feet and
high, and one support-type building
square. On the roof of the main building
there are several pieces of equipment
which are probably used for tracking and
communications. In the center of the front
of this building a wing-like structure
feet long extends out I I and rises
higher than the building. Each end
of this wing-like structure is cylindrical
in form and is capped with a dome
in diameter. These cylindrical forms
extend from the ground up and constitute
an integral part of the wing-like structure.
Although the Probable Range Control
Center is not centrally located with res-
pect to all launch areas, it is so located
with respect to the R&D and Prototype
Herringbone Launch Areas, the first two
constructed. Ground scars on 1957 pho-
tography indicate that this center existed
at that time, but the buildings could not be
identified from that photography. Buried
cables probably lead from the Center
along the service roads to at least two of
the launch areas.
HOUSING AND SUPPORT
AREA
The Housing and Support Area (Fig-
ure 22) is located adjacent to the road that
connects the SAM Base Support Complex
to the SAM Launch Complex (Figure 3).
The area is divided into two fenced sec-
tions, "A" and "B". In addition, there are
three tent sites, two old and one new.
There is no change in the fenced areas
since 1957, except for the addition of a
few buildings.
SECTION "A"
The larger of the two sections, Sec-
tion "A" (Figure 22), measures 1,890
by 2,800 feet and covers 121 acres. It
contains approximately 19 barracks-type
buildings, 3 motor pools, a recreation
area, a small heating plant, and numerous
support-type buildings. Another probable
barracks building was under construction
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FIGURE 22. PHOTO ENLARGEMENT OF HOUSING AND SUPPORT AREA.
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a total floor space of 386,700 square
feet; however, some of these buildings
could be used as classrooms rather than
living quarters. Equipment in the motor
pools i included 81 trucks
16 dump trucks, 3 cranes, 18 possible
trailers, 38 unidentified vehicles, and 6
pieces of miscellaneous equipment. This
section probably serves as a housing area
for support, school, and technical per-
sonnel. In addition, the area provides ve-
hicular and maintenance support for the
SAM Launch Complex.
A probable pumping station is located
immediately west of this section. A buried
pipeline leads 7,000 feet west from the
section to an open ditch which continues
4,500 feet further to a probable sewage
disposal facility (Figure 3).
SECTION "B"
Section "B" (Figure 22), located a
short distance to the south of Section "A",
measures 750 by 650 feet and contains
approximately 11 acres. This section has
8 storage-type buildings 180 by 30 feet,
one administrative-type building, an earth
covered bunker, and several small mis-
cellaneous buildings.
OLD TENT SITES
Just southeast of Section "B" is an
old tent site with approximately 40 tent
bases (Figure 22). Another old tent site
with approximately 70 tent bases lies
adjacent to the southeast corner of Sec-
tion "A". These two tent sites appear to
have been out of use for some time prior
They probably are the
remains of temporary housing sites for
construction workers.
NEW TENT SITE
A new tent site with approximately
142 tent bases is located northeast of
Section "A" (Figure 22). Ninety-two of
the tent bases and one T-shaped probable
mess hall building are enclosed by a
double fence. The other 50 tent bases are
outside the fence. This site appears much
newer and was probably used during the
summer of 1959 for housing of troops
assigned here for training.
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MISSILE CHECKOUT
AND PROPELLANT
STORAGE AREA
The Missile Checkout and Propellant
Storage Area (Figure 24), present in
is located 1.9 miles south
of the Housing and Support Area (Figure
3). It is served by an all-weather (prob-
able concrete) access road from the
main road to the SAM Launch Complex.
The area which is double-fenced, has
guard towers, and has a security building
at the entrance. Situated within the area
are eight revetted buildings, each served
by an all-weather road; a revetted spher-
ical or upright tank adjacent to a small
building (Item 1, Figure 24); one gable-
roofed drive-through building (Item 2);
one square building under construction
(Item 3); and several small shed-type
structures.
This area has several buildings very
similar to those found at the support fa-
cilities associated with operational SAM
defense systems. Nearly all buildings at
these operational facilities, except the
large drive-through checkout/maintenance
building, have counterparts in the Mis-
sile Checkout and Propellant Storage
Area. This area probably serves the SAM
Launch Complex in the same way the
operational support facilities serve launch
55 X 30
STORAGE AREA
2650
40 x 30
GROUND SCAR
50 DIA.
500
L
500
FEET
0
PIC/JR-1008/61
FIGURE 24. MISSILE CHECKOUT AND PROPELLANT STORAGE AREA. This area has several buildings and revetments similar to those found at the support facilities associated with operational SAM
defense systems,
sites around the defended areas. The addi-
tional revetted buildings are probably used
for propellant storage.
