APPROVED FOR RELEASE CIA HISTORICAL RELEASE PROGRAM JUNE 2017 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Central Intelligence Agency ..:i.tcLLIGE\,, / ?\,-? ca ,..in \ , Aw C)) 'U ,,..\. '4?tiii Wathington DC 20505 MEMORANDUM FOR: The Director of Central Intelligence SUBJECT COMBAT REGULATIONS OF THE SOVIET NAVY: The Navy and the Fundamentals of Its Combat Employment in Operations 18 August 1986 1. The enclosed Intelligence Information Special Report is a translation of part of a 12-chapter book on Soviet Navy combat regulations, classified SECRET and published by the USSR Ministry of Defense in 1983. This first chapter provides a basic overview of the Soviet Navy's component structure and a fairly definitive listing of naval operational terminology and the Soviet Navy's main functions and responsibilities, plus a description of its highest readiness state in peacetime. 2. Because the source of this report is extremely sensitive, this document should be handled on a strict need-to-know ?1.is vi hIL recipient agencies. Clair . eorge Deputy Director for Operations ?TaINS?AGrAWNT?Hilk NO.T BE !CROWED TS #868281 Copy # Page 1 of 39 Pages Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 AR 70-14 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Distribution: The Director of Central Intelligence The Director of Intelligence and Research Department of State The Joint Chiefs of Staff The Director, Defense Intelligence Agency The Assistant to the Chief of Staff for Intelligence Department of the Army Director of Naval Intelligence Department of the Navy The Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence U. S. Air Force Director, National Security Agency Deputy Director of Central Intelligence Deputy Director for Intelligence Director of Soviet Analysis Director of Scientific and Weapons Research Page 2 of 39 Pages /ThftiriCREL Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 TS #868281 Copy # COUNTRY USSR DATE OF INFO. 1983 SOURCE Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 "TOPI*04.. Intelligence Information Special Report SUBJECT Page 3 of 39 Pages DATE 18 August 1986 Combat Regulations of the Navy: Chapter : The Navy and the Fundamentals of Its Combat Employment in Operations Documentary Summary: The following report is a translation from Russian of the first chapter of the amwmi 1983 edition of the USSR Ministry of Defense's combat regulations for the Soviet Navy. This chapter is divided into three sections. The first one provides a description of the different forces and components within the Soviet Navy, with the delineation of the composition and responsibilities of each component type. The second section covers basic operational doctrine and terminology as it applies to the Navy. The roles played by a variety of components in a naval battle are extensively treated. Finally, the third section of the chapter defines the Soviet Navy's highest peacetime readiness state, "combat duty," wherein Soviet naval forces can be in close proximity to enemy forces and must be ready for immediate conflict. This section also delineates in detail the component and command responsibilities entailed in the performance of "combat duty." End of Summary Comment: To facilitate dissemination and exploitation of this document it has been broken down into separate chapters or groups of chapters. This is the first report in the series to be disseminated. Translator's comments appearing in the text are enclosed in brackets. ---T-671"16CREL TS #868281 Copy I Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 117PISCREI_ Page 4 of 39 Pages USSR MINISTRY OF DEFENSE SE Copy No. COMBAT REGULATIONS OF THE NAVY FOR DIVISION, BRIGADE, REGIMENT, AND SHIP Put Into Effect on 26 January 1983 as Per Order No. 039 of the USSR Minister of Defense MOSCOW MILITARY PUBLISHING HOUSE 1983 TS #86828I Copy # 127F16cuz... Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 *--MP1ECRE1,... Page 5 of 39 Pages TABLE OF CONTENTS* CHAPTER 1: THE NAVY AND THE FUNDAMENTALS OF ITS COMBAT EMPLOYMENT IN OPERATIONS 7 The Nature of Modern Wars and the Navy's Mission 7 The Combat Employment of the Forces of the Navy and the Fundamentals of Naval Combat 20 Combat Duty 34 CHAPTER 2: CONTROL OF FORCES General Provisions Control Posts The Organization of the Interpretation of a Situation The Organization of Communications The Employment of Automated Control Systems The Fundamentals of Command and Staff Work in the Control of Forces CHAPTER 3: POLITICAL WORK CHAPTER 4: THE COMBAT ACTIVITIES OF THE DIVISION, BRIGADE, AND REGIMENT Submarine Division (Brigade) Surface Ship Division (Brigade) Naval Aviation Division (Regiment) Naval Infantry Division (Brigade, Regiment) Coastal Missile-Artillery Troop Division (Brigade, Regiment) CHAPTER 5: THE COMBAT ACTIVITIES OF THE SHIP The Preparation of the Ship for Combat Actions The Ship's Levels of Combat Readiness The Ship in Sea Transit The Organization of the Ship's Defense and Protection The Ship in Combat CHAPTER 6: COMBAT ACTIONS TO HIT ENEMY LAND TARGETS AND TROOPS CHAPTER 7: COMBAT ACTIONS TO DESTROY ENEMY SUBMARINES Comment: Although Chapters 2 to 12 are not included in this document, their titles and subsection titles have been provided for information purposes. TS #868281 Copy # "Ttliolir"gf:L Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 -7731"6"EL. CHAPTER 8: COMBAT ACTIONS TO DESTROY ENEMY SURFACE SHIPS Page 6 of 39 Pages CHAPTER 9: JOINT COMBAT ACTIONS OF NAVAL LARGE UNITS AND THE LARGE UNITS AND UNITS FROM OTHER BRANCHES OF THE ARMED FORCES Combat Actions in Debarking Amphibious Landing Forces The Cooperation of Troops Attacking along Coastal Axes The Cooperation of Troops Defending Coastal Axes CHAPTER 10: COMBAT ACTIONS TO DEFEND BASING AREAS AND SEA LINES OF COMMUNICATION The Defense of Basing Areas The Defense of Sea Lines of Communication The Fundamentals of Convoy Duty %CHAPTER 11: THE BASING AND REBASING (RELOCATION) OF LARGE UNITS AND UNITS Basing Rebasing (Relocation) 'CHAPTER 12: THE SUPPORT OF COMBAT ACTIONS Combat Support Special Technical Support Rear Services Support TS 1868281 Copy "TOPSICREL Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 "TOP-sficau, Page 7 of 39 Pages CHAPTER 1: THE NAVY AND THE FUNDAMENTALS OF ITS COMBAT EMPLOYMENT IN OPERATIONS The Nature of Modern Wars and the Navy's Mission [Translator's note: The first three pages of text from the original document were not received. The chapter title and subtitle above were taken from the table of contents. In the first seven paragraphs below there were areas of poor legibility in the original text. Questionable words are indicated as such.] [...] of a fleet, large units [soyedineniya] and units [chasti] of special troops and [services?] (reconnaissance, naval [engineer?], [one word illegible], communications, radiotechnical, radioelectronic warfare, nuclear-technical, missile-technical, technical support, naval construction, and hydrographic) make up the rear services units and facilities. Submarines and naval aviation constitute the Navy's main attack strength. 5. Naval strategic nuclear forces are a component part of the strategic nuclear forces. They include strategic missile submarines and are employed to carry out the tasks and operations of the strategic nuclear forces in accordance with the Supreme High Command's plans to hit important targets both in military- geographical regions and in continental (oceanic) theaters of military operations. 6. General purpose naval forces include all the types of forces of the Navy and are employed to carry out tasks in strategic operations in oceanic theaters of military operations, in operations by fleets and flotillas (squadrons Ceskadry1), in naval operations, in systematic military operations, and also in cooperation with troops on coastal axes. 7. The types of forces of the Navy include the following: Submarine forces, made up of strategic missile submarines and multipurpose submarines, hit important land targets; seek out and destroy submarines, aircraft carriers and other surface ships.... [Next eight lines illegible, except for the following words: support...groupings...coast...provide...other tasks.] TS #868281 Copy # "itpiricalL Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Page 8 of 39 Pages Surface forces, made up of surface ships and craft of various [one word illegible] designations, destroy the enemy's submarines, aircraft carriers and other surface ships, [his?] landing ship detachments, convoys, and individual transports (ships); support [word illegible] basing areas, the [deployment?) and [word illegible] of submarines [two or three words illegible] of craft and individual transports (ships); carry out minelaying; support the debarkation of an amphibious landing and [military?] [word illegible] activities on shore; provide fire support for troops operating on coastal axes; conduct antimine activities, reconnaissance, and radioelectronic warfare; land reconnaissance and sabotage groups on the enemy's coast; and also perform other tasks. Naval aviation, made up of land- and ship-based aircraft and helicopters, destroys the enemy's submarines, aircraft carriers, other surface ships and craft, his landing ship detachments, convoys, individual transports (ships), aircraft, and cruise missiles; provides air cover for our own ships and naval installations; carries out minelaying; performs antimine activities; conducts airborne reconnaissance and radioelectronic warfare; and guides our forces to enemy groupings and designates targets. Naval aviation may also be employed to destroy enemy naval and air bases and ports and the ships and vessels located in them, as well as individual stationary naval targets (oilfields); to support amphibious landings and their operations on shore; to neutralize and destroy air defense forces and means in operations areas; and to perform other tasks. Naval infantry, when operating as a component of amphibious landing forces, seizes sectors of the enemy's coastline and islands, ports, naval basing points, coastal airfields, and other coastal installations defended by the enemy; and, in conditions where the landing force is mostly made up of large units and units of the Ground Forces, naval infantry operates in forward detachments to seize landing areas and supports the landing of the main forces. In certain cases naval infantry may be employed to defend important shore installations, including naval bases, coastal sectors, and individual islands. Coastal missile-artillery troops, made up of mobile and stationary ground missile complexes and artillery, destroy enemy surface ships, landing ship detachments, and convoys within their range; support the deployment of our own forces and their return to base; and provide cover from the enemy's surface ships for our basing points, naval shore installations, coastal sea lanes, and front and army (army corps) troop groupings operating on coastal axes. In addition, they can be employed to destroy the enemy's basing points and ports and the ships and transports located in them; to cover landing forces in sea transit; and to neutralize an antilanding defense. TS #868281 Copy i TIP'WIZ Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 "Terseraaax, Page 9 of 39 Pages 8. Naval air defense forces are included in the composition of the types of forces of the Navy and include: shipboard surface-to-air missile and antiaircraft artillery systems and radiotechnical means; ship- and land-based fighter aviation, special air defense ships; radar picket ships, aircraft, and helicopters; and shore-based surface-to-air missile and antiaircraft artillery units and subunits. They are designated to directly cover diversified naval forces and rear services groupings from enemy air strikes; destroy aircraft, helicopters, antiship missiles, and other enemy air targets; conduct warfare against airborne reconnaissance means and radioelectronic warfare aircraft; carry out reconnaissance of the air enemy; and warn our own forces about him. Naval air defense forces located in offshore areas, at bases, and on shore are included in the unified Air Defense System of the Country and the Armed Forces and carry out their tasks in cooperation with other air defense forces and means. 