VOICE OF AMERICA BROADCASTS TO CZECHOSLOVAKIA

• Document Type: FOIA
• Collection: FOIA Collection
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 0002653697
• Release Decision: IPPUB U
• Document Page Count: 8
• Document Creation Date: June 24, 2015
• Document Release Date: March 25, 2011
• Case Number: F-2011-00412
• Publication Date: May 20, 1952

_, CLASSIFICATION SIXRE'T/
INFORMATIO
SUBJECT Voice of America Broadcasts to
Czechoslovakia
PLACE
ACQUIRED
DATE
ACQUIRED BY
NO..OF PAGES 9
NO. OF ENCLS.
(LISTED BELOW)
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT NO.
May 52
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
APPROVED FOR
RELEASEL DATE:
14-Mar-2011
1. One of the most in,. ortant aspects in the East-west struggle
is the right approach to the people behind the Iron Curtain.
Much more attention should be given to the most important means
of anti-Communist propaganda for such people, ie, radio broadcasts
beamed to those countries in the Soviet or::it. Listening to
Voice of America broadcasts in Czechoslovakia tolay is truly
nation--aide; about 70-80 per cent of the adult population
listens regularly to at least two programs a week. In the news
vacuum of the Soviet orbLt, such broaucasts play a decisive
role, which, in my opinion, is still not fully realized by the
US. VOA?s one competitor is Radio Free Europe, which is
regarded by the :;zechs almost as their own station; RFE seems to
understand the difficult ife in the CSR and the desperation and hopes
of the people. If RFE could overcome some technical difficulties,
it would lead VLA by a .ride margin, but at present, I think
t' at VOA has a considerable edge over RFE. Generally, the great
majority of the Czech people like most of tie VOA programs
quite well. They look eagerly to VUA as a source of information
on the free '.rorld., a ready reporter of world news, defender
and promoter o-' American interests and the American way of
life, and the interpreter of American opinion on the activities
of the Communists in t} at Dart of the .a,-rld behind the Iron
Curtain. There are only two small groups in Czechoslovakia
that do not, .1.i.sten to i orei-n broadcasts; the "hard core"
Communist Party members, and the small. group of over-intellect-
ualized individuals, who hate Communism but have no faith in
.iestern democracv~ The latter group is very dangerous; checking
its growth depends on he e fectiveness of VOA and other
foreign broadcasts.
N REPORT
 2. The number of radio sets in use today throughout: Czechoslovakia in'
proportion to the population is one of the highest; in the world.
During the parliamentar debate on the 1952 budget (reported on
Radio Prague, 16 Mar 52), a member of parliament; stated that during
1951 the number of radio owners who had registered their sets with
post office authorities showed a 5.3 per cent increase over the
previous year. This means that at the present time `;here are well
over two million radio receivers in operation, acids up to
about one set per family, includine.; those in Slovaki.:,.. I think
that the figure may well be as as three million- since many
sets captured from the Germans are not registered? The regime seems
to encourage this wide-spread use of radio sets, pr? s-_:mably in the
hope that more people will. listen so Radio Praga:= ether Communist
broadcasts. Actually, I heli. _ %e ?h.a-, the add1_'.. e~o~ I. radios mean an
increase in the number of l.is *,o Czech broadcasts
from abroad.
3. The quality of VOA recent .on as good.
Reception is worst during the i.mpor, T,.: r a ._. l: .p lar pro-
grams, "Report From America" ?0 `-oars .-w-no Calling
Czechoslovakia" at 1830 hour.: , ,::;arose mos Cz:_::;h radios are of
fairly high quality (even the i -,we- r-prices] shor wave
bands), the people can usua:Ll ) find at.. least; on . band ,,'-.ere the
broadcasts can be heard. Jaruminrr seems to be i ,.!.a.s i ep ic. strength
as well as in the number oi' way.: _ recent months
I have noticed that inter i'c : e::: ?:i tr, VOA l :L.; in direct
proportion to the content. Gf t:. 1: U(;ra!rts ; i r:'. l _.'.clc !1~.,_ was very
slight during the daily new-, hn':. the n;cn;c:nt : ornrn~ r.?.t.ary on
purges in Czechoslovakia hct_;..Ln, c .i4.mTieg '.: :,?..: l;ror,g that
it was not possible to hear being iit .. As ; ic. I-ening to
the medium wave band is pr::Vci.ir_.a:.] l;lr irri,oUrsikle heavy and
eor4stant jamming, I belic:'i pc _~:l_ i _ cr. short Nave.