Located just outside the fenced area
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there is a small water tower, a heating
plant, and another building. Situated near
the junction of the access road and the
main road is a fenced site containing a
building and two buried tanks. A ground
scar connects this fenced site with the
Missile Checkout and Propellant Storage
Area.
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BASE SUPPORT COMPLEX
The Base Support Complex for the
SAM Facilities (Figure 25) covers an area
of approximately 9 square miles. It is
located 7 nautical miles south of the SAM
Launch Complex and 4 nautical miles
north-northwest of Kapustin Yar (Figure
3). The complex, which includes the Base
Support and Housing Area, the Marshalling
Area, and Kapustin Yar Airfield, lies
astride the main road leading to the SAM
Launch Complex, and is the terminus of a
rail spur from Kapustin Yar.
BASE SUPPORT
AND HOUSING AREA
The Base Support and Housing Area
is located 7 miles south of the SAM Launch
Complex and 4 miles north-northwest of
Kapustin Yar (Figure 3). The area includes
a Base Support Section, a Housing Sec-
tion, two Possible Storage Sections, and a
Transloading Site (Figure 26). Additions
made to the area since
are shown in green. This area is served
by both road and rail. The main road to
the SAM Launch Complex passes through
the large fenced portion, separating the
Base Support Section from the Housing
Section. Another all-weather- road extends
to Kapustin Yar Airfield. The rail spur
from Kapustin Yar serves the Base Sup-
port Section and the Transloading Site.
The dimensions of the mair buildings are
indicated on Figure 26. Vehicles shown
on this line drawing appear on
I hotography.
BASE SUPPORT SECTION
The Base Support Section (Figure 26),
which lies north of the main road to the
SAM Launch Facilities, contains 53 build-
ings, 8 of which have been built since
his section has a sepa-
rately-fenced motor pool with a large
maintenance building. Another part of this
section, enclosed by a solid fence, prob-
ably serves as an area for receiving and
assembling SAM missiles. This fenced
portion is both rail and road served and
has two road drive-through buildings, and
eight support buildings. The presence of
this facility in the Base Support Section
could account for the absence of a large
assembly building in the Missile Checkout
and Propellant Storage Area. This large
assembly building is usually found at
support facilities associated with opera-
tional SAM Sites. In addition, there are
also two probable barracks within the
FiGURE 25. PHOTO ENLARGEMENT OF THE SUPPORT COMPLEX.
PIC/JR-1008/61
fenced area and two more barracks just
outside the fence. Other buildings within
the Base Support Section are probably
used as laboratories, machine shops,
and fabrication, maintenance, and storage
buildings.
HOUSING SECTION
The Housing Section lies south of the
main road to the SAM Launch facilities
(Figure 26). Housing facilities include
362,230 square feet of floor space in
apartment and family units and 17,800
square feet in barracks. Based on 650
square feet of living space per family in
apartments and family dwellings and 150
square feet per person in barracks, the
Housing Section has accommodations for
an estimated total of 1,240 adults. Since
the 4 barracks in the Base Support Section
have space for an additional 260 persons,
the estimated total adult population of the
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I
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- . - A~ 1~ wKtL~~ FROM VOLGA R[VER ?'
xtr~rs:r>trx~.s~
60' X 30' 90' X 90'
1 / 50' x 80'
80' x 40' 0
0
170' x 40' 110' x 40'
' 60' X 60'
1880' 70' x 30'
90' x 95'
80' x 40' 80' x 40'
0X ?OTO 1
POOL
I
^ 140' x 95' ~,
160? x 35
900' _
`T\O KAPUSTIN YAR ~~_'lll
POSSIBLE STORAGE SECTION
80' x 80'
31NGS a0' x 30?