9. Organizationally, the Navy consists of formations (ob"yedineniyal (fleets, flotillas, naval air forces, and squadrons), naval bases, and separate naval large units, units, and facilities. The composition of formations and naval bases is variable. It depends-on the assignments of the formations and naval bases, the nature of the tasks they are performing, the areas and axes in which they are operating, and conditions in the theater of military operations. Ai fleet Mot] is an operational-strategic formation of the Navy and is designated to carry out strategic, operational-strategic, and operational tasks in its assigned operational zone in an oceanic (sea) theater of military operations. It consists of diversified forces, which are organizationally grouped into diversified force flotillas, strategic missile submarine flotillas, _ ? multipurpose 61.75Warine flotillas, naval airforces, operational squadrons, diveisftied force squadrons, multipurpose submarine.squadrons, amphibious landfujorce_squadrons, naval bases, divisions, brigades, and separate units, and alsoof large units and-units of special troops and services and large units, units, and facilities of naval rear services. A diversified force flotilla [flotiliyal is an operational formation of the Navy designated to carry out tasks in its assigned offshore operating zone in a sea (oceanic) theater of military operations to support the basing and deployment of naval forces and the combat stability of strategic missile submarines in their comb-at patrol areas, to combatthe enemy's antisubmarine and other shipborne forces in order to gain au0emacy at sea; to disrupt the enemy's sea lines of communication; to support our own sea transportation; to debark amphibious landing forces; to cooperate with front and army troops on coastal axes; to maintain favorable operating conditions; and to organize all types of support in its operational zone. TS #868281 Copy # --ropegicalL Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 "rarsricaLL Page 10 of 39 Pages The composition of a flotilla may include divisions (brigades) of multipurpose submarines; divisions (brigades, diviziony*) of missile-artillery and antisubmarine ships, missile and torpedo boats, ships and craft for offshore defense, minesweepers and landing ships and craft; units of coastal missile- artillery troops; units of special troops and services; and also the flotilla's rear services units and facilities. In addition, naval aviation units can be owationally subordinated to a.flotilla. A strategic missile submarine flotilla is an operational formation of the Navy designated to hit enemy targets according to the operational plan of the strategic nuclear forces. The composition of the flotilla may include several divisions of heavy missile submarine cruisers, strategic missile submarine cruisers, units of special troops And services, and also rear services units and facilities of the flotilla. A multipurpose submarine flotilla is an operational formation of the Navy designated to destroy enemy submarines, aircraft carriers, and other surface ships, disrupt enemy ocean (sea) transportation, and carry out a number of other important tasks in the most important areas of an oceanic theater of military operations. The composition of the flotilla may include several divisions of nuclear submarines, units of special troops and services, and also the flotilla's rear services units and facilities. Navalairforces are operational formations of the Navy designated to pArform tasks independently or in cooperation with other naval forces and with formations (large units) from branches of the Armed Forces taking part in naval operations, and they are also designated to participate in airborne, airborne landing, amphibious landing, and antilanding operations in a theater of military operations. Naval air forces are made up of _divisions and regiments of diverse types of aircraft: naval missile-carrying, antisubmarine, attack, fighter, reconnaissance, and special aircraft based at airfields and on air-capable ships, as well as units of special troops and services and rear services units and facilities. * Translator's note: In this translation the Russian term diviziya has been translated as "division," while the Russian term divizion (plural form: diviziony) has been left in its transliterated form. A diviziya is a tactical large unit made up of large Soviet combatants such as Kiev-type aircriff carfiers, cruisers, nuclear submarines, etc., what the Soviets refer to as "ships of the first rank.. A divizion is a tactical large unit made up of smaller-size combatants such as diesel submarines, destroyers, escort ships, minesweepers, tbrpedo boats, etc., -these being classified as "ships of the second, third, or fourth rank." See also Section 11 of this chapter. Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 TS #868281 Copy ?2- Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 "TVPIC-ri.gF.L. Page 11 of 39 Pages An operational squadron [eskadra] is an operational-tactical formation of the Navy designated to destroy the enemy's naval forces, gain supremacy, and disrupt his ocean (sea) transportation in operationally important areas of an oceanic (sea) theater of military operations, and sometimes to support amphibious landings. The squadron's composition may include divisions and brigades of air- capable, missile-artillery, and antisubmarine ships, multipurpose submarines, and also the squadron's rear services vessels and units. In addition, naval aviation units may be operationally subordinate to the squadron. It may also be supported by long-range aviation units. A diversified force squadron is an operational-tactical formation of the Navy designated to perform tasks similar to those assigned to a diversified force flotilla, but on a smaller scale and performed over a more limited area. A multipurpose submarine squadron is an operational-tactical formation of the Navy designated to destroy the enemy's submarines and surface ships, disrupt his ocean (sea) transportation, and perform other tasks in its assigned area of an oceanic (sea) theater of military operations. A squadron may be made up of several divisions and brigades of submarines, units of special troops and services, and also rear services units and facilities of the squadron. An amphibious landing force squadron is an operational-tactical formation of the Navy designated to participate in amphibious and airborne-amphibious landing operations for the seizure of straits zones, cooperation with the front (army) troops in defeating the enemy's ground force groupings and his reserves on a coastal axis, the seizure of islands and the enemy's important coastal areas and targets independently or in cooperation with airborne landing troops and other forces, and also to perform other tasks within the overall plan of offensive operations by front troops and naval forces. It may support the transport of troops and materiel by sea or be employed as part of expeditionary forces in local conflicts. The squadron may be made up of a division (brigades) of landing ships, brigades of landing transports, operationally subordinated large units (units) of naval infantry, or other large units (units) of naval forces. While an amphibious landing operation is being conducted the squadron may have operationally subordinate to it large units of air-capable, missile- artillery, and antisubmarine ships and minesweepers, submarines, and other craft included in the debarkation forces (sily vysadki]; and also units of naval aviation. When an amphibious landing operation is being conducted the squadron commander may perform the duties of the debarkation force commander, and the squadron staff may be the nucleus of the debarkation force staff. A naval base is an equipped and defended area of the coast with its adjacent TS #868281 Copy # Itrfrirs Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Page 12 of 39 Pages waters and includes, as a rule, several basing points and also the forces and means designated to maintain favorable operating conditions in its assigned zone of responsibility, support the deployment and return of naval forces to basing points, and defend convoys and individual transports and vessels. The composition of the large units and units at a naval base, as well as the units and subunits of special troops, services, and rear services, is determined by the base's tasks and by the extent, nature, and military-geographic particularities of its zone of responsibility. 10. Alarge unit rsoyedineniyel (unit (chastl) is a component of the Navy headed by a command and a staff and has its own name, number, and Combat Banner. It is designated to carry out its own particular combat tasks and purposeful combat training. The composition of a large unit or unit is determined by its authorized structure and, as a rule, is invariable. 11. The division [diviziya] is the basic tactical large unit, the brigade and divizion of ships are tactical large units, and the ship and regiment are tactical units of the Navy designated to perform tasks in the operations (combat actions) of formations Cob"yedineniya] and in naval operations, and when conducting combat actions. A submarine division (brigade) consists, as a rule, of submarines of a single class (subclass), and a surface ship division (brigade) consists of one or several classes (subclasses) of surface ships, depending on the tasks assigned to the division (brigade). A strategic missile (heavy missile) submarine cruiser division is the main large unit of the naval strategic nuclear forces and is designated to deliver nuclear missile strikes against assigned enemy targets and to perform other tasks. A ballistic missile submarine division is designated to hit enemy ground and naval targets and carry out other tasks. A cruise-missile submarine division is designated to destroy the enemy's aircraft carriers and other surface ships, his landing ship detachments, convoys, and vessels, hit ground targets, and perform other tasks. A mi He-torpedo and torpedo submarine division (brigade) is designated to seek out and destroy he enemy's submarines, aircraft carriers and other surface ships, transports, and vessels; lay mines; conduct reconnaissance; land reconnaissance-sabotage groups; and perform other tasks. Arnissile-artillery ship division (brigade) is designated to destroy the enemy's aircraft carriers and other surface ships and craft, his landing ship detachments, and convoys; support the deployment (and return) of submarines; cover antisubmarine forces, landing ship detachments, and convoys from attacks TS #868281 Copy # Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 "Thfrwificezz_ Page 13 of 39 Pages by the enemy's surface ships; and also participate in fire destruction of the enemy in a battle to debark an amphibious landing force; and perform other tasks. An antisubmarine ship division (brigade) is designated to seek out, track, and destroy enemy submarines; support the deployment (and return) of submarines and surface ships; protect large units of ships, landing ship detachments, and convoys in sea transit; carry out picket duty; seek out and destroy the enemy's underwater sabotage forces and means; and perform other tasks. An amphibious landing force division is designated to participate in amphibious landing operations and transport troops and materiel. An offshore defense ship division (brigade) is designated to ensure favorable operating conditions in its assigned zone of responsibility and to defend and protect naval forces within the boundaries of the offshore area. A river ship division (brigade) is designated to destroy the enemy's river ships and craft and his amphibious crossing means, deliver strikes against enemy shore installations and troops, lay mines, and perform other tasks. Alanding ship division (brigade) is designated to transport by sea and to land a reinforced motorized rifle regiment or a brigade (regiment) of naval infantry on an unfortified coastline. 