APPROVED FOR RELEASE CIA HISTORICAL RELEASE PROGRAM JUNE 2017 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 AR 70-14 ITYP?46CRAL Central Intelligence Agency MEMORANDUM FOR: The Director of Central Intelligence SUBJECT COMBAT REGULATIONS OF THE SOVIET NAVY: The Control of Forces 19 September 1986 1 1. The enclosed intelligence Information Speck:al Report is a translation of part of a 12-chapter book on Soviet Navy 'combat regulations, classified SECRET and published by the USSR Ministry of Defense in 1983. This second chapter covers the command, control, and communications of Soviet naval forces. It delineates the responsibilities of commanders and staffs in a wide range of situations and discusses the use of control posts, automated control systems, and communications for the effective performance of combat tasks. The command and control decisionmaking process is described, including the precise form and content of combat orders. ; 2. Because the source of this report is extremely sensitive, this document should be handled on a strict need-to-know, basis within recipient agencies. a r . -orge Deputy Director for Operations TS #868330 Copy # Page 1 of 26 Pages Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690' Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 "COMM/AL. Distribution: The Director of Central Intelligence The Director of Intelligence and Research Department of State The Joint Chiefs of Staff The Director, Defense Intelligence Agency The Assistant to .the Chief of Staff for Intelligence Department of the Army Director of Naval Intelligence Department of the Navy The Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence U. S. Air Force 'Director, National Security Agency Deputy Director of Central Intelligence Deputy Director for Intelligence Director of Soviet Analysis Director of Scientific and Weapons Research Page 2 of 26 Pages TS #868330 Copy # Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 COUNTRY ussR DATE OF INFO. 1983 z SOURCE Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 "rarltr?FIAL. Intelligence Information Special Report SUBJECT Page 3 of 26 Pages DATE 19 September 1986 Combat Regulations of the Navy: Chapter 2: The Control of Forces Documentary Summary: The following report is a translation from Russian of the second chapter of the SECRET 1983.edition of the USSR Ministry of Defense's combat regulations for the Soviet Navy. This chapter covers the command, control, and communications of the Soviet Navy's forces. The responsibilities of commanders, staffs, flag staff-officer specialists, and subordinate units are, delineated' In a number of specific situations. The use of stationary and mobile control posts and systems for the automated control of forces are presented along with a description of the responsibilities of the control posts of naval aviation, the organization of communications, the command and control decisionmaking process, and the form and content of combat orders. Finally, the last part of the chapter covers the allocation of tasks and responsibilities in different combat situations when the Soviet Navy is involved in organizing joint cooperation between its own forces and those of the other branches of the Soviet armed forces. End of Summary HR70-14 1",E-GREL TS #868330 Copy I Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 IZIP'SriCALL Page 4 of 26 Pages USSR MINISTRY OF DEFENSE Copy No. COMBAT REGULATIONS OF THE NAVY FOR DIVISION, BRIGADE, REGIMENT, AND SHIP . Put Into Effect on 26 January 1983 as Per Order No. 039 of the USSR Minister of Defense MOSCOW MILITARY PUBLISHING HOUSE 1983 TS #868330 Copy # TOP CRET Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 -71:7rsireCita. Page 5 of 26 Pages TABLE OF CONTENTS* CHAPTER 1: THE NAVY AND THE FUNDAMENTALS OF ITS COMBAT EMPLOYMENT IN OPERATIONS The Nature of Modern Wars and the Navy's Mission The Combat Employment of the Forces of the Navy and the Fundamentals of Naval Combat Combat Duty CHAPTER 2: CONTROL OF FORCES 7 General Provisions 7 Control Posts 11 The Organization of the Monitoring of the Situation 12 The Organization of Communications 14 The Employment of Automated Control Systems 16 The Fundamentals of Command and Staff Work in the Control of Forces 17 CHAPTER 3: POLITICAL WORK CHAPTER 4: THE COMBAT ACTIVITIES OF THE DIVISION, BRIGADE, AND REGIMENT Submarine Division (Brigade) Surface Ship Division (Brigade) Naval Aviation Division (Regiment) Naval Infantry Division (Brigade, Regiment) Coastal Missile-Artillery Troop Division (Brigade, Regiment) CHAPTER 5: THE COMBAT ACTIVITIES OF THE SHIP The Preparation of the Ship for Combat Actions The Ship's Levels of Combat Readiness The Ship in Sea Transit The Organization of the Ship's Defense and Protection The Ship in Combat CHAPTER 6: COMBAT ACTIONS TO HIT ENEMY LAND TARGETS AND TROOPS CHAPTER 7: COMBAT ACTIONS TO DESTROY ENEMY SUBMARINES Comment: Although Chapters 1 and 3 to 12 are not included in tills uocumen , their titles and subsection titles have been provided for information purposes. TS #868330 Copy # "TCYPISEC.KET.... Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 Page 6 of 26 Pages CHAPTER 8: COMBAT ACTIONS TO DESTROY ENEMY SURFACE SHIPS CHAPTER 9: JOINT COMBAT ACTIONS OF NAVAL LARGE UNITS AND THE LARGE UNITS AND UNITS FROM OTHER BRANCHES OF THE ARMED FORCES Combat Actions in Debarking Amphibious Landing Forces The Cooperation of Troops Attacking along Coastal Axes The Cooperation of Troops Defending Coastal Axes CHAPTER 10: COMBAT ACTIONS TO DEFEND BASING AREAS AND SEA LINES OF COMMUNICATION The Defense of Basing Areas The Defense of Sea Lines of Communication The Fundamentals of Convoy Duty CHAPTER 11: THE BASING AND REBASING (REDEPLOYMENT) OF LARGE UNITS AND UNITS Basing Rebasing (Redeployment) CHAPTER 12: THE SUPPORT OF COMBAT ACTIONS Combat Support Special Technical Support Rear Services Support TS 1888330 Copy # "-TOP-SE,Q4L Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 Page 7 of 26 Pages CHAPTER 2: CONTROL OF FORCES General Provisions 80. The control of forces consists of the purposeful activities of commanders, staffs, political organs, and other control organs to maintain combat readiness, prepare large units (soyedineniya), units, and ships for combat actions, and direct them as they perform their assigned combat tasks. It includes: constantly acquiring, collecting, studying, displaying, and analyzing data on the situation and correctly understanding the situation and predicting possible changes in it; making decisions and communicating tasks to subordinates in a timely manner; planning combat actions; organizing and maintaining constant cooperation; organizing and taking measures to raise (maintain) the combat readiness of forces, ensure their combat effectiveness, and organize political work and combat, special-technical, and rear services support; organizing and making integrated use of all control elements and means, including those for monitoring the situation and those for communications and automated control systems; directly supervising the preparation of large units, units, and ships for combat actions; reporting to the senior officer in charge on the performance of combat tasks and on changes in the situation and alerting subordinates, cooperating forces, and neighboring forces about these changes; constantly monitoring the performance of assigned tasks and providing necessary assistance to units and ships; and also taking other measures that may be needed in a specific situation that has developed., Control must ensure that the combat capabilities-of forces are effectively used and that theyiperform combat tasks successfully within the prescribed times, under any conditions, and with as few losses as possible. 