The broadcasts of BBC and arc seldom
jammed because of their i concen-
trated on the broadcasts the Communists -
those of VOA and RFE.
4. In my opinion, the timing of VOA ?:.roa;_!ca ;s to z -.:noslovakia is
satisfactory to the majority of l1SI.: ne e, ,";' ough I do think
some improvement could be made. T - shout. d Us r:-:.s.;r,bered that the
people in Czechoslovakia go %-.o b,:,,i ear'_y ; a.rc x:: JC hours) from
sheer physical exhaustion; in the rural :areas pe.op e retire even
earlier. The main shift in industry begins at 0600 heelars. As most
workers do not live near the f::l.( ?:~rie0, .h-,.,Y t up before
0500 hours. Further, Czech broadcasting stations ease operations
at 22415 hours; the one exception is, the new 1-:on,., ra ave station, used
for disseminating propaganda abroad, wh.'cch stays or. the air until
around midnight. This bait on laic e evening brc; ordered in
January 1952, increases the danger of 10_ le liptening to
VOA since even the tuning-in of f,,reign stations i s often accompanied
by sharp sounds in the speaker.
5. The programs beamed to Czechoslovakia prolre t.hai; VIAL has much good,
factual material about the CSR. Bat one gets ~?he l;npresSion that VOA
does not have up-to-date information concerning F.r.e people, ie, their
state of mind after three years of Communist prco~ a.~?, sea and mental
pressure. This lack of understanding seems to rte to be the major
cause of difference in the reaction of listeners to RFE and VOA.
This lack of understanding on the part of VOA be caused by
isolation or by Insufficient contact. In this respect, RFE has a
tremendous advantage in having its headquarters cause to the Czech
border; it is able to establish direct contact; wife, refugees, and
 can "eavesdrop at the Iron Curtain". It appears to me that VOA, loc-
ated on a distant continent, either does not get enough intelligence
reports about the people of Czechoslovakia, or such reports reach
VOA through such complicated channels that they arrive too late to
give an up-to-date picture.
6.
A few years ago it would have been. impossible to try to describe
the state of mind of the average Czech citizen. The years of oppres-
sion, however, have united the country as never before. First of
all, the nation as a whole feels a certain amount of guilt for what
was allowed to happen in February 1948. It is important that VOA
take this into account when dealing with exiled Czechs and Slovaks.
For those left in Czechoslova.lcia, there are no symbols of liberation
or resistance movements, either at home or abroad, Those movements
symbolized by Thomas Masanyic during World War. I, and by Dr. Benes
during World War II were accepted with. patriotic enthus4asm as
symbols of liberation at the time. But now such movements simply do
not exist in the hearts of the Czech people and any attempt to use
a group of exiled political leaciers for such a psychological approach
would be met with cold di C. tt, do not mean to rule out future
possibilities in this respect, but at this time, I would set a
strict limit on the speeches exiled political leaders used on VOA.
The Czechs see these exiled politicians as very lucky individuals,
who somehow managed to get out. of the country in time to go to
"paradise" as the Czech:-, call he free world. These exiled poli-
ticians are not directl l :i.:mc for the Communi.s ;s' rise to power,
but there Is a strong that as leaders they did not
fulfill their obligation, tha,; they did not do everything they
might have to prevent the tea" d Above all stands the fact that
not a single shot was fi ,ect thr;t the Red coup was followed by
the chaotic desertion of. J:-:inocr&t_c leaders who had not attemp-
ted any organized or even symbolic resistance. It is
easy to see that this sac r: ! _ .['.:c i; is in the minds of all the people.
Life under the Communise. its slavery and terror, is
considered by many of the ;a.:; a '"cleansing bat-h". They feel
strongly that moral guidance mi :;i; come from their own ranks and not
from .emigrants . This Fact; should always be kept in mind by VOA
when preparing programs with or shout exiled political leaders. The
people of Czechoslovakia urn aci-.n in vain for new moral leader-
ship for the nation, in tnccy can put their filth. They dis-
trust big words and empty :c,pee?chc?.; about democracy. No longer are
they willing to listen to "old faL;hioned" speeches containing empty
phrases which sound patriotic. Naturally, speeches made by exiled
Czech politicians often fall in this category. Such broadcasts
have no good effect and often are damaging to the cause o the West.