12. Arnissile boat brigade (divizion) is designated to destroy the enemy's surface ships, vessels, and landing force transports independently or in cooperation with missile-artillery ships and other naval forces. Diviziony of torpedo boats within a brigade may be employed to lay mines and land reconnaissance-sabotage groups on the enemy's coastline. A minesweeper brigade (divizion) is designated to support favorable antimine conditions in its area of responsibility, destroy mixed minefields, and provide antimine protection for large units of submarines, surface ships, landing ship detachments, and convoys. A brigade (divizion) of construction and repair ships and vessels is designated to train crews, delivery teams, and ships and vessels for putting to sea within set time periods; support all types of testing on ships and vessels under construction or repair; organize their rteltaLgUmmalajmints; prepare and dispatch to fleets and large units new or repaired ships and vessels received from industry; and also provide them with all types of supplies. A naval missile-carrying aviation division is designated to destroy the enemy's aircraft carriers and other surface ships, landing ship detachments, convoys, TS i868281 Copy f 11519?S?CaLT Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 "itir %CL Page 14 of 39 Pages and vessels on the ocean (sea) and at bases; and also to destroy enemy ground and naval targets; lay minefields; and perform other tasks independently or in cooperation with large units and units of other types of forces of the Navy and of aviation from other branches of the Armed Forces. A naval missile-carrying aviation regiment is designated to destroy the enemy's aircraft carriers and other surface ships, landing ship detachments, convoys, and vessels on the ocean (sea) and at bases; and also to destroy enemy ground and naval targets; lay minefields; and perform other tasks independently or as part of an aviation division, or in cooperation with large units and units of other types of forces of the Navy and with large units and units of aviation from other branches of the Armed Forces. An antisubmarine aviation regiment is designated to seek out and destroy enemy submarines in the ocean (sea) independently or in cooperation with other naval antisubmarine forces. An attack aviation regiment is designated to destroy surface ships, boats, and vessels; attack enemy ground and naval targets; ensure the debarkation of amphibious landing forces; and support their operations on shore independently or in cooperation with other naval forces and with large units and units of aviation from other branches of the Armed Forces. A fighter aviation regiment is designated to cover ships and vessels at sea; support combat actions by other types of aviation; destroy enemy aircraft, helicopters, and remotely piloted vehicles independently or in cooperation with naval air defense forces and fighter aviation from aviation units of the Air Defense Troops or front air forces. A shipborne aviation regiment is designated to seek out and destroy submarines, surface ships, and vessels; ensure the debarkation of amphibious landing forces and provide aviation support for their operations on shore; cover large units (groups) of ships from strikes by the air enemy; conduct reconnaissance; provide target designation; and perform other tasks in cooperation with ships of a large unit and with units of other types of aviation. A reconnaissance aviation regiment is designated to conduct air reconnaissance 7" in oceanic (sea) theaters of military operations, vector naval strike forces against the enemy, provide them with target designation, monitor the results of combat actions, and also lay mines and perform other tasks. A radioelectronic warfare aviation regiment is designated to conduct radioelectronic warfare in support of' the combat actions of naval forces. An air transport regiment is designated to support troop transportation by air TS #868281 Copy # ""reilo?rACILLT... Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 S. Page 15 of 39 Pages in support of naval forces. A naval infantry division (brigade, regiment) is designated to conduct combat actions in an amphibious landing independently or in cooperation with large units and units of the Ground Forces and also defend coastlines, individual islands, and important naval installations. When conducting combat operations jointly with the Ground Forces a naval infantry division (brigade, regiment) is used in the landing of the forward detachments or in the first echelon on the main axis of the amphibious landing .. operations. A coastal missile (missile-artillery) division is designated to destroy enemy landing ship detachments, convoys, and surface ships, and to cover basing points, naval shore installations, coastal sea lanes, and troop groupings of a coastal front (army) from attacks from the sea. A coastal missile (missile-artillery) brigade is designated to destroy the enemy's landing ship detachments, surface ships, and craft; cover basing points, shore- based naval installations, and troop groupings of a coastal army (army corps) from strikes from the sea; and support the deployment of our own forces and their return to basing points. A hong-range coastal missile regiment is designated to destroy the enemy's surface ships and landing force transports independently or as part of a division. It may be used to destroy the enemy's basing points (ports) and ships and transports (vessels) located at them and to neutralize the enemy's antilanding defense. A coastal artillery regiment (separate battalion) is designated to destroy the enemy's surface ships, landing force transports, and amphibious landing means independently or as part of a missile-artillery division (brigade). It may be used to destroy or neutralize enemy personnel and artillery or other weapons on the coast. 13. Special troops and services are designated to support the combat activities of formations and large units of the Navy and perform the special tasks inherent to them. They include: reconnaissance large units, units, and subunits; naval engineer service large units, units, and subunits; chemical service units and subunits; communications units and subunits; radiotechnical service units and subunits; radioelectronic warfare large units, units, and subunits; nuclear-technical and missile-technical units and torpedo-technical units and subunits; technical support large units, units, subunits, and TS 1868281 Copy # .TC11,16CAL1 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 rserau? Page 16 of 39 Pages facilities; search-and-rescue service large units, units, and subunits; hydrographic service units and subunits; and rear services large units, units, and facilities. Organizationally, large units, units, subunits, and facilities of special troops and services are included in the formations, large units, and units of the Navy, and are also subordinated to the Center. 14. Reconnaissance large units, units, and subunits are designated to conduct reconnaissance of the enemy's naval forces and of the operational preparation of the oceanic (sea) theater of military operations, and also destroy or disable important enemy targets and perform a number of other special tasks. They include brigades and diviziony of reconnaissance ships, special-purpose units, radio and radiotechnical reconnaissance units, radioelectronic reconnaissance centers, reconnaissance posts, and reconnaissance subunits on ships and aircraft. 15. Naval engineer service large units, units and subunits are designated to perform tasks of providing engineer support for the combat actions of naval forces, special troops, services, and rear services; and also to inflict losses on the enemy by employing engineer munitions. They include brigades, separate regiments, battalions (military construction detachments), separate military construction companies, and also engineer depots, special bureaus, and camouflage laboratories. 16. Chemical service units and subunits are designated to perform tasks of providing chemical support for the combat actions of naval forces, special troops, services, and rear services, and also to perform a number of other special tasks. They include vessels, craft, regiments, and battalions for radiation and chemical reconnaissance and protection; chemical services of large units and ships; radiation safety service units; and also chemical depots and chemical laboratories. 17. Communications units and subunits are designated to deploy communications systems and support the control of naval forces in all aspects of their combat activities, and also to perform the tasks of deploying and using automated systems and means at control posts and of ensuring communications security. They include communications centers, regiments, battalions, and companies; ship combat communications units (diviziony); communications security monitoring centers (posts); postal and courier communications centers (stations); and TS #868281 Copy # Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 "Ter/K8.61... Page 17 of 39 Pages communications repair plants and depots. 18. Radiotechnical service units and subunits are designated to constantly interpret the situation in support of the control of forces; provide target designation for employing radioelectronic warfare weapons and means; perform the tasks of deploying, using, and operating means of control, observation, and target designation; and also perform other tasks of providing radioelectronic engineer support for the combat actions of naval forces, special troops, services, and rear services. They include radiotechnical battalions, companies, and platoons; hydroacoustic systems and centers for undersea surveillance; coastal information posts (centers); radiotechnical services (diviziony) of large units and ships; repair plants (shops); laboratories for adjusting and tuning equipment; and bases and depots of radiotechnical equipment. 19. Radioelectronic warfare large units, units, and subunits are designated to radioelectronically suppress the enemy's radio, radio-relay, and tropospheric communications; his radar, hydroacoustic, radio navigational, and radio control means; and his electro-optical and other means for controlling forces and weapons; and also to carry out measures in radio disinformation, in counteracting the enemy's technical reconnaissance means, and in implementing integrated technical monitoring of the use of our own radioelectronic means. They include radioeiectronic warfare brigades, regiments, battalions, companies, and squadrons (detachments) and integrated technical monitoring centers. 20. Nuclear-technical units are designated to maintain stockpiles of all types of nuclear warheads; prepare them for combat employment; deliver and distribute them to large units, units, ships, coastal missile-artillery units, and to naval aviation aircraft and helicopters; and also perform other nuclear-technical support tasks. They include stationary and mobile naval and aviation technical maintenance bases. 21. Missile-technical units are designated to maintain missiles and artillery and small-arms weapons; prepare them technically and deliver them to large units, units, and ships; and also perform other missile-technical support tasks. They include arsenals, missile technical bases, technical sites, mobile missile bases and missile tenders, artillery bases and depots of weapons and warheads, and repair plants for nuclear missile weapons. 22. Torpedo-technical units and subunits are designated to maintain torpedos, TS 1868281 Copy 1 -117P-srsozz. Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 "TerriersaiL. Page 18 of 39 Pages antisubmarine missiles, antisubmarine weapons, mines', antimine weapons, antitorpedo weapons, weapons against underwater sabotage, and hydroacoustic neutralization means; to prepare them technically and repair and deliver them to large units, units, and ships; and also to perform other special weapon technical support tasks for ships (vessels). They include arsenals, bases, and depots of torpedos, mine-torpedo weapons, mines, antisubmarine mines, and mine-artillery weapons; aviation bases of mine- torpedo weapons, joint depots of weapons and equipment; mobile bases of torpedos, antisubmarine weapons, mines, and antimine weapons; and torpedo- technical bases of naval formations and large units. 