81. The main principles of control are: unity of command; centralized control that leaves room for subordinates to show initiative in the of their assigned tasks; firmness and perseverance when putting adopted abisions and plans into practice; efficient and flexible reaction to changes in the situation; and personal accountability of commanders and chiefs for decisions made, the employment of subordinate forces, and the results of performing their assigned tasks. 82. In order to ensure reliable and effective control of forces, the following are required of commanders, staffs, political organs, chiefs of special troops, services, and rear services, admirals, generals, and officers: a high level of professional training and organizational work; an in-depth understanding of the nature and methods of conducting modern war, operations, and combat actions; a sound knowledge of the combat capabilities and the basics TS 0868330 Copy # .111P4ECEE....' Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 "rer-aricaLL Page 8 of 26 Pages of the employment of the weapons and combat equipment of our own forces and those of the enemy's forces; the ability to correctly assess the situatipn and foresee the development of events; a high level of operational efficiency in making decisions, assigning (updating) subordinates' tasks, and planning combat actions; discipline, diligence, and judicious display of initiative; and skillful use of situation monitoring means, communications means, and automated or mechanized means for the control of forces. 83. Control must be stable, continuous, efficient, and covert [skrytoye). Stability of control is achieved by: the high combat readiness of control organs, and also of the large units, units, and ships supporting their work for the performance of assigned tasks; creation and timely deployment of control posts, automated control means, and systems for monitoring the situation and for communications; and support for their reliable operation. , Continuity of control is achieved by: maintaining reliable communications with subordinate and cooperating large units, units, and ships (subunits) and with the senior officer in charge; being ready to rapidly transfer the control of a large unit (unit) from one control post to another and restoring disrupted control and communications; taking measures to protect against the effects of the enemy's radioelectronic warfare means; and establishing the procedures and times for messages, reporting in a timely manner to superiors, and keeping subordinates and neighboring forces constantly informed about the situation. Efficiency of control is achieved by: making timely decisions and transmitting them to those performing Combat tasks; developing-pians for large units, units, and ships in advance which specify the operating procedures for performing their assigned combat tasks under various-conditions; maintaining. precise and coordfhated functioning of control organs and skillfully employing automated control and communications means; rapidly reacting to changes in the situation; performing timely revision'of decisions and tasks assigned earlier to large units, units, and ships; being able to retarget (reposition) forces and means in the shortest possible time in accordance with orders received; and employing methods of control and means of communication that correspond to the developing situation. Covertness of control (skrytnost' upravleniya) is achieved by: selecting appropriate types and means of communications; strictly observing the rules for the covert control of forces; employing communications encryption equipment (zasekrechivayushchaya apparatura svyazi]; encrypting and encoding information transmitted over technical communications means; limiting the number of people involved in the planning and organization of combat actions; and also taking disinformation and deception (maskirovka] measures. TS #868330 Copy # Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 1.13P-secaLL., Page 9 of 26 Pages 84. The control of naval forces in all types of combat activity is ensured by main and backup control systems. The min system is intended for the control of forces in both peacetime and wartime. It includes: control organs; command posts, alternate command posts, and rear control posts; a system for monitoring the situation; the main (stationary) communications system; and automated systems and other automated means for the control of forces. The ackup ystem is intended for the control of forces when the main system (or ndividual elements of it) is disabled or when the main system's effectiveness is significantly reduced, and it is constantly kept at the prescribed level of readiness. It includes: airborne and shipboard control posts and a backup (mobile) communications system. ? The control system must be in a state of high combat readiness and ensure the capability for both centralized and decentralized control of forces. Automated control systems, partially mechanized and automated means, standardized combat documents, and short signals must be used extensively when controlling forces. 85. The commander of a"large unit, unit, or ship bears complete and sole responsibility for the constant combat, readiness and mobilization readiness, the political consciousness and morale, and the military discipline and preparation of forces subordinate to him; the employment of them; and the successful performance of their assigned combat tasks within the prescribed time. The commander must make his decision on combat actions in a timely manner, organize the planning and preparation of these actions, assign tasks to his subordinates, organize cooperation and all types of support, and also exercise firm control over them. The commander of a large unit or unit exercises control over his subordinate forces personally and through his staff. The commander must always inform the chief of staff of orders given by him personally. 86. The staff of a large unit or unit is its main control organ. It is the responsibility of the staff to constantly and strictly carry out the commander's decisions, to plan and organize combat actions in a timely manner, and to ensure continuous control over subordinate units and ships. The staff does all its work on the basis of the commander's decisions and orders and the instructions of the higher staff. "ftv-sAc#4,.. TS #868330 Copy # Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 Page 10 of 26 Pages The staff must ensure the combat readiness of its forces; continually acquire, compile, study, and evaluate data on the situation; prepare materials, estimates, and proposals for making decisions; constantly know the position and combat capabilities of the units and ships in its large unit; plan combat actions in accordance with the decisions made by the commander and the Instructions of the higher staff; transmit tasks to units and ships in a timely manner and organize their preparation, cooperation, and support; report on the situation and the decisions that have been made to the higher staff, inform cooperating staffs, and report changes in the situation to subordinates; organize control, including the work of control posts, organize the effective use of automated control systems, communications systems, and systems for monitoring the situation, and organize their uninterrupted operation; monitor the performance of combat tasks assigned to units and ships and provide necessary assistance to them; study combat experience and convey it to subordinate staffs, units, and ships (aircraft); and also carry out monitoring to ensure the covert control of forces and maintain the secrecy of planned measures. 