120' x 36'
_16 VEHICLES
500 0 500 1000
I , I I I
FEET
4360'
SOLID % A --
160' X 45'
WINGS U/I 190' X 70'
POSSIBLE sou/I VEHICLES HOUSING SECTION e X'? w~ 1 _
STORAGE SECTION ,50' x 45' ^
96'X36'^ ^ ^ , 110'x40' x25'
110'%48' 160'%45' ~~~r~.,~~~.i
BO' % 8T
180' X 80' ! ^ ^ ^ 1 a ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
- 90' % 95'
70' x 35' ~
RECREATIOP
100' x 35' ' ' I 1 z 930' x 80' A~ CENTER
65' x 85'
190' x O' 80' x 30'
' 100' % 36' ~^ 160' x 89'
160' x 56' 160' x 80' ' f ~~
60' x 35' /
45' % 90' 250' % 80' DMIN. BLDG.
WINGS 30' x 30' I 280' X 60' ^ ^ ^ I
DIRT ROAD 260' x 80' 230' x 120' 110' x 85' . PROBABLE BARRACKS
IN 1987 U/C ' 140' x 70'
B6' x 36' 1E- SOLID
230' x 86' 126' x 80'
1B0' x 60' MOTOR PDOL .12 U/l VEHICLES
ALL WEATHER /
IN 196D 30 VEHICLES 160' % 80'
? HEATING PLANT 4 ^ _
140' x 45'' ' `. 210' x 80' ^
70' x 80' STAND PIPES 90' x 70'
80' X 60' ~~' -
_ 300' x 60.0 160' x 76' 200' x 80' ? ?
170' x 46" 180' x 30' i SOLID 190' X 80'50' x 30'
? , 240' x 46'
^ - BASE SUPPORT SECTION
100' x 90' ? 1230' x 46' - ^ ^
OPEN - 75' X 30' 100' x 55'
STORAGE 110' x 45'
SOLID
APPROX. 200BJ ECT5 8 VEHICLES 17 PO55. LAUNCHERS
WHICH RESEMBLE APPROX. 12 U/I OBJECTS 11 VEHICLES
HORIZONTAL TANKS
(` U/C IN
1 TO AIRSTRIP
PROBABLE MISSILE RECEIVING
AND ASSEMBLY AREA
PIC/JR-1008/61
TO MARSHALLING AREA
Il
TRANSLOADING SITE y1
TO LAUNCH COMPLEX 1
FIGURE 26. BASE SUPPORT AND HOUSING AREA. This area serves as a general support, maintenance, and housing area supporting the SAM complex and Airfield. Obliquity of photography prevents a vehicle identification in most cases.
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Base Support and Housing Area is 1,500
persons. In addition, the Housing Section
has a large administration building, a few
storage buildings, and a recreation center.
The main intake water line from the Volga
River leads into this section.
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buildings, five of which have been built
since The other passible
storage section, situated 1,804 feet to the
south, is surrounded by a solid fence. This
section contains 15 storage-type buildings
and aseparately-fenced motor pool with
3 buildings and at least lb vehicles.
POSSIBLE STORAGE SECTIONS
The smaller of the two possible stor-
age sections adjoins the eastern end of
the Housing Section and is separately
fenced (Figure 26). It contains seven
TRANSLOADING SITE
The Transloading Site is locatednear
the junction of all-weather roads leading
to the Marshalling Area and the SAM
Launch Complex (Figure 26). The rail
spur serving this site was under con-
struction, and nearly complete, in
PIC/JR-1008/61
MARSHALLING AREA
The Marshalling Area (Figure 27),
present but under construction in
is located west of the Base
Near the terminal end, it
branches into three tracks. At the time
of photography, a train
with two launchers and six vans or trailers
was located on the middle track. Another
train, loaded with 121aunchers, was being
backed in on the track next to the
transloading hardstand. Thirty-six vehi-
cles were parked within the site.
Support and Housing Area, 7 miles south
of the SAM Launch Complex (Figure 3).
It is double-fenced and is served by a
concrete access road that extends the full
length of the area. A security building is
positioned at the entrance of the access
road. Along this road are five equipment
checkout and storage pads with equipment
4890'/
_... Y r ~~
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i i i
FEET
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on them. Each pad is connected by buried
cable to a probable checkout beacon posi-
tioned 590 feet from the pad. A square
hip-roofed building is situated beside each
pad. These buildings are similar, if not
identical, to the ones found at the Troop
Training Launch Area (Items 2, 4, Figure
10), and the one at the New Type Launch
Area (Item 11, Figure 11).