23. Technical support large units, units, subunits, and facilities are designated to perform technical support tasks (corresponding to their duties) for the combat actions of naval forces, special troops, services, and rear services. They include special repair and recovery brigades and diviziony; ship repair battalions and companies; artillery weapons bases; ship repair and floating repair facilities, shops, and laboratories; subunits for routine maintenance and adjustments; depots of weapons, materiel, ammunition, and military-technical equipment; and measuring equipment laboratories. 24. Search-and-rescue largeunits, units, and subunits are designated to perform search-and-rescue support tasks for the combat actions of naval forces, special troops, services, and rear services, and also support for recoverable capsules from space vehicles. They include brigades, diviziony, units, and subunits of rescue ships, fire- fighting craft, tugboats, and deep submergence vehicles; expeditions; and search-and-rescue aircraft and helicopters. 25. Hydrographic service units and subunits are designated to perform tasks of navigational-hydrographic, topographic-geodetic, and hydrometeorological (meteorological) support for the combat actions of naval forces, special troops, services, and rear services. They include oceanographic and hydrographic expeditions, detachments, and parties; diviziony of vessels for navigational-hydrographic support; and hydrographic service facilities and units. 26. Rear services large units, units, and facilities are designated to perform rear services tasks and certain types of combat and technical support for the combat actions and routine activities of naval forces, special troops, services, and rear services. They include brigades, diviziony, groups of support ships, truck regiments, TS 1868281 Copy I -1151,-56C.W. Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 "r0P4SCALL Page 19 of 39 Pages battalions, companies, and platoons; rear services materiel depots; forward fleet rear services bases and hospital bases; materiel support brigades; aviation basing areas; separate airfield engineer and camouflage engineer battalions; repair and recovery and airfield engineer companies; aviation- technical bases and aviation-technical support units; plants and shops for repairing aviation, automotive, armored, and rear services equipment; medical units and facilities; military trade enterprises; rear services laboratories; and also agricultural enterprises and agricultural product-processing enterprises. An auxiliary fleet is designated to perform tasks of delivering and transferring materiel to naval forces on the ocean (sea) and at main and dispersed basing points, evacuating the wounded and the sick, and also perform separate technical and search-and-rescue support tasks. It consists of brigades, diviziony, and groups of seagoing and inshore support vessels. 27. Branch arms of naval forces in combat actions perform tasks based on their designation and combat capabilities. Large units and units of special troops and services, and also rear services large units, units, and facilities are called upon to perform appropriate tasks to support the actions and control of naval forces in the operations of formations, in naval operations, and in combat actions. 28. Formations, large units, and units of other branches of the Armed Forces and branch arms are called upon to perform the following tasks. Formations, large units, and units of missile troops, artillery, and front aviation deliver strikes against ship groupings at sea and at bases and against aircraft at airfields; destroy the enemy's air defense installations in the flight zones of naval and long-range aviation; and destroy his naval bases, ports, weapons depots, and control posts. Also, fighter aviation engages enemy aircraft in the air. Formations, large units, and units of motorized rifle (tank) and airborne assault troops participate in airborne landing, amphibious landing, and airborne- amphibious landing operations carried out according to fleet plans, while motorized rifle (tank) troops also participate in the defense of the basing points of naval forces. Formations, large units, and units of hong-range aviation, which are subordinated to the Supreme High Command (the high command in a theater of military operations), are to destroy the enemy's aircraft carrier groupings, antisubmarine warfare force groupings, landing forces, and convoys on the ocean (sea); destroy his naval bases, ports, airfields, control posts, communications TS #868281 Copy # 11:810.4riratE2.' Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 ITYPISCIrAL Page 20 of 39 Pages centers, and weapons depots; lay mingsLand conduct reconnaissance in remote areas. Formations, large units, and units of air defense troops in the unified Air Defense System of the Country and the Armed Forces cooperate with fleet air defense forces to provide cover from air strikes for basing points, ports, airfields, and other naval ground installations; for dispersal areas of naval forces and groupings; and also for ships, landing ship detachments, and convoys at sea and naval aviation units in the air within range of their forces and _ means. The Combat Employment of the Forces of the Navy and the Fundamentals of Naval Combat 29. The employment of the Navy's forces is organized and carried out based on the principles of Soviet military art. Its main principles are: constant high combat readiness of large units, units, and ships; high intensity and decisiveness of action; coordinated joint employment of the types of forces of the Navy, and also close cooperation with large units and units of other branches of the Armed Forces; decisive concentration of efforts on the most important axes (or areas) at the decisive moment to fulfill the main tasks; uninterrupted combat actions conducted with the maximum intensity necessary to fulfill such tasks; bold maneuvers by forces and means, prior establishment of reserves, and their skillful use and timely replenishment; ensuring surprise in actions and using methods of performing tasks that the enemy does not expect; consideration for and full exploitation of morale, political, and psychological factors in support of the performance of assigned tasks; comprehensive support for operations and combat actions; support for and timely establishment of the combat effectiveness of forces; firm and uninterrupted control of forces; and indomitability in the pursuit of designated goals and in the performance of adopted decisions and assigned tasks. Creative employment of these principles and a constant search for new, more effeotive means of preparing and conducting operations and combat actions in accordance with the developing situation consitute one of the most important conditions for achieving success. Conventionality in military activities is inadmissible. 30. When employing nuclear weapons, the main method of military actions by the forces of the Navy is the simultaneous delivery of nuclear strikes against the military-economic base of groupings of forces and troops, important military and other types of enemy objectives and targets throughout the depth of his operational zones, and against zones (areas) of responsibility, with subsequent completion of the enemy's defeat. Here the following will have greatest significance: organizing a nuclear attack against the enemy by delivering TS /868281 Copy # "rtri-sricagL. Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 1""ItTP`SfsCILLL Page 21 of 39 Pages initial and subsequent nuclear strikes in combination with fire destruction; employing, as a rule, the majority of one's combat-ready means in the initial massed nuclear strikes; decisive exploitation by forces of the results of the nuclear and fire strikes delivered against the enemy; organizing actions and adopting effective measures for repelling (disrupting, weakening) the enemy's nuclear strikes; and preventing the enemy from restoring the combat effectiveness of large units, units, and ships and from organizing their subsequent activities. 31. When employing only conventional weapons, the main method of military actions by the forces of the Navy is the successive defeat of the opposing enemy's groupings of forces. Here the following will have the greatest significance: organizing fire destruction against the enemy's groupings of forces that are directly opposing ours while simultaneously attacking specific and highly important targets, objectives, and groupings in the enemy's depth; massed employment of forces with decisive concentration and systematic increase of their efforts on the main axes (areas); and ensuring constant readiness'of forces for immediate actions with the employment of nuclear weapons. 32. In a war the employment of forces of the Navy takes the form of operations, engagements, combat actions, (systematic combat and support actions), battles, strikes, and attacks. A fleet performs tasks of conducting fleet operations and systematic (combat and support) actions; a flotilla (squadron) of diversified forces (operational squadron) conducts flotilla (squadron) operations and systematic combat actions; a flotilla (squadron) of submarines conducts combat actions and, in certain cases, operations; a squadron of amphibious landing forces conducts combat actions and amphibious landing operations; a large unit, unit, or ship conducts combat actions, battles, strikes, and attacks. A fleet operation is a set of coordinated and interconnected (in objective, place, and time) simultaneous and successive operations by flotillas and squadrons and separate naval operations and combat actions by the formations and large units of the fleet, conducted in oceanic (sea) theaters of military operations in cooperation with formations and large units of other branches of the Armed Forces according to a unified concept and plan to perform operational- strategic or operational tasks. An operation by a diversified force flotilla (squadron) (by an operational squadron) is an aggregate of combat actions coordinated and interconnected in objective, place, and time and conducted in its assigned operational zone according to a unified concept and plan to perform operational and operational-tactical tasks. As a rule, it is a component part of a fleet operation. A naval operation is an aggregate of naval engagements, combat actions, TS #868281 Copy # "ThT,IfiCUIL Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 "TaPIEGGEL Page 22 of 39 Pages battles, and strikes coordinated and interconnected in objective, place, and time and conducted in a specific area (zone) of an oceanic or sea theater of military operations by specially created groupings of diversified naval forces independently or in cooperation with formations, large units, and units of other branches of the Armed Forces according to a unified concept and plan to perform the most important operational and operational-tactical tasks. Naval operations (combat actions) differ in their objectives and the tasks to be performed; to destroy the enemy's ground targets; to destroy missile submarines; to destroy aircraft carrier groupings; to defeat the enemy's naval forces in enclosed and nearshore waters and in ocean areas; to disrupt ocean and sea transportation; to destroy the enemy's antisubmarine warfare force groupings; and to defend basing areas and sea lines of communication. An amphibious landing operation is a joint operation and is an aggregate of actions coordinated in objective, place, and time and conducted according to a unified concept and plan to debark amphibious landing forces on territory defended by the enemy and use them to carry out tasks on shore. They are conducted by front and army troops and by naval