87. The chief of staff of a large unit or unit is the first deputy commander. He alone has the right to give instructions and orders in the commander's name. The chief of staff is responsible for thg organization and maintenance of continuous control over forces. He must always know the situation, foresee possible changes in it, prepare data that the commander needs to make a decision, and always be reedy to report to the commander on the situation and present conclusions and proposals based on it for subsequent potions of the units and ships. 88. The polibicalsdepartment of a large unit directs party political work, organizes it in the large unit or in units and on ships, and is responsible for its status. 89. The deputy commander of a large unit directs forces performing individual tactical tasks (on separate axes), directs the combat training of forces, prepares reserves, and performs other tasks according to the commander's Instructions. He may head an alternate command post. 90. The deputy commander of a rear services large unit (aviation engineer service), the chiefs of special troops and services, and flag staff-officer specialists [flagmanskiye spetsialisty) organize the actions of services subordinate to them in accordance with the commander's decision and the chief of staff's instructions and are responsible for the readiness for combat and mobilization of those services, the successful performance of the tasks assigned to them, appropriate types of support, and also for the organization of control. TS #868330 Copy I .-11:1P-SWALL Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 .1019-9.EGGEL Page 11 of 26 Pages Control Posts 91. Control posts -- command posts, alternate command posts, rear control posts, and auxiliary control posts -- are set up to control forces. They may be stationary or mobile. Formations [ob"yedineniya] of the Navy (fleet, flotilla, squadron, or naval air forces) are provided with the following: stationary command posts (at the fleet level there is an airborne control post element), stationary alternate command posts, rear control posts, and shipboard conffol posts. As a rule, stationary or mobile command posts and alternate command posts are set up in large units and separate units. Control over the forces of ship large units is exercised from command posts which are usually located on control ships or on ships equipped with control and communications means. ' 92. Command posts (KP) are the main control posts from which commanders in chief (commanders) direct forces when preparing and conducting combat actions. The command, the main personnel of staffs and political organs, the chiefs of special troops and services and their operations groups, and operations groups (officers) from the rear services staff and the staffs of cooperating large units (units) are located and work at commanct posts. . - [Four pages of original doqument not received.] [...] airborne control and guidance posts for fighter aviation. The control and guidance of fighters based on ships is ed from shipboard control and guidance posts for fighter aviation KPUNIA on air- capable ships, and also from KPUNIA on radar picket ships. The control of shipborne aircraft and helicopters operating off air-capable ships is exercised by the commander of a large unit of ships through the senior aviation chief or, when a ship is operating alone, by its commander through the ship's deputy commander for aviation. The control of the aircraft of antisubmarine aviation when they are performing tasks independently is exercised by the regimental commander from a ground command post or from an airborne aircraft. TS #868330 Copy # "IttpiscaLL Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 1""ZIIPIEGR.f.j. Page 12 of 26 Pages The control of antisubmarine aircraft (helicopters) in a search area., in joint actions with antisubmarine ships and other ships is exercised from the command post of a large unit (or group) of ships. As a rule, a regimental commander controls reconnaissance aircraft from a ground command post. In' certain cases the control of reconnaissance aircraft may be exercised from the command post of the large unit in support of which they are performing a combat task. 99. Command posts and alternate command posts are deployed in an aviation division. One of the regimental commanders' command posts may be equipped as the alternate command post of the division. The commander in chief of a fleet controls the actions of fleet air forces and attached large units (or units) of long-range aviation through the commander in chief of fleet air forces after they are assigned tasks and instructions on the coordination and sequence for delivering strikes. 100. A division or brigade (regiment) of naval infantry is controlled by its commander from his command post. In an amphibious landing operation a forward control post, command post, alternate command post, and rear control post are set up. 101. A division or brigade (regiment) of coastal missile-artillery troops is controlled by its commander from a stationary or mobile command post. The command post- of a subordinate unit is used as the alternate command post for a division orlbrigade (regiment).. The Organization of the Monitoring of the Situation 102. A system, for monitoring the situation is one of the elements of the system for controlling the forces, weapons, and technical means of large units, units, and ships. It ensures the surveillance of the surface, underwater, and air situation; the classification and identification of detected targets; the collection, processing, routing, exchange, and display of information; the analysis of data on the situation and the development of proposals on controlling forces, weapons, and technical means; the performance of combat and tactical maneuver tasks for the employment of weapons; and the routing of data on the situation and of processed combat control information between command posts and combat posts. 103. In order to perform tasks of monitoring the situation, reconnaissance TS #868330 Copy # -70104E&ELL Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 /Mr"Nita._ Page 13 of 26 Pages forces and means and the surveillance systems of large units, units, and ships are used, as are those of attached and supporting forces. Surveillance systems are made up of: radioelectronic means of detection, classification, and identification; means for collecting, processing, exchanging, routing, and displaying information; combat information and control systems; target designation and weapons control complexes and systems; and means of radioelectronic warfare and surveillance. The organization and composition of surveillance systems are determined by the assigned combat task and the contingent of surveillance forces and means allocated. 