The people in the CSR have not for otten Munich in 1938 or what
happened in Prague in February 1948; both are considered by the
Czechs as complete failures on the part of the Western democracies.
This sho~zld not be interpreted to mean that the Czechs no longer
believe in democratic ideals. Quite the opposite is true, but the
Czechs d.fferentiate between empty speeches about democracy and
rea)1 democracy, the philosophy of free men. I think It is true that
the Czechs have a high level of education; moreover, the majority pos-
sesses the ability to think independently. There is no danger that
the population would not understand or would riot listen to quota-
tions from the Bible, Loncoln, Masaryk, or an expose made by
Dean Acheson before a session of the UN. But they will not swallow
the preachings of a self-righteous US Senator, for example, even
les's will they accept the words of exiled Czech politicians. Most,
such politicians cooperated with the Communists and'then?left the
country without attempting any sort of defense for democratic ideals.
This is a bitter pill in our history, and it should he taken into
consideration, not only by VOA writer;; but also by the policy-
making body of VOA.
 8..
I think the people of Cz:a:.hoslcvakia tom: aid .apprec :ate It; if the
main theme of VOA br.?oa tc=ast's were no`. jbe advertising of the American
way of life (which, by way, the Czt~(;hs wholeheart,-dly admire, but
at this time consider `:.:.c:+ " ;: trot = f Tantalus"), but rather the
theme should be moral her, for survi?a' To a people under Soviet
domination such as the echs, the Ar_er~c-an nay of, life is not of
primary interest; the nos impcrt?a_at is their own survival and
liberation. They want- to near abca: ; ll.e stre-_n??tri of the West and
concrete comparisons between the Iron. C'.urta.ir,. -tn free countries.
The Czechs must be appro:a~?.::_d by 710.4, witlz absolute sincerity; any
"all-wise" teaching or r1i-.._.:h.ir!;: she :! be eli:rin.a ;ed from broad-
casts. The Czechs rir'e up '.~..h'advio=. The persons pre-
paring; VOA progra*;:-, :.o put sherneelves in the frame
of mind of the lister.:er r~ too stiff, as if
they were being read the nrograms
lack the h,)man
offering hop '?, but ' i_'.?__ ui :V .,;:i;y hl i T? 1.:hat would weaken
the spiritual u_ni,t.y of .he p ec;ple m. y .!.r.'olude information
on the political 1--1;. ea::a r c .: y: t: _i t any attempt on
the part of these , " op 1 home what
they should or st:.: ?.._d ...c .:. _. ~~t. ;:zi s stage.
Instead, much, he Czechs that
they have not bee:-,. ttc: The main purpose
of VOA broadcasts, the Czechs how
to keep up their :, ... _.r i-.... i , ...... ;,.r..:. rens t,hez their
spiritual and r-eC;ime. Programs
based on such a y needed by people
behind tine Iron; .....,1r' '(tit VOA broad-
casts, as a gener'a':. 'NC ""OUps and
prepared under tea : _z, _ _.:. ... . . "c,, t r : ? ;:;..e pc: iicy for
programs directed i C one for those
behind the Iror. C~. r
a great ma jori ;,y
are strongly oPl`ca:
c., in saying that
:r::' ;:.a::._.. x >.ri
'rOA on the subject, and no comments what v.oe i r r ::~;ec_?ding C4cati
 interests. The people of the CSR are of the opinion that no answer
is an answer too, and that something is being done of which the US
and the West are ashamed. It is true that the German question is
not the number one piioblem facing the Czechs today (of first impor-
tance, of course, is how they can throw off the Communist yoke),
nevertheless, it still remains of fundamental interest to the people.