forces in cooperation with formations (large units) of the Air Defense Forces, the Air Forces, and airborne landing troops. An antilanding operation is a joint operation and is an aggregate of coordinated (in objective, place, and time) combat actions by front and army troops and naval forces conducted according to a unified concept and plan in cooperation with formations from the Air Forces and the Air Defense Forces to interdict an enemy invasion from the sea, disrupt (repel) debarkations by his amphibious and airborne landing forces, and hold the defended seacoast and the important installations located there. An engagement israzheniyel is a component part of an operation and is an aggregate of the most important battles united by a common concept and conducted by specific groupings of troops (forces) to perform one operational task. An engagement may be classified as combined-arms, air, antiair, or naval. Systematic (combat and support) actions of a fleet or flotilla (squadron) are conducted by specially assigned forces for an extended period to exert constant pressure on the enemy, interdict or paralyze his actions, inflict losses on him, and also to create favorable conditions for our own forces (troops) on specific operational axes (in areas and zones). Systematic (combat and support) actions also include organizing and conducting reconnaissance, performing picket duty, and taking other measures to maintain favorable operating conditions in oceanic (sea) theaters of military operations. In addition, the forces of a fleet, flotilla, or squadron participate in offensive and defensive operations by front and army troops and in airborne TS 068281 Copy I c Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 "ratiSC&F,,L Page 23 of 39 Pages landing operations conducted on coastal axes, as well as in air and antiair operations in a theater of military operations. 33. Large-unit, unit, or ship combat actions are a higher form of tactical actions conducted by naval forces. They are an aggregate of battles, strikes, and attacks conducted according to a unified concept and plan to perform one or several successively arising tactical tasks. They may include searching for the enemy, employing weapons against him, pursuit of the enemy, minelaying, and other actions to attack him and achieve combat success in the performance of assigned tasks. Depending on the objectives and the tasks to be performed, the combat actions of a large unit, unit, or ship are conducted to hit the enemy's ground targets and troops, destroy his submarines and surface ships (vessels), defend basing areas and sea lines of communication, and also cooperate with large units and units of the Ground Forces in their offensive and defensive combat actions on coastal axes. A naval battle is an armed confrontation by large units (groups), units, and ships with the enemy in order to destroy him or inflict enough damage to force him to discontinue performing [combat] tasks. It consists of a number of strikes and attacks coordinated in objective, place, and time. An air battle is an armed confrontation in the air by aviation units, subunits, and individual aircraft combining maneuver and fire to destroy the air enemy and repel his attacks. An antiair WW1 is the organized repelling of an air enemy's strike and the conduct of surfak -to-air fire by the air defense forces and means of large units, units, shi,s, and batteries in order to destroy air attack means and successfully perform assigned tasks. A combined-arms battle is conducted through the combined efforts of large units, units, and subunits of all branch arms, special troops, and other branches of the Armed Forces. A combined-arms battle is the main form of tactical action by naval infantry. A strike Eudad is a component part of an operation, engagement, combat action, or battle consisting of simultaneously hitting the enemy's troop groupings and his ground, air, and naval targets and installations through the powerful effect of nuclear and conventional weapons or troops upon them. Strikes can be categorized as follows: strategic, operational, or tactical -- in scale; nuclear (nuclear missile), fire, missile, missile-artillery, aviation, or troop strikes -- depending on the means employed; and massive, concentrated, grouped, or single -- according to the quantity of means participating and the targets being hit. TS #868281 Copy # Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 "IZIP"JECRI.L. Page 24 of 39 Pages An attack[ataka] is the combination of rapid maneuver with the decisive effect of weapons and radioelectronic warfare means on the enemy with the objective of destroying him. A search is the survey of a region using the visual and technical means of a large unit, unit, group, ship, aircraft, or helicopter in order to detect and identify the enemy. Hitting Eporazheniye] is the infliction of damage on a target (installation, area) that will lead to a complete or partial halt in its functioning. The levels of hitting are: destruction, defeat, disablement, and neutralization. Destruction [unichtoxheniye] is the sinking of a ship, shooting down of an air target, or the destruction (razrusheniye] of 50 percent or more of a shore target (area). Defeat (razgronq is completely depriving a group of targets (or a target) of the capability to perform its assigned functions by destroying the main portion of its forces and means. Disablementivyvod iz stroyal is damaging a target or destroying a portion of a target's or area's forces and means so that it is deprived of its combat effectiveness for an extended period of time. Neutralization [podavleniyej is depriving the target of its capability to fulfill its assigned functions for a given period of time. Pursuit is a combination of simultaneous and successive strikes and attacks in order to conclusively defeat the retreating enemy within the shortest possible time period. Tracking is an aggregate of measures and actions by a large unit, unit, ship, or aircraft (helicopter) taken, as a rule, in peacetime and directed at maintaining contact with enemy forces and ensuring the employment of weapons from favorable firing positions to destroy the enemy upon order immediately or as soon as possible after military actions begin, and also to provide target designation to other forces. Minelaying is the employment of mines by a large unit, unit, ship, or aircraft (helicopter) in order to hit the enemy's submarines, surface ships, and vessels, as well as to paralyze (interdict) his actions by creating a mine threat. TS #868281 Copy # TOP CRET Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 "70,rsicafax... Page 25 of 39 Pages 34. A fleet, flotilla, or squadron operation, naval operations, or combat actions are characterized by: an active, offensive nature and decisive goals; large spatial scope and the performance of tasks by naval forces at great - distances from their bases; high intensity and dynamism of combat actions developing simultaneously on the water, underwater, and in the air; the participation of diversified naval forces and troops and forces from the other branches of the Armed Forces, as well as the employment of substantial forces and means to perform supporting actions; massed employment of forces, means, and various types of weapons; extensive employment of radioelectronic warfare means; complexity of organization of all types of support, coordination, and control of forces, especially in distant areas of the oceanic (sea) theater of military operations. 35. The successful conduct of operations by formations and the conduct of naval operations and combat actions is achieved in the following ways: by maintaining forces in high readiness to perform tasks by constantly having combat duty forces located in the probable areas of combat actions and targeted against specific groupings of the enemy's naval forces and ground targets; by building up our own forces in advance and ig_secret4 and also by rapidly preparing and deploying all the remaining combat-ready forces in areas of Impending combat actions; by constantly conducting reconnaissance of the enemy's groupings of naval forces in peacetime and immediately before and during a war; by concentrating our main efforts on hitting the main enemy targets, objectives, and groupings of naval forces and by having our forces ready to perform tasks with the employment of nuclear weapons or only conventional weapons; by extensively maneuvering forces, means, and strikes when conducting operations and combat actions; by carrying out actions in surprise, especially when delivering initial strikes; by gaining and keeping supremacy at sea and in the air in the areas of operations and combat actions while they_gre being condugted or while the main tasks are being performed; by conducting supporting actions and strikes in a timely manner; by using reserves skillfully; by reliably covering the main groupings of naval forces and naval bases from air strikes; by extensively employing radioelectronic warfare means and by organizing a reliable radioelectronic defense in order to create favorable conditions for forces carrying out the main tasks; through purposeful political work; and by carefully organizing coordination, combat control, and all types of support, primarily through timely replenishment of the materiel reserves of submarines and surface ships deployed in distant areas. 36. A naval battle is the main form of tactical actions by naval forces. Only in a naval battle is it possible to destroy the enemy's naval forces and means operating on an ocean (sea), neutralize their capability to oppose, or force them to refrain from carrying out, their assigned task. It is characterized by decisiveness, the high maneuverability of forces participating in it, rapid and sharp changes in the situation, the diversity of methods employed to conduct the battle, surprise and massed employment of weapons, and TS #868281 Copy # "Terriscaa, Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Page 26 of 39 Pages extensive use of radioelectronic warfare means. A naval battle includes deploying forces tactically, delivering strikes and carrying out attacks against the enemy, and also repelling his strikes and attacks and redeploying forces to develop combat success and carry out the tasks of the battle. 37. The main principles in the conduct of a naval battle are: achieving the objectives of the battle through the combined efforts of diversified forces; surprise in the delivery of strikes against the enemy; concentrated (massed) employment of weapons against enemy ships which it is one of the battle's objectives to destroy; the rapidity of maneuver, strike, and attack in the battle; achieving the objectives of the battle in the shortest possible period of time; and comprehensive support for strike groups in the battle. A commander's tactical art is demonstrated by his skillful use of these principles when organizing the naval battle, and even in cases where the enemy has superiority in forces it can lead to success in the naval battle. 38. A naval battle with the enemy may occur both at the beginning of a war, when naval forces are tracking the enemy's forces, or during a war. Regardless of the circumstances of its occurrence, a naval battle must be carefully prepared in extremely short time periods, and measures must be taken to maintain concealment and camouflage. This is achieved by formulating combat documents in advance; by preparing large units, units, and ships for the standard variants of actions; and by the timely, concealed, tactical deployment of forces in the battle area. 39. A naval battle is conducted by large units, units, or groups of similar or diversified naval forces or, in certain cases, by single ships employing all their attack means independently or in cooperation with large units and units from other types of forces of the Navy and other branches of the Armed Forces. As a rule, in order to conduct a naval battle groupings of diversified forces are set up which have large units of surface ships (submarines) as their basis. Such a grouping of diversified forces may include nuclear submarines, air-capable, missile-artillery, and antisubmarine ships, special air defense ships, missile and torpedo boats, and support ships; it may also have attached to it naval aviation units and subunits and may also be supported by long-range and front aviation units and subunits. As a rule, attached forces are subordinated to the large-unit (unit) commander for the entire period of preparation and performance of the combat task and they carry out all his orders. TS #868281 Copy # Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 "r31"642a. Page 27 of 39 Pages Supporting forces remain subordinated to their own chief, but perform the tasks assigned to them by the large-unit (unit) commander whom they are supporting. 