104. A system for monitoring the situation must have high combat readiness, effectiveness, and stability and must ensure continuity, efficiency, and concealment under the conditions of a rapidly changing situation-and enemy countermeasures. The demands placed on a system for monitoring the situation are met by: allotting the necessary complement of reconnaissance and surveillance forces and means and preparing them in advance to perform their assigned tasks; deploying additional forces and means in a timely and covert manner; making integrated use of various reconnaissance and surveillance means; making maximum use of automated control systems; creating favorable conditions for effective utilization of surveillance means, taking into account the particular hydrologic and other characteristics Of the area and electromagnetic compatibility; protecting surveillance from enemy radioelectronic suppression; and establishing and using reserves of forces and means for reconnaissance, surveillance, target designation, and control. , 105. The monitoring of the situation is organized in accordance with the commander's decision, the instructions of the chief of staff, and the orders on reconnaissance and combat use of radioelectronic means given by the higher staff. The chief of staff (the executive officer of a ship) is ultimately responsible for organizing the monitoring of the situation. The flag staff- officer specialist (chief) of the radiotechnical service (the control department commander) is directly responsible for organizing the monitoring of the situation. The delivery of data on the enemy and on detected targets, the exchange of information on the situation, and the transmission of combat control commands are handled over the data exchange channels of the automated control systems, and also over bhe radio lets of shipboard BIP [combat information posts] (BITs [combat information centers]) or over tactical cooperation radio nets. TS 1868330 Copy "MP Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 "TOrsicalL Page 14 of 26 Pages The Organization of Communications 106. Communications are the main means of controlling forces. The Navy employs radio, radio-relay, tropospheric, space, landline, hydroacoustic, signal, and mobile communications means. Telephone, telegraph, facsimile, and videophone communications (videotelefonnaya svyaz') and data transmission are organized on the basis of these means. Visual communications and signalling are organized using signal means, while courier and postal communications are organized using mobile means. All technical means of communications are used, as a rule, in combination with the employment of equipment that automatically enciphers, encrypts, and encodes communications. 107. Organizationally, the communications system includes: control post communications centers, i supporting communications network, and-supporting communications centers interconnected by the lines and channels of various. communications means; direct communications lines (links) between control posts and lines connecting communications centers to the supporting network; a courier and postal communications network (centers, stations, exchange points, and mobile means with prescribed routes); and reserves of communications forces and means. It also includes the communications control system and the technical support system for communications and automated control systems. The communications system is divided into the main (stationary) system and the backup (mobile) system," The main communications system operates constantly and is used to control naval forces in. peacetime and wartime.. The backup communications system, the basis of which is made up of mobile means, is deployed when the Navy goes from a peacetime to a wartime status and-is used to reinforce the mainisystem, to maneuver communications forces and means during combat actions, and to replace stationary communications centers if they are disabled. The basis of the communications system in submarine and surface ship large units consists of onboard communications systems and direct radio, space, and hydroacoustic communications lines (links). The communications system must have high combat readiness, stability, mobility, and the necessary transmission capacity and must ensure the timeliness, reliability, covertness, and security of transmission of all types of information. 108. The demands placed on communications are met by: preparing communications forces and means in advance to perform assigned tasks; deploying communications deans in ajimely and concealed manner and making integrated use of them; organizing bypass (obkhodnoye] and backup communications links TS 1868330 Copy I 17111P16C41... Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 "Tor-sicaLr Page 15 of 26 Pages (channels); using shore-based, shipboard, and airborne retransmitters; employing automatic encryption, high-speed communications, and burst communications equipment; monitoring the volume and flow of information in the communications system; strictly observing the rules of covert control of forces and communications security; setting up and using reserve communications forces and means; and organizing protection and defense for the elements of the communications system. 109. Communications are organized in accordance with the commander's decisions, the chief of staff's instructions, and the higher staff's orders concerning communications. The chief of staff is ultimately responsible for the organization and status of communications. The chief of communications (flag staff-officer specialist for communications or the commander of the control or communications department) is the direct organizep of communications. He is responsible for the timely organization and stable operation of communications. 110. Communications are established with directly subordinate commanders (staffs) and e level lower (down to the submarine, surface ship, or aircraft). The higher staff is responsible for communications with subordinate staffs However, if communications are lost, both the.senior staff, and its subordinate staffs (ship commanders) are:obligated to take all measures possible to immediately reestablish communications. Communications between cooperating large units, units, and-ships are established in accordance with the instructions of the staff organizing the cooperation. The staffs of cooperating large units and units (ship commanders) are responsible foil establishing and maintaining communications. 111. When organizing communications, the requirements for communications security must be strictly observed and measures must be taken to protect them from radioelectronic suppression by the enemy and from the effects of electromagnetic radiation from nuclear bursts and to ensure electromagnetic compatibility. The following steps are taken to ensure communications security: measures are organized and carried out to protect communications from the enemy's technical reconnaissance means; limits are set on the quantity and volume of information transmitted when operating radioelectronic means in the active mode; equipment that automatically encrypts communications to a guaranteed extent [garantirovannaya stoykost'] is used, as is equipment for high-speed and burst communications; and monitoring is established over the observance of the prescribed procedures and rules for using communications means and over the timely detection and elimination of telltale indicators [demaskiruyushchiye priznakil in the organization and use of communications. TS #868330 Copy # -71,11-66C114.' Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 ""far-sicag, Page 16 of 26 Pages The protection of communications from enemy radioelectronic suppression means is achieved by: duplicating the most important links with various types of communications means and switching (manevr] communications means, channels, and frequencies; putting concealed (backup) radionets and radio links into operation; using retransmitters and taking other organizational and technical measures as dictated by the developing situation; and also by training personnel to operate under jamming conditions. Electromagnetic compatibility is ensured by the following: the centralized assignment and allocation of operating frequencies are organized; the operating procedures and standard distances between radio, radio-relay, tropospheric, radar, and space communications means at control posts are established; and the selection of appropriate antennas, their proper use, and radiation of the minimum required power are stipulated. 112. The staff ofe fleet provides warning notification about the situation tq ship large units and submarines, as well as to surface ships (vessels) operating independently. Units, ships, and aircraft within large units in the operational zones of flotillas or in the zones of responsibility of naval bases are provided warning notification by the appropriate staffs. Civilian ships, as a rule, are provided warning notification through the ship owners by the cooperating staffs of formations (ob"yedineniya) and large units. 113. Commanders of large units, units, and ships operating independently and also commanders-of aircraft in the air must report in a timely manner on the actual situation th their area and on. all- changes in it. Ittggs_a ship puts to sea or an aircraft takes off, the staff of the large unit (unit)must give instructions'to_the ship's (aircraft's) commander on the :17ftilialtIgLAACIJAHa_Plt_teoW_Ung_(whex to whom, to where, using what means, and about what to report). 114. No ship may leave its base and put to sea without preliminary warning notification and checking of its means and documents for covert control, communications, and identification, or without receiving information on the situation in the areas it will transit and where it is assigned to operate. The Employment of Automated Control Systems 115. The purpose of automated control systems (ASU) is to raise the effectiveness, reliability, and quality of control over forces and means in TS #868330 Copy it TO RET Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 ? Page 17 of 26 Pages order to get full use of their combat capabilities. Systems for automated control of forces consist of three functional ' subsystems: a command system -- to transmit commands and signals to the appropriate control organs, receive confirmation of their fulfillment, and collect other reports; a system for transmitting Pacr graphics -- to collect process, and display data%on the situation and other information and transmit tasks to those responsible; and an information-computation system -- to collect Information and perform information, computation, and assessment-planning tasks. In large units and on ships the systems for automated control of forces consist of systems for automated control of the large unit's ships, user terminal complexes [abonentskiye kompleksy] for combat control, and ships' combat information and control systems. Stand-alone [avtonomnyye] minicomputers may be used as backups., 116. Effective use of automated control systems is achieved by constantly having them in readiness to operate and by training commanders, staffs, and combat crews of control posts in the use of automated control systems. The employment of systems for automated control of forces is organized and carried out based on the commander's instructions, the orders of the higher staff, and the appropriate manuals, instructions, and directions. 117. The chief of staff of a large unit or unit (the control department commander of a ship) is ultimately responsible for the status, organization of use, combat readiness, and reliable operation of the automated, control system and for protection of the information located and circulating within it. The large unit4?Chief of the command post or flag staff-officer specialist of the radiotechnical service is directly responsible for the readiness, organization, and reliable operation of automated control systems (automated control means), while the large unit's flag staff-officer specialist for communications (the communications department commander) is directly responsible for the automated communications means that make up the automated control system. The Fundamentals of Command and Staff Work in the Control of Forces 118. The basis of control is the commandoes decision. To ensure that subordinate units and ships have enough time to prepare for carrying out their assigned combat tasks, the minimum time must be spent by the commander on reaching his decision and on the formulation of combat documents.' The staffs of large units must therefore make their calculations ahead of time and work out standard variants for the actions of the forces which are to carry out the combat tasks pertaining to them. TS 1868330 Copy I ---P7P.66CALL Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 "VP'SFICREI? Page 18 of 26 Pages 119. The organization, content, sequence, and methods of work of commanders and staffs when preparing and conducting combat actions are determined by the situation, the nature of the assigned tasks, and the prescribed time of readiness of the forces that are to perform them. When making a decision, assigning tasks, and planning combat actions the following methods may be employed: the sequential method, the parallel method, or a combination of both. The sequential nnethod[pmfledovaternyy inetod] is employed when long periods of time are available to prepare combat actions. With this method, each level is involved in the work after the higher commander has made a decision and on the basis of his written orders and instructions. The planning of combat actions is carried out sequentially as planning is completed in the senior staff with the participationof a strictly limited number of key personnel. The parallel method is employed when limited time is available to prepare combat actions. This is the main method for preparing combat actions. In this method decisions are made and combat actions are planned in lower echelons beginning immediately after the senior officer has made a decision and assigned combat tasks to them. When there is not enough time this process is begun after the senior officer has developed only the first element of. the decision -- the concept of combat actions on the basis of the preliminary combat instructions which have been given and the involvement of the necessary number of key personnel. 