There is complete confusion in the minds of the Czechs as to the
position..(-.,t' the US regarding the German problem; one often hears
the remark that the 'US is willing to satisfy all German aspirations
without retard to the smaller nations, especially the Slavic. If
it were properly aired, I believe the people of Czechoslovakia
would understand the role -,f Germany and her importance in the common
:itruCcg:le t,.gainst CaanmurAism,
12. New; coverage by VOA Is ;very good, particularly the coverage of world
event+, which finds no criticism among the listeners; it is this
cove t'Til;e_ of world new,3 which glve,3 VOA such a 'large rt U :l fence . The
report;int; i s curr-.:n.t, exact, and objective. It. is no e.caggeration
to c!a.t whole CSR d,epeudcs on VOA for world neew:-. T;lc.t so good,
hove r, _1c? VGAts co;.re.r'age of' Czech domestic It must be
r. an is n+1:;cirrcl that the Czech press and radio do not lce c-p the people in-
forru(,ri either world happenings or domestic event. ;;. VGA should
not c;acr.i.f'y.cc: its world coverage but ,should pay more attention to
new:, and problems.. It seems to me that if' VOA could
uti"l .:: r: ii;; iaa~rerrsr. ?at reports on Czechoslovalc.ia without breaching
would 1)avfe an excellent source of new i and comment.
refficient for VOA to prepare news based on
w:-;at is ri~)1'o important, great at;tent;ion _ihc?-1).ld be givers
t;c tth~'. ibill t' for the effects of the t.b1. ?oadoas.c:3. I would
'
liko to two examp1 ec of VOA t ,; reporting whl.h, in my opinion,
r,l' knowledge of the s:ttua Lion in Czechoslovakia
as r.-o_:11 of foresight, politically spf:aking, on
the pa:ot (:t' the t)ri'cc r;
(r~)
On .,; ?; :~.r'~t +. oc:~. a; . ,;ts in September 1951, VOA reported prepara-
tions for reset;"t 1uat~;:;.'L of the refugees from the famous
Tv:--Lin". As I recall, the VOA announcer
said o,,;r.ething to this effect "...and eight passengers from
the Freedom Train were refused iamnigration visas to Canada for
security reasons, The group, led by Dr. Svr:c, has to remain
in Germany while the rest of the lucky, free people are on
their -way to Canada and the USA, etc..." From the comment that
f o? :!.owed this news, all listeners could. readily recognize that
the writer and even the announcer were pleased that, former CP
members were rejected for security reasons and had to remain
in Germany. For most Czechs, having to stay in Germany is
like "Daniel in the lion's den". As a result, of such reporting,
the ma J'ority Of the members of the OP, although strongly
oppcac.:d to the r'e1r'lru, feel that they are forced to stick it
out with the Party until the last moment since they see no
other way out; fz'::ei the VOA they can discern no trade of hope
or enr.ourageirient, and certainly no ad-vantage in defeating to
the West. In effect, this broadcast undoubtedly discouraged
defectors from the Soviet orbit. I do not m;: an that VOA should
falsify the news,, but in this case a politically acute writer
would simply have stated that some of the people were going to
Canada and tho 'U:> and that the others wo,o.;d be resettled in
o'ther parts of the world.
 (b) Another ex?uaj,lc .:f harmful reporting: recently a Slovak arch-
itect c,;::al;c?J. aith h.i:3 farnily and a friend across the Morava
River into ~V!._." r?:i.-a in an old amphibious jeep. The refugee man-
aged to i_vruce a Co:>in-nunist official, either through bribery
(probably vdth black market meat) or alcoholic means, to help
him get the jc::p into the restricted area at the Morava River
border; the full name of official was broadcast over VOA: and this
probably resultcd in the death penalty, What sort of official
this man was is not important; what is important is the effect
of such a broadcast on other officials., such peon?.e Re border
guards, wnir., ri-tight have purposely missed when they fired at
fleeing r;;fingees. If threatened by public denunciation via
VOA (to wii?i(.-h the officials probably listen in secret), the
numbez- of pole assisted or "allowed" to come across
the bovde::;?:; rrii-l decrease to nil, -'here are other Communist
of fl.c:ials, :L am s.iro, who would consider helping people flee,
but if i;L:.; ir.Ili have to face such compromising revelations,
they ai.:andon any such ideas, In such cases,
serve no useful purpose, If such a
in-the--wool" Communist, his day of
recokon_:n,; will c~ z:t ..Wily come anyhow. The chances are, however,
that he, has tai_en his one opportunity of "kicking the Red Regime
in the seat of the pants". Such reporting only increases the
ruth7.essnesr3 with which Communist orders are carried out because
there is no doal.)t that corrective measures will be taken to
insure that similar happenings do not occur in the future. The
fact that UP, AP, or INS made the original report is no excuse
for VOA. B,:,a?der guard? and Communist officials, with the
cxec:, ion of rl.os in the higher echelons, are never allowed
papers, so that the only way they learn of
is from foreign broadcasts. I was not in
; t i.ine of the above: incident, but I can well
that svic:, t the nation when they
heard
on VOA are not so good. The commen-
tator shoii:Ld in the position of the unhappy, desperate
listeners; L;i.,re the impression that he is speaking from
a sense of, ci :[;l.?, li:: ir_. reading from a dry textbook. There
seems to by a J.:.:,_.ic of optimism in the broadcasts. I do not
mean that VuA c:_-1cor? its programs so as tc eatablish unfounded
hopes. The C-,,,~_-_,i is eager to hear more comments on domestic
issues, such as si e ::hc:s of Red leaders, meetings of parliament (as
well as oth:x ~ff`i.cia7. meetings), articles in Red newspapers, etc.