40. As a rule, the main targets of strikes in a naval battle may be as follows; in a battle with groups of surface ships -- aircraft carriers, ships with missile strike weapons, and special munitions transports; in a battle with submarines -- missile submarines; in a battle to destroy landing ship detachments and convoys -- assault landing helicopter carriers, general purpose landing ships, transports, and vessels, and landing force transports with troops and equipment. When allocating forces against the main enemy targets it is necessary to provide for forces to operate against other elements of the enemy's battle (cruising) formation (poryadok) which are capable of opposing our forces. As a rule, escort ships, reconnaissance and radar picket ships and aircraft, and radioelectronic warfare ships and aircraft are chosen as targets of supporting strikes. Reserves of forces and weapons must be provided to perform tasks that arise unexpectedly, to intensify efforts on the main axis, and to compensate for losses during a naval battle. 41. The large-unit commander forms strike groups which must possess the combat capabilities necessary to hit the assigned enemy target (objective) and have sufficient combat stability to repel his strikes. Strike groups may be either homogeneous or diversified. Homogeneous strike groups, depending on the type of forces of the Navy, may be submarine, surface, or aviation groups. Diversified strike groups may include submarines, surface ships, and aviation. In order to ensure the combat stability of strike groups they should have escort ships with missile and artillery surface-to-air systems, antisubmarine weapons, and radioelectronic warfare means, as well as multipurpose nuclear submarines. 42. As a rule, retransmission ships are assigned to control the submarines included in the composition of a diversified strike group. They are equipped with hydroacoustic communications stations, which retransmit to submarines all signals, commands, target designation data, and information on the situation addressed to them. 43. When making a decision on deployment in the battle area, the large-unit TS #868281 Copy # .1t1P-5fiCgi,L. Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Page 28 of 39 Pages commander must analyze and evaluate the enemy and his capabilities to employ various types of weapons; evaluate the danger from mines; calculate the transit route, taking into account the mine, radiation, chemical, international law, navigation, and hydrometeorological conditions; plan the disposition of the large unit's cruising formation; and determine the operating procedures in case the enemy is encountered unexpectedly, as well as procedures for using forces and means for defense, protection, and radioelectronic warfare. When forming diversified strike groups, during deployment the large-unit commander must designate the place (area), time, and procedures for the rendezvous of surface ships and submarines. 44. The deployment of a large unit in the area of a naval battle may be conducted by individual strike groups independently or within the overall cruising formation of the large unit. The strike groups assigned to perform the main task form the basis of the large unit's cruising formation. All types of defense and combat support are organized on their behalf. As a rule, the cruising formation of a large unit includes the following: reconnaissance and radar picket ships and aircraft; fighter groups to provide cover; groups of attack aircraft operating from land-based airfields or air- capable ships, and also ship strike groups to combat enemy surface ships; and multipurpose nuclear submarines and ship hunter-killer groups to seek out and destroy enemy submarines. In order to monitor the deployment of strike groups and support groups, control lines are designated, and also the times for traversing them. 45. In the deployment stage the large-unit commander must devote special attention to acquiring information on the enemy: determining his location, characteristics of movement, combat (cruising) formation and the position of the main targets within it, his defense system, and also the characteristics of the operation of his radioelectronic means. To do so the commander must organize reliable tactical reconnaissance and obtain data on the enemy from the formation [obnyedineniye] command post and from cooperating forces. 46. The most important condition for successfully transferring a large unit to the area of a naval battle is its capability to repel strikes from the enemy's various forces and attack means. This is achieved by putting the large unit's forces into cruising formation. A cruising formation Opokhodnyy_poryadok] is the relative positioning of a large unit's main forces and support forces to ensure their reliable defense and protection in sea transit and rapid tactical deployment into combat formation to TS #868281 Copy # .117P-s6C&F.L. Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Page 29 of 39 Pages carry out the assigned task. 47. When a battle is anticipated a large unit performs a tactical deployment to put its forces into combat formation. A combat formation [boyevoy_poryadokl is the positioning of the large unit's (unit's) main forces and supporting forces relative to the enemy and to each other that is aimed at effectively employing weapons and radioelectronic warfare means against the enemy, taking into consideration the defense of our own forces, the ease of controlling them, and ensuring that all elements of the combat formation are secure from the effects of our own weapons, including nuclear weapons. A large unit's combat formation must ensure concentrated employment of weapons against the enemy's main targets, effective use of radioelectronic warfare means, the proper sequence and greatest effectiveness of strikes, the security of our own forces from weapons employed by them, and the combat stability of strike groups, especially when repelling the enemy's aviation strikes and antiship missiles. It must also preclude unintentional interference with weapons control systems. 48. In general, the cruising and combat formations consist of the main forces (the ships or vessels being escorted and the forces immediately escorting them) travelling in one or several groups (detachments), and supporting forces (groups of diverse designation, single nuclear submarines, surface ships, aircraft, or helicopters). A group consists of two or more combat ships, aircraft, or helicopters performing a specific combat task under a unified command and, as a rule, within a large unit's cruising or combat formation. Groups are subdivided: by assignment -- into strike, hunter-killer, reconnaissance, reconnaissance-strike, minesweeping, radioelectronic warfare, and other groups; by composition -- into homogeneous and diversified groups; by weaponry -- into missile, missile-torpedo, torpedo-artillery, missile-artillery, and other groups. The inclusion of one group or another in the cruising or combat formation is determined by the task assigned to it, the situation in the transit or combat area, and also by the composition and capabilities of the assigned forces. Groups that are part of a cruising or combat formation travel in ordered arrangements [ordery) or underway formations [stroll. 49. Tactical deployment into combat formation is carried out upon a signal from the large-unit commander. It is performed in such a way that when it is completed ship and aviation groups and ships occupy firing positions and can TS #868281 Copy # ".11710"SKIEJ... Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 "TOPIEGazi? Page 30 of 39 Pages deliver strikes against the enemy in a fixed sequence. Premature tactical deployment may give away the battle's concept, while delayed completion of deployment may allow the enemy to preempt the large unit's actions. In the course of tactical deployment strike groups pinpoint the location of their assigned strike targets, bring their weapons to full readiness, and occupy their assigned firing positions. SO. Maneuvering by a large unit (unit) in the course of tactical deployment and occupying firing positions will be carried out, as a rule, within the observation zones of the enemy's reconnaissance forces ana means and while we are overcoming opposition from the enemy's defense forces. It must be conducted rapidly, at high speeds, and while maintaining concealment, taking camouflage measures, and opposing enemy reconnaissance. The nature of such a maneuver must make it as difficult as possible for the enemy to employ weapons and must ensure the most effective employment of our own weapons. Tactical deployment must develop into attacks and the delivery of strikes. 51. The firing positions for strike groups are determined according to the ranges and sectors (axes) relative to the enemy which ensure maximum effectiveness in the employment of weapons and radioelectronic warfare means. The relative disposition of strike and support group positions must ensure freedom of maneuver for each group and preclude unintentional interference, for which boundary sectors (zones) are established between adjacent positions. 52. In accordance with the concept of the battle, and also taking into consideration tactical reconnaissance data and the relative disposition of the enemy and his own strike groups, the large-unit commander determines the position for the first group strike or designates the time of its delivery. The time of the strike is designated in advance, taking into consideration the following: bringing missile systems up to readiness; receipt of target designation; completion of maneuver to proceed on combat course; and flight of aircraft to their weapon employment positions, taking into account their readiness to scramble, take off, and form up into combat formations. In accordance with the combat orders received, nuclear weapons are employed "at the designated time" or "immediately." The time of launch (salvo) is considered to be the instant when the "Launch" (or "Salvo") button is pressed (or the key is turned). When organizing a group strike during combat actions (or a battle) with the employment of only conventional weapons, coordination of the actions of the forces designated to deliver the strike is conducted relative to time "H" -- the Instant when weapons approach the main target (objective, area). Guided by this TS 068281 Copy # Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 -TOP%Qua.. Page 31 of 39 Pages time and accounting for the distance of ships from the target (objective, area) of the strike and the flight (travel) speed of the weapon, the commanders of strike groups determine their own time to launch missiles, fire torpedos, or fire artillery. The timing of all the other actions by the forces of the large unit (unit) is planned and coordinated relative to the time of the strike. Joint actions by a large unit and aviation in a naval battle are carried out by delivering simultaneous or successive strikes. In order to organize joint actions the large-unit commander must communicate in advance to the commander of the aviation large unit (unit) the time designated for him to deliver strikes and the sectors where aviation is to operate. Relative to this time, the commander of the aviation large unit (unit) designates each aviation group's takeoff time, flight route, and time of arrival in the battle area. He informs the large-unit commander of these assignments. 