120. Upon receipt of the task, the commander sites it up, calculates the time needed, orienta_his forces for the impending actions, assesses the situation, makes aidecision, assigns tasks to his subordinates, organizes cooperation, support, and control, and also prepares forces to perform the tasks. When sizing up the task, the commander must understand the goal of the impending actions and the senior officer's concept; the task, place, and role of his own large unit, unit, or ship in the combat actions; and the tasks of neighboring forces and the procedures for cooperating with them and with other forces participating in the performance of the assigned task. An assessment of the situation includes an assessment of the enemy, our own forces, the area of combat actions, the time, and other factors affecting the performance of the combat task. , In assessing the enemy, an analysis is made of his strength, status, concept, and possible variants for action in relation to time and place, his probable tactical techniques, combat (cruising) formations (orders [orderai), TS #868330 Copy f Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 -TOP'SEG1111... Page 19 of 26 Pages and control system, his capabilities for employing various weapons, organizing defense, and conducting reconnaissance and radioelectronic warfare, and his ability to have an effect on our forces as they are deploying; his strong and weak points are identified and enemy targets and installations are designated for destruction by nuclear and conventional weapons. When assessing our own forces, we analyze their strength, readiness, status, and capabilities to employ weapons and radioelectronic warfare, to conduct reconnaissance, and to repel enemy strikes, and we analyze our own strong and weak points and readiness for actions in light of the enemy's combat capabilities. Based on the assessment of the enemy and of our own forces, a quantitative and qualitative analysis is made of their strength, political state, morale, and combat capabilities. . When assessing the area of combat actions, an analysis is made of its physical and geographic features, international law aspects, economic, social, and political conditions, how it has been prepared, its navigational and hydrographic conditions for ships, and its meteorological, hydrological, and light conditions with reference to their effect on the successful performance of combat tasks by our forces and on the effectiveness of the enemy's actions. In time estimates an analysis is done and determination is made of the time needed to prepare forces for: departure (takeoff) to perform their combat task, the time needed to perform the task itself, and the time needed by our own forces and enemy forces to deploy or redeploy; and the appropriate operating sequence for all control organs is worked out. Based on the faults of the assessment of the situation, the conclusions that are made include the following: the enemy's strike and defense capabilities, his organization and methods of action, the time and area of his detection, and his strong and weak point's; the combat effectiveness and combat stability of our own forces and means at all stages of combat actions (battle), taking into account possible counteraction by the enemy; and the special features of the cruising and combat action (battle) area that affect the performance of the assigned task. Among the other factors employed and assessed are the radiation, chemical, and bacteriological (biological) situation, as well as the radioelectronic situation and other elements. The commander sizes up the task and assesses the situation with the participation of a strictly limited number of designated main staff personnel (the executive Officer and the commanders of departments and services) and his rear services deputy or the rear services chief, who present the required TS #868330 Copy I TOP RET Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 "TOPIGCRAy.... Page 20 of 26 Pages reports, estimates, and proposals at his request. 121. Based on his sizing up of the tasks, his assessment of the situation, and the estimates that have been made, the commander makes a decision, in which the following are specified: the concept of the combat actions, the tasks assigned to forces, the basis (or main points) for cooperation and support, the basis for organizing control, and the times required for forces to achieve readiness. The basis of the decision is the concept of the combat actions. It specifies: the axis of the main strike (areas for concentrating the main efforts), the main targets and objectives of strikes, the axes (areas, objectives) of supporting actions, the sequence and methods for defeating the enemy, the procedures for nuclear and fire destruction of the enemy, the organization of the large unit's (unit's) cruising and combat formations, and the reserves of forces and weapons. The decision is usually drawn up on a map accompanied by an explanatory text. At the same time, the main tasks in the organization of political work are specified. The portion of the decision depicted graphically on the map must show the content of the adopted decision, clearly portray the concept for performing the task, and include: the stages and routes for deployment and the large-unit cruising and combat formations; the lines where the enemy is to be spotted and detected; the organization of guidance for strike forces, the delivery of target designation data to them, the battle areas, the areas and times for tactical deployment, the firing positions, and the axes and sequence of strikes; the times, lines, and axes of strikes (attacks) by neighboring forces and their boundary lines; supporting actions; lines of cover; the procedures for cooperation; and also the combat organization diagram and the times required for forces to achieve readiness and perform their tasks. Elements of the decision not displayed graphically are written out in the explanatory text.-There may be several supplements to the decision, including: substantiation for the decision (required lists of calculations, particular maps, plotting boards, tables, and charts), the schedule plan for cooperation, and other documents. The decision is signed by the commander and the chief of staff of the large unit or unit and is approved by the senior officer. Based on the decision adopted, the large-unit commander assigns tasks to subordinate forces, and the staff develops a plan of combat actions which details the commander's decision. 122. Tasks are transmitted to forces as combat orders, combat instructions, icommYellrelstIngt:rcal=i unications i icontibi:nstni:=3:!=lct): dvele?toverb technical transmitted over automated control systems and secure communications systems, or enciphered; and orall with $ s ?e .ocumentar confirmation. The staff and the chiefs of special troops and services are responsible for conveying tasks to subordinates. TS #868330 Copy # Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 "TarsscaLL Page 21 of 26 Pages When changes in the situation occur, the commander must use any possible means to personally assign (update) combat tasks to subordinates. When assigning combat tasks, the staff has to specify the method of conveying them and decide which communications means and channels and automated systems and means to use so that those who are to perform the tasks receive them in a reliable manner and in the shortest possible time. Tasks must be conveyed first to the large units (units, groups, ships) which are performing the main tasks or initiating actions earlier than others, or to those requiring more time for preparation. The receipt of combat orders and instructions, including those transmitted over technical communications means, must be acknowledged immediately. In order to orient subordinates in regard to impending actions and give them more time to prepare forees for the performance of their impending tasks, preliminary combat instructions are given. From their assignment of tasks, commanders of subordinate forces should be clear as to the goal of the actions, their combat tasks, and the sequence in which they will be performed, and understand who is providing support to whom, by what means, and at what times. 