The programs of Radio Prague could serve as a rich source not only
for commentaries, t:iwt also for Jokes, questions to Red leaders, etc,
all of which woulo he eagerly listened to by the Czechs. ' I am
continually ;surprise(! that VOA does not exploit the stupidity of
the Communists as exhibited by their lies. Some quite Important
events art- left without comment by VOA. A striking example of this
was the reply by the US Department of State to official Czech pro-
tests regar:tine; the r?ea.i,ming of West Germany and encouraging Nazi
elements anong C;er~ruxn expellees from Czechoslovakia. Of, course the
answer front the US was not mentioned by Czech newspapers or by
Radio Prague. In my opinion, the US reply wa3 masterfully written,
stating clearly not only the policy of the US regarding the re-
settlement in Germany of three million Germans expelled from Czechos-
lovakia but also about Lhe progress being made in the program. The
US no doubt felt- that Czech fears had been allayed and that they had
not irritated the Cl ormans , But this important statement of US policy
hardly reache-L the Czech people because VOA did not even broadcast
in its entirety the official statement. Such an item should have been
broadcast several, times and included extensive acid serious comments.
SARBT'/I
 15. In my opiniors too much time is devoted on VOA to programs of little
or no inter es , t Czech aisteners . This is especially true of the
various speciali;: ar:d entertainment programs. The idea behind
the speciallze.i p ;rams is goody but some could be shortened and
others eliminated and mor< desirable programs substituted. A good
example Ls the regular weekly broadcast for short wave radio hams.
With the exception of t, very few Trade Union "Clubs" used to spread
Communist propaganda, there are no radio hams in Czechoslovakia.
Excepting these, arnatrur radio broadcasting is strictly forbidden.
I think it as a good idea (;o weed out almost all music as well as
drama from the VOA schedule. To believe that programs for youth
should Con.r1:3 only of jazz nrasic and sports news is a mistake;
I never heard of ~rotazgcrter in the CSR who listened to jazz on VOA.
Music on domcsti: staf;icnis much easier to hear and is not ao
potentially dangerioua tt) the 11stener. Even when VOA programs are
not jammed, tochni.cal ifficulties make good reception of music
difficult. I'.,; n.:/ not b" knot: outside of Czechoslovakia that
records of Arner?i.c r, ,Jaz, , made in the CSR, can be easily purchased
in Prague; tl3iey cell frr about 50 pcent more than records of
"non-Western" made by such favorites as Duke
Ellington and Bean:r Good:r!an c..ui be obtained without any difficulty.
16. I would 1:1k : o ;suLrr :ot he followi,r:r ideas for new programs that
would he of rI-i...i.').r :In.tere t to the people in Czechoslovakia:
(a) I thi!i& L I. ';c 1t: L :. ~ .:r'y !2;ood ~ ~~
i .?, once ;a ;~ree!cr the main organ-
.:a :Lc.na h ..Uci;jito the CSR, le, VOA,, RPL, BBC, Radio
Pario ;r,ii_J. r;;,,,; program at the same time over
all ,....:.; ,'; - F
,_. c: '-~=::;i;.r;,,h7:r pro!rrrrrn could h~_? scheduled during
the woeke3);iy iJ.!.d ,ha; 1u('i Ln half an ~
, :? our, ;z summary of the
weekc main ,ormriepts. The preparation o.t' such a
progr fhe r az ticJ.p an ;s. Such a broad-
cast: ~ oVic' ; :t c rtant t.,e the 1133ccrrers since the
effectit,'7.a.;c;.; of i,: ; n3u1d be draatie:ili.,y reduced by so
many ;i;at;ic.:a' bo;c:i ;i; :.' at 'the same time. In addition, such
coordla ;i 7 c!.: -ou .d cot ;;r~: rely de!.ronstrate the unity of the
demoer-ai;a?':r ?d ii:: i;l: :i;ht against Communism, as well as
the 'urlifi..c, ,. , ;X o.:'? ,c there people under Soviet domination.