53. The initial strike against the enemy must break down his will to resist even at the beginning of the battle, not allow the enemy to repel the strike, be as powerful as possible, and be performed immediately or at the designated time according to orders. The greatest effectiveness in the initial strike's impact is achieved by the surprise, concentrated employment of weapons against the main enemy target and by setting up the shortest possible time intervals between strikes by the large unit.'s (unit's) various groups. The organization of strikes must preclude unintentional interference, ensure the establishment of favorable conditions for each subsequent strike, and make it difficult for the enemy to repel it. 54. The destruction of the enemy's groupings of surface ships, landing ship detachments, and convoys in a naval battle is most effectively achieved by organizing joint actions by large units and units of aviation, submarines, surface ships and craft, and coastal missile-artillery units. In a naval battle commanders of aviation, ship, and coastal strike groups are assigned the targets (objectives), areas (lines), time, and axes for strikes. The deployment procedures, the most suitable sequence of actions, and also the procedures and methods for guidance, target designation, and information exchange are set up. 55. A naval battle using large units and units of diversified forces is organized and conducted according to a unified concept through the delivery against the enemy of simultaneous and successive strikes that are coordinated according to target, place, and time. In order to ensure the mutual security of aviation and ship strike groups and preclude their unintentional interference with the operation of missile TS #868281 Copy # ITTP?56CaLT Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 .77:710?56CRIL Page 32 of 39 Pages guidance systems, these groups are assigned different sectors for launching their missiles, while aircraft are additionally assigned the lowest possible Wing altitude to enre that they are safe from ship-launched missiles. Missile-carrying aircraft employ their weapons only after the aircraft crews) have positively ascertained the identity of the ships under attack. The aircraft crews must be briefed in a timely manner on the relative disposition of strike objectives and our own ship groups. In joint actions with coastal missile units, as a rule, missile-artillery ships deliver strikes against the enemy before he enters the coastal missile units' operating zones. While actions are taking place within the zone they deliver strikes on the flanks from areas located outside the boundaries of the coastal missile units' firing zone. In certain cases ships and craft are allowed to maneuver and employ missiles from positions located within the firing area of coastal missile units, but ships must not approach restricted zones. 56. Commanders of strike groups must take the changing situation into consideration and must provide updated information to each ship in the group on such factors as firing positions, the strike target (objective, area), firing methods, the number of missiles in salvos, and the missiles' launch time, and must provide target designations in a timely manner. Upon the arrival of an aviation strike group at the battle area the large- unit (unit) commander specifies the axis (sector) of its strike against the enemy, briefs the aviation group commander on the enemy's strength and combat formation, on the location of the main and other targets (objectives) of the strike, and on the position of our own forces relative to the enemy. 57. In the course of a naval battle the commander of a large unit, unit (group), or ship must use every opportunity to develop the success of the initial strike. This is achieved by organizing reliable tactical reconnaissance, establishing constant observation of the enemy's actions, objectively evaluating the results of the initial strike, redeploying to new firing positions in a timely manner, delivering subsequent strikes within the shortest possible period of time, and using reserves in a timely and appropriate manner. The large-unit (unit) commander and his staff must constantly keep track of the timely detection of the enemy by large-unit (unit) reconnaissance forces and means and be aware of information gathered on his location, and on such factors as the movment of his combat (cruising) formation, the main target (objective), his defensive system, and the characteristics of operation of his radioelectronic warfare means. TS #868281 Copy # 11:710,56CER.' Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 -Tcrp-sficalL Page 33 of 39 Pages 58. Observation of the enemy during the battle, distribution of target designation data for repeat strikes, and reconnaissance on the results of strikes delivered against the enemy are conducted by specially-designated ships and aircraft (helicopters), and also by nuclear submarines after they have carried out attacks against enemy ships. 59. The radioelectronic warfare forces and means of large units (units) must, as a rule, be employed in a battle immediately before strikes are delivered against the main target (objective) and its escort ships in order to disorganize the enemy's control of forces and weapons and ensure reliable control of our own forces and weapons. 60. The disengagement of forces from a battle is carried out only upon the decision of the large-unit commander and upon his signal. In the event the battle's goals have been achieved, the large-unit commander makes a decision to disengage from the battle on the basis of an order from his ,senior commander, or also, in other cases, he makes it on his own with an immediate report to that effect to his higher command. Nuclear submarines and other forces provide cover for the disengagement of surface ships from battle in accordance with the decision of the large-unit commander or the senior commander. 61. When organizing cooperation between forces in a naval battle, the large-unit (unit) commander must specify the methods of operation; coordinate strike groups' efforts according to targets (objectives, areas), tasks, place, and time; determine the axes (sectors) and lines (times) for strike groups' actions and, when necessary, boundary lines (zones) between them; organize communications, warning, identification, guidance, target designation, and the procedures for using radioelectronic means, taking their electromagnetic compatibility into account. The methods for joint actions by submarines and surface ships and the procedures for employing nuclear and conventional weapons which preclude unintentional interference with our own forces and the possibility of damaging them must be determined with special care. 62. The air defense forces and means of a large unit, unit, or ship conduct combat actions independently or in cooperation with the large units and units of Air Defense Troops and with the large units and units of the air defense troops and fighter aviation of the air forces of a coastal front. Air defense includes the organization, formation, and conduct of antiaircraft and antimissile defense. Antiaircraft defense is organized to TS 1868281 Copy # 1.-11P-96CRI,L. Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 -reirlOGRAL Page 34 of 39 Pages destroy flight vehicles in the air before they employ their weapons and to break up (disrupt) their organized strikes. An antimissile defense is organized to destroy antiship missiles in the air and to take measures which reduce the effectiveness of their strikes. An antiair defense is organized in any situation and is set up as a unified, deeply-echeloned defense. It must be capable of detecting the air enemy in a timely manner and engaging him in protracted and intense combat actions under conditions of heavy exposure to fire and radioelectronic warfare. Combat actions by ship large units at sea to repel the air enemy's means are organized on the basis of air defense zones. In the outer air defense zone, which is located 90 to 200 or more kilometers out from the large unit's main forces, are performed the primary tasks of destroying antiship missiles' airborne delivery vehicles before they launch their missiles and of breaking up (disrupting) the air enemy's organized strikes. Ship- and land-based fighter aviation, lqng-range. surface-to-air missile systems, and radar picket ships and aircraft (helicopters) form the basis of air defense in this zone. In the inner air defense zone, extending out to 90 kilometers from the large unit's main forces, are performed the tasks of destroying aircraft and antiship missiles attacking the large unit's ships. Shipboard surface-to-air missile and artillery systems and radiotechnical means, ship-based fighter aviation, and radar picket ships and helicopters form the basis of air defense in this zone. The self-defense zone, the depth of which is determined by the range to which self-defense surface-to-air means of ships can hit air targets or by the close- in kill limit of collective-defense surface-to-air missile systems, is set up to destroy enemy air attack means which have penetrated directly to the large unit's ships. Combat Duty 63. The main purpose and content of all activity by flag officers (komanduyushchiye], commanders (chiefs), staffs, political organs, and all personnel of the Navy is the maintenance of constant high combat readiness of formations, large units, units, ships, special troops, services, and rear services. It indicates their capability, under any circumstances, to deploy, initiate combat actions, and successfully perform their assigned tasks in an organized manner and within specified time periods. Constant high combat readiness is achieved by: a correct understanding on TS 1868281 Copy # ""itP`66C,faL Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 115PIEGRE.T... Page 35 of 39 Pages the part of flag officers, commanders (chiefs), staffs, political organs, and all personnel of their tasks; predicting possible changes in the situation and taking the measures necessary to plan and prepare impending actions in a timely manner; bringing the forces to full strength and high readiness for mobilization and bringing them to the highest levels of combat readiness in a timely and well-organized manner; constant conduct of reconnaissance; precisely organized performance of combat duty and alert duty; constant readiness of weapons and means for combat employment; a high level of combat training and proficiency of personnel; reliable organization of control, basing, and all types of support; high morale and political consciousness, discipline, organized duty, and vigilance of all personnel of the Navy. 64. Combat dolly [boyevaya sluzhba] is the mant.ype or activity and the highest level of readiness of naval forces i peacettme-c-') It is performed by naval forces in oceanic and sea theaters of military operations according to a unified concept and plan to prevent a surprise attack by the enemy, disrupt or weaken his strikes from oceanic and sea axes, maintain high combat readiness of forces to carry out tasks in initial naval operations, and support the interests of the Soviet Union in operiffinary important areas of the world's oceans. 