123. A combat order [boyevoy prikaz] gives the following information: Point one -- brief conclusions based on the assessment of the enemy's forces and actions; Point two -- the?combat task of the large unit (unit); Point three -- the procedures for employing nuclear weapons and the tasks performed in support of the given large unit (unit) by the forces and means of the senior commander (officer); the neighboring forces' tasks and their boundary lines (zones); Point four (after the word "Decided") -- the concept of the battle; Point five (after the words "I order" and in separate paragraphs designated by capital letters in alphabetical order) -- the combat tasks assigned to subordinate, attached, and supporting forces, special troops, services, and reserves; Point six -- the expenditure of nuclear warheads, missiles, and the main types of munitions in the battle; Point seven -- the time required for forces, troops, and means to achieve TS #868330 Copy # 11:7P-SICREL Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 Page 22 of 26 Pages readiness; instructions on the deployment of forces, on cooperation, on the control of forces during combat actions, and on support; and the times and procedures for presenting reports; Point eight -- the places and time for deploying control posts, the directions along which to relocate the command post and its backup, and which control post exercises control if the command post (KP) and alternate command post (ZKP) are disabled. Combat instructions [boyevoye rasporyazherdye] provide the following information: brief information on the enemy; the combat tasks of the large unit, unit, or ship to which the instructions are addressed, with directions on means of reinforcement; the tasks to be performed by the forces and means of the senior commander (officer) in support of the large unit, unit, or ship; tasks to be performed when participating in joint combat actions; the time of readiness; and neighboring forces', tasks and their boundary lines (zones). And, when necessary, the methods for performing separate tasks and other necessary data may be indicated. Combat orders and combat instructions must be brief and preclude any possibility of differing interpretations. A combat order is signed by the commander and the chief of staff of the large unit or unit. Combat instructions may be given in the commander's name over the signature of the chief of staff. 124. Tactical cooperation consists of the actions of submarines, surface ships, aircraft (helicopters), coastal units, and their strike and support groups coordinated as to targets (objectives), tasks, place (lines), axis, time, and methods of operation in order to successfully perform a combat task. It is achieved by: precisely allocating tasks; carefully coordinating the areas (lines) and axes orAoperations and the procedures and times for delivering strikes and attacking; coordinating nuclear strikes with the actions of forces which are employing conventional weapons; and ensuring constant, reliable control. 125. Tactical cooperation is organized as follows: between ships and units within a large unit (or strike groups), between strike groups, between the strike and support groups of one or several types of naval forces jointly performing their assigned tasks, and also with large units and units of other branches of the Armed Forces. It is organized to support the forces performing the main task. The commander assigned to carry out the combat task organizes cooperation. The procedures for cooperation between forces are given in the commander's decision. If necessary, a schedule plan for cooperation is worked out. TS #868330 Copy # IttpsficaL Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 --rarIGGELL.. Page 23 of 26 Pages It is the responsibility of the commander of the large unit or unit (group) to continuously maintain cooperation and also immediately reestablish , cooperation when it is disrupted. 126. The large unit or unit (group) commander organizing tactical cooperation coordinates the goals of combat actions, the tasks performed by subordinate, attached, and supporting large units, units (groups), and ships, the methods and procedures of their actions with or without the use of nuclear weapons, and the areas of combat actions; he indicates the boundary lines (zones, sectors) between the areas (zones) where forces are operating; he determines the procedures for employing the weapons and means by forces operating in the same area and the procedures for requesting, guiding, and giving target designation to forces; and he organizes communications, identification, warning notification, and the exchange of information, the withdrawal of ship forces out from under our own aviation's strikes, and measures to preclude unintentional interference with radioelectronic means and increase the stability of communications. 127. Tactical cooperation between submarines, surface ships, and aviation must be coordinated as to targets and objectives and the times and areas (lines) for strikes. It also must specify the procedures for guidance and target designation; indicate the boundary lines (zones, sectors) and the ranges for employing weapons and radioeleetronie warfare-means; and also make provision for the organization of surveillance, communications, warning notification, and identification and for the organization of the mutual use of reconnaissance data on the enemy, the exchange of information on our own forces' actions, and security measures. The actions of forces employing nuclear weapons must be coordinated in particular detail With' the actions of forces using only conventional weapons so that hitting one another bizaimnoye porazhenlye] is precluded in all cases. 128. When organizing cooperation between torpedo submarines [torpednyye podvodnyye lodki] and other forces employing nuclear weapons, the distance between detonation points and the locations of submarines, taking into account possible errors, must preclude damage to the submarines. A nuclear strike must, as a rule, precede attacks by torpedo and missile-torpedo submarines (raketno- torpednyye podvodnyye lodki). Strikes by torpedo submarines using weapons with nuclear warheads must, as a rule, precede the attacks of conventionally-armed submarines, and the intervals between strikes must preclude the possibility of hitting one another. 129. Large units (units) of naval aviation cooperating with submarines and surface ships must be assigned tasks in advance, taking into consideration the time needed for aviation groups to prepare, take off, and reach the designated TS #868330 Copy # "TOP`SICAL1 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 /Thrsereau, Page 24 of 26 Pages lines (areas of operation). The aviation commander makes the decision to launch aviation groups based on the time assigned for the strike. The targets and objectives of strikes and the time, altitude, and the direction of approach to them can be updated when the aircraft are airborne. 