EQUIPMENT
Parked on the equipment checkout
and storage pads in were
elements of several SA-2 units. The fol-
lowing is a list of the equipment identified
within the area. Item numbers correspond
to those on the accompanying graphic
(Figure 27 ).
Item 1: 4 FRUIT SET radars;
24 probable launchers; 52 other vehicles,
type undetermined.
Item 2: 6 FRUIT SET radars;
27 probable launchers; 50 other vehicles,
type undetermined.
Item 3: 4 FRUIT SET radars;
30 probable launchers; 53 other vehicles,
type undetermined.
Item 4: 6 FRUIT SET radars;
22 probable launchers; 54 other vehicles,
type undetermined.
Item 5: 3 FRUIT SET radars;
33 probable launchers, 68 other vehicles,
type undetermined.
Item 6: 87 vehicles, type unde-
termined.
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There are approximately 85 other
vehicles scattered throughout the area,
making the total equipment count in the
Marshalling Area, 23 FRUIT SET radars,
136 probable launchers, and approximately
364 other vehicles. Two of the equipment
checkout and storage pads (Items 4 and S)
were occupied in but a
vehicle count could not be made from
that photography.
OTHER FACILITIES
The other facilities located within the
Marshalling Area are concentrated near
the entrance of the access road. These
facilities include five checkout and stor-
age buildings (Items 7, Figure 27), two
2-story barracks buildings (Items 8), a
small thermal plant (Item 9), a probable
maintenance building (Item 10), and a
small probable storage building (Item 11).
Just outside the fenced area are two
buried tanks, probably for POL storage.
One of these (Item 12) was being installed
at the time of 1959 photography.
Just north of the Marshalling Area,
along the main road to the SAM Launch
Complex, is a bivouac site containing 120
tent bases and a large probable mess hall.
This site is prepared so as to accom-
modate 120 more tent bases, but the bases
are not present. There is a small-arms
range nearby, and the site is marked with
numerous tracks. Though there was activ-
ity at this site in the
-28-
presence or absence of tents could not be
determined. The small-arms range was
under construction at that time.
A rail and road transloading facility
is located east of the Marshalling Area.
This facility, which was present in C
is discussed with the Base
Support and Housing Area (Figure 26).
DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
The Marshalling Area is probably
involved in the equipping and activating
of new SA-2 units. Some factors which
tend to support this conclusion are: (1)
the large amount of associated equipment
in the area (over 500 pieces); (2)use of
the SA-2 system for the defense of many
areas in the USSR, requiring a high acti-
vation rate for SA-2 units; (3) facilities
in the SAM Launch Complex for training
several units simultaneously; and (4)
equipment moving in on a train and the
presence of other equipment at the trans-
loading facility in Missile
equipment technicians may do some train-
ing at the Marshalling Area.
The equipment is probably received,
checked out, and the electronic equipment
calibrated prior to issue to the SA-2 units.
The troops operating the Marshalling Area
probably process equipment for at least
five units simultaneously. This assump-
tion is based on the presence of five pads
and five processing buildings.
A study of the
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tography shows that the Marshalling Area
and the transloading site adjacent to it
were essentially completed and were op-
erational, even though there was some
construction still in progress. This sug-
gests that the Marshalling Area and trans-
loading site were newly constructed in
1957 to perform a specific function in
connection with the SA-2 system, which
was approximately in the same stage of
development.
KAPUSTIN YAR AIRFIELD
Kapustin Yar Airfield, located north
of the Base Support and Housing Area, is
a sod landing strip 4, 500 to 5, 000 feet long
and 600 feet wide, oriented east/west,
with a 1,700 foot overrun at the east end
(Figure 25). Facilities include two heli-
copter pads, ILS equipment, an abandoned
firing butt, several revetments, and a
maintenance/support area containing 16
small maintenance/utility buildings and
18 vehicles. Aircraft present at the time
of photography included
6 CAB, 2 CRATE, 4 COLT, 10 CREEK;
and 8 HOUND. The two helicopter pads
are situated at either end of the field and
are served by new all-weather roads. At
the eastern end of the airfield, near the
helicopter pad, there is a small fenced
enclosure containing a single small build-
ing. Eight trucks are parked just outside
this enclosure.