(b) As I hatru r;_..t;:I.or.cJ' the i rst popular p-aar;;. the ones
cransr~iit;i;,..~j; I, , ~programs are ].OO h;,rr, ( Report From America) and at
1830 hours (A,rrj :a Calling Czechoslovakia") . Rather than
repeat hro .r,,:.sts of these programs during the night or in
the early mrrui.nl, I thin.' a completely new program at 2215
or 2230 houj's woulcr be highly desirable. This is about the
time when most of the people are returning home from the numer-
ous meetings, etc hat; they are forced to attend. The program
need he only a l5 minute rl,ail,y news resume plus the best
excerpts fry.,n all previc'u programs of 'tl;.e day.
(c). The Czech p: ople are hunr;ry for entertainrneri; based on politics.
Political saL;i.r?e 1w ;;h form of jokes, dialogues, or satirical
articles, rood. siron1y, b',' a good announcr~a' would be most
acceptabl: i; , thO Cai:eh 5 i ten.ea In my opinion this should
be the only !-pe f. e;i':.er. tainment program on VOA.
(d) I suggest iw titutlnL; a program, called perhaps "Czechoslovaks
Abroad, roru,iatinnot of reports on the activities of polit-
ical exiles, but ratacr news about the resettlement of the
thousands of Czech refugees, A similar program aired by RFE
about life in C'se-h eon!nunit.1.es in all parts of the world is
one of the moot pc,uJ.ar in Czechoslovakia,
16.
(e) A weekl? program should be devoted to the progress of science
in the 'Free World". The people of Czechoslovakia, hermetically
sealed off from the West, are eager to learn about the latest
technical and scientific developments. Such a program would
give the people added confidence in the growing strength of the
Western World.
(f) I suggest that a weekly program be directed at Communist
Party member during which the Party would be attacked relent-
lessly. Purges of long standing Party member, their offenses
and threatened punishments should not only be reported but
also made the subject of commentaries. The life and deeds,
promises and lies of Communist leadero ehould be publicized.
By the same token, rank and rile CP members should be warned,
but it ahould be pointed out that they will be jwdged by their
deeds and not just by Party nembership, Such a program would
cause chats and disorganization in Czechoslovakia, and increase
passive resistance on the part of the Czechs.
(g) It is my opinion that all :w.-,ortant news published in news-
papers in the CSR, particularly items concerning achievements
of the regime, cooperation rith the USSR, etc, should be
explained in detail and the true picture given by VOA. This
should be done regularly.
In conclusion, I think I speak for the average person in the CSR when
I say that the Voice of America i:' a part of the daily life of the
millions in Czechoslovakia; indeed the whole nation tries to tune
in VOA every day. The greater the nu.uber of people listening to VOA,
the greater the responsibilit: .7f these making these broadcasts.
A great deal of harm can br clo!u irresponsible broadcasting. Ir:
this connection I would like. oh4LLsize the following points:
(a) A greater sense of respoiAsJhi lity should be adopted and more care
should be devoted to factual reporting.
(b) More emphaeis should bo placed on the survival of people behind
the Iron Curtain and less to the American way of life; ie, more
attention should be de~rutc;a t. events and problems in Czechos-
lovakia
(c) More of the human touch arid more optimism should be included
in programs.
(d) The Communist Party should be more severely attacked; govern-
ment leaders should be assailed, but not to such an extent
that the plain people would be forced to stick with the CP out
of desperation.
(e) The people of the CSR should be convinced of the growing strength
of the West; VOA should keep harping on the backwardness of the
Soviet orbit in all field? of science.
(f) All programs should be prepared with the thought that the Voice
of America 1s playing a major role in shaping the future course
of history during this crucial struggle.