14ri The main tasks of combal_daky forces are: missile submarine combat_patrol and alert duty at the prescribed level of readiness to deliver strikes against assigned enemy targets; combat security of missile submarines on deployment routes and in their combat patrol areas; seeking out the enemy's missile submarines and tracking them in readiness to destroy them when military operations begin; reconnaissance of enemy aircraft carrier groupings and tracking them in their combat maneuver areas in readiness to deliver strikes against them when military operations begin; reconnaissance of antisubmarine warfare forces and means in theaters of military operations; detection and interdiction of reconnaissance activity by the enemy's submarines and surface ships on the approaches to our coastline; monitoring the activity of foreign ships and aircraft; identifying sea lines of communication and preparing theaters in strategically important areas of the world's oceans; studying the probable areas of military operations, the conditions for employing the various types of forces of the Navy and their weapons and "e"ellnical equipment; supporting the deployment of naval forces in period of threat; and carrying out the Soviet government's foreign policy act 65. Combat 4mty is organized and carried out based on the following requirements: matching the strength of forces to assigned tasks, the developing situation, and their combat designation; the high readiness of forces for active and decisive actions to carry out their assigned tasks; concentrating efforts against the main strike groupings of the probable enemy's naval forces and maintaining uninterrupted contact with them, especially in a period of threat; TS 1868281 Copy # "7871`56Cark.. Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Page 36 of 39 Pages concealing the actions of forces; constantly conducting active reconnaissance of foreign naval forces; having reserves for the rapid buildup of combat duty forces; closelupdinating the forces deployed at sea with forces being built up for combat ', and also with large units and units from other branches of the Armed Forces allocated for joint actions; comprehensively organizing all types of support; reliably controlling forces; and observing standards of international law. 66. As a rule, naval ships and units within th guplement of formations, large units, and aviation subunits perform combat -j at authorized strength or as individual submarines, surface ships (vessels), and aircraft. As a rule, naval infantry at battalion or company strength perform combat duty on landing ships. 67. Combat rittk-y is carried out by combat patrol and by conducting search and reconnaissance actions. Combat patrol is carried out by maneuvering ballistic missile, cruise missile, and mine-equipped submarines in specially assigned areas or on routes at the prescribed level of readiness to employ weapons. Search and reconnaissance actions are carried out by submarines, surface ships (vessels), naval aviation, naval space reconnaissance units, and by the antisubmarine and reconnaissance large units and units of fleets, flotillas, and squadrons in order to detect the submarines and surface ships of foreign states and track them, as well as detect the preparation of theaters of military operations. Periodic search actions are conducted in the form of antisubmarine search operations and short-term searches. In fleets alert duty [boyevoye dezhurstvo] is organized along with combat duty. It is carried out by locating units, ships, and subunits in special (assigned) areas, disposition areas, and at main basing points and dispersed basing points (on airfields) with weapons on board at the prescribed level of readiness for departure (takeoff) to perform assigned tasks. 68. In peace yie each ship in constant readiness must be prepared to perform combat tasks in areas remote from its base, either as part of a large unit or on its own. strk\ttc-? Before departing on combat duty a ship commander must devote special attention to setting up the prescribed reserves of materiel and carefully preparing personnel, weapons, technical equipment, and the ship as a whole for an extended voyage and performance of tasks under various conditions One separated from the basing points. The ship's officers must study and know thoroughly the methods and conditions for performing combat =tasks, TS #868281 Copy # "Tarlf2C8, Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 ""farl6C116?L Page 37 of 39 Pages international law for preventing collisions with ships at sea, and the international legal procedures for cruising in the area where conducting combat duty, for negotiating straits, for entering foreign ports, and for anchoring in roadsteads. gtavicc 69. A ship performs combat Igitasks in accordance with combat instructions. A ship on combat must constantly be ready to employ weapons and enter into combat when war begins or when given the order. Each ship commander must be thoroughly aware of the fact that in peacetime combat ships and special-purpose and support ships located on the open sea and in foreign waters have immunity -- their activities are immune from and independent of the actions of foreign ships and powers. Any acts by foreign forces and powers aimed at violating or infringing upon the immunity of a Soviet combat ship, special-purpose ship, or support vessel must be resolutely resisted. The commander of a ship (vessel) must take - measures to maintain the prestige of the Soviet government and ensure the safety of the ship (vessel) and its crew, lodge a protest with the foreign flagship (the ship commander or the authorities), demand the cessation of the unlawful acts, immediately report the event up the chain of command, make detailed notes in the ship's log, and continue to perform the assigned task. 70. In peacetime, constant tracking of the probable enemy's aircraft carrier and other surface ship groupings which pose the threat of attack from the sea is organized by combat duty ships. The tracking of these groupings is carried out by the diversified forces of an operational squadron operating within the complement of direct-tracking strike groups or groups of ships (or ship). 71. The combat formation of a large unit carrying out tracking is determined by the relative disposition of strike groups and direct-tracking groups in tracking positions, which are determined by the sectors and ranges from an aircraft carrier which ensure the most effective employment of weapons and radioelectronic warfare means during delivery of the initial joint strikes and which ensure reliable control of forces. When engaged in tracking, the combat formation must make provision for the following: the selection of optimal positions for strike groups in sectors and at ranges relative to the main target for tracking and strike delivery, taking into consideration the capabilities of our own weapons and the enemy's countermeasures; the protection of missile submarines operating as components of strike groups from countermeasures by enemy forces when tracking and delivering strikes against the main target; the use of missile-artillery ships and other ships from ship strike groups to oppose the enemy's countertracking ships, radar TS #868281 Copy # Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 "ItypsfraLL. Page 38 of 39 Pages picket ships, and radioelectronic warfare ships; the most effective organization of defense when repelling strikes by enemy aircraft, surface ships, and submarines; and the safety of our own ships' employment of weapons and the preclusion of unintentional interference with weapon control systems. The positions of ship strike groups engaged in tracking are assigned in permanent operating sectors and constitute areas delimited by the sides of these sectors and by designated minimum and maximum ranges from the main target for employing weapons. 72. When maneuvering in tracking positions, strike groups maintain their assigned positions relative to the main target based on data provided by their own observation means and by direct-tracking ships. When the threat of a direct enemy attack arises, the squadron (large-unit, group, ship) commander makes a decision to raise the level of readiness prior to the initiation of combat actions and takes camouflage measures. He immediately reports this up the chain of command. 73. Combat duty tasks are performed in areas where the probable enemy's naval forces are operating, and under conditions where the aggressive imperialist countries are conducting active reconnaissance. In all cases, when performing any combat duty task, each ship and aircraft must conduct reconnaissance, strive to identify the nature of the actions of the probable enemy's naval forces, their composition, weaponry, tactical techniques, and methods of employing weapons, their use of technical means, and the parameters and procedures for operating radioelectronic means. Countering foreign reconnaissance is achieved by observing maximum secrecy in our actions and by taking camouflage and radioelectronic warfare measures to disrupt the enemy's attempts to determine the composition of our combat duty forces and the nature of. the tasks performed by them. Countering the enemy's technical reconnaissance means must be performed especially carefully so that the radiation parameters of, and the procedures for using, our own radioelectronic means are concealed. 5Matee' 74. When performing combat .duty in distant areas, commanderscflrge units or ships organize the defense of their ships so that the combat forces performing tasks are, as a rule, directly contiguous to the probable enemy's forces. As a result, the danger of a surprise attack is especially high. The main threat to surface ships at sea is surprise strikes from air attack means and submarines, while for submarines it is the probable enemy's antisubmarine warfare forces. TS #868281 Copy # Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691 "rWiteGnaL. Page 39 of 39 Pages SWAM 75. Commanders of large units, groups, and ships on combat duty must constantly be ready to take urgent, decisive, and bold actions at any moment to suppress any aggressive and provocative actions by the probable enemy against our forces and civilian vessels, and report this to the higher command. For this purpose a specific procedure has been established for rapidly transmitting especially important reports on indications of aggression against the Soviet Union and countries friendly to it and on the detection of missile submarines, groups of air targets, and aircraft carrier and other major groupings of ships of foreign countries. 76. Rear services and special-technical support in combat duty areas is organized, as a rule, by the Navy's rear services, weapon, and ship repair means. For this purpose brigades of support ships (diviziony of supply vessels, delivery vessels, and technical support vessels) are formed which are under the command of the senior chief in the area where combat duty is being performed. Support vessels must constantly have the necessary stores and be equipped with means for delivering them, including while underway at sea. 77. While performing combat duty tasks, a squadron (large-unit, group) commander is responsible for maintaining stockpiles of weapons and materiel on ships (vessels) within the limits set as the minimum standard and for the combat readiness of support forces and means. He organizes the use of support vessels under his command and their defense, designates to ships the areas and times allotted for delivering supplies, and indicates the types and numbers of weapons and other cargo to be delivered to each ship. The ship commander is responsible for organizing the rendezvous with support vessels, strictly adhering to the time allotted for supply delivery. Depending on the type of weapons used, the nature of the cargo and cargo-handling equipment, and the conditions and time allotted for supply delivery, he selects the most rational method of supply delivery (astern, abreast, by helicopter, or by other means). SEOtek 78. Cooperation between combat duty forces in a fleet's operational zone is organized by the commander of the fleet; in the operational zones of flotillas (operational squadrons) it is organized by flotilla commanders (operational squadron commanders); and in an area where a large unit is performing combat duty it is organized by the large-unit commander. 79. Fleet commanders control combat duty forces in their own operational zones b..2_aE9..x....s_uAlgithroldirh formation commanders and large-unit commanders. TS #868281 Copy #_=_ "TtirsicaLt Approved for Release: 2017/06/16 C01430691

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COMBAT REGULATIONS OF THE SOVIET NAVY: THE NAVY AND THE FUNDAMENTALS OF ITS COMBAT EMPLOYMENT IN OPERATIONS