130. The organization of cooperation between coastal missile-artillery units, surface ships, and naval aviation must provide for the following: procedures for concentrating fire against the most important targets (objectives), the creation of conditions to ensure the security of our own surface ships and aircraft when the missile units are laying down fire, ensuring the electromagnetic compatibility of radioelectronic means, maintenance of direct communications between ships and aircraft and coastal missile and artillery units, and also procedures for exchanging information on the actions of our own forces and enemy forces. 131. When organizing the cooperation Of air defense forces and means within a.large unit (group), or their cooperation with front air defense forces and means and coastal large units of Air Defense Troops, the following must be provided for: the organization of command over air defense forces and means; the mutual exchange of information on the air situation and on ships' cruising routes and changes in those routes, and the periods that ships are at sea or at basing points; the presence and location of shipboard control and guidance posts for fighter aviation (KPUNIA) and the call signs for command posts and fighter aviation aircraft; the procedures for mutual identification [IFF]; the allocation of targets among fire means and radioelectronic warfare means; the assignment of operating zones (sectors) and ,altitudes for fighter aircraft, missiles, and antiaircraft artillery; the operating sectors and limits for radioelectronic w*kfare means; the acceptance and transfer of control of fighter aircraft providing cover; the allocation among fighter aviation large units (units) of transit sectors and times for covering ship large units; and the vectoring of fighters to the patrol zone and to landing strips. 132. Cooperation between large units and units of naval air forces and units (large units) of front and long-range aviation must provide for the following: the mutual provision of air reconnaissance data, the operating procedures when delivering joint strikes, the use of the airfield network to carry out maneuvers, coordination on matters of support for the landing of aircraft after they perform their combat tasks, and rear services support. The staff of the formation (large unit) organizing reconnaissance in the given area of combat operations provides reconnaissance data during joint combat actions of front and long-range aviation with large units and units of the naval air forces and other naval forces. TS #868330 Copy # "701'4 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 G2EL. Page 25 of 26 Pages When delivering joint strikes with front and long-range aviation, the commanders of large units and units of naval air forces must know the enemy targets and the time when our front and long-range aviation will be operating, the weapons and radioelectronic warfare means they will be using, the direction of approach to targets and objectives, the flight routes and altitudes, the procedures for mutual information exchange and target designation, and the signals for guidance and mutual identification. When organizing cooperation with large units and units of front rocket troops, the commander in chief of fleet air forces must specify the place, time, and yield of nuclear bursts, determine the methods of exploiting their results to overcome the enemy air defense with aviation units (groups), and determine the methods for ensuring the security of aircraft flights in those areas. 133. The cooperatioh of large units, units, and ships with large units and units from other branches of the Armed Forces is organized on the basis of the instructions of the higher staff. In doing so, the following are coordinated: --when cooperating with large units and units of a maritime (primorskoy] front -- the tasks to be performed, the areas, targets, and times for employing nuclear and conventional weapons, and the yields and types of nuclear bursts; the delivery of strikes against enemy naval forces and against enemy antisubmarine warfare and air defense force targets to support the deployment and actions of large units (groups), units, and ships; the procedures for providing cover for front large units and units against enemy strikes from seaward and for suppressing the enemy's radioelectronic means and control systems; the organization of mutual exchange of reconnaissance data and data on the radioelectronic situation, the organization of measures for deception (maskirovkal, radioelectronic suppression, and radioelectronic protection of the control systems orforces and weapons, and the organization of measures to ensure the electromagnetic compatibility of radioelectronic means; the procedures for carrying out joint measures to provide all other types of support to the troops and forces of the large unit (group) or unit; and the organization of land-based defense [oborona s sushi] of basing areas and the procedures for mutual identification affl7iiid warning notification; - when cooperating with large units and units of long-range aviation of an air army of the Supreme High Command -- the tasks to be performed and the targets, time periods, and sequence for delivering strikes against the enemy with the use of nuclear and conventional weapons; the yields of nuclear warheads and the types of nuclear bursts; the mutual provision of reconnaissance data; the vectoring of long-range aviation to enemy targets (objectives) by the forces and means of a large unit (group) or unit and providing it with target designation; and the organization of sea rescue for downed aircraft crews; - when cooperating with large units and units of the Air Defense Troops and air TS #868330 Copy # "IttloSKSZ... Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690 "nrOlftifiCaL Page 26 of 26 Pages defense and fighter aviation of front air forces -- the strength, location, and tasks of cooperating air defense forces and means; the air defense groupings formed to provide cover for the large unit (group) or unit; the procedures for exchanging reconnaissance data on the air situation; the procedures and methods for providing cover at sea; expansion of radar coverage using the means of radar picket ships; the procedures for transferring control to the shipboard control and guidance posts for fighter aviation (KPUNIA) of the large unit (group); measures for radioelectronic suppression, radioelectronic defense, and electromagnetic compatibility; and the procedures for mutual identification, warning notification, and communications; -- when cooperating with large units and units of airborne landing forces -- the areas, targets, objectives, and time for employing nuclear and conventional weapons; the strikes against enemy targets in the area where the airborne landing is to take place; the procedures for providing cover for the landing forces against enemy strikes from seaward, supporting their actions, and organizing the delivery of materiel to them by sea; and the procedures for target designation, mutual identification, warning notification, and communications. "TZPIEC,R14...' TS 1868330 Copy #2 Approvedfor Release: 2017/06/16 C01430690

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COMBAT REGULATIONS OF THE SOVIET NAVY: THE CONTROL OF FORCES