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INITIAL SAM LAUNCH COMPLEX
The Initial SAM Launch Complex,
now inactive or abandoned, ie situated 15
miles northeast of Kapustin Yar, and 10
miles east of the active SAMLaunch Com-
plex (Figure 2). It consists of a Launch
Area and a Support Area situated one
mile apart. The Support Area ie served
from Kapustin Yar by an improved road,
probably gravel surfaced. An unimproved
road connects the Launch Area with the
Support Area. A buried cable leads south-
eastward from the Support Area toward
the Surface-to-Surface Missile Facilities.
This buried cable ie probably part of a
rangehead communications system con-
necting [he various launch facilities.
The Launch Area covers about 45
acres and contains two rectangular con-
crete launch pads, a circular possible
launch pad, a control bunker, and six re-
vetments. Nine cargo trucks and four
smaller vehicles are parked just west of
the area, but do not appear to be asso-
ciated with it.
The Support Area covers approxi-
mately 80 acres and contains 5 buildings
and 34 old tent bases. A large section in
the southern part of the area is scarred,
and it appears that buildings formerly
occupying it have been razed.
COMPLEX
AREA
COORDINATES*
ACTIVITY,
R & D Lasach Site
48?48'20"N-45?44'15'E
4 of 5 sites have some equipmem
LAUNCH AREA Guidance Site
46?47'05"N-45?43'30 "g
Track Activity
Launch Site
48?47'55"N-45?45'25"E
29 Guideline missiles on dollies
PROTOTYPE
type missiles on leunehere
27
0
HERRINGBONE
i a i
'a
LAUNCH AREA Guidmce Site
46?46'50"N-45?44'28"E
Track Activity
TROOP TRAINING LAllNCH AREA
48?96'59"N-45?46'55"E
21 Launchers, 10 probable uailere
SAM LAUNCH COMPLEX
7 FRUITSET Redara, 49 other vehicles
NEW TYPE 5AM LAUNCH AREA
46?96 '59"N-45?48'45"E
2 possible missiles, 2 possible
leuncheea, possible electronic equipment
HOUSING AND SUPPORT AREA
98?46'20"N-45?43"48"E
Track Activity
MISSILE CHECKOUT AND
48?44'35"N-45?43'50"E
Track Activity
PROPELLANT STORAGE AREA
MARSHALLING AREA
98?39'45"N-95?41'00"E
23 FRUITSET Radars
136 probable lauachere, approximately
360 other vehicles
BASE SUPPORT COMPLEX
BASE SUPPORT AND HOUSING
48?39'05"N-45?43'00""E
Track Activity
AREA
KAPUSTIN YAR ADIFIELD
48?40'10"N-95?43'30"E
6 CAB, 4 COLT, 8 HOUND, 2 CRATE,
10 CREEK
INITIAL SAM
LAUNC}I AREA
4B?96'45"N-46?03'10 "E
laective or abandoned
LAUNCH COMPLEX
SUPPORT AREA
48?95'15"N-46?03'40"E
Inactive or abandoned
* Coordinates are foe the center of the site or area
** Small stele of 1957 photography precludes de[ermiuation of ec[ivity
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CONCLUSIONS
The Surface-to-Air Missile Facilities probably operate independentlyofother missile
facilities at the Kapustin Yar/Vladimirovka Missile Test Center.
?
Two missile systems, SA-1 and SA-2, have been developed at the SAM Facilities.
The development of the SA-2 system was begun prior to
A low- to medium-altitude short range SAM missile system is probably under devel-
opment at the New Type SAM Launch Area.
Troop training appears to be one of the most important functions of the SAM Facili-
ties. This includes facilities for training several SA-2 crews simultaneously as well as
facilities for classroom training of a large number of troops.
The Marshalling Area probably serves as an issue point for equipping trained SA-2
crews being deployed to operational sites.
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REFERENCES
PIC/JR-1008/61
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MAPS or CHARTS
ACIC. USAF Operational Navigation Chart 235, Jun 1958, Scale 1:1,000,000 (C)
SAC. US Ai.r Target Chart, Series 200, Sheet 0235-22A, 2d ed, Feb 1960, Scale
1:200,000 (S)
DOCUMENT
CIA. PIC/JB-1016/60, Missile Test Center, Kapustin Yar/Vladimirovka, USSR,
1 Dec 60 ~S
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